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WCDMA RAN Planning and Optimization - Book1 WRNPO Basics
WCDMA RAN Planning and Optimization - Book1 WRNPO Basics
WCDMA RAN Planning and Optimization - Book1 WRNPO Basics
Fundamental
www.huawei.com
Objectives
z
Page1
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Page2
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Page3
1G 1980s
Analog
AMPS
GSM
GSM
TACS
CDMA
CDMA
IS-95
IS-95
Technologies
drive
NMT
Others
3G
IMT-2000
UMTS
UMTS
WCDMA
WCDMA
Demands
drive
TDMA
TDMA
IS-136
IS-136
cdma
cdma
2000
2000
TDTDSCDMA
SCDMA
PDC
PDC
Page4
The first generation is the analog cellular mobile communication network in the time
period from the middle of 1970s to the middle of 1980s. The most important
breakthrough in this period is the concept of cellular networks put forward by the Bell
Labs in the 1970s, as compared to the former mobile communication systems. The
cellular network system is based on cells to implement frequency reuse and thus
greatly enhances the system capacity.
The typical examples of the first generation mobile communication systems are the
AMPS system and the later enhanced TACS of USA, the NMT and the others. The
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) uses the 800 MHz band of the analog
cellular transmission system and it is widely applied in North America, South America
and some Circum-Pacific countries. The TACS (Total Access Communication System)
uses the 900 MHz band. It is widely applied in Britain, Japan and some Asian
countries.
The main feature of the first generation mobile communication systems is that they
use the frequency reuse technology, adopt analog modulation for voice signals and
provide an analog subscriber channel every other 30 kHz/25 kHz.
However, their defects are also obvious:
To solve these fundamental technical defects of the analog systems, the digital
mobile communication technologies emerged and the second generation mobile
communication systems represented by GSM and IS-95 came into being in the
middle of 1980s. The typical examples of the second generation cellular mobile
communication systems are the DAMPS of USA, the IS-95 and the European GSM
system.
The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is originated from Europe.
Designed as the TDMA standard for mobile digital cellular communications, it
supports the 64 kbps data rate and can interconnect with the ISDN. It uses the 900
MHz band while the DCS1800 system uses the 1800 MHz band. The GSM system
uses the FDD and TDMA modes and each carrier supports eight channels with the
signal bandwidth of 200 kHz.
The DAMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System) is also called the IS-54 (North
America Digital Cellular System). Using the 800 MHz bandwidth, it is the earlier of the
two North America digital cellular standards and specifies the use of the TDMA mode.
The IS-95 standard is another digital cellular standard of North America. Using the
800 MHz or 1900 MHz band, it specifies the use of the CDMA mode and has already
become the first choice among the technologies of American PCS (Personal
Communication System) networks.
Since the 2G mobile communication systems focus on the transmission of voice and
low-speed data services, the 2.5G mobile communication systems emerged in 1996
to address the medium-rate data transmission needs. These systems include GPRS
and IS-95B.
The CDMA system has a very large capacity that is equivalent to ten or even twenty
times that of the analog systems. But the narrowband CDMA technologies come into
maturity at a time later than the GSM technologies, their application far lags behind
the GSM ones and currently they have only found large-scale commercial
applications in North America, Korea and China. The major services of mobile
communications are currently still voice services and low-speed data services.
With the development of networks, data and multimedia communications have also
witnessed rapid development; therefore, the target of the 3G mobile communication is
to implement broadband multimedia communication.
The 3G mobile communication systems are a kind of communication system that can
provide multiple kinds of high quality multimedia services and implement global
seamless coverage and global roaming. They are compatible with the fixed networks
and can implement any kind of communication at any time and any place with
portable terminals.
3G Evolution
z
Proposal of 3G
Page6
3G Spectrum Allocation
Page7
ITU has allocated 230 MHz frequency for the 3G mobile communication system IMT2000: 1885 ~ 2025MHz in the uplink and 2110~ 2200 MHz in the downlink. Of them,
the frequency range of 1980 MHz ~ 2010 MHz (uplink) and that of 2170 MHz ~ 2200
MHz (downlink) are used for mobile satellite services. As the uplink and the downlink
bands are asymmetrical, the use of dual-frequency FDD mode or the single-frequency
TDD mode may be considered. This plan was passed in WRC92 and new additional
bands were approved on the basis of the WRC-92 in the WRC2000 conference in the
year 2000: 806 MHz ~ 960 MHz, 1710 MHz ~ 1885 MHz and 2500 MHz ~ 2690 MHz.
Main bands
...
Page8
The WCDMA system uses the following frequency spectrum (bands other than those
specified by 3GPP may also be used): Uplink 1920 MHz ~ 1980 MHz and downlink
2110 MHz ~ 2170 MHz. Each carrier frequency has the 5M band and the duplex
spacing is 190 MHz. In America, the used frequency spectrum is 1850 MHz ~ 1910
MHz in the uplink and 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz in the downlink and the duplex spacing
is 80 MHz.
3G Application Service
Error
Ratio
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page9
Compatible with abundant services and applications of 2G, 3G system has an open
integrated service platform to provide a wide prospect for various 3G services.
Features of 3G Services
cdma2000
CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP
TD-SCDMA
CDMA
RTT: cdma2000
Page10
The cdma2000 system is a 3G standard put forward on the basis of the IS-95
standard. Its standardization work is currently undertaken by 3GPP2. Circuit Switched
(CS) domain is adapted from the 2G IS95 CDMA network, Packet Switched (PS)
domain is A packet network based on the Mobile IP technology. Radio Access
Network (RAN) is based on the ATM switch platform, it provides abundant adaptation
layer interfaces.
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Page11
Page12
In mobile communication systems, GSM adopts TDMA; WCDMA, cdma2000 and TDSCDMA adopt CDMA.
TDMA
Power
eq
Fr
Tim
e
nc
ue
Power
CDMA
Tim
qu
Fre
en
cy
Power
Time
Freque
ncy
Page13
Frequency Division Multiple Access means dividing the whole available spectrum into
many single radio channels (transmit/receive carrier pair). Each channel can transmit
one-way voice or control information. Analog cellular system is a typical example of
FDMA structure.
Time Division Multiple Access means that the wireless carrier of one bandwidth is
divided into multiple time division channels in terms of time (or called timeslot). Each
user occupies a timeslot and receives/transmits signals within this specified timeslot.
Therefore, it is called time division multiple access. This multiple access mode is
adopted in both digital cellular system and GSM.
Duplex Technology
Page14
Duplex Technology
Power
Time
USER 2
FDD
USER 1
UL
DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL
UL
DL
TDD
DL
USER 2
USER 1
UL
Frequency
Page15
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Page16
CN
CS
PS
Iu-CS
CS
Iu-PS
PS
Iu-CS
RNS
Iu-PS
RNS
Iur
RNC
RNC
UTRAN
Iub
Iub
Iub
Node B
Node B
Node B
Iub
Node B
Uu
UE
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page17
WCDMA including the RAN (Radio Access Network) and the CN (Core Network). The
RAN is used to process all the radio-related functions, while the CN is used to
process all voice calls and data connections within the UMTS system, and
implements the function of external network switching and routing.
Logically, the CN is divided into the CS (Circuit Switched) Domain and the PS (Packet
Switched) Domain. UTRAN, CN and UE (User Equipment) together constitute the
whole UMTS system
A RNS is composed of one RNC and one or several Node Bs. The Iu interface is
used between RNC and CN while the Iub interface is adopted between RNC and
Node B. Within UTRAN, RNCs connect with one another through the Iur interface.
The Iur interface can connect RNCs via the direct physical connections among them
or connect them through the transport network. RNC is used to allocate and control
the radio resources of the connected or related Node B. However, Node B serves to
convert the data flows between the Iub interface and the Uu interface, and at the
same time, it also participates in part of radio resource management.
GSM/GPRS CN
WCDMA RTT
CS domain change to
NGN
WCDMA RTT
MBMS
HSUPA
IMS
HSDPA
3GPP Rel6
3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel99
2000
2001
2005
2002
Page18
The overall structure of the WCDMA network is defined in 3GPP TS 23.002. Now,
there are the following three versions: R99, R4, R5.
3GPP began to formulate 3G specifications at the end of 1998 and beginning of 1999.
As scheduled, the R99 version would be completed at the end of 1999, but in fact it
was not completed until March, 2000. To guarantee the investment benefits of
operators, the CS domain of R99 version do not fundamentally change., so as to
support the smooth transition of GSM/GPRS/3G.
After R99, the version was no longer named by the year. At the same time, the
functions of R2000 are implemented by the following two phases: R4 and R5. In the
R4 network, MSC as the CS domain of the CN is divided into the MSC Server and the
MGW, at the same time, a SGW is added, and HLR can be replaced by HSS (not
explicitly specified in the specification).
In the R5 network, the end-to-end VOIP is supported and the core network adopts
plentiful new function entities, which have thus changed the original call procedures.
With IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), the network can use HSS instead of HLR. In
the R5 network, HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is also supported, it
can support high speed data service.
In the R6 network, the HSUPA is supported which can provide UL service rate up to
5.76Mbps. And MBMS (MultiMedia Broadcast Multicast Service) is also supported.
Features of R6
MBMS is introduced
Features of R7
Features of R8
Page19
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Page20
Service
Signal
Service
Signal
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Spreading
Modulation
bit
symbol
chip
modulated
signal
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
Despreading
& Deinterleaving
Demodulation
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
Receiver
Page21
Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
AMR_12.20
AMR_10.20
10.2
AMR_7.95
7.95
AMR_7.40
AMR_6.70
AMR_5.90
5.9
AMR_5.15
5.15
AMR_4.75
4.75
CODEC
Page22
AMR is compatible with current mobile communication system (GSM, IS-95, PDC and
so on), thus, it will make multi-mode terminal design easier.
The AMR codec offers the possibility to adapt the coding scheme to the radio channel
conditions. The most robust codec mode is selected in bad propagation conditions.
The codec mode providing the highest source rate is selected in good propagation
conditions.
During an AMR communication, the receiver measures the radio link quality and must
return to the transmitter either the quality measurements or the actual codec mode the
transmitter should use during the next frame. That exchange has to be done as fast
as possible in order to better follow the evolution of the channels quality.
Service
Signal
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Spreading
Modulation
bit
symbol
chip
modulated
signal
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
Despreading
& Deinterleaving
Demodulation
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
Receiver
Page23
Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
Page24
During the transmission, there are many interferences and fading. To guarantee
reliable transmission, system should overcome these influence through the channel
coding which includes block coding, channel coding and interleaving.
Block coding: The encoder adds some redundant bits to the block of bits and the
decoder uses them to determine whether an error has occurred during the
transmission. This is used to calculate Block Error Ratio (BLER) used in the outer
loop power control.
The CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is used for error checking of the transport
blocks at the receiving end. The CRC length that can be inserted has four different
values: 0, 8, 12, 16 and 24 bits. The more bits the CRC contains, the lower is the
probability of an undetected error in the transport block in the receiver.
Note that certain types of block codes can also be used for error correction, although
these are not used in WCDMA.
Effect
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
Types
No Coding
Code Block
of N Bits
No Coding
Uncoded N bits
1/2 Convolutional
Coding
1/3 Convolutional
Coding
Page25
UTRAN employs two FEC schemes: convolutional codes and turbo codes. The idea
is to add redundancy to the transmitted bit stream, sO that occasional bit errors can
be corrected in the receiving entity.
The first is convolution that is used for anti-interference. Through the technology,
many redundant bits will be inserted in original information. When error code is
caused by interference, the redundant bits can be used to recover the original
information. Convolutional codes are typically used when the timing constraints are
tight. The coded data must contain enough redundant information to make it possible
to correct some of the detected errors without asking for repeats.
Turbo codes are found to be very efficient because they can perform close to the
theoretical limit set by the Shannons Law. Their efficiency is best with high data rate
services, but poor on low rate services. At higher bit rates, turbo coding is more
efficient than convolutional coding.
In WCDMA network, both Convolution code and Turbo code are used. Convolution
code applies to voice service while Turbo code applies to high rate data service.
Note that both block codes and channel codes are used in the UTRAN. The idea
behind this arrangement is that the channel decoder (either a convolutional or turbo
decoder) tries to correct as many errors as possible, and then the block decoder
(CRC check) offers its judgment on whether the resulting information is good enough
to be used in the higher layers.
WCDMA Interleaving
z
Effect
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
Input bits
0010000 ... 10111
Inter-column
permutation
0
0
...
...
0
1 0
0 ...
... ... ...
... ... 1
1 1 1
0
0
...
...
0
0 0
0 ...
... ... ...
... ... 1
1 1 1
0
0
1
0
Interleaving periods:
20, 40, or 80 ms
000101001011
Output bits
Page26
Channel coding works well against random errors, but it is quite vulnerable to bursts
of errors, which are typical in mobile radio systems. The especially fast moving UE in
CDMA systems can cause consecutive errors if the power control is not fast enough
to manage the interference. Most coding schemes perform better on random data
errors than on blocks of errors. This problem can be eased with interleaving, which
spreads the erroneous bits over a longer period of time. By interleaving, no two
adjacent bits are transmitted near to each other, and the data errors are randomized.
The longer the interleaving period, the better the protection provided by the time
diversity. However, longer interleaving increases transmission delays and a balance
must be found between the error resistance capabilities and the delay introduced.
Service
Signal
Service
Signal
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Spreading
Modulation
bit
symbol
chip
modulated
signal
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
Despreading
& Deinterleaving
Demodulation
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
Receiver
Page27
Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
Correlation
z
C1
-1
C2
+1
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 1
Correlation = 1
Identical signals
-1
+1
C1
+1
-1
C2
1 1 1 1
+1
+1
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
Correlation = 0
Orthogonal signals
-1 1 -1 1
-1
Page28
11
11
UE2:
UE2:
1
1
1
1
CC11::
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
CC22::
1
11
11
11
1 1
11
11
11
1
UE1
UE1c1
c1
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
UE2c2
UE2c2
1
11
11
11
1 1
11
11
11
1
UE1
UE1c1
c1
UE2
UE2c2
c2
22 00
22 00
22 00
22 00
Page29
By spreading, each symbol is multiplied with all the chips in the orthogonal sequence
assigned to the user. The resulting sequence is processed and is then transmitted
over the physical channel along with other spread symbols. In this figure, 4-digit
codes are used. The product of the user symbols and the spreading code is a
sequence of digits that must be transmitted at 4 times the rate of the original encoded
binary signal.
22 00
22 00
22 00
22 00
UE1
UE1Dispreading
Dispreadingby
byc1:
c1:
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result:
22 00
22 00
22 00
22 00
Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment:
44(means
(means
1)
1)
44(means
(means
1)
1)
UE2
UE2Dispreading
Dispreadingby
byc2:
c2:
1
11
1 1
11
1 1
11
1 1
11
1
Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result:
2
2 00 2
2 00 2
2 00 2
2 00
Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment:
4
4(means1)
(means1) 4
4(means1)
(means1)
Page30
The receiver dispreads the chips by using the same code used in the transmitter.
Notice that under no-noise conditions, the symbols or digits are completely recovered
without any error. In reality, the channel is not noise-free, but CDMA system employ
Forward Error Correction techniques to combat the effects of noise and enhance the
performance of the system.
When the wrong code is used for dispreading, the resulting correlation yields an
average of zero. This is a clear demonstration of the advantage of the orthogonal
property of the codes. Whether the wrong code is mistakenly used by the target user
or other users attempting to decode the received signal, the resulting correlation is
always zero because of the orthogonal property of codes.
P(f)
P(f)
f
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
f
Noise & Other Signal
Recovered signal
Noise+Broadband signal
Signal
Combination
P(f)
P(f)
Spreading code
Page31
Traditional radio communication systems transmit data using the minimum bandwidth
required to carry it as a narrowband signal. CDMA system mix their input data with a
fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal. The spreading sequence is
independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband
signal to recover the original data. The dispreading gives substantial gain proportional
to the bandwidth of the spread-spectrum signal. The gain can be used to increase
system performance and range, or allow multiple coded users, or both. A digital bit
stream sent over a radio link requires a definite bandwidth to be successfully
transmitted and received.
Ebit
Eb/No
Requiremen
t
Processing Gain
Interference from
other UE
Echip
Page32
Process Gain
z
Process Gain
chip rate
)
bit rate
Page33
For common services, the bit rate of voice call is 12.2kbps, the bit rate of video phone
is 64kbps, and the highest packet service bit rate is 384kbps(R99). After the
spreading, the chip rate of different service all become 3.84Mcps.
Spreading Technology
z
Data
symbol
Chips after
spreading
channelization
scrambling
Page34
Spreading means increasing the bandwidth of the signal beyond the bandwidth
normally required to accommodate the information. The spreading process in UTRAN
consists of two separate operations: channelization and scrambling.
The first operation is the channelization operation, which transforms every data
symbol into a number of chips, thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The
number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor (SF). Channelization
codes are orthogonal codes, meaning that in ideal environment they do not interfere
each other.
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
Page35
Orthogonal codes are easily generated by starting with a seed of 1, repeating the 1
horizontally and vertically, and then complementing the -1 diagonally. This process is
to be continued with the newly generated block until the desired codes with the proper
length are generated. Sequences created in this way are referred as Walsh code.
Channelization uses OVSF code, for keeping the orthogonality of different subscriber
physical channels. OVSF can be defined as the code tree illustrated in the following
diagram.
Channelization code is defined as Cch SF, k,, where, SF is the spreading factor of the
code, and k is the sequence of code, 0kSF-1. Each level definition length of code
tree is SF channelization code, and the left most value of each spreading code
character is corresponding to the chip which is transmitted earliest.
SF
Radio bearer
Speech 12.2 UL
64
Speech 12.2 DL
128
Data 64 kbps UL
16
Data 64 kbps DL
32
16
16
SF
Page36
Page37
For voice service (AMR), downlink SF is 128, it means there are 128 voice services
maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier;
For Video Phone (64k packet data) service, downlink SF is 32, it means there are 32
voice services maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier.
Page38
Scrambling Code
z
There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for
scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are
assigned by RNC.
Page39
In UMTS, Gold codes are chosen for their very low peak cross-correlation.
Group 63
Primary
scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Primary
scrambling code 1
Primary
scrambling code 8
Primary
scrambling code
8*63
512 primary
scrambling
codes
64 primary
scrambling code
groups
Primary
scrambling code
8*63 +7
There are totally 512 primary scrambling codes defined by 3GPP. They are further
divided into 64 primary scrambling code groups. There are 8 primary scrambling
codes in every group. Each cell is allocated with only one primary scrambling code.
Code Multiplexing
z
Channelization code 1
User 1 signal
Channelization code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code 3
User 3 signal
Page41
Code Multiplexing
z
User 2 signal
Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal
Page42
Service
Signal
Service
Signal
Source
Coding
Channel Coding
& Interleaving
Spreading
Modulation
bit
symbol
chip
modulated
signal
Source
Decoding
Channel Decoding
Despreading
& Deinterleaving
Demodulation
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
Receiver
Page43
Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted:
Digital Input
0
time
Page44
A data-modulation scheme defines how the data bits are mixed with the carrier signal,
which is always a sine wave. There are three basic ways to modulate a carrier signal
in a digital sense: amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and
phase shift keying (PSK).
In ASK the amplitude of the carrier signal is modified by the digital signal.
In FSK the frequency of the carrier signal is modified by the digital signal.
The PSK family is the most widely used modulation scheme in modern cellular
systems. There are many variants in this family, and only a few of them are
mentioned here.
Modulation Overview
z
10
Information
signal
t
NRZ coding
Digital Input
t
-1
High Frequency
Carrier
Carrier
10
BPSK Waveform
=0 = =0
fo
Modulated
BPSK
signal
BPSK
Page45
In binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation, each data bit is transformed into a
separate data symbol. The mapping rule is 1 > + 1 and 0 > 1. There are only
two possible phase shifts in BPSK, 0 and radians.
Modulation Overview
z
-1
5
1
-1
7
1
9
-1
10
-1
I di-Bit Stream
-1
-1
-1
Q di-Bit Stream
-1
-1
-1
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1
10
Page46
The quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation has four phases: 0, /2, , and
3/2 radians. Two data bits are transformed into one complex data symbol; A symbol
is any change (keying) of the carrier.
Modulation Overview
A
NRZ
coding
Acos(ot)
I(t)
fo
QPSK
90o
NRZ
coding
A
QPSK
Q(t)
Acos(ot + /2)
: A 2 cos( o + )
/4
-1
7/4
-1
3/4
-1
-1
5/4
Page47
Demodulation
z
1,-1
-1,-1
-1
-1
10
QPSK Waveform
1,1
NRZ Output
-1,1
-1,1
-1
-1
Page48
-1
WCDMA Modulation
z
Page49
The UTRAN air interface uses QPSK modulation in the downlink, although HSDPA
may also employ 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM). 16QAM requires
good radio conditions to work well. As seen, with 16QAM also the amplitude of the
signal matters.
As explained, in QPSK one symbol carries two data bits; in 16QAM each symbol
includes four bits. Thus, a QPSK system with a chip rate of 3.84Mcps could
theoretically transfer 2 3.84 = 7.68 Mbps, and a 16QAM system could transfer 4
3.84 Mbps = 15.36 Mbps. In 3GPP also the usage of 64QAM with HSDPA has been
studied.
Service
Signal
Source
Coding
Channel
Coding
Spreading
Modulation
bit
symbol
chip
modulated
signal
Source
Decoding
Channel
Decoding
Despreading
Demodulation
Transmission
Radio
Channel
Reception
Receiver
Page50
Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
Wireless Propagation
Transmitted
Signal
Amplitude
Transmission Loss:
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received
Signal
Time
Page51
20
dBm
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Signal at Receiver
dB
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
Fading
-40
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page52
Fading Categories
z
Fading Categories
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
Page53
Furthermore, with the moving of a mobile station, the signal amplitude, delay and
phase on various transmission paths vary with time and place. Therefore, the levels of
received signals are fluctuating and unstable and these multi-path signals, if overlaid,
will lead to fast fading. Fast fading conforms to Rayleigh distribution. The mid-value
field strength of fast fading has relatively gentle change and is called slow fading.
Slow fading conforms to lognormal distribution.
Diversity Technique
z
Page54
Diversity technology means that after receiving two or more input signals with
mutually uncorrelated fading at the same time, the system demodulates these signals
and adds them up. Thus, the system can receive more useful signals and overcome
fading.
Diversity
z
Time diversity
Frequency diversity
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
Page55
Combiner
Receive set
The
combined
signal
Correlator 3
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength
Searcher correlator
s(t)
s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page56
When WCDMA system is designed for cellular system, the inherent wide-bandwidth
signals with their orthogonal Walsh functions were natural for implementing a RAKE
receiver. In WCDMA system, the bandwidth is wider than the coherence bandwidth of
the cellular. Thus, when the multi-path components are resolved in the receiver, the
signals from different paths are uncorrelated with each other. The receiver can then
combine them using some combining schemes. So with RAKE receiver WCDMA
system can use the multi-path characteristics of the channel to get signal with better
quality.
Summary
z
UTRAN Modulation
UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
Page57
Thank you
www.huawei.com
WCDMA Radio
Interface Physical Layer
www.huawei.com
Foreword
z
Page1
Objectives
z
Page2
Contents
1. Physical Layer Overview
2. Physical Channels
3. Physical Layer Procedure
Page3
Contents
1. Physical Layer Overview
2. Physical Channels
3. Physical Layer Procedure
Page4
CN
CS
PS
Iu-CS
CS
Iu-PS
PS
Iu-CS
RNS
Iu-PS
RNS
Iur
RNC
RNC
UTRAN
Iub
NodeB
Iub
Iub
NodeB
NodeB
Iub
NodeB
Uu
UE
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page5
The UTRAN consists of a set of Radio Network Subsystems connected to the Core
Network through the Iu interface.
A RNS consists of a Radio Network Controller and one or more NodeBs. A NodeB is
connected to the RNC through the Iub interface.
Inside the UTRAN, the RNCs of the RNS can be interconnected together through the
Iur. Iu(s) and Iur are logical interfaces. Iur can be conveyed over direct physical
connection between RNCs or virtual networks using any suitable transport network.
Nt
DC
Duplication avoidance
GC
Nt
DC
U-plane information
control
control
RRC
control
control
control
C-plane signaling
UuS boundary
L3
radio bearer
PDCP PDCP
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
L2/PDCP
RLC
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC
L2/RLC
logical channel
L2/MAC
MAC
transport channel
PHY
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
L1
Page6
The layer 1 supports all functions required for the transmission of bit streams on the
physical medium. It is also in charge of measurements function consisting in indicating
to higher layers, for example, Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to Interference Ratio
(SIR), interference power, transmit power, It is basically composed of a layer 1
management entity, a transport channel entity, and a physical channel entity.
The layer 2 protocol is responsible for providing functions such as mapping, ciphering,
retransmission and segmentation. It is made of four sub-layers: MAC (Medium
Access Control), RLC (Radio Link Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence
Protocol) and BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control).
The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum. The
access stratum part is made of RRC (Radio Resource Control) entity and
duplication avoidance entity. duplication avoidance terminates in the CN but is part
of the Access Stratum. The higher layer signalling such as Mobility Management (MM)
and Call Control (CC) is assumed to belong to the non-access stratum, and therefore
not in the scope of 3GPP TSG RAN. In the C-plane, the interface between 'Duplication
avoidance' and higher L3 sub-layers (CC, MM) is defined by the General Control (GC),
Notification (Nt) and Dedicated Control (DC) SAPs.
Not shown on the figure are connections between RRC and all the other protocol
layers (RLC, MAC, PDCP, BMC and L1), which provide local inter-layer control
services.
The protocol layers are located in the UE and the peer entities are in the NodeB or the
RNC.
Many functions are managed by the RRC layer. Here is the list of the most important:
The RLCs main function is the transfer of data from either the user or the control
plane over the Radio interface. Two different transfer modes are used: transparent
and non-transparent. In non-transparent mode, 2 sub-modes are used:
acknowledged or unacknowledged.
The functions accomplished by the MAC sub-layer are listed above. Heres a quick
explanation for some of them:
Priority handling between the data flows of one UE: since UMTS is
multimedia, a user may activate several services at the same time, having
possibly different profiles (priority, QoS parameters...). Priority handling
consists in setting the right transport format for a high bit rate service and for a
low bit rate service.
Priority handling between UEs: use for efficient spectrum resources utilization
for bursty transfers on common and shared channels.
Ciphering: to prevent unauthorized acquisition of data. Performed in the MAC
layer for transparent RLC mode.
Access Service Class (ACS) selection for RACH transmission: the RACH
resources are divided between different ACSs in order to provide different
priorities on a random access procedure.
PDCP
Using these protocols (and new ones) shall be possible without any changes to
UTRAN protocols. In order to perform this requirement, the PDCP layer has
been introduced. Then, functions related to transfer of packets from higher
layers shall be carried out in a transparent way by the UTRAN network entities.
Algorithm types and their parameters are negotiated by RRC and indicated to
PDCP.
Header compression and decompression are specific for each network layer
protocol type.
Traffic volume monitoring and radio resource request for CBS. On the
UTRAN side, the BMC calculates the required transmission rate for the cell
broadcast service based on the messages received over the CBC-RNC
interface, and requests appropriate .CTCH/FACH resources from from RRC
The layer 1 (physical layer) is used to transmit information under the form of
electrical signals corresponding to bits, between the network and the mobile user.
This information can be voice, circuit or packet data, and network signaling.
The UMTS layer 1 offers data transport services to higher layers. The access to these
services is through the use of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer.
These services are provided by radio links which are established by signaling
procedures. These links are managed by the layer 1 management entity. One radio
link is made of one or several transport channels, and one physical channel.
The UMTS layer 1 is divided into two sub-layers: the transport and the physical sublayers. All the processing (channel coding, interleaving, etc.) is done by the transport
sub-layer in order to provide different services and their associated QoS. The physical
sub-layer is responsible for the modulation, which corresponds to the association of
bits (coming from the transport sub-layer) to electrical signals that can be carried over
the air interface. The spreading operation is also done by the physical sub-layer.
These two parts of layer 1 are controlled by the layer 1 management (L1M) entity. It is
made of several units located in each equipment, which exchange information through
the use of control channels.
RAB, RB and RL
RAB
RB
RNC
UE
CN
RL
NodeB
UTRAN
Page13
RAB: The service that the access stratum provides to the non-access stratum for
transfer of user data between User Equipment and CN.
RB: The service provided by the layer 2 for transfer of user data between User
Equipment and Serving RNC.
RL: A "radio link" is a logical association between single User Equipment and a single
UTRAN access point. Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer
transmissions.
Contents
1. Physical Layer Overview
2. Physical Channels
3. Physical Layer Procedure
Page14
Contents
2. Physical Channels
2.1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
2.2 Channel Mapping
Page15
Page16
In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three types of channels:
physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.
Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types of the carried
services, it is divided into two types: control channel and service channel.
Transport channel: It is the interface between radio interface layer 2 and layer 1, and it
is the service provided for MAC layer by the physical layer. According to whether the
information transported is dedicated information for a user or common information for
all users, it is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when they
are transmitted on radio interface. Each channel which uses dedicated carrier
frequency, code (spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be
regarded as a physical channel.
Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel
(DTCH)
(CTCH)
(BCCH)
(PCCH)
(DCCH)
(CCCH)
Traffic channel
Control channel
Page17
As in GSM, logical channels can be divided into two groups: control channels for
control plane information and traffic channel for user plane information.
Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel
(DTCH)
(CTCH)
(BCCH)
(PCCH)
(DCCH)
(CCCH)
Traffic channel
Control channel
Page18
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): a downlink channel that broadcasts all system
information types (except type 14 that is only used in TDD). For example, system
information type 3 gives the cell identity. UEs decode system information on the BCH
except when in Cell_DCH mode. In that case, they can decode system information type
10 on the FACH and other important signaling is sent on a DCCH.
Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel
(DCH)
Broadcast channel
(BCH)
(FACH)
Paging channel
(PCH)
(RACH)
Dedicated transport
channel
Common transport
channel
Page19
In order to carry logical channels, several transport channels are defined. They are:
Physical Channel
z
Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each
radio frame consists of 15 time slots.
Page20
Now we will begin to discuss the physical channel. Physical channel is the most
important and complex channel, and a physical channel is defined by a specific carrier
frequency, code and relative phase. In CDMA system, the different code (scrambling
code or spreading code) can distinguish the channel. Most channels consist of radio
frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots. There are two
types of physical channel: UL and DL.
Synchronization Channel
(SCH)
(PICH)
(AICH)
(CPICH)
(P-CCPCH)
Page21
Synchronization Channel (SCH): used for cell search procedure. There is the
primary and the secondary SCHs.
Page Indicator Channel (PICH): carries indication to inform the UE that paging
information is available on the S-CCPCH.
Page22
Paging Channels
PICH--Paging
PICH--Paging Indicator
Indicator Channel
Channel
SCCPCH--Secondary
SCCPCH--Secondary Common
Common Control
Control Physical
Physical Channel
Channel
NodeB
UE
AICH--Acquisition
AICH--Acquisition Indicator
Indicator Channel
Channel
PRACH--Physical
PRACH--Physical Random
Random Access
Access Channel
Channel
Dedicated Channels
DPDCH--Dedicated
DPDCH--Dedicated Physical
Physical Data
Data Channel
Channel
DPCCH--Dedicated
DPCCH--Dedicated Physical
Physical Control
Control Channel
Channel
Page23
Slot #0
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
Slot #1
ac p
ac p
ac si,0
ac si,1
Slot #14
ac p
acsi,14
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
Page24
When a UE is turned on, the first thing it does is to scan the UMTS spectrum and find
a UMTS cell. After that, it has to find the primary scrambling code used by that cell in
order to be able to decode the BCCH (for system information). This is done with the
help of the Synchronization Channel.
Each cell of a NodeB has its own SCH timing, so that there is no overlapping.
The SCH is a pure downlink physical channel broadcasted over the entire cell. It is
transmitted unscrambled during the first 256 chips of each time slot, in time multiplex
with the P-CCPCH. It is the only channel that is not spread over the entire radio
frame. The SCH provides the primary scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups),
as well as the radio frame and time slot synchronization.
The SCH consists of two sub-channels, the primary and secondary SCH. These subchannels are sent in parallel using code division during the first 256 chips of each time
slot. P-SCH always transmits primary synchronization code. S-SCH transmits
secondary synchronization codes.
The primary synchronization code is repeated at the beginning of each time slot. The
same code is used by all the cells and enables the mobiles to detect the existence of
the UMTS cell and to synchronize itself on the time slot boundaries. This is normally
done with a single matched filter or any similar device. The slot timing of the cell is
obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output.
This is the first step of the cell search procedure. The second step is done using the
secondary synchronization channel.
Group 61
Group 62
Group 63
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
slot number
#6 #7 #8
#9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
5
1
3
16
8
16
15
1
6
9
7
5
8
6
10
3
5
6
11
15
14
12
5
15
8
16
16
2
5
10
3
6
5
12
16
10
11
8
1
2
5
2
4
15
7
12
16
4
12
15
14
11
6
16
7
12
15
3
11
16
10
12
7
2
9
9
9
10
11
12
13
12
10
10
15
15
11
12
13
15
9
14
15
13
9
9
13
14
16
11
15
12
14
11
14
10
11
13
16
13
16
15
12
14
14
16
11
16
10
Slot # ?
Slot #?
Slot #?
P-SCH
acp
acp
acp
S-SCH
16
11
..
Group 2
Slot 7, 8, 9
256 chips
Page25
The S-SCH also consists of a code, the Secondary Synchronization Code (SSC)
that indicates which of the 64 scrambling code groups the cells downlink scrambling
code belongs to. 16 different SSCs are defined. Each SSC is a 256 chip long
sequence.
There is one specific SSC transmitted in each time slot, giving us a sequence of 15
SSCs. There is a total of 64 different sequences of 15 SSCs, corresponding to the 64
primary scrambling code groups. These 64 sequences are constructed so that one
sequence is different from any other one, and different from any rotated version of any
sequence. The UE correlates the received signal with the 16 SSCs and identifies the
maximum correlation value.
The S-SCH provides the information required to find the frame boundaries and the
downlink scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups). The scrambling code (one
out of 8) can be determined afterwards by decoding the P-CPICH. The mobile will then
be able to decode the BCH.
Primary PCPICH
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot # i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page26
The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is a pure physical control channel broadcasted
over the entire cell. It is not linked to any transport channel. It consists of a sequence
of known bits that are transmitted in parallel with the primary and secondary CCPCH.
The PCPICH is used by the mobile to determine which of the 8 possible primary
scrambling codes is used by the cell, and to provide the phase reference for common
channels.
Finding the primary scrambling code is done during the cell search procedure through
a symbol-by-symbol correlation with all the codes within the code group. After the
primary scrambling code has been identified, the UE can decode system information
on the P-CCPCH.
The P-CPICH is the phase reference for the SCH, P-CCPCH, AICH and PICH. It is
broadcasted over the entire cell. The channelization code used to spread the PCPICH is always Cch,256,0 (all ones). Thus, the P-CPICH is a fixed rate channel.
Also, it is always scrambled with the primary scrambling code of the cell.
The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each
time slot
256 chips
PCCPCH Data
SCH
18 bits
T
Slot #0
Slot #1
slot
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Page27
The figure above shows the frame structure of the P-CCPCH. The frame structure is
special because it does not contain any layer 1 control bits. The P-CCPCH only has
one fix predefined transport format combination, and the only bits transmitted are data
bits from the BCH transport channel. It is important to note that the P-CCPCH is not
transmitted during the first 256 chips of the slot. In fact, another physical channel
(SCH) is transmitted during that period of time. Thus, the SCH and the P-CCPCH are
time multiplexed on every time slot.
b 287 b 288
b 299
Page28
The Page Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (30kbps, SF=256) physical
channel used by the NodeB to inform a UE (or a group of UEs) that a paging
information will soon be transmitted on the PCH. Thus, the mobile only decodes the SCCPCH when it is informed to do so by the PICH. This enables to do other processing
and to save the mobiles battery.
The PICH carries Paging Indicators (PI), which are user specific and calculated by
higher layers. It is always associated with the S-CCPCH to which the PCH is mapped.
The frame structure of the PICH is illustrated above. It is 10 ms long, and always
contains 300 bits (SF=256). 288 of these bits are used to carry paging indicators, while
the remaining 12 are not formally part of the PICH and shall not be transmitted. That
part of the frame (last 12 bits) is reserved for possible future use.
In order not to waste radio resources, several PIs are multiplexed in time on the PICH.
Depending on the configuration of the cell, 18, 36, 72 or 144 paging indicators can be
multiplexed on one PICH radio frame. Thus, the number of bits reserved for each PI
depends of the number of PIs per radio frame. For example, if there is 72 PIs in one
radio frame, there will be 4 (288/72) consecutive bits for each PI. These bits are all
identical. If the PI in a certain frame is 1, it is an indication that the UE associated
with that PI should read the corresponding frame of the S-CCPCH.
TFCI
N TFCI bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Pilot
N Pilot bits
20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Page29
A UE will expect a message on the PCH after indication from the PICH (page indicator
channel), and it will expect a message on the FACH after it has transmitted something
on the RACH.
The FACH and the PCH can be mapped on the same or on separate S-CCPCHs. If
they are mapped on the same S-CCPCH, TFCI bits have to be sent to support multiple
transport formats
The figure above shows the frame structure of the S-CCPCH. There are 18 different
slot formats determining the exact number of data, pilot and TFCI bits. The data bits
correspond to the PCH and/or FACH bits coming from the transport sub-layer. Pilot bit
are typically used when beamforming techniques are used.
The SF ranges from 4 to 256. The channelization code is assigned by the RRC layer
as is the scrambling code, and they are fixed during the communication. They are sent
on the BCCH so that every UE can decode the channel.
As said before, FACH can be used to carry user data. The difference with the
dedicated channel is that it cannot use fast power control, nor soft handover. The
advantage is that it is a fast access channel.
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Message part
Message part
20 ms (two radio frames)
Page30
The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is used by the UE to access the
network and to carry small data packets. It carries the RACH transport channel. The
PRACH is an open loop power control channel, with contention resolution mechanisms
(ALOHA approach) to enable a random access from several users.
The PRACH is composed of two different parts: the preamble part and the message
part that carries the RACH message. The preamble is an identifier which consists of
256 repetitions of a 16 chip long signature (total of 4096 chips). There are 16 possible
signatures, basically, the UE randomly selects one of the 16 possible preambles and
transmits it at increasing power until it gets a response from the network (on the AICH).
That preamble is scrambled before being sent. That is a sign that the power level is
high enough and that the UE is authorized to transmit, which it will do after
acknowledgment from the network. If the UE doesnt get a response from the network,
it has to select a new signature to transmit.
The message part is 10 or 20 ms long (split into 15 or 30 time slots) and is made of the
RACH data and the layer 1 control information.
Data
Pilot
N Pilot bits
Control
TFCI
N TFCI bits
Slot # 0
Slot # 1
Slot # i
Slot # 14
Page31
The data and control bits of the message part are processed in parallel. The SF of the
data part can be 32, 64, 128 or 256 while the SF of the control part is always 256. The
control part consists of 8 pilot bits for channel estimation and 2 TFCI bits to indicate
the transport format of the RACH (transport channel), for a total of 10 bits per slot.
The OVSF codes to use (one for RACH data and one for control) depend on the
signature that was used for the preamble (for signatures s=0 to s=15: OVSFcontrol=
Cch,256,m, where m=16s + 15; OVSFdata= Cch,SF,m, where m=SF*s/16.
radio frame: 10 ms
5120 chips
#1
Access slot #0
Access slot #1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
Access slot #7
Access slot #8
Page32
The PRACH transmission is based on the access frame structure. The access frame
is access of 15 access slots and lasts 20 ms (2 radio frames).
To avoid too many collisions and to limit interference, a UE must wait at least 3 or 4
access slots between two consecutive preambles.
The PRACH resources (access slots and preamble signatures) can be divided
between different Access Service Classes (ASC) in order to provide different priorities
of RACH usage. The ASC number ranges from 0 (highest priority) to 7 (lowest
priority).
AI part
a0 a1 a2
AS #14
AS #0
Unused part
a30 a31 a32 a33
AS #1
a38 a39
AS #i
AS #14
AS #0
20 ms
Page33
The AICH consists of a burst of data transmitted regularly every access slot frame.
One access slot frame is formed of 15 access slots, and lasts 2 radio frames (20 ms).
Each access slot consists of two parts, an acquisition indicator part of 32 real-valued
symbols and a long part during which nothing is transmitted to avoid overlapping due
to propagation delays.
s (with values 0, +1 and -1, corresponding to the answer from the network to a specific
user) and the 32 chip long sequence <bs,j> is given by a predefined table. There are
16 sequences <bs,j>, each corresponding to one PRACH signatures. A maximum of
16 AIs can be sent in each access slot. The user can multiply the received multi-level
signal by the signature it used to know if its access was granted.
The SF used is always 256 and the OVSF code used by the cell is indicated in system
information type 5.
Page34
There are two kinds of uplink dedicated physical channels, the Dedicated Physical
Data Channel (DPDCH) and the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH).
The DPDCH is used to carry the DCH transport channel. The DPCCH is used to carry
the physical sub-layer control bits.
Data
Ndata bits
DPDCH
Pilot
Npilot bits
DPCCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits
FBI
NFBI bits
TPC
NTPC bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Page35
On the figure above, we can see the DPDCH and DPCCH time slot constitution. The
parameter k determines the number of symbols per slot. It is related to the spreading
factor (SF) of the DPDCH by this simple equation: SF=256/2k. The DPDCH SF ranges
from 4 to 256. The SF for the uplink DPCCH is always 256, which gives us 10 bits per
slot. The exact number of pilot, TFCI, TPC and FBI bits is configured by higher layers.
This configuration is chosen from 12 possible slot formats. It is important to note that
symbols are transmitted during all slots for the DPDCH
Page36
The uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But the downlink DPDCH
and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main difference.
Basically, there are two types of downlink DPCH. They are distinguished by the use or
non use of the TFCI field. TFCI bits are not used for fixed rate services or when the
TFC doesnt change.
DPCCH
DPDCH
Data1
Ndata1 bits
TPC
NTPC bits
DPDCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits
Data2
Ndata2 bits
DPCCH
Pilot
Npilot bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
Page37
We have known that the uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But the
downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main difference. The
parameter k in the figure above determines the total number of bits per time slot. It is
related to the SF, which ranges from 4 to 512. The chips of one slot is also 2560.
Downlink physical channels are used to carry user specific information like speech,
data or signaling, as well as layer 1 control bits. Like it was mentioned before, the
payload from the DPDCH and the control bits from the DPCCH are time multiplexed
on every time slot. The figure above shows how these two channels are multiplexed.
There is only one DPCCH in downlink for one user.
Bearing service data and layer 2 overhead bits mapped from the transport
channel
Data
Ndata1 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2k bits (k=4)
Slot #0
Slot#1
Slot #2
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
Page38
HS-PDSCH is a downlink physical channel that carries user data and layer 2 overhead
bits mapped from the transport channel: HS-DSCH.
The user data and layer 2 overhead bits from HS-DSCH is mapped onto one or
several HS-PDSCH and transferred in 2ms subframe using one or several
channelization code with fixed SF=16.
Slot #0
Slot#1
Slot #2
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
Page39
HS-SCCH uses a SF=128 and has q time structure based on a sub-frame of length 2
ms, i.e. the same length as the HS-DSCH TTI. The timing of HS-SCCH starts two slot
prior to the start of the HS-PDSCH subframe.
CQI
One HS-DPCCH subframe ( 2ms )
Subframe #0
Subframe #i
Subframe #n
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Page40
As the HS-DPCCH uses SF=256, there are a total of 30 channel bits per 2 ms sub
frame (3 time slot). The HS-DPCCH information is divided in such a way that the
HARQ acknowledgement is transmitted in the first slot of the subframe while the
channel quality indication is transmitted in the rest slot.
Contents
2. Physical Channels
2.1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
2.2 Channel Mapping
Page41
Transport channels
BCCH
Physical channels
BCH
P-CCPCH
FACH
S-CCPCH
PCCH
PCH
S-CCPCH
CCCH
RACH
PRACH
FACH
S-CCPCH
FACH
S-CCPCH
CTCH
DCH
DCCH, DTCH
HS-DSCH
RACH, FACH
DPDCH
HS-PDSCH
PRACH, S-CCPCH
Page42
This page indicates how the mapping can be done between logical, transport and
physical channels. Not all physical channels are represented because not all physical
channels correspond to a transport channel.
The mapping between logical channels and transport channels is done by the MAC
sub-layer.
DTCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to
DCH and DSCH, to a DCH or a CPCH;
DCCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to
DCH and DSCH, to a DCH or a CPCH;
Contents
1. Physical Layer Overview
2. Physical Channels
3. Physical Layer Procedure
Page43
Scrambling Code
Identification
Page44
The purpose of the Cell Search Procedure is to give the UE the possibility of finding a
cell and of determining the downlink scrambling code and frame synchronization of
that cell. This is typically performed in 3 steps:
Random Access
Procedure
START
Choose a RACH sub channel from
available ones
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble
No AI
Choose a access slot again
Choose a signature and
increase preamble transmit power
The counter of preamble retransmit
Subtract 1, Commanded preamble power
increased by Power Ramp Step
Y
Get negative AI
Get positive AI
Increase message part power by
p-m based on preamble power
Send the corresponding message part
END
Page45
1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access slot set, for the set of available
RACH sub-channels within the given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones
previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the selected set, randomly select one
uplink access slot corresponding to the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC
from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such that each of the allowed
selections is chosen with equal probability
2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures within the given ASC.
5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble transmission
power.
6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI +1 nor 1) corresponding to the selected
signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot:
A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH sub-channels within
the given ASC;
B: select a signature;
STTD
Mode 1
Mode 2
applied
applied
S-CCPCH
applied
DPCH
applied
applied
applied
PICH
applied
HS-PDSCH
applied
applied
HS-SCCH
applied
AICH
applied
P-CCPCH
SCH
Page46
The UTRA specifications divide the transmitter diversity modes into two categories: (1)
open-loop mode and (2) closed-loop mode. In the open-loop mode no feedback
information from the UE to the NodeB is available. Thus the UTRAN has to determine
by itself the appropriate parameters for the TX diversity. In the closed-loop mode the
UE sends feedback information up to the NodeB in order to optimize the transmissions
from the diversity antennas.
Thus it is quite natural that the open-loop mode is used for the common channels, as
they typically do not provide an uplink return channel for the feedback information.
Even if there was a feedback channel, the NodeB cannot really optimize its common
channel transmissions according to measurements made by one particular UE.
Common channels are common for everyone; what is good for one UE may be bad for
another. The closed-loop mode is used for dedicated physical channels, as they have
an existing uplink channel for feedback information. Note that shared channels can
also employ closed loop power control, as they are allocated for only one user at a
time, and they also have a return channel in the uplink. There are two specified
methods to achieve the transmission diversity in the open-loop mode and two methods
in closed-loop mode
Antenna 1
-b2 b3 b0 -b1
Antenna 2
b0 b1 b2 b3
Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits
for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
Page47
These features together make the decoding process in the receiver more reliable. In
addition to data signals, pilot signals are also transmitted via both antennas. The
normal pilot is sent via the first antenna and the diversity pilot via the second antenna.
The two pilot sequences are orthogonal, which enables the receiving UE to extract the
phase information for both antennas.
The STTD encoding is optional in the UTRAN, but its support is mandatory for the
UEs receiver.
Slot #1
Slot #14
Slot #2
(Tx
OFF)
acp
acs
i,0
(Tx
OFF)
acs
aci,14
s
(Tx
OFF)
acp
(Tx
OFF)
(Tx
OFF)
(Tx
OFF)
acs
(Tx
OFF)
(Tx
OFF)
acp
acp
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
i,1
i,2
Page48
Time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD) can be applied to the SCH. Just like STTD,
the support of TSTD is optional in the UTRAN, but mandatory in the UE. The principle
of TSTD is to transmit the synchronization channels via the two base station antennas
in turn. In even-numbered time slots the SCHs are transmitted via antenna 1, and in
odd-numbered slots via antenna 2. This is depicted in above Figure. Note that SCH
channels only use the first 256 chips of each time slot (i.e., one-tenth of each slot).
Page49
The closed-loop-mode transmit diversity can only be applied to the downlink channel if
there is an associated uplink channel. Thus this mode can only be used with dedicated
channels. The chief operating principle of the closed loop mode is that the UE can
control the transmit diversity in the base station by sending adjustment commands in
FBI bits on the uplink DPCCH. The UE uses the base stations common pilot channels
to estimate the channels separately. Based on this estimation, it generates the
adjustment information and sends it to the UTRAN to maximize the UEs received
power.
There are actually two modes in the closed-loop method. In mode 1 only the phase
can be adjusted; in mode 2 the amplitude is adjustable as well as the phase. Each
uplink time slot has one FBI bit for closed-loop-diversity control. In mode 1 each bit
forms a separate adjustment command, but in mode 2 four bits are needed to
compose a command.
References
z
TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Page50
Summary
z
Page51
Thank you
www.huawei.com
www.huawei.com
Objectives
z
Page1
Contents
1. UTRAN Network Overview
2. Basic Concepts about UTRAN
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
Page2
Contents
1. UTRAN Network Overview
2. Basic Concepts about UTRAN
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
Page3
CN
CS
PS
Iu-CS
CS
Iu-PS
PS
Iu-CS
RNS
Iu-PS
RNS
Iur
RNC
RNC
UTRAN
Iub
NodeB
Iub
Iub
NodeB
NodeB
Iub
NodeB
Uu
UE
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page4
The UTRAN consists of one or several Radio Network Subsystem ( RNS ), each
containing one RNC and one or several NodeB
Interface
Iu interface: the Iu interface connects the UTRAN to the CN and is split in two
parts. The Iu-CS is the interface between the RNC and the circuit switched
domain of the CN. The Iu-PS interface is the interface between the RNC and the
packet switched domain of the CN.
Uu interface: the Uu interface is the WCDMA radio interface with in UMTS. It is
the interface through which the UE accesses the fixed part of the network.
Iub interface: the Iub interface connects the NodeB and the RNC. Contrarily to
GSM, this interface is fully open in UMTS and thus more competition is expected.
Iur interface: the RNC-RNC interface was initially designed in order to provide
inter RNC soft handover, but more features were added during the development.
Uu Interface
GC
Nt
DC
Duplication avoidance
GC
Nt
DC
U-plane information
control
control
RRC
control
control
control
C-plane signaling
UuS boundary
L3
radio bearer
PDCP PDCP
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
L2/PDCP
RLC
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC
L2/RLC
logical channel
L2/MAC
MAC
transport channel
PHY
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
L1
Page5
The layer 1 supports all functions required for the transmission of bit streams on the
physical medium. It is also in charge of measurements function consisting in indicating
to higher layers, for example, Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to Interference Ratio
(SIR), interference power, transmit power, It is basically composed of a layer 1
management entity, a transport channel entity, and a physical channel entity.
The layer 2 protocol is responsible for providing functions such as mapping, ciphering,
retransmission and segmentation. It is made of four sublayers: MAC (Medium Access
Control), RLC (Radio Link Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) and
BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control).
The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum. The
access stratum part is made of RRC (Radio Resource Control) entity and duplication
avoidance entity. The non access stratum part is made of CC, MM parts.
Not shown on the figure are connections between RRC and all the other protocol
layers (RLC, MAC, PDCP, BMC and L1), which provide local inter-layer control
services.
The protocol layers are located in the UE and the peer entities are in the NodeB or the
RNC.
The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes
are logically independent of each other.
Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
User Plane
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP(s)
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
Physical Layer
Page6
Protocol structures in UTRAN terrestrial interfaces are designed according to the same
general protocol model. This model is shown in above slide. The structure is based on
the principle that the layers and planes are logically independent of each other and, if
needed, parts of the protocol structure may be changed in the future while other parts
remain intact.
Horizontal Layers
The protocol structure consists of two main layers, the Radio Network Layer
(RNL) and the Transport Network Layer (TNL). All UTRAN-related issues are
visible only in the Radio Network Layer, and the Transport Network Layer
represents standard transport technology that is selected to be used for UTRAN
but without any UTRAN-specific changes.
Vertical Planes
Control Plane
The Control Plane is used for all UMTS-specific control signaling. It includes the
Application Protocol (i.e. RANAP in Iu, RNSAP in Iur and NBAP in Iub), and the
Signaling Bearer for transporting the Application Protocol messages. The
Application Protocol is used, among other things, for setting up bearers to the UE
(i.e. the Radio Access Bearer in Iu and subsequently the Radio Link in Iur and
Iub). In the three plane structure the bearer parameters in the Application
Protocol are not directly tied to the User Plane technology, but rather are general
bearer parameters. The Signaling Bearer for the Application Protocol may or
may not be of the same type as the Signaling Bearer for the ALCAP. It is always
set up by O&M actions.
User Plane
All information sent and received by the user, such as the coded voice in a voice
call or the packets in an Internet connection, are transported via the User Plane.
The User Plane includes the Data Stream(s), and the Data Bearer (s) for the
Data Stream(s). Each Data Stream is characterized by one or more frame
protocols specified for that interface.
Transport Network Control Plane
The Transport Network Control Plane is used for all control signaling within the
Transport Layer. It does not include any Radio Network Layer information. It
includes the ALCAP protocol that is needed to set up the transport bearers (Data
Bearer) for the User Plane. It also includes the Signaling Bearer needed for the
ALCAP. The Transport Network Control Plane is a plane that acts between the
Control Plane and the User Plane. The introduction of the Transport Network
Control Plane makes it possible for the Application Protocol in the Radio Network
Control Plane to be completely independent of the technology selected for the
Data Bearer in the User Plane.
Above the ATM layer we usually find an ATM adaptation layer (AAL). Its function
is to process the data from higher layers for ATM transmission.
This means segmenting the data into 48-byte chunks and reassembling the
original data frames on the receiving side. There are five different AALs (0, 1, 2,
3/4, and 5). AAL0 means that no adaptation is needed. The other adaptation
layers have different properties based on three parameters:
Real-time requirements;
The usage of ATM is promoted by the ATM Forum. The Iu interface uses two
AALs: AAL2 and AAL5.
AAL2 is designed for the transmission of connection oriented, real-time
data streams with variable bit rates.
AAL5 is designed for the transmission of connectionless data streams
with variable bit rates.
UE
RRC
RNC
RNSAP
RNC
NBAP
NodeB
NBAP
RANAP
RNSAP
RRC
Page8
RANAP is the signaling protocol in Iu that contains all the control information specified
for the Radio Network Layer.
RNSAP is the signaling protocol in Iur that contains all the control information specified
for the Radio Network Layer.
NBAP is the signaling protocol in Iub that contains all the control information specified
for the Radio Network Layer.
Iu-CS Interface
Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
User plane
RANAP
Iu UP
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP
ALCAP
SCCP
A
MTP3-B
SAAL NNI
MTP3-B
SAAL NNI
AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
Page9
The Iu CS overall protocol structure is depicted in above slide. The three planes
in the Iu interface share a common ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
transport which is used for all planes. The physical layer is the interface to the
physical medium: optical fiber, radio link or copper cable. The physical layer
implementation can be selected from a variety of standard off-the-shelf
transmission technologies, such as SONET, STM1, or E1.
The Control Plane protocol stack consists of RANAP, on top of Broadband (BB)
SS7 (Signaling System #7) protocols. The applicable layers are the Signaling
Connection Control Part (SCCP), the Message Transfer Part (MTP3-b) and
SAAL-NNI (Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer for Network to Network Interfaces).
The Transport Network Control Plane protocol stack consists of the Signaling
Protocol for setting up AAL2 connections (Q.2630.1 and adaptation layer
Q.2150.1), on top of BB SS7 protocols. The applicable BB SS7 are those
described above without the SCCP layer.
Iu-PS Interface
Radio
Network
Layer
Transport
Network
Layer
Control Plane
User plane
RANAP
Iu UP
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
SCCP
GTP-U
MTP3-B
C
UDP
IP
SAAL NNI
AAL Type 5
ATM
Physical Layer
Page10
The Control Plane protocol stack consists of RANAP, on top of Broadband (BB)
SS7 (Signaling System #7) protocols. The applicable layers are the Signaling
Connection Control Part (SCCP), the Message Transfer Part (MTP3-b) and
SAAL-NNI (Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer for Network to Network Interfaces).
The Transport Network Control Plane is not applied to Iu PS. The setting up of
the GTP tunnel requires only an identifier for the tunnel, and the IP addresses for
both directions, and these are already included in the RANAP RAB Assignment
messages.
In the Iu PS User Plane, multiple packet data flows are multiplexed on one or
several AAL5 PVCs. The GTP-U (User Plane part of the GPRS Tunneling
Protocol) is the multiplexing layer that provides identities for individual packet
data flow. Each flow uses UDP connectionless transport and IP addressing.
Iub Interface
Radio
Network
Layer
User plane
Control Plane
NBAP
NCP
Iub FP
CCP
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP
ALCAP
Transport Network
User Plane
SAAL UNI
SAAL UNI
AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
Page11
The Iub interface is the terrestrial interface between NodeB and RNC. The Radio
Network Layer defines procedures related to the operation of the NodeB. The
Transport Network Layer defines procedures for establishing physical connections
between the NodeB and the RNC.
The Iub application protocol, NodeB application part ( NBAP ) initiates the
establishment of a signaling connection over Iub . It is divided into two essential
components, CCP and NCP.
NCP is used for signaling that initiates a UE context for a dedicated UE or signals that
is not related to specific UE. Example of NBAP-C procedure are cell configuration ,
handling of common channels and radio link setup
The user plane Iub Frame Protocol ( FP ), defined the structure of the frames and the
basic in band control procedure for every type of transport channel. There are DCH-FP,
RACH-FP, FACH-FP, HS-DSCH FP and PCH FP.
Iur Interface
Radio
Network
Layer
Control Plane
User plane
RANAP
Iur Data
Stream
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
Control Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
ALCAP
ALCAP
SCCP
A
MTP3-B
SAAL NNI
MTP3-B
SAAL NNI
AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
Page12
Iur interface connects two RNCs. The protocol stack for the Iur is shown in above slide.
The RNSAP protocol is the signaling protocol defined for the Iur interface.
Contents
1. UTRAN Network Overview
2. Basic Concepts about UTRAN
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
Page13
SRNC / DRNC
CN
Iu
Iur
SRNC
DRNC
The SRNC handles the connection to one UE, and may borrow radio
resources of a certain cell from the DRNC.
A UE in connection state has at least one and only one SRNC, but can
has 0 or multiple DRNCs
Page14
Inside the UTRAN, the RNCs of the Radio Network Subsystems can be interconnected
together through the Iur. Iu(s) and Iur are logical interfaces. Iur can be conveyed over
direct physical connection between RNCs or virtual networks using any suitable
transport network .
For each connection between User Equipment and the UTRAN, One RNC is the
Serving RNC. When required, Drift RNCs support the Serving RNC by providing radio
resources. The role of an RNC (Serving or Drift) is on a per connection basis between
a UE and the UTRAN.
RAB, RB and RL
RAB
RB
RNC
UE
CN
RL
NodeB
UTRAN
Page15
RAB: The service that the access stratum provides to the non-access stratum for
transfer of user data between User Equipment and CN.
RB: The service provided by the layer2 for transfer of user data between User
Equipment and Serving RNC.
RL: A "radio link" is a logical association between single User Equipment and a single
UTRAN access point. Its physical realization comprises one or more radio bearer
transmissions.
Idle Mode
Connected Mode
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
CELL_PCH
URA_PCH
Page16
If RRC connection does not exit between UE and RNC, then the UE is in idle mode.
If RRC connection exits between UE and RNC, then the UE is in connected mode.
The UE leaves the connected mode and returns to idle mode when the RRC
connection is released or at RRC connection failure.
Idle Mode
z
UE camps on a cell
Location registration
Page17
When a UE is switched on, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is selected and the
UE searches for a suitable cell of this PLMN to camp on.
The UE searches for a suitable cell of the chosen PLMN and chooses that cell to
provide available services, and tunes to its control channel. This choosing is known as
"camping on the cell". The UE will, if necessary, then register its presence, by means
of a NAS registration procedure, in the registration area of the chosen cell.
If the UE finds a more suitable cell, it reselects onto that cell and camps on it. If the
new cell is in a different registration area, location registration is performed.
Connected Mode
z
Assuming that there exists an RRC connection, there are two basic families of RRC
connection mobility procedures, URA updating and handover. Different families of RRC
connection mobility procedures are used in different levels of UE connection (cell level
and URA level):
Page18
Connected Mode
z
Cell-DCH
In active state
Page19
If there is huge data to be transmitted, it must allocate dedicated channel. Thus UE will
be in Cell-DCH. UE in Cell-DCH state is communicating via DCH (downlink and uplink)
with UTRAN.
Connected Mode
z
Cell-FACH
In active state
Page20
Connected Mode
z
Cell-PCH
Page21
Connected Mode
z
URA-PCH
Page22
RRC Connection
URA_PCH
CELL_PCH
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
- Dedicated channel
- Common service,
such as voice
- Common channel
- PS service with few
data to transmit
IDLE
DEAD
Page23
This is the UE states figure. These states are significant only for UTRAN and UE. They
are transparent to CN. Lets focus on the switch between the states.
Contents
1. UTRAN Network Overview
2. Basic Concepts about UTRAN
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
Page24
Contents
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
3.1 System Information Broadcast
3.2 Paging
3.3 Call Process
3.4 Handover
Page25
NBAP
NBAP
RRC
RRC
RRC
RNC
Node B
RRC
RRC
RRC
Page26
NBAP
MIB:
PLMN tag
Page27
Page28
Page29
Page30
Page31
URA information
Page32
Qhyst2s
Sintrasearch
Sintersearch
Sinterratsearch
Qqualmin
Qrxlemin
T reselection
Page33
PCCPCH
SCCPCH
PICH
AICH
PRACH
Page34
Including the UL interference level which is used for open loop power
control
Including the Expiration Time Factor which is used for refreshing the
SIB7 periodically
Page35
Contents
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
3.1 System Information Broadcast
3.2 Paging
3.3 Call Process
3.4 Handover
Page36
Paging Initiation
z
CN initiated paging
z
Page37
In order to request UTRAN connect to UE, CN initiates the paging procedure, transmits
paging message to the UTRAN through Iu interface, and UTRAN transmits the paging
message from CN to UE through the paging procedure on Uu interface, which will make
the UE initiate a signaling connection setup process with the CN.
When the cell system message is updated: When system messages change, the
UTRAN will trigger paging process in order to inform UE in the idle, CELL_PCH or
URA_PCH state to carry out the system message update, so that the UE can read the
updated system message.
Paging Type 1
z
RNC1
RNC2
NODEB1.1
NODEB2.1
UE
PAGING
RANAP
RANAP
RANAP
PAGING
RANAP
Paging type 1:
After calculating the paging time, the paging message will be transmitted at that time
Page38
As shown in the above figure, the CN initiates paging in a location area (LA), which is covered
by two RNCs. After receiving a paging message, the RNC searches all the cells corresponding
to the LAI, and then calculates the paging time, at which it will send the PAGING TYPE 1
message to these cells through the PCCH.
Paging Type 2
z
SRNC
UE
PAGING
RANAP
RANAP
Page39
Paging type 2:
RRC
As shown in the above figure, if the UE is in the CELL_-DCH or CELL_FACH state, the
UTRAN will immediately transmit PAGING TYPE 2 message to the paged UE on DCCH
channel.
Contents
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
3.1 System Information Broadcast
3.2 Paging
3.3 Call Process
3.4 Handover
Page40
Call proceeding
Page41
UE
RRC
RRC
RRC
RRC
RRC
RRC
Page42
In the idle mode, when the non-access layer of the UE requests to establish a signaling
connection, the UE will initiate the RRC connection procedure. Each UE has up to one
RRC connection only.
When the SRNC receives an RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message from the UE,
the Radio Resource Management (RRM) module of the RNC determines whether to
accept or reject the RRC connection request according to a specific algorithm. If
accepting the request, the RRM module determines whether to set up the RRC
connection on a Dedicated Channel (DCH) or on a Common Channel (CCH) according
to a specific RRM algorithm.
Description:
Serving
RNC
Node B
1. CCCH: RRC Connection Request
RRC
Allocate RNTI
Select L1 and L2
parameters
NBAP
NBAP
Start RX
NBAP
NBAP
5. Downlink Synchronization
6. Uplink Synchronization
DCH - FP
DCH - FP
Start TX
RRC
RRC
Description:
RRC
NBAP
RRC
Page43
The UE sends an RRC Connection Request message via the uplink CCCH to
request to establish an RRC connection.
Based on the RRC connection request cause and the system resource state, the
SRNC decides to establish the connection on the dedicated channel, and
allocates the RNTI and L1 and L2 resources.
The SRNC sends a Radio Link Setup Request message to Node B, requesting
the Node B to allocate specific radio link resources required by the RRC
connection.
After successfully preparing the resources, the Node B responds to the SRNC
with the Radio Link Setup Response message.
The SRNC initiates the establishment of Iub user plane transport bearer with the
ALCAP protocol and completes the synchronization between the RNC and the
Node B.
The SRNC sends an RRC Connection Setup message to the UE in the
downlink CCCH.
The UE sends an RRC Connection Setup Complete message to the SRNC in
the uplink DCCH.
ID
Name
Recommended value
ORIGCONVCALLEST
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
ORIGSTREAMCALLEST
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
ORIGINTERCALLEST
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
ORIGBKGCALLEST
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
ORIGSUBSTRAFFCALLEST
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
TERMCONVCALLEST
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
TERMSTREAMCALLEST
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
TERMINTERCALLEST
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
TERMBKGCALLEST
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
EMERGCALLEST
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
INTERRATCELLRESELEST
DCH_3.4K_SIGNALLING
INTERRATCELLCHGORDERE
ST
DCH_3.4K_SIGNALLING
REGISTEST
Registration
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
DETACHEST
Detach
FACH
ORIGHIGHPRIORSIGEST
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
ORIGLOWPRIORSIGEST
FACH
CALLREEST
Call re-establishment
DCH_3.4K_SIGNALLING
TERMHIGHPRIORSIGEST
DCH_13.6K_SIGNALLING
TERMLOWPRIORSIGEST
FACH
TERMCAUSEUNKNOWN
FACH
DEFAULTEST
DCH_3.4K_SIGNALLING
NodeB
Initial DT
RNC
CN
RRC
Connect Request
SCCP
SCCP
RANAP
Initial UE Message
RANAP
SCCP
Connect Confirm
Common ID
SCCP
RANAP
RANAP
Page45
After the RRC connection between the UE and the UTRAN is successfully set up, the
UE sets up a signaling connection with the CN via the RNC for NAS information
exchange between the UE and the CN, such as authentication, service request and
connection setup. This is also called the NAS signaling setup procedure.
For the RNC, the signaling exchanged between the UE and the CN is a direct transfer
message. After receiving the first direct transfer message, that is, the Initial Direct
Transfer message, the RNC sets up a signaling connection with the CN on the SCCP.
The procedure is shown in the above figure:
After the RRC connection is established, the UE sends the Initial Direct Transfer
message to the RNC via the RRC connection. This message carries the NAS
information content sent to the CN by the UE.
After receiving the Initial Direct Transfer message from the UE, the RNC sends
the SCCP Connection Request (CR) message to the CN via the Iu interface.
The message content is the Initial UE Message sent from the RNC to the CN,
and carries the message content sent from the UE to the CN.
If the CN is ready to accept the connection request, then it returns the SCCP
Connection Confirm (CC) message to the RNC. The SCCP connection is
successfully set up. The RNC receives the message and confirms the signaling
connection setup success.
If the CN cannot accept the connection request, then it returns the SCCP
Connection Reject (CJ) message to the RNC. The SCCP connection setup fails.
The RNC receives the message and confirms the signaling connection setup
failure. Then it initiates the RRC release procedure.
After the signaling connection is successfully set up, the message sent by the UE to
the CN is forwarded to the RNC via the Uplink Direct Transfer message, and the RNC
converts it into the Direct Transfer message to send to the CN. The message sent by
the CN to the UE is forwarded to the RNC via the Direct Transfer message, and the
RNC converts it into the Downlink Direct Transfer to send to the UE.
Common ID
Page47
UE
RRC Connection Setup
Initial DT
CN
Initial UE Message
(CM Service Request)
Common ID
DL DT (Authentication Request)
DL DT (Authentication Request)
DL DT (Authentication Response)
DL DT (Authentication Response)
Security Mode Command
Security Mode Command
Security Mode Command Complete
RAB Assignment
Page48
NodeB
RANAP
Q.AAL2
Q.AAL2
RL Recfg Prep
NBAP
RL Recfg Ready
NBAP
Q.AAL2
Q.AAL2
FP
FP
RB Setup
RRC
NBAP
RRC
CN
RNC
RL Recfg Commit
RB Setup Complete
RANAP
Q.AAL2
Q.AAL2
NBAP
NBAP
Q.AAL2
Q.AAL2
FP
FP
RRC
NBAP
RRC
RANAP
RANAP
Page49
RAB is the carrier in user plane, which is for transferring the voice service, data service
or multiple media service between UE and CN.
RAB establishment flow mainly includes the AAL2 PATH establishment of Iu and Iub
interface, also includes the reconfiguration process of radio resource.
The RAB refers to the user plane bearer that is used to transfer voice, data and
multimedia services between the UE and the CN. The UE needs to complete the RRC
connection establishment before setting up the RAB.
The RAB setup is initiated by the CN and executed by the UTRAN. The basic
procedure is as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
First the CN sends the RAB assignment request message to the UTRAN,
requesting the UTRAN to establish the RAB.
The SRNC in the UTRAN initiates the establishment of the data transport bearer
between the Iu interface and the Iub interface (Iur interface).
The SRNC sends the RB setup request to the UE.
After completing the RB establishment, the UE responds to the SRNC with the
RB setup complete message.
The SRNC responds to the CN with the RAB assignment response message
and the RAB setup procedure ends.
When the RAB is successfully established, a basic call is set up and the UE enters the
conversation process.
UE
MSC
UE
Paging
CM Service Request
Authentication Request
Authentication Response
Security Mode Command
Security Mode Command Complete
Setup
Call Proceeding
RAB Assignment
Paging Response
Authentication Request
Authentication Response
Security Mode Command
Security Mode Command Complete
Setup
Call Confirmed
RAB Assignment
Alerting
Alerting
Connect
Connect
Connect ACK
Connect ACK
Disconnect
Disconnect
Release
Release
Release Complete
Release Complete
UE Outgoing Call
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
UE Terminating Call
Page50
CN does not need to the CM Service Response if the security mode is used.
UE
SGSN
UE
Paging
Service Request
Service Request
RAB Assignment
RAB Assignment
UE Outgoing Call
UE Terminating Call
Page51
Page52
Page53
Page54
Page55
Page56
Page57
Page58
Page59
Page60
Page61
Page62
Contents
3. UTRAN Signaling Procedure
3.1 System Information Broadcast
3.2 Paging
3.3 Call Process
3.4 Handover
Page63
Page64
In the WCDMA system, since the intra-frequency exists among neighboring cells, the
UE can communicate with the network via multiple radio links, and can select one with
good signal quality by comparison when these radio links are merged, thus optimizing
the communication quality. The soft handover can be conducted only in the FDD mode.
The soft handover falls into the following cases according to the locations of the cells.
The first case is the soft handover among difference cells of the Node B. In this case,
the radio links can be merged within the Node B or the SRNC. If they are merged
within the Node B, it is called softer handover. The second case is the soft handover
among different Node Bs within the same RNC and among different RNCs.
An important issue during the soft handover is the merge of multiple radio links. In the
WCDMA system, the MACRO DIVERSITY technology is adopted for the merge of the
radio links, that is, the system compares the data from different radio links based on
certain standards (such as BER), and selects the data with better quality to send to the
upper layer.
Soft handover:
Softer handover
NodeB
CN
CN
CN
SRNC
SRNC
SRNC
NodeB
Before Handover
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
During Handover
NodeB
After Handover
Page65
During the soft handover, two or more radio links are connected with UE, and data in
each RL are same.
The following are some key concepts about the neighboring cell in the soft handover:
Active set: The set of cells currently used by the UE. The execution result of the
soft handover indicates the increase or decrease of the cells in the active set.
Monitor set: The set of cells that are not in the active set but are being observed
by the UE based on the neighboring cell information from the UTRAN. The UE
measures the cells in the observation set. When the measurement results satisfy
certain conditions, the cells may be added to the active set. Therefore, the
observation set sometimes is also called the candidate set.
Detected set: The set of cells that have been detected by the UE but do not
belong to the active set or the observation set. The UTRAN can request the UE
to report the measurement result of the detected set. Since the cells in the
detected set are not listed in the neighboring cell list, this set is also called the
unlisted set.
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Page66
It is no handover in this slide, only one radio links is connected with UE.
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Merged in NodeB
Page67
It is softer handover. During the handover, the cells in active set belong to one NodeB.
The NodeB uses the RAKE receiver to combine the data, and the UE also combines
the data in RAKE receiver.
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Merged in RNC
Page68
It is soft handover. During the handover, the cells in active set belong to one RNC, but
different NodeBs. So the UE can combine the data in RAKE receiver. But in uplink, the
data are combined with selection combination in RNC.
Drift RNC
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Merged in SRNC
Page69
It is soft handover. During the handover, the cells in active set belong to different RNCs.
So the UE can combine the data in RAKE receiver. But in uplink, the data are
combined with selection combination in SRNC.
RNC
Serving RNC
Node B
AirBridge
AirBridge
AirBridge
Page70
RNC
RRC Connection Setup Procedure
Measurement Control
Measurement Report (1A/1B/1C or 1D)
Active Set Update
Active Set Update Complete
Measurement Control
Page71
The original communication is not affected during the soft handover procedure so that
smooth handover from a cell to another can be successfully completed.
Page72
For adding a cell into Active Set, RNC will notify NodeB to prepare the new RL before
sending Active Set Update.
Page73
For deleting a cell from Active Set, RNC sends Active Set Update to UE first. After UE
deleting the RL successfully, RNC will inform NodeB to delete the RL.
Hard Handover
NodeB
CN
CN
SRNC
SRNC
NodeB
Before Handover
NodeB
NodeB
After Handover
Page74
It is hard handover. The UE disconnects the original radio link, then connects to the
target cell. It happens in intra-frequency, inter-frequency and inter-RAT.
RNC
RRC Connection Setup Procedure
Measurement Control (Intra-freq)
Measurement Report (1D)
Decision to
setup new RL
Physical Channel Reconfiguration
Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete
Measurement Control (Intra-Freq)
Page75
Inter-frequency Handover
UE
RNC
RRC Connection Setup Procedure
Measurement Control (Intra-freq)
Measurement Control (2D & 2F)
Measurement Report(2D)
Decision to enter
compress mode
Physical Channel Reconfiguration
Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete
Measurement Control (Inter-Freq)
Measurement Report
Decision to
setup new RL
Physical Channel Reconfiguration
Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete
Measurement Control (Intra-freq)
Page76
Description:
RNC
3G MSC
3G MSC
BSC
Prepare Handover
Response
Page77
Page78
Thank you
www.huawei.com
WCDMA HSDPA
Principles
www.huawei.com
Page1
References
z
Page2
Contents
1. HSDPA Introduction
2. HSDPA Key Techniques
3. HSDPA Physical Layer Channels
4. HSDPA Physical Layer Processing
5. HSDPA Layer2 Protocol
Page3
WCDMA Evolution
GSM
WCDMA
R99
GPRS
HSDPA
R5
HSUPA
R6
EDGE
GSM
9.6kbps
9.6kbps
GPRS
40kbps
171kbps
EDGE
120kbps
473kbps
R99 WCDMA
384kbps
2.0Mbps
HSDPA
10.0Mbps
14.4Mbps
Page4
WCDMA Evolution
WCDMA evolved from GSM/GPRS, inheriting much of the upper layer functionality
directly from those systems. The first commercial deployments of WCDMA are based
on a version of the standards called Release 99.
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is another system in the GSM/GPRS
family that some operators have deployed as an intermediate step before deploying
WCDMA.
HSDPA was introduced in WCDMA Release 5 to offer higher speed Downlink data
services.
Release 6 introduces the Enhanced Uplink (i.e. HSUPA) that will provide faster data
services for the Uplink.
Higher Capacity
Richer Application
Page5
Soft handover
Node B
No soft handover
Node B
Page6
Page7
Although WCDMA Release 99 standard allows for maximum data rates of up to 2.0
Mbps, it has only been widely implemented with a maximum data rate of 384 kbps.
This data rate is achieved by allocating a dedicated channel to each user. The use of
dedicated resources can be a limitation, especially for data applications with bursty
characteristics. Each dedicated channel uses an OVSF code. Shorter codes are used
for higher data rates and longer codes for lower data rates. When an OVSF of a
particular length is used, all longer OVSF codes derived from that code become
unavailable. This limits the number of simultaneous high speed data users in a given
cell. The Release 99 standards provide support for a Secondary Scrambling Code,
which eases this limitation, but it has not been widely implemented in commercial
systems and will likely be removed from future versions of the specification. The data
rate of a dedicated channel can be adjusted to accommodate varying requirements of
a data service application, but the procedure for doing so is slow and thus inefficient.
Capacity is controlled both by the maximum amount of PA power that is available and
by the power requirement of each data service. In dedicated mode, fast power control
is used so that a target Eb/No is achieved on the Downlink. However, the required
Eb/No set point changes at a much slower rate. This can result in wasted resources
whereby a better than required Eb/No is achieved for the required BLER.
Each user may be assigned all or part of the resource every 2ms
Big shared pipe
Code multiplexing for HSDPA
Node B
HSDPA user#1
HSDPA user#2
HSDPA user#3
HSDPA user#4
2ms
a set of HS-PDSCHs
Page8
QPSK and16QAM
Multi-code operation
Page9
Comparison Summary
Mode
DCH
FACH
HSDPA
Channel Type
Dedicated
Shared
Shared
Power Control
Closed Inner
Loop at 1500Hz
& Closed Outer
Loop
No
Fixed Power
with link
adaptation
Soft Handover
Supported
Not Supported
Not Supported
Suitability for
Bursty
Poor
Good
Good
Data Rate
Medium
Low
High
Page10
Comparison Summary
DCH and FACH are the two Release 99 channels typically used for packet switched
data in practice. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are
apparent. Whereas DCH is suited for medium high data rates (with a maximum
rate of 384 kbps), rate switching is slow, making it unsuitable and inefficient for
bursty data such as a Web browsing application. By contrast, FACH provides
good support for bursty data but is a common channel without power control or
other mechanism to account for channel conditions. This makes it unsuitable for
higher data rates. Switching from DCH to FACH is slow and inefficient, due in
part to the typical timer values used to detect inactivity
HSDPA is suitable to high date rates for a bursty application, though we will see
that the absence of soft handover makes it more suitable for stationary or lowmobility users than for highly mobile users. HSDPA typically operates at a fixed
power, but feedback from the UE can instruct the NodeB to use lower power
when the UE is in good channel conditions. Link adaptation is used to adjust
data rate, coding, and modulation to quickly respond to changing channel
conditions.
Contents
1. HSDPA Introduction
2. HSDPA Key Techniques
3. HSDPA Physical Layer Channels
4. HSDPA Physical Layer Processing
5. HSDPA Layer2 Protocol
Page11
Block 1
Block 1?
Block 1
Block 2
+
Block 1?
HARQHybrid ARQwith
Soft combing
Reduce round trip time
16QAM
Page12
Page13
Rate Adaptation
Node B
less power
Page14
Node B
Transport
Number of
Block Size
HSHS-PDSCH
Modulation
Reference power
adjustment
N/A
Out of range
137
QPSK
173
QPSK
13
2279
QPSK
14
2583
QPSK
15
3319
QPSK
16
3565
1616-QAM
17
4189
1616-QAM
18
4664
1616-QAM
28
23370
15
1616-QAM
29
24222
15
1616-QAM
30
25558
15
1616-QAM
Page15
HSDPA UE Categories
UE Category
Maximum
Number of HSDSCH Codes
Received
Minimum
Inter-TTI
Interval
Category 1
7298
19200
Category 2
7298
28800
Category 3
7298
28800
Category 4
7298
38400
Category 5
7298
57600
Category 6
7298
67200
Category 7
10
14411
115200
Category 8
10
14411
134400
Category 9
15
20251
172800
Category 10
15
27952
172800
Category 11
3630
14400
Category 12
3630
28800
Page16
UE Categories
HSDPA is advertised with data rates up to 14 Mbps. However, the actual HS-DSCH
peak data rate depends on the UEs HS-DSCH category. As shown in the table,
only a category 10 UE can achieve the maximum HSDPA throughput of 14 Mbps
when using all 15 HS-PDSCHs simultaneously.
Factors that decide the UEs HS-DSCH category are:
HS-PDSCH codes Determines the number of simultaneous HS-PDSCH channels
that can be decoded by a UE.
Inter-TTI interval Determines the minimum interval (in terms of HS-DSCH TTI)
between two successive HS-PDSCH assignments. The more HARQ processes a
UE supports, the shorter the inter-TTI interval. A minimum inter-TTI of 1 requires at
least 6 simultaneous HARQ processes.
Transport Block size Determines the maximum size of transport block that can
be sent on HS-DSCH in a TTI. It is dependent on the number of HS-PDSCH codes
and the modulation scheme.
IR buffer size Determines the maximum number of soft bits that can be buffered
by a UE across all simultaneously running HARQ processes.
Conventional ARQ
In case of Hybrid ARQ with soft combining, received data blocks that
can not be correctly decoded are not discarded. Instead the
corresponding received signal is buffered and soft combined with later
received retransmission of information bits. Decoding is then applied
to the combined signal
Page17
The use of HARQ with soft combining increases the effective received
Eb/Io for each retransmission and thus increases the probability for
correct decoding of retransmissions, compare to conventional ARQ
Page18
The maximum retransmission amount of HARQ procedure can be set. (NodeB LMT)
Page19
HARQ is a technique that transmitter sends new set of parity bits if the previous
transmission failed (NACK) and receiver buffer the failed decodes for soft combining with
later retransmission.
Example for Chase Combining ( CC ) Scheme
Page21
The maximum number of HARQ processes that a UE supports is a function of its HSDPA
category. The minimum number of HARQ processes supported by any UE is 2, which
corresponds to a UE that uses an inter-TTI interval of 3.
Page22
In HSDPA, a new DL transport channel is introduced call HSDSCH. The idea is that a part of the total downlink code resource
is dynamically shared between HSDPA and Release 99
Page23
Shared channel transmission implies that a certain amount of radio resource of a cell
(code and power) is seem as a common resource that is dynamically shared between
users.
In HSDPA, a new DL transport channel is introduced call HSDSCH. The idea is that a part of the total downlink power resource
is dynamically shared between HSDPA and Release 99
Power margin for DCH power control
Time
Higher power utility
efficiency
Total Power
DPCH
Power for CCH
Time
Page24
Shared channel transmission implies that a certain amount of radio resource of a cell
(code and power) is seem as a common resource that is dynamically shared between
users.
The NodeB transmit power allocation algorithm is not specified by the standard, but two
possible schemes are likely:
Static A fixed amount of power is allocated to HSDPA channels (i.e. the HS-PDSCHs
and HS-SCCHs). Remaining power is distributed among common channels and power
controlled dedicated channels. The overall transmit power fluctuates as a function of
the power controlled channels.
Dynamic HSDAP( i.e.HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH ) power is allocated dynamically as
a function of the remaining available power, which fluctuates due to the power
controlled dedicated channels. The overall transmit power of the cell remains constant.
The above diagram does not consider the Node Bs power margin, whereby the Node Bs
power fluctuates. The Node Bpower doesnt really remain constant, due to the peak-toaverage ratio of transmit power.
The codes are assigned to HSDPA user only when they are actually to be
used for transmission, which leads to efficient code and power utilization
In HSDPA, the idea is that a part of the total downlink code resource is
dynamically shared between a set of HSDPA users
Page25
There can be multiple (up to 15) HS-PDSCHs in a serving cell, which enables use of both
time division and code division multiple access methods.
QPSK
16QAM
Page26
WCDMA R99 uses QPSK data modulation for downlink transmission. To support higher
data rate, higher order data modulation, such as 16QAM can be used.
Compared to QPSK modulation, higher order modulation is more bandwidth efficient i.e.
can carry more bits per Hertz
Fast Scheduling
z
Page27
The basic idea of fast scheduling is to transmit at the fading peaks of the channel in order
to increase the throughput and to use resource more efficiently. But this might lead to
large variations in data rate of the users. The trade-off is between the cell throughput
and fairness against users.
There are a number of scheduling algorithms that take into consideration the trade-off
between throughput and fairness:
Round Robin (RR): radio resource are allocated to communication links on a sequential
basis, not taking into account the instantaneous radio channel conditions experienced
by each link.
Max C/I: for maximum cell throughput ,the radio resource should be as much as possible
be allocated to communication links with the best instantaneous channel condition.
Proportional Fair (PF): allocates the channel to the user with relatively best channel
quality.
Enhanced Proportional Fair (EPF): allocates the channel to the user according to
relatively best channel quality, fairness, guarantee bit rate requirement.
Page28
Contents
1. HSDPA Introduction
2. HSDPA Key Techniques
3. HSDPA Physical Layer Channels
4. HSDPA Physical Layer Processing
5. HSDPA Layer2 Protocol
Page29
Page30
Release 99 Channels
This diagram shows possible mappings of logical, transport, and physical channels
in the control and user planes for UMTS Release 99.
Some channels exist only in Physical Layer (CPICH, SCH, DPCCH, AICH, PICH).
These channels carry no upper layer signaling or user data.
Transport channels carry the following types of information:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCH) Broadcast information that defines overall
system configuration.
Paging Channel (PCH) Paging notification messages. A Paging Indicator
Channel (PICH) is associated with a PCH to allow a UE to quickly determine
whether it needs to read the PCH during its assigned paging occasion.
Forward Access Channel (FACH) Common Downlink signaling messages. Also
carries dedicated Downlink signaling and user information to a UE operating in
Cell_FACH state.
Random Access Channel (RACH) Common Uplink signaling messages. Also
carries dedicated Uplink signaling and user information to a UE operating in
Cell_FACH state.
Dedicated Channel (DCH) Dedicated signaling and user information for a UE
operating in the Cell_DCH state. DCH is mapped to a Dedicated Physical Data
Channel (DPDCH). An associated Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
carries Physical Layer control information, such as power control commands.
Page31
HSDPA introduces three new Downlink channels and one new Uplink channel:
High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) A Downlink transport
channel shared by several UEs. The HS-DSCH is associated with one or
several Shared Control Channels (HS-SCCH). It operates on a 2 ms
Transmission Time Interval (TTI).
High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) A Downlink physical channel
used to carry Downlink control information related to HS-DSCH transmission.
The UE monitors this channel continuously to determine when to read its data
from the HS-DSCH, and the modulation scheme used on the assigned physical
channel.
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) A Downlink
physical channel shared by several UEs. It supports Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying (QPSK) and 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) and multicode transmission. It is allocated to a user at 2 ms intervals.
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) An Uplink
physical channel that carries feedback from the UE to assist the Node Bs
scheduling algorithm. The feedback includes a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
and a positive or negative acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) of a previous HSDSCH transmission.
Page32
Frame Duration
Slot Duration
Symbol Timing
HSDPA sub-frame
2ms
Time slot
0.67ms
Page33
3 time slots constituted one TTI (2ms) , only one TB will be sent during one TTI
Page34
HS-PDSCH
When the UE decodes the HS-SCCH and determines that there is an HS-DSCH
assignment in the next TTI, it decodes the assigned HS-PDSCHs. Each HS-PDSCH
uses an OVSF of length 16. If multiple HS-PDSCHs are assigned simultaneously to
one UE, they must use consecutive OVSF codes. The HS-SCCH indicates the first
OVSF code and the number of codes for each assignment.
The High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS- PDSCH) is used to carry the
High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH).
An HS-PDSCH may use QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM modulation symbols. In above figure,
M is the number of bits per modulation symbols i.e. M=2 for QPSK, M=4 for 16QAM
and M=6 for 64QAM.
A UE is a member of one of 12 categories, as a function of its hardware capabilities. Each
category represents different values of the following parameters:
Number of simultaneous HS-PDSCH codes (5, 10, or 15)
Maximum transport block size
Inter-TTI interval minimum time between consecutive assignments.
Incremental redundancy buffer size used to soft-combine symbols from
retransmissions.
HS-SCCH carries the following control messages: Xue, Xccs, Xms, Xrv, Xtbs,
Xhap and Xnd
Page35
Xue [16bits]:UE identity, Multiple UEs may be monitoring the same set of HS-SCCHs.
Each UE has an assigned identity called the H-RNTI.
Xccs [7bits]:channelization code set, The HS-SCCH indicates which of the OVSF codes
allocated to the HS-PDSCHs will be used. HS-PDSCH uses multi-code transmission,
which means that multiple OVSF codes may be assigned to one UE at the same time
Xms [1bit]:modulation scheme, HS-PDSCH uses either QPSK or 16-QAM modulation.
This can change from one assignment to the next, and HS-SCCH indicates which
method will be used.
Xrv[3bits]:redundancy version, The HARQ protocol supports retransmissions and
incremental redundancy. These parameters allow the UE to differentiate new
transmissions from retransmissions.
Xtbs [6bits]:transport block size, The HS-SCCH indicates how much data will be sent
during the next assignment
Xhap [3bits]:HARQ process number
Xnd [1bit]:new data indicator
TTI=2ms ( 3 time slots ), SF=256, Fixed rate of 15kbps, carry 2 types of HSDPA
ACK and NACK notifies NodeB that UE has received correct downlink data or not.
CQI reflects physical channel quality indicator based on CPICH strength, and
different parameters.
Page36
HS-DPCCH
Whenever the UE is operating in HSDPA mode, it uses the HS-DPCCH to give
feedback to the serving Node B. This feedback consist of two parts:
ACK/NACK The UE sends a positive or negative acknowledgement for each HSDSCH assignment. UTRAN may configure the UE to repeat the ACK/NACK, up
to a maximum of 4 transmissions. The first ACK/NACK for a given HS-DSCH
assignment is sent 5 ms (7.5 slots) after the end of the HS-DSCH transmission.
Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) The UE measures the channel quality of the
Downlink CPICH and computes a CQI value. The value is an index into a table,
and corresponds to the maximum data rate that the UE can decode with an error
rate of less than 10%, assuming the channel conditions dont change. UTRAN
may configure the UE to repeat the CQI, up to a maximum of 4 transmissions.
UTRAN may also configure the periodicity of CQI reporting, ranging from 2 ms
to 160 ms.
Page37
DPCH does not carry service generally, sometimes carry real time (RT)
HS_SCCH
HS_PDSCH
HS_DPCCH
Uplink DPDCH&DPCCH
(i.e. associated DPCH)
UE
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page39
When a DL RAB is mapped onto the HS-DSCH, UL DCH is set up regardless of the
existence of UL data. UL DCH transmits the UL signaling, UL RLC acknowledgement
message and possible UL service data. DL DCH is set up to transmit the DL signaling.
These DCHs are called associated DCHs.
When the UE is in soft handover or softer handover, the HS-DSCH data can be
transmitted only in the HSDPA serving cell while the DCH data can be transmitted in
all the cells in the active set.
F-DPCH ( Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel ) is a new downlink physical channel
in release 6. Release 6 supports mapping the SRB to the HS channels on both the
Downlink and the Uplink (provided that HS channels are activated). This results in
faster signaling and, for PS-only calls, the DCH (i.e. associated DCHs) is not reserved
for signaling. To maintain closed loop power control functionality without the DCH (i.e.
associated DCH), a new physical channel is introduced: the F-DPCH (Fractional
DPCH).
Purpose of F-DPCH introduction is to keep the closed loop power control working
for HSDPA users without an assigned DPCH (A-DPCH)
Page40
The F-DPCH is a new physical channel in release 6. Huawei RAN10 product support this
physical channel
The F-DPCH is a special case of the Downlink DPCCH. It has only TPC bits information;
no Pilot or data fields are carried. It multiplexes the TCP bits for a maximum of 10 UEs
with different frame offsets. The TPC bits forwarded on the F-DPCH are needed to
control the power of the HS-DPCCH (Uplink channel)
Each user occupy one Symbol in one slot to bear TPC command, Pilot
and TFCI is not needed
(Tx OFF)
NOFF2 bits
TPC
NTPC bits
Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Page41
offset256chip
UE1
0
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE5
UE6
UE7
UE8
UE9
UE10
HS-SCCH subframe
10 ms
R ad io fram e w ith (S F N m o d u lo 2 ) = 0
P -C C P C H
R a d io fram e w ith (S F N m o d u lo 2 )= 1
3 slo ts = 2 m s
H S -S C C H
S u b fram e # 0
S u b fram e # 1
S u b fram e # 2
S u b fram e # 3
S u b fra m e # 4
3 slo ts = 2 m s
S u b fram e # 0
H S -P D S C H
2 slo ts
S u b fram e # 1
S u b fram e # 2
S u b fram e # 3
S u b fram e # 4
1 5 slo ts = 1 0 m s
S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t S lo t
DPCH
D PC H
~ 7 .5 slo ts
H S -D P C C H
3 slo ts = 2 m s
Page42
The UE measures the Downlink channel quality and sends a CQI report on the HSDPCCH. An ACK or NACK from a previously received block may also be included in
this transmission
2.
If the NodeB decides to send data to the UE, it will send information on the HS-SCCH
to assign the physical channel and give the UE information about how the data was
encoded. The earliest that this assignment can be made is in the sub-frame following
the end of CQI report.
3.
During the next 2ms HS-DSCH transmission time, one or more HS-PDSCHs carry the
UEs data. The HS-SCCH transmission overlaps the HS-PDSCH transmission
4.
After the UE decodes the data, it sends an ACK or NACK on the HS-DPCCH. The UE
must send the ACK or NACK 5ms(i.e. 7.5 slots) after the end of the HS-DSCH
transmission. If the UE sends a NACK, the NodeBmay send the data again during a
later time slot, or may choose not to retransmit the data. A CQI report may also be
included in this transmission
Multi-code transmission
16QAM
Page43
Retransmission
Assuming
Consecutive assignment
QPSK
Retransmission
Page44
QPSK
4.8Mbps / 2 = 2.4Mbps
14.4Mbps / 3 = 4.8Mbps
2.4Mbps / 3 = 0.8Mbps
Retransmission
Page45
Contents
1. HSDPA Introduction
2. HSDPA Key Techniques
3. HSDPA Physical Layer Channels
4. HSDPA Physical Layer Processing
5. HSDPA Layer2 Protocol
Page46
UE PHY
Page47
UE PHY
Page48
2.
NodeB uses this feedback information to send retransmissions and to schedule HSPDSCH transmissions to UEs. HS-DPCCH doesnt carry any higher layer control or
traffic and doesnt have a transport channel mapped on it.
Downlink HS-PDSCH
z
Page49
Downlink HS-PDSCH
z
Bit Scrambling
HS-DSCH interleaving
Page50
The HS-DSCH channel coding involves a number of other functions performed by the
NodeBs Physical Layer. The main reason for this additional processing is the dynamic
size of the transport block transmitted in an HS-DSCH TTI. Other reasons include
large HS-DSCH payload size and the possible use of 16-QAM modulation for HSPDSCH. Comparing the coding chain for the Release 99 channel with the Release 5
HS-DSCH channel, some blocks have been removed and some new blocks have been
added.
HS-DSCH coding chain does not require:
1. Concatenation, because there is always only one transport block per HS-DSCH TTI.
The transport block size, however, varies from 137 bits to 27952 bits. In case of
retransmission, the transport block size remains the same as of the original
transmission.
2. First DTX insertion, because HS-DSCH doesnt support fixed position transport channel
and thus Blind Transport Format Detection (BTFD).
3. Second DTX insertion, because there is just one transport channel mapped on to HSPDSCH.
4. Radio frame segmentation, because HS-DSCH has a fixed TTI of 2 ms, which is equal
to the HS-PDSCH sub-frame duration.
5. Transport channel multiplexing, because there is just one transport channel mapped on
to HS-PDSCH.
CRC Attachment
Bit Scrambling
Page51
Channel Coding
Page52
Systematic
bits
NTTI
bit
separation
Parity 1
bits
Parity2
bits
Virtual IR Buffer
Nsys
RM_P1_1
RM_P2_1
Np1
Np2
RM_S
RM_P1_2
RM_P2_2
Nt,sys
Nt,p1
bit
collection
Ndata
Nt,p2
Twelve tail bits are added per block after encoding for the trellis termination. The encoded
blocks, when more than one, are serially concatenated and fed to the HARQ block.
The code rate after turbo encoding is 1/3 but the effective coder rate after HARQ rate
matching may be different. An effective code rate of close to 1 is required to achieve
peak throughput of 14.4 kbps.
Page53
1st stage: matches number of input bits to the virtual IR buffer size
Redundancy Version (RV) parameters control the output from 2nd stage
Virtual IR Buffer
Systematic
bits
NTTI
bit
separation
Parity 1
bits
Parity2
bits
Nsys
RM_P1_1
RM_P2_1
Np1
Np2
Page54
RM_S
RM_P1_2
RM_P2_2
Nt,sys
Nt,p1
bit
collection
Ndata
Nt,p2
First Transmission
Always self-decodable, RV parameters s = 1
Chase Combining
Each retransmission is self decodable, RV parameter s = 1, Systematic bits are prioritized
Same coded data packet may be sent in each retransmission, Using the same RV
parameter r in each retransmission
Retransmission with a different r value implies different set of punctured bits
Receiver attempts to decode by soft combining multiple copies
Incremental Redundancy (IR)
Retransmissions are not self decodable, RV parameter s = 0, Parity bits are prioritized
Redundant information is incrementally transmitted if initial decoding fails
Each retransmission provides additional redundant bits to the receiver
RV parameter r is different for different set of redundancy bits
Receiver attempts to decode based on accumulated bits
Up to 15
HS-DSCH interleaving
Page56
Bit Reliability
Page57
Operation
v p ,k v p ,k +1v p ,k + 2 v p ,k +3
None
v p ,k + 2 v p ,k +3v p ,k v p ,k +1
v p ,k v p ,k +1 v p ,k + 2 v p ,k + 3
v p ,k + 2 v p ,k +3 v p ,k v p ,k +1
Page59
Page60
Downlink HS-SCCH
z
Fixed rate 60kbps (SF 128) channel with one slot format
QPSK only
Page61
Downlink HS-SCCH
z
Page62
Page63
The Downlink physical channels (except SCH) are spread to the chip rate with individual
channelization codes and then scrambled with the same scrambling code. All such
channels use QPSK modulation except HS-PDSCH, which can use either QPSK or 16QAM.
The Downlink physical channels HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH consist of a sequence of
binary symbols. In the case of QPSK modulation, each pair of two consecutive
symbols is first serial-to-parallel converted and then mapped to the I and Q branches.
The QPSK modulation mapper maps the even and odd numbered symbols to the I and
Q branch respectively. In the case of 16-QAM modulation, a set of four consecutive
binary symbols nk, nk+1, nk+2, nk+3 (with k mod 4 = 0) is serial-to-parallel converted
to two consecutive binary symbols (i1= nk, i2= nk+2) on the I branch and two
consecutive binary symbols (q1= nk+1, q2= nk+3) on the Q branch and then mapped
to 16-QAM constellation by the modulation mapper. The modulation mapper converts
the binary symbols into the real-valued symbols.
Uplink HS-DPCCH
z
Page64
CQI value reflect wireless environment quality of previous sub-frame (i.e reference period
in above figure)
Page65
Multiplexed on Q branch
QPSK modulation
Page66
Contents
1. HSDPA Introduction
2. HSDPA Key Techniques
3. HSDPA Physical Layer Channels
4. HSDPA Physical Layer Processing
5. HSDPA Layer2 Protocol
Page67
Page68
2.
Layer 2 Consists of two sub-layers. The Radio Link Control (RLC) sub-layer
provides segmentation, re-assembly and other traditional Layer 2 functions. The
Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer multiplexes data and signaling onto
the appropriate channels and controls access to the Physical Layer.
3.
Layer 1 The Physical Layer transfers data over the radio link.
Nt
DC
Duplication avoidance
GC
Nt
DC
UuS boundary
U-plane information
C-plane signalling
L3
control
Radio
Bearers
control
control
control
control
RRC
PDCP
PDCP
L2/PDCP
RLC
RLC
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC
L2/RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Logical
Channels
MAC
L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY
L1
1.
Page70
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
1.
Page71
2.
3.
MAC-c/sh Responsible for common and shared logical (PCCH, BCCH, CCCH,
and CTCH) and transport (PCH, BCH, RACH, FACH) channels. MAC-c/sh
resides in the RNC, and there is one MAC-c/sh entity per RNC. When a UE
operates in Cell_FACH state, MAC-c/sh maps user data and signaling from its
DCCH and DTCH onto the common FACH and RACH transport channels.
4.
MAC-d Responsible for mapping data from dedicated logical channels (DCCH
and DTCH) onto dedicated transport channels (DCH). MAC-d resides in the
RNC, and there is one MAC-d entity for each UE to which dedicated logical
channels have been assigned.
Page72
1.
2.
Data enters the UTRAN MAC-hs from a set of MAC-d flows. The data is routed to a set
of priority queues with the following properties:
1.
2.
The queue distribution entity maps each MAC-d flow onto one or more priority
queues.The mapping is configured when the HSDPA operation begins.
3.
3.
When data is removed from a priority queue for transmission, it is assigned to a HARQ
process.
4.
There are a minimum of 6 and a maximum of 8 HARQ processes per UE. The HARQ
process tracks the ACK/NACK signaling for the data block and determines when
retransmission is necessary.
5.
2.
For each scheduled UE, whether to send new data from a priority queue or a
retransmission from a HARQ process.
6.
Mac-hs functions
z
Flow Control
The flow control entity controls the HSDPA data flow between
RNC and NodeB
Page73
Mac-hs functions
z
Scheduling
Page74
Mac-hs functions
z
HARQ
The HARQ entity handles the HARQ protocol for each HSDSCH UE
Page75
The round trip time at the physical layer is 12 ms. Therefore, it is necessary for one UE to
have multiple parallel instances (HARQ processes) of the stop and wait HARQ
protocol to increase the Uu interface throughput
One problem in the receiver caused by multiple HARQ processes is that, in a specific time
window, the TBs may arrive out of sequence. Therefore, it is necessary to have
reordering functionality on the receiver side
Mac-hs functions
z
TFRC selection
Page76
UE MAC-hs Architecture
1.
Page77
UE MAC-hs Architecture
1.
When the UE Physical Layer decodes a data block addressed to it, the
associated HARQ process determines whether to ACK or NACK the block. If an
ACK is sent, the data block is passed to the assigned re-ordering queue.
2.
3.
The re-ordering queue passes the block up to the disassembly entity when it
receives consecutive data blocks. The disassembly entity takes apart the MAChs PDU into its constituent MAC-d PDUs and passes them up to the appropriate
MAC-d flow for processing by the MAC-d layer.
Data Flow
Transmitter (NodeB)
Receiver (UE)
UE HARQ process
UE re-ordering queue
Page78
Page79
Page80
Page81
Page83
If NDI is different, flush data in the buffer and store new data
If NDI is the same and the buffer is empty, this data has already been decoded
correctly, so discard it and send an ACK. This can happen if the Node B
interprets an ACK as a NACK, and retransmits the data block.
If NDI is the same and the buffer is not empty, soft combine the new data with
data already in the buffer.
If correctly decoded, deliver the data to the re-ordering queue, flush the buffer,
and send an ACK.
If incorrectly decoded, keep the data in the buffer and send a NACK.
Errors can occur in the HARQ protocol if the Node B misinterprets the UEs
ACK/NACK.
Page86
Page87
Re-ordering Protocol
z
Page88
Re-ordering Protocol
In-sequence Delivery of Mac-hs PDUs
Page89
Thank you
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