mbg;gil ,yj;jpudpay;

 kpd;idf; flj;Jk; mbg; fhtypfs;

gilapy; gjhh;j;jq;fis  kpd;idj; jk;%lhff; nry;y
gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fyhk;. tplhjit fhtypfs;
1. flj;jpfs;. vd;gLk;.
2. fhtypfs;.  cjhuzk;:- gpsh];hpf;>
3. Fiwflj;jpfs;. JhaePh;> nghypj;jPd;
flj;jpfs; Fiw flj;jpfs;
 kpd;idj; jk; %lhfr; nry;y  flj;jpfSf;Fk; fhtyp
tpLgit flj;jpfs; fSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
vdg;gLk;. epiyapy;kpd;idf;
 cjhuzk;:- nrg;G> nts;sp> flj;Jgit Fiw
mYkpdpak;. flj;jpfshFk;.
 cjhuzk;:- rpypf;fd; >
N[khdpak;
TOVC Science & Technology 1
 Basic Electronics
 Fiwflj;jpg; gjhh;j;jq;fshy;
Mf;fg;gLk; rhjdq;fs; ,yj;jp
udpay; rhjdq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 cjhuzk; - fzdp> NwbNa>
TV Nghd;wd.
 flj;jpfshy; Mf;fg;gLgit
kpd;dpay; rhjdq;fs;
vdg;gLk;.
 NkYk; kpd;dpay; rhjdq;fs;
MlNyhl;l ; kpd;dpYk;
njhopw;gLk;.
 Mdhy; ,yj;jpudpay;
rhjdq;fs; NeNuhl;l ; kpd;dpy;
khj;jpuk; njhopw;gLk.;
TOVC Science & Technology
ARE
 Fiw flj;jpfs; NtW
%yfq;fSld; Nrh;j;J n-
tifahfTk; p- tifahfTk;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
n – tiff; Fiwflj;jpfs;
 rpypf;fd; Fiwflj;jpAld;
ngh];gui] khrhff;
fyg;gjd; %yk; n – tiff;
Fiw flj;jpfs; Mf;fg;gL
fpd;wd.
 rpypf;fdpd; <w;Nwhl;by; 4
,uj;jpud;fs; cz;L >
ngh];gurpd; <w;Nwhl;by; 5
,yj;jpud;fs; cz;L.
2
 Basic Electronics
 vdNt xU ,yj;jpud; kpif
Vw;gLk;.
 ,jdhy; ,it n – tiff;
Fiw flj;jpfs; vdg;gLk;.
p – tiff; Fiwflj;jpfs;
 rpypf;fd; Fiwflj;jpAld;
Nghuid khrhff; fyg;gjd;
%yk; p – tiff; Fiw
flj;jpfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 rpypf;fdpd; <w;Nwhl;by; 4
,uj;jpud;fs; cz;L >
Nghudpd; <w;Nwhl;by; 3
,yj;jpud;fs; cz;L.
TOVC Science & Technology
ARE
 vdNt xU ,yj;jpud; gw;whf;
Fiw Vw;gLk;.
 ,jdhy; ,it p – tiff;
Fiw flj;jpfs; vdg;gLk;.
 ,t;tpU Fiwflj;jpfshYNk
,yj;jpudpay; Jizr;
rhjdq;fs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Diode ( ,Uthap )
 p-tiff; Fiwflj;jpAk;
n-tiff; Fiwflj;jpAk;
re;jpg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
Mf;fg;gLk; Jizr; rhjdk;
,UthapahFk;.
 ,jdhy; mit re;jp ,Uthap
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
3
 Basic Electronics ARE
pn re;jp :- re;jp ,Uthapfs; :-
 p tiff; Fiwflj;jpAk; n  p – tiff; Fiw
tiff; Fiwflj;jpAk; flj;jpfshYk; n –tiff;
re;jpg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; ,Uthap Fiw flj;jpfshYk;
cUthFk;. Mf;fg;gLk; rhjdk; re;jp
,Uthapfs; MFk;.
A K  re;jp ,Uthapfspy; gpd;tUk;
tiffs; cs;sd :-
1. rPuhf;Fk; ,Uthapfs;.
kpd;d jpir pn 2. xspfhYk; ,Uthapfs;.
 NkNy fhl; lpd;
g;gLtJ 3. nrdh; ,Uthapfs;.
re;jpahFk;.
 ,t;thwhd mikg;Ng re;jp
,UthapahFk;.  re;jp ,Uthapia xj;j
 ,q;F kpd;Ndhl;lk; + ,y; ,Ue;J mikg;Ng R+hpa fyj;jpYk;
– I Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; fhuzk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,yj;jpud; mjw;F vjpuhfg;
gha;tjhyhFk;.

TOVC Science & Technology 4

 Basic Electronics ARE

rPuhf;Fk; ,Uthap Rw;wpy; ,izj;jy; :-

 Gwj;Njhw;wk; A K
A epw tisak; K

kpd;Ndl;lj;jpd; jpir
A mNdhl; (kpd;fyj;jpd; + Kid)  ,q;F kpd;fyj;jpy; ,Ue;J
K fNjhl; (kpd;fyj;jpd; - Kid) Muk;gpf;Fk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; A
apd; Clhf K ia mile;J
khw;wp ,izj;jhy; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
Rw;iwg; G+h;j;jpahf;Fk;.
nry;yhJ.
 FwpaPL :-  mg;NghJ kpd;Fkpo; xspUk;.
 vdpDk; ,Uthapd; Kidfis
A K khw;wp ,izj;jhy; kpd;Fkpo;
xspuhJ.
kpd;Ndl;lj;jpd; jpir

TOVC Science & Technology 5

 Basic Electronics
,Uthapapd; rPuhf;Fk; njhopw;ghL :-
 ,Uthapfs; Clhf kpd;Ndhl;lk;
xNu jpirapy; nry;tjhy; mJ
MlNyhl;l kpd;idr; rPuhf;fg;
gad;gLk;.
 MlNyhl;lj;jpd; CRO tiuG :-
kpd;Ndhl;lk;
Neuk;
 CRO vd;gJ fNjhl;Lf; fjph;
miyTfhl;bahFk;.
 ,jDhlhf kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijr;
nrYj;Jk; NghJ mjw;Fhpa
tiuig CRO jUk;.
TOVC Science & Technology
ARE
 NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l MlNyhl;l
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij jdp xU
,UthapA+lhf mDg;gpdhy; CRO
tiuG gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.
kpd;Ndhl;lk;
Neuk;
 ,q;F Diode %yk; MlNyhl;l
tiugpd; xU jpirapyhd
kpd;Ndhl;lNk Jz;bf;fg;glfpwJ.
 ,q;F MlNyhl;lk; Kw;whfr;
rPuhf;fg;gltpy;iy. vdNt ,J
miuaiyr;rPuhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
6
 Basic Electronics
,Uthapapd; KOaiyr; rPuhf;fk; :-
 MlNyhl;l kpd;id KOikahfr;
rPuhf;Ftjw;F 4 ,Uthapfshy;
Md rPuhf;fpg;ghyk; gad;gLk;.
 rPuhf;fpg; ghyj;jpd; mikg;G :-
CRO
 CRO %yk; ,q;F Rikapy;
fpilf;Fk; kpd;dpd; tiuigg;
ngw;why; mJ gpd;tUkhW
mikAk;.
kpd;Ndhl;lk;
Neuk;
TOVC Science & Technology
ARE
 ,q;F MlNyhl;lk; Kw;whf
rPuhf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; ,J
KOmiyr; rPuhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
 ,t;thW rPuhf;fg;gl;l kpd;id
nfhs;stpA+lhf mDg;gpdhy; mJ
xg;gkhf;fg;gl;l kpd;dhfg;
ngwg;gLk;.
 NwbNah> fzdp vd;gdKjypik
toq;fy; %yk; njhopw;gLk; NghJ
mk;kpd;Ndhl;lk; rPuhf;fg; ghyk;
%yk; rPuhf;fg;gLk;.
 NkYk; ,Uthapfs; xU jpirapy;
kpd;idr; nry;y tpLtjhy;
,Uthapfis kpd; thy;GfshAk;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
7
 Basic Electronics ARE
xspfhYk; ,Uthap (LED) :-  ePz;l Kbtplk; mNdhl;lhFk;
 ,it jk;%lhf kpd;nry;Yk; kw;iwa Kbtplk; fNjhl;lhFk;.
NghJ fl;GydhFk; xspia ntsp
tplf;$bait.  nghJtpy; LED fs; 3 epwq;fspy;
Gwj;Njhw;wk; :- fhzg;gLfpd;wd> mitahtd
kQ;rs;> gr;ir> rptg;G epwkhFk;.
FwpaPL :-
 jw;NghJ ePy epw LED fSk;
cs;sd.
A K
K  LED ia jdpnahU kpd;fyj;jpd;
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpir %yk; xspuitf;f KbahJ.
A
 rptg;G - 1.8V
 LED nghJthf fhypak;
Mridl;Lld; nghRNgw;iwf; kQ;fs; - 2.0V
fyg;gjd; %yk; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gr;ir - 2.1V
 Gwj; Njhw;wj;jpy; ,U Mfpa Nthy;l; ngWkjpapy;
Kbtplq;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
 xU Kbtplk; kw;iwaij tpl xspuf;$bait.
rw;W ePz;lJ.
TOVC Science & Technology 8
 Basic Electronics ARE
 LED fs; ,yj;jpudpay; Transistor (jpuhd;rp];uh;)
rhjdq;fspd; fhl;b tpsf;fhfg;
gad;gLk;.  ,U ,Uthapfis my;yJ ,U
pn re;jp nfhz;l mikg;G
 LED ,d; mD$yq;fshtd :- ,JthFk;.
 jpuhd;rp];uh; ,U tifg;gLk;.
1. rpwpaJ ek;gfj; jd;ikahdJ. 1. pnp tif
2. tpiyktpthdJ. 2. npn tif
3. Fiwe;j Nthy;l; ngWkjpapy; pnp tif npn tif
njhopw;gLk;.
cl;j; Njhw;wk;
4. mOj;jtpj;jpahrg; ngW p n p n p n
kjpfis ,dk; fhzyhk;.
FwpaPL
Nrfhpg;ghd; Nrfhpg;ghd;

mb mb
(Neh;) (kiw)
fhyp fhyp
TOVC Science & Technology 9
 Basic Electronics ARE

 jpud;rp];uhpd; Kbtplq;fs; Transistor I Rw;wpy; ,izj;jy;.

ngahplg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd:-
1. mb – Base.
2. fhyp – Emitter.
3. Nrfhpg;ghd; – Collector.
 ,it 1947 ,y; N[hd;> Nthy;lh;>
tpy;ypak; mfpNahuhy;
fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
 ,U pn re;jpfs; Transistor ,y;
cz;L vd Kd;dh; Fwpg;gplg;
gl;lJ.
 ,t;tpU re;jpfisf; nfhz;L 3
Kbtplq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 jpud;rp];uhpd; Kbtplq;fis
,dk; fhz ,yf;fkply; > FwpaPL
> gy;khdp Mfpad gad;gLk;.
 jpuhd;rp];uhpy; 3 Kbtplq;fs;
fhzg;gLtjhy; mij Rw;wpy;
,izf;Fk; NghJ xd;W nghJ
Kbtplkhff; ,izf;fg;gLk;.
 nghJtpy; fhyp nghJthf
,izf;g;gLk; Rw;wpf;fs; mjpfk;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
 pnp tifj; jpud;rp];uh; xd;W
gpd;tUkhW Rw;wpy; ,izf;fg;
gLk;.
Nrfhpg;ghd; p
mb n
fhyp p Neh; Kbtplk;

TOVC Science & Technology 10

 Basic Electronics ARE
 ,q;f pnp Transistor Rwpwpy; Transistor ,d; njhopw;ghLfs; :-
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 jpuhd;rp];uh; nghJtpy; gpd;tUk;
 ,jpy; fhyp nghJ Kbtplkhf NjitfSf;fhfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
cs;sJ.
1. Mopahfg; njhopw;gly;.
 fhypAld; kpd;fyj;jpd; Neh;
Kbtplk; ,izf;fg;gLk;. 2. tphpayhf;fpahfj; njhopw;gLk;.
 npn Transistor [ Rw;wpy; 3. xU jpirapy; kpd;idf;
,izf;Fk; Kiw :- flj;jy;.
Mopahfg; njhopw;gly;.
Nrfhpg;ghd;
 jpuhd;rp];uh; Mopahfr;
nraw;gLtijf; fhl;Lk; Rw;W :-
mb
fhyp C B
Nrfhpg;ghd;

 ,q;F fhyp nghJKbtplkhf Q mb D

cs;sJ. fhyp
 fhypAld; kpd;fyj;jpd; kiw P A
Kbtplk; ,izf;fg;gLk;. S1 E S2
PQDE – Rw;W In Put ngah;g;Gr; Rw;W
ABCDE – Rw;W Out put gah;g;Gr; Rw;W
TOVC Science & Technology 11
 Basic Electronics
 ,q;F nra;iffSk;
mtjhdq;fSk; :-
1. S2 it %Ljy; - MopNghyr; nraw;gLtjpy;iy.
kpd;Fkpo; xsputpy;iy.
2. S2 %bapUf;ifapy; S1 [
%Ljy; -
kpd;Fkpo; xspUjy;.
 NkNy ngwg;gl;lmtjhdq;fspy;
,Ue;J gpd;tUk; KbTfs;
ngwg;gLk; :-
1. Transistor ,y; gah;g;Gr;
Rw;Wg; G+h;j;jpahf ,Ug;gpDk;
ngah;g;Gr; Rw;W G+uzg;
gLj;jhtpl;lhy; kpd;Fkpo;
xspuhJ.
2. mjhtJ Transistor ,y;
ngah;g;Gr; Rw;W gah;g;Gr;
Rw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; .
3. mjhtJ Transistor xU
Mopahfr; nraw;gLfpwJ.
ARE
 vdpDk; transistor xU nghwpKiw
 Transistor xU cah; fjp
MopahFk;.
 kpd;Fkpo; xspe;j nfhz;bUf;Fk;
NghJ kpd;fyq;fspd; Kbtplq;
fis khw;wp ,izj;jhy;
kpd;Fopo; xspuhJ.
 ,J Transistor kpd;id xNu
jpirapy; kpd;idf; flj;Jk; vdf;
fhl;l KbAk;.
xU Transistor ,U Diode Nghd;wJ
npn Transistor pnp Transistor
n p
p n
n p

TOVC Science & Technology 12

 Basic Electronics ARE
Transistor tphpayhf;fpahfr; ,q;F kpy;ypak;gpah; khdpapy;
nraw;gLtijf; fhl;ly; :- kpd;Ndhl;lk; rpwpjstpy;
mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ mk;gpah;
 tphpayhf;fk; vd;gJ nghJthf khdpapy; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
kpd;rkpf;if tphpayhf;fkhfNt kpy;ypak;gpah; khdpiatpl
fUjg;gL;k;. ngUkstpy; mjpfhpg;gijf;
 vdpDk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; > Voltage fhzyhk;.
vd;gdtk; rpwpjsT  ,q;F Transistor kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij
tphpayhf;fg;gLk;. tphpayhf;fpAs;sijf; fhz
A KbAk;.
Nrfhpg;ghd;
 ,Nj Nghy mA khdp A khdp
Mfpa ,izj;j ,lj;jpy;
mb
mA KiwNa Mic, xypngUf;fp
fhyp vd;gd ,izj;J Mic ,d;
Kd;epd;W fijj;jhy;
 ,q;F fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Rw;wpy; xypngUf;fpapy; xyp cUthFk;.
khWk; jilia cr;rg;  ,q;F Transistor rkpf;iQ
ngWkjpapy; ,Ue;J Fiwj;Jf; tphpayhf;fpahfr; nraw;gl;Ls;sJ.
nfhz;L nry;Yk; NghJ

TOVC Science & Technology 13

 Basic Electronics ARE
jilapfs; :- 1. khwhj; jilapfs;.
 kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; 2. khWk; jilapfs;.
msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLk; 3. Kw;Wzpe;j jilapfs;.
Jizr;rhjdk; jilapfshFk;.
4. xsp czhpj; jilapfs;.
5. ntg;gj; jil rir.
 ,it Fiwflj;jpfshYk;
flj;jfshYk; Mf;fg;glyhk;. khwhj; jilapfs;.
 ,j; jilfspd; ngWkhdk;
Fwpj;j ngWkhdk; cilajhf
 jilapfisj; njhluhf ,Uf;fFk;.
,izg;gjd; %yk; Rw;wpd;
nkhj;jj; jilia mjpfhpf;fyhk;.  ,j;jilfspd; ngWkhdk; vkJ
tpUg;gg;gb khw;w KbahJ.
 epiyahd kpd;Rw;Wf;fspy; ,j;
 jilia rkhe;jpukhf jilfs; ,izf;fg;gLk;.
,izg;gjd; %yk; Rw;wpy; epyTk;
nkhj;jj; jiliaf; Fiwf;fyhk;.  ,j;jilfspd; ngWkhdk;
FwpaPLfs; %yk; my;yJ
 gpd;tUk; jilapfs; nghJtpy; epwtisaq;fs; %yk;
ghtidapy; cs;sd :- Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

TOVC Science & Technology 14

 Basic Electronics ARE
 FwpaPLfs; %yk; gpd;tUkhW  3 ,y; 2 epwKk; me;j epwj;jpw;Fhpa
jilfs; Fwpf;fg;gLk; :- vz;izAk; kw;iwJ vz;zpf;iff;
Nfw;g G+r;rpaj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
3R4 - 3.4 Ω
R34 - 0.34Ω
 jilapd; epwq;fSk; mtw;wpd;
5k6 - 5.6Ω ngWkhdq;fSk; :-
Gwj;Njhw;wk; :- fWg;G - 0 fgpyk; - 1
rptg;G - 2 nrk;kQ;fs; - 3
FwpaPL :- kQ;rs; - 4 gr;ir - 5
ePyk; - 6 Cjh - 7
 Gwj;Njhw;wj;jpy; nghJtpy; 4 epw rhk;gy; - 8 nts;is - 9
tisak; fhzg;gLk;.
ehd;fhtJ epwk; nts;sp epwj;jpy;
 3 epw tisaq;fs; jilapd; ,Ue;jhy; 10% ck; nghd; epwj;jpy;
ngWkhdj;ijAk; 4 tJ ,Ue;jhy; 5% ck; nghWik
epwtisak; nghWik tPr;R tPr;rhf mikAk;.
my;yJ rfpg;Gj; jd;ikiaAk;  gpd;tUk; jilapapd; ngWkhdk; ahJ?
Fwpf;Fk;.
Brown
Green Ag
Red
TOVC Science & Technology 15
 Basic Electronics ARE

khWj; jilapfs; xsp czh; jilap

 ,tw;wpd; jilapd; ngWkhdk;
khw;wg;glf;$bait.
 FwpaPL :-
 jilg;ngl;b ,hpa epWj;jp vd;gd
khWk; jilfshFk;.
 thndypg; ngl;bfspy; cs;s xyp
fl;Lg;gLj;jp xU khWk;
jilapfshFk;.
 Kw;Wzpe;j jil tifAk; xu
khwk; jiltifahFk;.
 Kw;Wzpe;j jiliar; nrg;gQ;
nra;a jpUf nrYj;jp gad;gLk;.
 FwpaPL :-
TOVC Science & Technology
 ,q;F xspgLk; NghJ jil
FiwAk; xspglhj NghJ jil
mjpfhpf;Fk;.
 FwpaPL :-
nfhs;sstpfs;
 kpd;rf;jpia Nrkpj;J itf;ff;
$ba rhjdk; nfhs;sstpf
shFk;.
 ,q;F kpd;rf;jp Vw;wq;fshfr;
Nrkpf;Fk;. (kpd;rf;jpahf)
 nfhs;sstp kpd;Nrkpf;Fk; jpwd;
nfhs;sstk; vdg;gLk;.
 nfhs;sstk; gul; (F) vDk;
myfpy; msf;fg;gLk;.
 ,U cNyhfq;fSf;fpilapy;
fhtyp xd;iw itg;gjd; %yk;
nfhs;sstfs; Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
16
 Basic Electronics ARE

nfhs;sstk;:-  KidTf; nfhs;stpapd;

 nfhs;sstpapd; kpd;Nrkpf;Fk; Gwj;Njhw;wk; :-
jpwd; nfhs;stk; vdg;gLk;. + -
 nfhs;stk; nghJtpy; gul; vdk;
myfpy; msf;fg;gLk;. -
+
 gul; F vDk; FwpaPl;lhy;  FwpaPL:-
+ -
Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
 1 gul; = 106µF = 1012pF Kidtw;w nfhs;sstpfs; :-
 fhjhuzkhf ghtidapy; cs;s  ,itNa nghJthd
nfhs;sstpfs; KidTf; nfhs;sstpfshFk;.
nfhs;sstpfs; > Kidtw;w  ,tw;iwr; Rw;wpy; ,idf;Fk;
nfhs;sstpfs; vd 2 tifg;gLk;. NghJ Kbtplq;fs; gtdj;jpy;
vLf;fg;glj; Njitapy;iy.
 Kidtf; nfhs;sstpfs; Neh;  ,tw;wpy; khWk; nfhs;sstpfs;
kiw vDk; Kbtplq;fisf; khwhf; nfhs;sstpfs;
Kw;wzpe;j nfhs;sstpfs; vDk;
nfhz;litahFk;.
tiffs; cz;L.

TOVC Science & Technology 17

 Basic Electronics ARE

FwpaPLfs; :- nfhs;sstpA+lhf xU jpirapy;

khwhf; nfhs;sstp :- kpd; Vw;wg;gl;lhy; vjph;j;jpirapy;
kpd;dpwf;fg;gLk;.
A
khWk; nfhs;sstpfs; :-
B

Kw;Wzpe;j nfhs;sstpfs; :-

,q;F kpd;Rw;iw ,izj;J

mtjhdpf;fk; NghJ A vDk; LED
nfhs;stpfsSlhf NeNuhl;l
xU Kiw xsph;e;J mizAk;.
kpd; xU jlit nry;Yk;.
kpd;fyq;fis vLj;J tpl;L flj;jp
kPz;Lk; nry;y Ntz;Lkhapd;
%yk; mt;tplj;ij ,izj;jhy; B
nfhs;sstp kpd;dpwf;fg;gl
LED xspUk;. ,J nfhs;sstp xU
Ntz;Lk;.
jpirapy; kpd;idf; flj;JfpwJ
vdpDk; MlNyhl;l kpd; vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
njhlh;e;J ghAk;.
TOVC Science & Technology 18
 Basic Electronics ARE

njhifapLk; Rw;W (IC)  IC f;fis ,yj;jpudpay; Rw;wpy;

 gy ,yj;jpudpay; Jidr; jdpxU rhjdkhfTk;
Jidr;rhjdkhfTk;
rhjdq;fis xUq;Nf nfhz;l gad;gLj;jyhk;.
rhjdk; ,JthFk;.  Ic f;fs; mjpy; cs;s
 rpwpa xU rJu tbthd Jizr;rhjdq;fspd;
,lg;gug;gpDs; gy jilapfs;> vz;zpf;ifiag; nghWj;J
jpuhd;rp];uh;fs; nfhs;sstpfs; gpd;tUk; gphpTfshfg;
,Uthapfs; Nghd;wd fhzg;gLk;. gphpf;fg;gLk; :-
 Jidr;rhjdq;fs; mike;Js;s ,lk; 1.SSI – 100 tiuapyhd
Jizr;rhjdk;.
JZf;F vdg;gLk;.
2.MSI – 100 – 1000.
 JZf;fpy; ,Ue;J gy fhy;fs;
3.LSI – 1000 – 10000.
ntspePl;lg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;.
4.VLSI - 10000 – 100000.
 ,f;fhy;fs; Rw;Wld; ,izf;fg;gLk;.
 fhy;fs; ,yf;fkplg;gl;L
,izf;fg;gLk;.
 IC 1960 Mz;L [f;fpy;gp vd;gtuhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
TOVC Science & Technology 19