Serbia

StrengtheningcapacitiesintheWesternBalkancountriestoaddressenvironmental
problemsthroughremediationofpriorityhotspots

NATIONALCOMPONENTSERBIARemediationoftheGrandBackaCanal

GUIDELINESONTHE
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT
FORWINDFARMS

Belgrade,June2010

PROJECT:
Strengthening Capacities in the Western Balkan Countries to Address Environmental
ProblemsthroughRemediationofHighPriorityHotSpots

NATIONALCOMPONENTSERBIARemediationoftheGrandBakaCanal

UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)Serbia
Internacionalnihbrigada69
11000Beograd
http://www.undp.org.rs/
http://www.westernbalkansenvironment.net/

MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanningoftheRepublicofSerbia
DepartmentforEnvironmentalImpactAssessment
Omladinskihbrigada1
11070NoviBeograd
Tel/fax:+381113131356
http://www.ekoplan.gov.rs


UNDPSerbiaProjectTeam:

1.DobrilaSimi,MSc,NationalCoordinator

2.VeraPullen,Consultant

MoESPTeam:

1.SabinaIvanovi,MSc,Advisor,MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanningofthe
RepublicofSerbia,DepartmentforEnvironmentalImpactAssessment

2.SlobodanCvetkovi,MSc,Advisor,MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanningofthe
RepublicofSerbia,UnitforRenewableandAlternativeEnergySources

3.MiroslavToovi,SeniorAdvisor,MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanningofthe
RepublicofSerbia,UnitforStrategicEnvorinmentalImpactAssessment

Coverpagephotograph:VeraPullen,windfarmsinGreatBritain

Publisher:EnergodataIngraf,Belgrade
Numberofcopies:300

WesternBalkansEnvironmentalProgramme
fundedbytheGovernmentoftheNetherlands

GUIDELINESONTHEENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTASSESSMENTFORWINDFARMS

Belgrade,June2010

ProjectInformation
______________________________________________________________________________________

UNDP Country Offices in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, FYR Macedonia,
Montenegro and UNATSCR 1244 of Kosovo, developed a regional programme around nine
pollutionhotspotsintheWesternBalkans,drivenbytheneedforimprovingthequalityof
theenvironment.TheProjectwillbeimplementedovera30monthperiod,coveringthree
areas: remediation (construction works), policy dialogue in the area of environmental
protection and development of professional services in the environment management
sector.Whiletheconstructionoffacilitiestoalleviateenvironmentalproblemsandpollution
will be the main focus, strengthening and building institutional capacities will be an
importantelementthroughouttheprogramme.

TheUNDPinterventioninthemunicipalityofVrbas(APVojvodina),asagreedattheregional
level,ispartofabiggerremediationprojectconsistingof:constructionofthenew,missing
partofthemainsewagecollector,industrialwastewaterpretreatment,theconstructionof
acentralwastewatertreatmentplant(CWTP)andtheremediationoftheGrandBakaCanal.

In a regional context, the national Serbian component of the Programme Strengthening

Capacities in Western Balkan Countries to Address Environmental Problems through
Remediation of High Priority Pollution Hot Spots Remediation of the Grand Baka Canal
involves construction works on the entire missing part of the main sewer collector, Phase
IV.1 Ch. km 5+999 8+061, Phase IV.2 Ch. km 8+061 10+019 municipality of Vrbas and
Phase V Ch. Km 10+019 12+628 in municipality of Kula. In addition to the construction
works,theprojectalsohasasignificantinstitutionalcapacitybuildingcomponentaimingto
improveenvironmentalprotectionmanagement.

TABLEOFCONTENTS
___________________________________________________________________________
PROJECTINFORMATION ..................................................................................................................5

ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................................................................................................8

1.INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................9

2.POLICIESOFTHEREPUBLICOFSERBIAINTHEAREAOFWINDENERGYUSE ...............................11
2.1.ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION ............................................................................................................... 11
2.2.NATUREPROTECTION............................................................................................................................ 12
2.3.THEUSEOFRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES................................................................................................ 12
2.4.PRACTICALCONDITIONSFORTHEUSEOFWINDENERGYINSERBIA ................................................................. 13
3.WINDENERGYANDTECHNOLOGYOFUSEOFWINDENERGY ....................................................14
3.1.BASICSOFTHETECHNOLOGYOFWINDENERGYUSE .................................................................................... 14
3.2.SIZEANDCAPACITYOFWINDFARMS ....................................................................................................... 15
3.3.WINDENERGYANDTHEENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................... 16
4.POTENTIALIMPACTOFWINDFARMSONTHEENVIRONMENT...................................................18
4.1.NATURALHERITAGE ............................................................................................................................. 18
4.1.1.Habitats ....................................................................................................................................... 19
4.1.2.PlantandAnimalSpecies ............................................................................................................ 19
4.2.GEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................... 21
4.3.ARCHAEOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 21
4.4.ARCHITECTURALHERITAGE ..................................................................................................................... 22
4.5.NOISE ................................................................................................................................................ 22
4.6.SAFETYASPECTS .................................................................................................................................. 23
4.7.PROXIMITYTOROADSANDRAILWAYS ...................................................................................................... 23
4.8.PROXIMITYTOPOWERLINES .................................................................................................................. 23
4.9.INTERFERENCEWITHCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS ........................................................................................ 23
4.10.AIRTRAFFICSAFETY ........................................................................................................................... 24
4.11.SHADOWFLICKER ............................................................................................................................... 24
4.12.WINDTAKE........................................................................................................................................ 24
4.13.DECOMMISSIONING ............................................................................................................................ 25
5.LEGALFRAMEINTHEFIELDOFWINDENERGYUSE ....................................................................26
5.1.BASICSOFPLANNINGANDCONSTRUCTIONOFWINDFARMS ......................................................................... 26
6

5.2.LISTOFRELEVANTREGULATIONSINTHEAREAOFENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION ................................................ 27
6.ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT ...................................................................................29
6.1.STRATEGICENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT ..................................................................................... 29
6.2.ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT .................................................................................................... 30
6.3.OVERVIEWANDDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROCESS ........................................................................................... 33
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTPROCEDURE ...................................................................35

7.CONTENTSOFTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTSTUDY...........................................36

8.CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................38

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................39

ANNEXES .......................................................................................................................................43

ANNEX1.WINDATLASOFSERBIA .................................................................................................44

ANNEX2:LISTOFRELEVANTREGULATIONSINTHEFIELDOFPLANNINGANDCONSTRUCTIONOF
WINDENERGYDEVELOPMENTSANDPRODUCTIONOFELECTRICITYINTHEREPUBLICOFSERBIA..45

ANNEX3:CONTENTSOFTHEREQUESTFORENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTSCREENING.46

ANNEX4:CONTENTSOFTHEREQUESTFORENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTSCOPING ....50

NNEX5:CHECKLISTFORPOTENTIALIMPACTOFWINDFARMSONNATURECONSERVATION ......61

ANNEX6:CONTENTSOFTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTSTUDY...............................63

ANNEX7:MOESPORGANIZATIONALSCHEME ...............................................................................66
7

ABBREVIATIONS
______________________________________________________________________________________

CBD
EC

EIA
EU
EWEA
GIS
IBA
ICAO
IMSI
IPA
MoESP
OJRS
RES
RS

SEA
SPA
SCI
SAC
Toe
TWh
WBEHSP

ConventiononBiologicalDiversity
EuropeanCommission
EnvironmentalImpactAssessment
EuropeanUnion
EuropeanWindEnergyAssociation
GeographicalInformationSystem
ImportantBirdAreas
InternationalCivilAviationOrganisation
InstituteforMultidisciplinaryResearch
ImportantPlantAreas
MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanning
OfficialJournaloftheRepublicofSerbia
Renewableenergysources
RepublicofSerbia
StrategicEnvironmentalAssessment
SpecialProtectionAreas(DirectiveonBirds)
SitesofCommunityImportance(DirectiveonHabitats)
SpecialAreasofConservation(DirectiveonHabitats)
TonofOilEquivalent
Terawatthour
WesternBalkansEnvironmentalHotSpotProgramme

1.INTRODUCTION
______________________________________________________________________________________

Thetechnicalpotentialsforharnessingrenewableenergysourcesaresubstantialandexceed
those of all other already available sources. Climate change, reduction of CO2 emissions,
depleted fossil fuel reserves and soaring fuel prices have led to increased governments
support, through adoption of laws and regulations, stimulation and commercialization of
renewableenergysources.Windenergyisboomingworldwideandinstalledcapacitiesare
increasingsignificantlyyearbyyear,becausewindpowerisacompetitiveandcostefficient
energysource.

TheEuropeanUnionhassetabindingtargetof20%ofitstotalenergysupplytocomefrom
windandotherrenewablesourcesby2020.Inordertoachievethistarget,morethanone
thirdofEuropeanelectricaldemandwouldhavetocomefromrenewables,withwindpower
expectedtodeliver1214%1(outofthetotal20%).In2009,approximately158GW2ofwind
turbineswereinstalledacrosstheworld,outofwhich74,8GWofwindpowerintheEU.
GermanyandSpainleadinelectricityproductionfromwindpowerinEuropeanUnionin
2009with37,500and36,188TWh,whileUnitedKingdomfolowsthemwith9,259TWh.

Becauseofthepermanentneedforadditionalenergysourcesinourcountry,windenergy
imposesitselfastheidealnewenergybranch.Itisaknownfactthattherearelocalitiesin
Serbiasuitableforharnessingwindenergy.Windfarmshaveashortconstructionleadtime,
thepeakproductionseasoncoincideswiththeseasonalelectricityconsumptionpeak,while
thenegativeimpactontheenvironmentisminimalcomparedtootherenergyfacilitiesand
technologies.

WiththeratificationoftheTreatyestablishingtheEnergyCommunity,theRepublicofSerbia
has undertaken, among other, the obligation to adopt and carry out a plan for the
implementation of Directive 2001/77/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from
reneweableenergysources.
The construction of a number of wind farms, for which the Energy permits have already
beenissued,willcommenceinSerbiathisyear.Consequently,thenumberofsubmittedEIA
screeningrequests(todeterminetheneedtodevelopEIA)hasincreased.Becauseofthat,it
hasbeenconcludedthatthiskindofguidelinewouldbeuseful.

Also,thedevelopmentofguidelinesisinaccordancewithprioritythematicareasidentified
in the report Environmental Policy Integration and Capacity Building Needs Assessment
(UNDP,2008).

Hereinafter, this document will be referred to as Guidelines. The Guidelines refer to the
complete procedure, from submission of the screening requests, request for determining
theneedforthedevelopmentofanEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentStudy,toissuanceof

1
2

EuropeanWindEnergyAssociation(EWEA),http://www.ewea.org/index.php?id=1551,March2010
EurObservER2010,http://www.eurobserver.org/pdf/baro195.pdf,February2010
9

thedecisiononitsapproval.Hereinafter,theEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentStudywill
bereferredtoastheStudy.

The Guidelines are envisioned primarily as a tool which will be used by the staff of
institutionstaskedwithenvironmentalimpactassessmentandotherinterestedparties.The
Guidelines provide basic information concerning the planning process and detailed
informationconcerningtheimpactassessmentprocess,withidentificationofthepotential
impactthatwindfarmsmayhaveontheenvironment.

TheGuidelinesincludetheRepublicofSerbiapolicyguidelinesintheareaofenvironmental
protectionanduseofwindenergy,anoverviewofthebasictechnicalfeaturesandpotential
impactofwindfarmsontheenvironment.Alsolistedhereinisthelegislativeframeworkof
theRepublicofSerbiafortheuseofwindpowerandenvironmentalimpactassessment.For
the purpose of developing the Guidelines, mainly, the examples from European practice
wereusedandthewholeprocesswaspresentedinthecontextoftheSerbianlegislation.

The parties involved in the development of this document were: WBEHSP National
CoordinatorDobrilaSimiandNationalConsultantfortheGuidelinesontheEnvironmental
Impact Assessment for Wind Farms Vera Pullen. Supervision, consultations and support in
thedevelopmentofthisdocumentwereprovidedbyMoESP,DepartmentforEnvironmental
Impact Assessment, Advisor Sabina Ivanovi, MSc; Unit for Renewable and Alternative
Energy Sources, Advisor Slobodan Cvetkovi, MSc and Head of Unit for Strategic
EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentMiroslavToovi,intheperiodfromDecember2009to
June2010.TheMoESPorganizationalschemeisprovidedinAttachment7.

The explanation of the term wind farm: a wind farm is a facility that generates electrical
powerfromwindenergyandconsistsofoneormoreproductionunitsturbines.Theterm
windfarmdevelopmentusedinthedocument,mainlyreferstoawindfarmfacility.

10

2. POLICIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA IN THE AREA OF WIND

ENERGYUSE
______________________________________________________________________________________

The development of renewable energy sources (RES), along with measures designed to
improve energy efficiency, are a priority on the national and European level, on both
environmentalandenergypolicygrounds.Implementationofthepoliciesinthefieldofwind
energyusehastotakeintoaccounttheprotectionoftheenvironment.

2.1.EnvironmentalProtection
The framework law in RS in this area is the Law on Environmental Protection (OJ RS, No.
135/04,36/09).

Directive 2001/42/EC on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment was adopted in 2001

and aims to identify and assess the environmental consequences of the individual
environmental plans and programms at the preparatory stage, before they are adopted.
Public institutions and those competent for the environment provide their
requirements/opinions on the proposed plans, they are integrated and taken into
considerationintheplanningprocess.Oncetheplansandprogrammeshavebeenadopted,
the general public is informed about the decision and the decisionmaking procedure. The
objective of the environmental impact assessment is to involve the general public and
integrateenvironmentrelatedelementsintheplanningprocess.Thishelpsinachievingthe
set principles of sustainable development. The Directive was transposed into Serbias
legislation in 2004, by the Law on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (OJ RS, No.
135/04).

Directive 97/11/EC on Environmental Impact Assessment was introduced in 1985 and

amended in 1997. The Directive ensures that the environmental consequences of projects
areidentifiedandassessedpriortoapermitbeinggranted.Thepubliccangiveitsopinion
andallresultsaretakenintoconsiderationintheprocessofapprovaloftheEnvironmental
Impact Assessment Study. The public is subsequently informed about the decision. The
Directive outlines the project categories that are subject to an environmental impact
assessment, the procedure to be implemented and the mandatory content of the
Environmental Impact Assessment Study. Directive 97/11/EC was transposed into the
Serbian legislation in 2004, by the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (OJ RS, No.
135/04,36/09).

Considering that environmental impacts do not respect state borders, there is a need for
interstate information sharing and consultations on all major projects (facilities) that may
haveadversetransboundaryimpactontheenvironment.TheConventiononEnvironmental
Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context Espoo (EIA), is a key one in bringing
togetherallstakeholderstopreventenvironmentaldamagebeforeitoccurs.TheConvention
entered into force in 1997. Serbia ratified the Espoo Convention through the Law on
Ratification of the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary
Contextin2007(OJRS,InternationalTreaties,No.102/07).
11


2.2.NatureProtection
Thereisalegalobligationtointegrateconservationandsustainableuseofbiodiversity.Itis
regulated by Serbias ratification of the Convention on Biodiversity (2001), Convention on
the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (2007) and the Convention on
theConservationonMigratorySpeciesofWildAnimals(2007).Serbiasobjectiveistogain
EUcandidatestatusandinthisrespecttotransposetheEUDirectivesintheareaofnature
conservationintoSerbianlegislation.

Nature conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity components are regulated by the
following legislation: Law on Environmental Protection (framework law), Law on
EnvironmentalImpactAssessment,LawonStrategicEnvironmentalImpactAssessment,Law
on Nature Conservation and others. Also prepared were the strategic documents in which
conservation of nature and biodiversity acquired a specific place. Along with others, the
Sustainable Development Strategy (2008) and the National Environmental Protection
Programmewereadopted(2010).

For the purpose of implementation of the Convention on Biodiversity in the Republic of

Serbia,severaldocumentsweredevelopedsofar,amongwhich:HarmonisationofNational
Nomenclature in Codification and Classification of Habitats with the Standards of
International Community, Red Book of Serbian Flora 13, while the development of the
National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation of Biological Diversity (NBSAP) is
underway.Conservationofbiologicaldiversityitselfisinseparablefromthesustainableuse
ofbiodiversitycomponents,currently,thepossibilitesforintensifyingthecompletionofthe
National Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and Goods are being
considered.Thesameappliestothecompletionofmechanismsfortheeconomicevaluation
ofbiodiversitycomponents.Theyareforthepurposeofsustainableuseandconservationof
biodiversityintheRepublicofSerbia.

2.3.TheUseofRenewableEnergySources
TheprogrammefortheimplementationofSerbiasenergydevelopmentstrategyfrom2007
to 2015 (amendments, 2009) estimates that the technically usable energy potential of
renewableenergysourcesinRepublicofSerbiaisverysignificantandestimatedatover4.3
million toe/year of which over 2.7 million toe/year can be sourced from biomass, 0.6
milliontoe/yearfromunusedhydropotential,0.2milliontoe/yearfromexistinggeothermal
springs,0.2milliontoe/yearfromwindenergyand0.6milliontoe/yearfromsolarradiation4.
TheratificationoftheEnergyCommunityTreaty,Serbiahas,amongother,undertakenthe
obligationtoadoptandenforcetheplanfortheimplementationofDirective2001/77/ECon
thepromotionoftheuseofenergyfromreneweablesources.Therearesuitablelocations
fortheconstructionofwindfarmsinSerbia,where1,300MWproductioncapacitiescould
beinstalledintheforeseeablefuturewithanannualproductionof2,300GWh.Uptodate,
the required legislation in the field of renewable energy sources has been enacted, the

3
4

RedBookofSerbianFlora1,groupofauthors,InstituteforNatureConservationofSerbia,Belgrade1999
MinistryofMiningandEnergy:http://www.mre.gov.rs/navigacija.php?IDSP=299,February,2010
12

conditions for the use of RES are defined and future development targets for the energy
sectorset.

ThenewEURenewableEnergyDirective2009/28/ECsetsbindingnationaltargetswhichEU
memberstatesshouldachievebypromotingRESinthepower,heatingandcoolingsectors
andtransportsector,toprovide,that,by2020,atleast20%ofthetotalenergyconsumedin
EU is generated from the renewable sources . The enforcement start date of the new
Renewable Energy Directive in RS and other states signatories of the Energy Community
Treaty will be determined and coordinated within this community. The construction of 45
MWplantsusingwindenergyisplanneduntil20125.However,duetosubstantialinvestors
interestinthistypeoffacilitiesinRSandtheissuedenergypermits(2009,2010),itisquite
possiblethatthisplannedcapacitywillbeexceededinpractice.

2.4.PracticalConditionsfortheUseofWindEnergyinSerbia
The Institute for Multidisciplinary Research (IMSI) began intensive research of the energy
potentials of wind and solar radiation in 2003. The Atlas of the Sun and Wind Energy
PotentialinSerbiawasfinalizedin2008,inaccordancewiththestandardEUmethodology
(MacroScale Analytical Resource Assessment Model National Level)6. Please refer to the
WindAtlasofSerbiainAnnex1.
WiththeaimofstimulatinguseofRES,theRepublicofSerbiaadotpedthefollowingbylaws:
DecreeonRequirementsforAcquiringtheStatusofPrivilegedPowerProducerandCriteria
for the Assessment of Compliance with these Requirements (OJ RS, No. 72/09) which sets
forth that the status of privileged producer is acquired by producing the electric power
fromrenewableenergysourceswindenergy;andtheDecreeonIncentivesforthePower
Generation from Renewable Energy Sources and Combined Generation of Electricity and
Heat (OJ RS, No. 99/09). This Decree prescribes in more details the incentives for the
production of electricity from RES and the feedin tariff conditions, the incentives and
reimbursement of costs to the buyer of energy from RES. According to this Decree, the
purchace price from wind farms is 9.5 c/1 kWh (euro cents per kWh). The entitlement to
theincentivesprescribedbythisDecreeforwindfarmgeneratedpowerislimitedtoatotal
installedpowerof450MWinRS.
TheaforementionedDecreesalsofacilitatethepracticaluseofwindenergyasarenewable
energysourceinRS.

5
6

http://www.srbija.gov.rs/vesti/vest.php?id=121289,April2010
InstituteforMultidisciplinaryResearch.http://vetarsunce.imsi.rs/home.php,March2010
13

3.WINDENERGYANDTECHNOLOGYOFUSEOFWINDENERGY
______________________________________________________________________________________

3.1.BasicsoftheTechnologyofWindEnergyUse
Windturbinesgenerateelectricitybyharnessingthepowerofthewind.Thewindisaclean
and sustainable energy source, it does not create pollution and it belongs to the group of
reneweable energy sources. Wind energy technology is developing fast; turbines are
becomingcheaperandmorepowerful,bringingthecostofrenewablygeneratedelectricity
down.

Almost all wind turbines consist of rotor blades (or propellers) which rotate around a
horizontalhub.Thehubisconnectedtoagearboxandgenerator,whicharelocatedinside
the nacelle (or gondola). The nacelle houses the electrical components and is mounted at
thetopofthetowerofthewindturbine(seeFigure1):

Figure1:Componentsofawindturbine

Tower:towersrangefrom25to120metresinheight(usuallyaround80m)andthetrendis
towardshigherelevations.Steeltowerstypicallyhaveabasediameterof37metresand
displayaslighttaperingtothenacelle.Largertowershavealargerbasediameter.Lattice
towersareusedinsomelocations.

14

Nacelle (or gondola): contains the key mechanical components of the wind turbine,
includingthegearboxandgenerator.Ayawmechanismisemployedtoturnthenacellein
thedirectionoftheprevailingwind.

Rotordiametersrangeupto80m,inmoderntechnologiesupto120m,smallermachines
haveadiameterincludingbladesofaround30metresandaretypicalindeveloping
countries.Windturbinescanhavethree,twoorjustonerotorblade.Mosthavethree.

Blades:Theblades,whicharesetinmotionbytheenergyofthewind,aremostcommonly
madeofplastic,butcanalsobemadeofaluminiumorsteel.Modernwindturbinestypically
havethreeblades.Thesemayvaryinrotordiameterfrom35metresupwards.Theblades
rotateat1030revolutionsperminuteatconstantspeed,althoughanincreasingnumberof
machines operate at a variable speed. Power is controlled automatically as wind speed
varies and machines are stopped at very high wind speeds to protect them from damage.
Mosthavegearboxesalthoughthereareincreasingnumberswithdirectdrives.

Transformer:Thisisadeviceforchangingthevoltageofthealternatingcurrent.Electricityis
typicallygeneratedatlessthan1000voltsbythewindturbineandthetransformersteps
up this voltage to match that of the national grid. This may be housed either inside or
alongsidethetower.

Concretebase:Turbinestypicallyhavebasesofbetween7and18m2insize(nowadayseven
larger).

Atypicalwindpowerfacilityhasthefollowingcomponents:
Windturbines,
Towers,
Transformers,
Internalaccessroads,
Transformerstation
Transmissionsystem(powerlinesandother)connectingthefacilitytothenationalgrid.

Mostwindturbinesstartoperatingataspeedof45m/s(nowadaysaslowas3m/sandthe
technologyisadvancinginthedirectionofalowerstartspeed)andreachmaximumpower
atabout15m/s

3.2.SizeandCapacityofWindFarms
Windenergydevelopmentscanbeinstalledasindividualunitsi.e.asinglewindturbine,or
asseveralpowergeneratingunits(windfarm).

Wind farms are interconnected by a medium voltage power collection system and
communications network. At a substation, this medium voltage electrical current is
increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage transmission
system.

Spain, Denmark, and Germany are Europe's leading wind energy producers. A large wind
farmmayconsistofafewdozentoseveralhundredturbinesandcoveranareaofseveral
15

hundred square kilometres, while the land between the turbines may be used for
agriculturalorotherpurposes.AlthoughthisisnotrelevantforSerbia,awindfarmmaybe
locatedoffshoretotakeadvantageofstrongwindsblowingoverthesurfaceofanoceanor
lake.

Windturbinescanbedeployedindividually,orgroupedinsmallorlargernumbers.Various
factors may influence the size of a wind farm, including technical issues relating to the
physicalpropertiesofthesite,thewindresourcesandthecapacityofthelocaltransmission
ordistributiongrid,aswellaslandscapeandheritageconsiderationsanddevelopmentplan
policies.

Commercialturbinesrangeincapacityfromafewhundredkilowattstoover2megawatts.
Thecrucialparameteristhediameteroftherotorbladesthelongertheblades,thelarger
thearea'swept'bytherotorandthegreatertheenergyoutput.Currentlytheaveragesize
ofthenewwindturbinesinstalledisupto5MW/windturbine.Thetrendismovingtowards
theinstallationoflargerscalewindturbinesastheycanproduceelectricityatalowerprice.

Largescale wind turbines have rotor diameters in excess of 100 metres, tower heights in
excess of 100 metres and are substantial structures weighing hundreds of tonnes. These
projects require capital investments and lengthy approval and planning periods, including
consultation with the local community and impact assessment on aviation, aesthetics and
wildlife.Thesewindfarmsaretheobjectofenvironmentalimpactassessment.

Small and micro wind farms are not the subject of the environmnetal impact assessment
andthefollowingdescriptionisjustgeneralinformation.
Smallscale wind turbines are particularly suited to offgrid, mobile and hybrid wind and
photovoltaic(PV)systems.ThePV/windpowercombinationiseffectivebecausewindpower
availabilityishighestinwinterwhenavailablesolarpowerisatitsminimumandviceversa.
Smallscalewindturbinesmayvaryinsize,witharangeofmodelsavailable,fromlessthan
100watts(W)upto50kilowatts(kW).
Microwindturbinesaremostoftenusedtochargebatterieswhichrunsmallscaleelectrical
applications in remote locations. Typical applications are lighting, electric fencing, sensing
equipment,roadsignageandelectricpumps.Microturbines,lessthan100W,areoftenused
tocharge12volt(V)or24Vbatteries,foruseonstandalonesystems.Turbinesrangingfrom
0.6kW to 50kW can be used to provide electricity generation for individual houses and
businesses,withrooftopmodelsrangingfrom0.5kWto2.5kWinsize.

3.3.WindEnergyandtheEnvironment
The use of wind power has a light environmental footprint compared to the much more
serious effects of conventional electricity generation, which affects climate change and
disturbsthenaturalbalance.Windpowerdoesnotproduceharmfulemissionsorhazardous
waste, it does not deplete natural resourses, nor does it cause environmental damage
throughresourceextraction,transportandwastemanagement.Windturbinesoccupyless
than 1% of the land area. Once up and running, existing activities, such as agriculture and
easeofaccesstothesite,cancontinuearoundthem.
16


Awindfarmdevelopment(facility)issubjecttoenvironmentalimpactassessmenttoensure
that the potential effects on the immediate environment (including flora and fauna) are
carefullyconsideredbeforeconstructionofthefacilityisallowed.Inmanycasesimpactscan
beavoidedorreducedbyadjustingthelocationofthewholedevelopment(attheplanning
stage), the number of turbines or by relocating the wind turbines within the existing
boundariesofthedevelopment.

The overall impact of wind farms on the natural habitats, birds, bats and other fauna and
floraissitespecific. Despitethisimpact,extensiveeffortsaremadetoavoidbuildingwind
farmsintheareaofbirdandbatmigrationroutes.

Toavoidpotentialdisturbancetothelocalpopulation,localauthoritiesoughttoapplystrict
rules to ensure that wind farms are sited at an adequate distance from nearby residential
areas. When selecting a site, developers have to take into consideration the potential
landscapeandvisualimpact.

17

4.POTENTIALIMPACTOFWINDFARMSONTHEENVIRONMENT
______________________________________________________________________________________

Wind farms, as facilities for production of electricity, have the potential to impact the
naturalandurbanenvironment.Indesigningthesefacilities,itispossibletoavoidorreduce
the negative environmental impacts. This is why existing municipality development plans
shouldbeconsideredinrelationtothenatural,builtandgeologicalheritage,particularlyif
theseareprotectedbylaw.Thepotentialimpactofwindfarmsontheenvironmentwillbe
addressedinthefollowingparagraphs.

4.1.NaturalHeritage
Natural heritage refers to habitats and species of flora and fauna that are located within
protectedsitesdesignatedundernationalorinternationalcategories(WorldHeritageSites,
RamsarSites,IBA,IPA,etc.).EU MemberStateswereundertheobligationtoclassifySPAs
(Special Protection Areas under the Birds Directive) and propose SCIs (Sites of Community
ImportanceaccordingtoHabitatsDirective),bythedateoftheiraccession.Asaresultofthis
process, the EUs Natura 2000 network of protected sites for habitats and species was
created.Currently,thisisnotobligatoryforSerbia,butitwillbecomebytheEUaccession
andwillhavetobetakenintoaccountinassessingtheenvironmentalimpactofwindfarm
developments.

Natural heritage sensitivity relates to impact of the facility on specific habitats, such as
habitatsofcertainspecies,particularlybirdsandontheintegrityofsitesdesignatedforthe
purpose of their conservation. Natural heritage may be impacted by wind energy
developmentsbothduringtheconstructionandoperationalphases.Theseimpactsmaybe
either temporary or permanent. All aspects of the project proposal that might threaten,
themselves,orincombinationwithotherproposals,theconservationobjectivesofthearea
shouldbeidentified.

Competent authorities may approve a wind energy development project only if they are
satisfied that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the designated protected area. If
necessary, they can request changes of the proposed project or additional development
conditions under which the project can be realized. The conditions for nature and
environmentalprotection,aswellasparametersforwildlifemonitoringshallbeprescribed
bytheInstituteforNatureConservationofRS/AP.

In coming to a decision, competent authorities will consider the relevance of the

project/facilitiesusingwindresources,includingthefacilitiesproposedondesignatedsites.
Their strategic importance in contributing significantly to decreasing dependence on fossil
fuels, with subsequent reductions in greenhouse gas emissions should be taken into
account.

In circumstances where a wind energy project is likely to have an adverse effect on the
integrityofasiteofinternationalimportancefornatureconservation,approvalmayonlybe
granted where there is no alternative solution and where there are imperative reasons of
overriding public interest, including those of a social or economic nature. In such cases,
consideration of protection measures to significantly mitigate the negative impact or the
18

possibilityofprovidingalternativesitesforwindenergydevelopmentshouldbetakeninto
account.

4.1.1.Habitats
Habitats that may be impacted by wind energy developments include peatlands (blanket
bog, temporary ponds, flushes, flood zones and various other wetland habitats including
watercoursesandlakes),sanddunesystems,steppes,seminatural/naturalgrasslandsand
woodlands. All are vulnerable, but those located in the highlands particularly so, owing to
theirlocationinhighrainfallareaswherethegrowingseasonisshort.

The significant potential impacts on habitats that can result in the reduction or loss of
biodiversityare:
Directlossofhabitatduetotheconstructionofdevelopmentinfrastructure,including
turbinefoundations,supportingfacilities,roads,quarriesandborrowpits;
Degradation of habitats through alteration or disturbance, in particular arising from
interferencewithhydrologywhichmayalterthesurfaceorgroundwaterflowsandlevels
anddrainagepatternscriticalinpeatlandsandriverheadwaters;
Fragmentationofhabitatsandincreasededgeeffects(effectofedgehabitats);and
Degradation and loss of habitats outside the development site, especially wetland
habitats that may arise from pollution, siltation or erosion originating from within the
developmentsite.

4.1.2.PlantandAnimalSpecies
Birds
The extent to which birds will be impacted by wind energy developments will vary
depending on species, season and location and these impacts may be temporary or
permanent.

The species considered to be most at risk are birds of prey, swans, geese and divers. Also
endangeredaremorassbirdsinthebroodingstageandwaterbirds(divingducksandducks)
in flocks. Potential impacts on migratory birds and local bird movements between egg
laying,feedingandbroodingareasrequirecarefulconsideration.

Thefollowingsignificantpotentialimpactstobirdsfromwindenergydevelopmentshave
beenidentified:

Disturbanceduringtheconstructionandoperationalphasesleadingtothetemporaryor
permanentdisplacementofbirdsfromthedevelopmentsiteanditssurroundings;
Collisionmortality;
Barrier to movement, (studies have shown that bird response may differ and that it is
relatedtothespeciesand/orseason);and
Directlossordegradationofhabitats,particularlyinthewetlands.

OtherSpecies
Thepotentialimpactonotherrareflora,mammals(specialattentionshouldbedevotedto
bats),amphibiansandfishalsoneedstobeassessed.
19

MonitoringandResearchNeeds
Generalmonitoringofenvironmentalparametersshouldbeavoided,exceptwherespecific
requirementsinrelationtoenvironmentalissuesarepartofthepermit.Effectivemonitoring
isnecessarytoprovideevidenceofcompliancewithenvironmentalconditions,suchasnoise
limitsorwildlifeconservation.

Therequiredmonitoring/managementprogrammes,whicharefundedbytheinvestor,can
provide information to the competent authorities and/or concerned third parties, on the
extenttowhichtheenvironmentalprotectionconditionsaremetinthedailyoperationof
thewindfarm.Inthecaseofabreach,appropriateremedialactionwillberequiredbythe
authorities. Such a programme would be particularly relevant in the initial stage of
operation,duringthefirsttwoyears,possiblywiththeprovisionforfurthermonitoringifthe
problem persists. Environmental monitoring can be carried out either by independent
experts,orbythecompetentinstitutionsattheinvestorsexpense.

Suggested research with regard to the impact of the wind energy developments on the
wildlife:
Effects of inclement weather in attracting birds and bats to lighted wind turbines, e.g.
drawing birds (especially migratory birds) and bats during spring and fall migrations
withinthereachoftherotorbladesoftheturbines.
Localized effects on wildlife: habitat fragmentation and loss; effects of noise on both
aquaticandterrestrialwildlife;habituation.
Effectsofwindturbinestringconfigurationonmortalitye.g.endofrowturbineeffect,
turbinesindipsorpasses,setbacksfromrims/edgesofcliffs.
Effectiveness of deterrents: alternating colors on blades (particularly, effects of
black/whiteandUVgelcoats);lights(e.g.colour,durationandintensityofpilotwarning
lights;lasers);infrasound(BrecoBuoys7,othernoisemakerssuchaspredatoranddistress
calls if not irritating to humans, other wildlife, or domestic animals); visual markers on
theguywires.
Use of acoustic, infrared and radar technologies to detect bird species presence,
abundance,flightaltitudeandmovements.
Accuracy of mortality counts: estimation of the number of carcasses (especially
migratorybirds)lostduetofragmentationcausedbythecollisionandwindmomentum;
sizeandshapeofdeadbirdsearchareas;possibilityofrecordingcollisionsacousticallyor
withradarorinfraredtracking.
Annualvariability(temporalandspatial)inmigratoryroutes;theuseoftheGeographic
Information System (GIS) to assess migratory routes and stopovers, particularly for
migratorybirdsandbats.
Efficiency of seasonal wind turbine shutdowns at preventing mortalities, including the
feasibility of using selferecting turbines (easily erected, dismantled and taken down
withoutcranes)duringcriticalperiodssuchasmigrations.
Impactoflargerturbinesversussmallermodels.
7

Thedeviceisusedtodeterseabirdsfromoilspills,emitting30differentsounds(includingwarningsings)up
to130dB,generallyefficientinscaringbirdsata200mdistance,butmaydeterbirdsina800mradius.The
devicemaybeusedatdaytime,nightime,infog,windorstorm.
20

Changesinpredatorpreyrelationshipsduetotheplacementofpotentialperchingsites
insteppehabitats.

Usefulliterature:
Interim guidelines to avoid and minimize wildlife impacts from wind turbines8
through: 1) proper evaluation of potential wind energy development sites; 2) proper
siting and design of turbines and associated structures within sites selected for
development; and 3) pre and postconstruction research and monitoring to indentify
and/orassessimpactsonwildlife.
Guidelinesforconsiderationofbatsinwindfarmprojects9setsoutgenericguidelines
fortheplanningprocessandimpactassessmentstotakeaccountoftheeffectofwind
turbinesonbats.

4.2.Geology
Requiredinformationonthegeologyofthesite:
Ageologicalandhydrogeologicalassessmentofthesuitabilityofthesite;
A site map of the area in relation to any area or site that has been identified as a
geological Natural Heritage Area, a proposed Natural Heritage Area or as a County
GeologicalSite(showtheimpactsandmitigationmeasuresproposed);
Asitemapoftheareainrelationtoareasofsignificantmineraloraggregatepotential;
Assessmentofthepotentialimpactofthefacilityongroundwater;
Geotechnicalstabilityanalysesofthestructureandthesite,bothintheconstructionand
intheoperationalphase,withproposedgeotechnicalsolutionsandmitigationmeasures
wheretheyareneeded.Also,thepotentialeffectofthedisposalofexcavatedmaterials
andwhetherthefacilitymightcausealandslideshouldbeconsidered;
Geotechnicalfoundationanalyses(allowablebearingcapacity,settlement,etc.);
Details of borrowpits if proposed on the site, details of blasting if foreseen, e.g.
preventionorremediationoflandslides;
Inordertoidentifytheoptimallocationforeachwindturbine,provisionsmustbemade
for carrying out sitespecific geological, hydrological and geotechnical investigation
works.Theinvestigationworksshallbeperformedincompliancewiththerequirements
oftheLawonGeologicalInvestigationsandothernationalregulations.

4.3.Archaeology
The potential impact of the proposed developments on the archaeological heritage of the
site should be assessed. This assessment should address the directeffects on the integrity
andvisualamenityofmonumentsandincludeappropriateprotectionmeasures,e.g.astudy
of the existing literature and a field inspection where necessary and in line with the
requirementsofnationallegislationinthefieldofarchaeology.

InterimGuidelinestoavoidandminimizewildlifeimpactsfromwindturbines,
http://www.fws.gov/habitatconservation/wind.pdf,February2010.
9
Guidelinesforconsiderationofbatsinwindfarmprojects
http://www.eurobats.org/publications/publication%20series/pubseries_no3_english.pdf,February2010
21

4.4.ArchitecturalHeritage
Thecompetentauthoritiesshouldassessthepotentialimpactoftheproposedwindenergy
developmentonthearchitecturalheritageofthelocalityanditslandscapecontext,where
relevant.

4.5.Noise
There are two distinct noise sources associated with the operation of wind turbines:
aerodynamicnoisecausedbybladespassingthroughtheairandmechanicalnoisecreated
bytheoperationofmechanicalelementsinthenacellethegenerator,gearboxandother
partsofthedrivetrain.Aerodynamicnoiseisafunctionofmanyinteractingfactorsincluding
bladedesign,rotationalspeed,windspeedandincomingairturbulencewhichcangenerate
aspecificsound.Mechanicalnoisefromawindturbineistonalinnature.

Advances in technology and design resulted in reduced noise emissions. Aerodynamic

refinementsthathavebeencombinedtomaketurbinesquieterincludethereplacementof
lattice with tubular towers, the use of variable speed operations and the switch to three
blade turbine designs. Improvements in gearbox design and the use of antivibration
techniquesinthepasttenyearshaveresultedinsignificantreductionsinmechanicalnoise.
Themostrecentdirectdrivewindturbineshavenohighspeedmechanicalcomponentsand
therefore do not produce mechanical noise. Turbine noise increases as wind speeds
increase, but at a slower rate than the wind generated background noise. The impact of
windturbinenoiseisthereforelikelytobegreateratlowwindspeedswhenthedifference
between noise of the wind turbine and the background noise is likely to be greater. Wind
turbinesdonotoperatebelowthewindspeedreferredtoascutinspeed,(thelowestwind
speedbelowwhichnousablepowercanbeproducedbyawindturbine,i.e.thespeedwhich
activatestheenergygeneratingsystem),whichisusuallyaround5m/s.Largerandvariable
speed wind turbines emit lower noise levels at cutin speed than smaller fixed speed
turbines. Noise from wind turbines is radiated more in some directions than others, with
areasdownwindexperiencingthehighestpredictednoiselevels.Athigherwindspeedsthe
noisefromwindhastheeffectoflargelymaskingwindturbinenoise.

Good acoustic design and carefully considered siting of turbines will prevent significant
increaseinambientnoiselevelsatanynearbynoisesensitivelocations.Soundoutputfrom
modernwindturbinescanberegulated,thusmitigatingnoiserelatedproblems,albeitwith
someloss ofpower.Anappropriatebalancemustbeachievedbetweenpowergeneration
andnoiseimpact.

Noiseimpactshouldbeassessedbyreferencetothenatureandcharacterofnoisesensitive
locationsandinaccordancewiththelawsandregulationsinthefield.Inthecaseofwind
energydevelopment,anoisesensitivelocationincludesanyoccupieddwellinghouse,hostel,
health building or place of worship and may include areas of particular scenic quality or
special recreational amenity importance. The prescribed noise limits should also apply to
those areas used for relaxation or activities for which a quiet environment is highly
desirable. The prescribed noise limits should be applied to locations in the wider
surroundings of the wind farm and should take into account both the turbine noise and
backgroundnoise.

22

PursuanttotheRulebookonPermittedNoiseLevelsintheEnvironment,themaximumnoise
limit10allowedis35dB(A)atnightimeand40dB(A)atdaytimeoutsidepublicbuildingsand
30dB(A)atnightimeand35dB(A)atdaytimeinsidepublicbuildings.Inareasnearbythewind
farmswherethenoiselevelislessthanallowed,amaximumincreaseof5dB(A)abovethe
existingnoiseisconsideredacceptableinensuringprotectionofinhabitantsinthearea.

Generally,noiseisunlikelytobeasignificantproblemwherethedistancefromthenearest
turbine to any noise sensitive property exceeds 500 metres11. Comptetent authorities can
seek evidence that the type(s) of turbines proposed will use best current engineering
practiceintermsofnoisecreationandsuppression.

4.6.SafetyAspects
There are no specific safety considerations in relation to the regular operation of wind
turbines.Fencingorotherrestrictionsarenotnecessaryforsafetyconsiderations.Peopleor
animalscansafelywalkuptothebaseoftheturbines.

There is a remote possibility of injury to people or animals from flying fragments of ice or
from a damaged blade. Most blades are composite structures with no bolts or separate
componentsandthedangerisminimisedasaresult.Thebuildupoficeonturbinebladesis
unlikely to present problems. Most wind turbines are fitted with antivibration sensors,
whichwilldetectanyimbalancecausedbytheicingoftheblades.Thesensorswillcausethe
turbinetowaituntilthebladeshavebeendeicedpriortobeginningoperation.

4.7.ProximitytoRoadsandRailways
Ingeneral,turbinesmaydistractmotoristswhiletheyareunderconstructionorwhenthey
arenew.Overtime,theturbinesbecomepartofthelandscapeandgenerallydonotcause
anysignificantdistractiontomotorists.Althoughwindturbineserectedinaccordancewith
standard engineering practice are stable structures, best practice indicates that it is
advisable to achieve a safety set back from roads and railways of a distance equal to the
heightoftheturbineandlengthoftheblade.

4.8.ProximitytoPowerLines
Adequate clearance between structures and overhead power lines should be provided as
requiredbythecompetentelectricitycompanyandinlinewiththeregulationsofRepublic
of Serbia. For example, in Ireland, there is a statutory obligation to notify the electricity
distributorofproposeddevelopmentswithin23metersofanytransmissionordistribution
line.

4.9.InterferencewithCommunicationSystems
Wind turbines, like all electrical equipment, produce electromagnetic radiation, which can
interfere with broadcast communications. This interference can be overcome through the
installationofdeflectorsorrepeaters.Competentauthoritiesshallrequestthedeveloperto
10
11

UppernoiselimitinhumanenvironmentexpressedinAweighteddecibelsdB(A)
RecommendationsfromtheIrishPlanningGuidelinesforWindFarms
23

procuretherequirementsfromlocalandnationalbroadcasters.Thesameappliestomobile
phone operators. Wind turbines must not create electromagnetic interference with the
operation of telecommunication networks and must harmonize with the measures for the
eliminationofelectromagneticinterferenceintheoperationoftelecommunicationnetworks
andsignalreception,pursuanttotheLawonTelecommunications(OJRSNo.44/03).

4.10.AirTrafficSafety
Thesitingofwindturbinesmayhaveimplicationsfortheoperationsofthecommunications,
navigation and surveillance systems used for air traffic control and aircraft safety. Wind
turbinesitingmayalsohaveimplicationsonflightcorridors.

The Civil Aviation Directorate of the Republic of Serbia prescribes the criteria used to
determine whether or not any facility is deemed to be an obstacle affecting aircraft
operationsandprovidesconditionsandapprovalfromtheairtrafficsafetyaspectforsiting
andmarkingwindfarms.Inaddition,inordertoassurethesafetyandefficiencyofaircraft
operationsinthevicinityofairports,theInternationalCivilAviationOrganisation(ICAO)has
definedavolumeofairspaceabovewhichnewobjectsarenotpermitted12.Nopartofthe
windturbineshouldpenetratethisspace.

4.11.ShadowFlicker
Windturbines,likeothertallstructures,cancastlongshadowswhenthesunislowinthe
sky. The effect known as shadow flicker occurs where the blades of a wind turbine cast a
shadowoverawindowinanearbyhouseandtherotationofthebladescausestheshadow
to flick on and off. This effect lasts only for a short period and happens only in certain
specific combined circumstances, such as when the sun is shining at a low angle (at dawn
andbeforedusk),whentheturbineispositioneddirectlybetweenthesunandtheaffected
propertyuponwhichtheshadowiscastandthereisenoughwindtoensurethattheturbine
bladesaremoving.

Carefulsiteselection,designandplanning,aswellasuseofrelevantsoftwareforcalculating
the shadow effect, can help avoid the effect completely. It is recommended that the
durationofshadowflickeratneighbouringofficesanddwellingswithina500mrangeshould
notexceed30hoursperyearor30minutesperday13.

At distances from a turbine that are greater than 10 rotor diameters, the potential for
shadow flicker is very low. Where shadow flicker could be a problem, developers should
providecalculationstoquantifytheeffectandwhereappropriatetakemeasurestoprevent
ormitigatethepotentialeffect,suchasbyturningoffaparticularturbineatcertaintimes.

4.12.Windtake
The question of windtake should be dealt with at planning stage, to ensure that any
proposed layout of wind turbines takes into account the development potential of an
adjoiningsiteforasimilardevelopment.Ingeneral,toensureoptimalperformanceandto
12

http://www.icao.int/anb/FLS/icaosafety.html,February,2010.
RecommendationsarebasedonresearchbyPredac,anorganizationpromotingenergysupplyanduse,
drawnonexperiencefromBelgium,Denmark,France,theNetherlandsandGermany.
13

24

accountforturbulenceeffects,theminimumdistancebetweenwindturbineswillgenerally
bethreetimestherotordiameter(=3d)inthecrosswinddirectionandseventimestherotor
diameter(=7d)intheprevailingdirection(downwind).Bearinginmindtherequirementsfor
optimalperformance,adistanceofnotlessthantworotorbladesfromadjoiningproperty
boundaries will generally be acceptable, unless by written agreement of adjoining
landownerstoalesserdistance.However,wherepermissionforwindenergydevelopment
has been granted on an adjacent site, the principle of the minimum separation distances
between turbines in crosswind and downwind directions indicated above should be
respected.

4.13.Decommissioning
Typically, the operational life of a wind turbine is about 2025 years. Once electricity
production is reduced, an assessment must be made as to when the facility will be
decommissioned. Decommissioning must be outlined at the planning and design stage.
Issues to be addressed include the removal of above ground structures and equipment,
landscaping and/or reinstatement of roads and vegetation, as well as measures for the
restorationoftheenvironmenttoitsoriginalstatetothegreatestpossibleextent.Eachcase
is different, depending on the size of the development and geographic properties of the
locality.

25

5.LEGALFRAMEINTHEFIELDOFWINDENERGYUSE
___________________________________________________________________________

5.1.BasicsofPlanningandConstructionofWindFarms
Theconstructionofwindfarmsandthecarryingoutpowergenerationactivitiesinthistype
of facilities is governed by numerous regulations of the Republic of Serbia. The legal
frameworkconsistsoftwomaingroupsofregulations.

The first group of regulations comprises regulations in the field of energy, relating to the
procedureforacquiringtherighttoengageinelectricityproduction,whichisaccomplished
intwosteps:acquiringtherighttocarryoutanactivityofgeneralinterestandacquiringthe
righttocarryoutenergysectoractivities.

Wind energy developments are facilities used for carrying out electricity generating
activities.Producersofelectricityindevelopmentsusingrenewablesourcesareconsidered
privilegedelectricityproducers.

TheLawonEnergyallowstheconstructionofenergyfacilitiesprovidedthattheMinistryof
Mining and Energy has issued an energy permit. This process precedes the process of
acquiring a construction permit. The criteria for issuing an energy permit are also the
conditions for environmental protection (Art. 30), while the application for an energy
permit contains an overview of the possible methods for the environmental protection
during construction and operation stage of the energy development (Art. 32). An energy
permitisrequiredforallpowergenerationfacilitiesofacapacitygreaterthan1MW.

Thesecondgroupofregulations,includethelegislationonplanningandconstruction,which
regulate the need to build a specific energy facility and the procedure for acquiring a
buildingpermitforsuchafacility,aswellastheprocedureforobtainingtherighttousethe
facility.InAccordancewiththeLawonPlanningandConstruction,anenvironmentalimpact
assessment shall be conducted as part of the preliminary project (design) (Art. 118). A
mandatoryrequirementforobtainingthebuildingpermitforthefacilityiscompliancewith
requirements/approvalsofthecompetentinstitutions.

AschematicviewoftherelationbetweentheLawonPlanningandConstruction(technical
andprojectdocumentation),thelawsinthefieldofenvironmentalprotectionandtheLaw
onEnergyforwindfarmswith10MWCapacityispresentedinFigure2.

TheMoESPhastheauthoritytoissuebuildingpermitsforenergyproductionfacilitiesfrom
RES with a capacity of 10 MW or above, as well as for plants with combined electricity
generation(Art.133).Forfacilitiesthatareentirelybuiltontheterritoryoftheautonomous
province,buildingpermitsissuanceisundertheauthorityoftheautonomousprovince(Art.
134).

A list of relevant regulations in the field of planning and construction of wind energy
developments and carrying out electricity generation activities in the Republic of Serbia is
giveninAnnex2.
26


Figure 2: A schematic view of the relation between the Law on Planning and Construction
(technicalandprojectdocumentation),thelawinthefieldofenvironmentalprotectionand
theLawonEnergy,forwindfarmswith10MWcapacity.

ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION

PLANNINGANDCONSTRUCTION

ENERGY

Preliminarywork
Preliminaryfeasibilitystudy
withgeneralproject(design)
Planningdocumentation

Energypermit

Locationpermit
Feasibilitystudywith
preliminaryproject(design)
Mainproject(design)

StrategicEnvironmental
ImpactAssessment(SEA)

EnvironmentalImpact
Assessment(EIA)

5.2.Listofrelevantregulationsintheareaofenvironmentalprotection
1) LawonEnvironmentalProtection("OJRS",No.135/04,36/09)
2) LawonStrategicEnvironmentalImpactAssessment("OJRS",No.135/04)
3) LawonEnvironmentalImpactAssessment("OJRS",No.135/04,36/09)
4) Law on Ratification of the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a
TransboundaryContext("OJRS",InternationalTreaties,No.102/07)
5) DecreeonEstablishingtheListofProjectsSubjecttoImpactAssessmentandtheListof
ProjectsthatMayRequireEnvironmentalImpactAssessment("OJRS",No.114/08)
6) RulesontheContentsoftheRequestfortheNeedtoConductanEnvironmentalImpact
AssessmentandContentsoftheRequestforDeterminingtheScopeandContentsofthe
EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentStudy("OJRS",No.69/05)
7) Rules on the Contents of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study ("OJ RS", No.
69/05)
8) Rules on the Procedure for Public Review, Presentation and Public Debate on the
EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentStudy("OJRS",No.69/05)
9) RulesontheWorkoftheTechnicalCommitteefortheEvaluationoftheEnvironmental
AssessmentImpactStudy("OJRS",No.69/05)
10) Rules on the Content, Layout and Procedure for Managing the Public Book on
EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentProceduresEnforcedandDecisionsAdopted("Official
JournalRS",No.69/05)
11) LawonNatureProtection("OfficialJournalRS",No.36/09)
12) LawonNationalParks(OfficialJournalRS",No.39/93,44/93,53/93,67/93,48/94)
13) RulesonRegistryofProtectedNaturalResources("OfficialJournalRS",No.30/92)
14) DecreeonConservationofNaturalRarities("OfficialGazetteRS",No.50/93,93/93)
15) Rules on the Protection of Strictly Protected and Protected Wild Species of Plants,
AnimalsandFungi("OfficialJournalRS",No.5/10")
27

16) RulesonCategorizationofProtectedNaturalResources("OfficialJournalRS",No.30/92)
17) LawonProtectionfromNoiseintheEnvironment("OfficialJournalRS",No.36/2009)
18) RulesonPermittedNoiseLevelintheEnvironment("OffficialGazetteRS",No.54/92)
19) Law on Ratification of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and
NaturalHabitats("OfficialJournalRS",InternationalTreaties,No.102/07)
20) LawonRatificationoftheConventionontheConservationonMigratorySpeciesofWild
Animals("OfficialJournalRS",InternationalTreaties,No.102/07)

28

6.ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT
___________________________________________________________________________

6.1.StrategicEnvironmentalImpactAssessment
The subject of the Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment14 are the strategies, plans,
programmes and grounds in the field of spatial and urban planning or use of land,
agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, energy, industry, traffic, waste management, water
management, telecommunications, tourism, conservation of natural habitats and wildlife,
establishing the framework for the approval of future development projects prescribed by
regulationsgoverningenvironmentalimpactassessment.

TheStrategicEnvionmentalImpactAssessmentintheRepublicofSerbiaisregulatedbythe
Law on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (Official Journal, No. 135/04), which
prescribes the terms and conditions, the method and the procedure for carrying out an
assessmentoftheimpactofvariousstrategies,plans,programmesandbaselinedocuments
on the environment, in order to ensure the protection of the environment and the
promotion of sustainable development by integrating the fundamental principles of
environmentalprotectionintotheprocedureofthepreparationandadoptionoftheplans
andprogrammes.

The plans and programmes that envisage the use of smaller areas on local level or in the
caseofminoramendmentstoplansandprogrammeswhicharenotrequiredtoundergothe
prescribedapprovalprocedure,adecisiononcarryingoutastrategicimpactassessmentis
madebythebodyinchargeofthedevelopmentoftheplanandprogramme(ifestablished)
,and if it (the body ) identifies that there are possibilities of significant environmental
impactsbasedonthecriteriaprescribedbythislaw..

Theplansandprogrammes,asdefinedinthislaw,arealldevelopmentorotherplansand
programmes, baseline documents , including any amendments thereof, that a national,
provincial or local authority develops and/or adopts, or prepares them for the relevant
adoptionprocedureintheNationalAssemblyortheGovernmentoftheRepublicofSerbia,
i.e.intheparliamentortheexecutiveauthorityoftheautonomousprovince,orlocalself
governmentunit,aswellasplansandprogrammesbasedonregulations.

Thecriteriafordeterminingthepossibilitiesofsignificantenvironmentalimpactoftheplans
and programmes and for deciding to conduct a strategic assessment are contained in the
AnnextotheLaw.

The procedure for carrying out the strategic assessment consists of the following stages
(describedinmoredetailsinthelaw):
1)Preparationphaseincluding:
decidingtoconductastrategicassessment,
selectingtheentityresponsibleforconductingthestrategicassessmentreport,
participationofstakeholderbodiesandorganizations;
14

PrescribedbytheLawonEnvironmentalProtection(OJRS,No.135/04,36/09)
29

2)Strategicassessmentreport;
3)Decisionmakingprocedureincluding:
participationofstakeholderbodiesandorganizations
participationofthepublic,
report on the results of consultations with stakeholder bodies and organizations
andthepublic,
evaluationofthestrategicassessmentreport,
approvalofthestrategicassessmentreport.

Strategic assessments performed for plans and programmes at various levels of hierarchy
mustbeharmonisedbetweenthemselvesandwiththeenvironmentalimpactassessments,
as well as with environmental protection plans and programmes. The grounds of the
strategic assessment are the plan or programme determining the framework for
developmentofagivensector,i.e.itscharacteristics,goalsandspatialaspect.

6.2.EnvironmentalImpactassessment
The environmental impact assessment is a preventive environmental protection measure
which is based on the development of a study, consultations with the participation of the
publicandanalysisofalternativemeasures,forthepurposeofcollectingdataandforeseeing
any adverse effects of specific projects on the life and health of humans, on the flora and
fauna, on land, water, air, climate and landscape, on material and cultural goods and the
interaction of these factors, as well as for the purpose of establishing and proposing
measures for the prevention, mitigation or remediation of harmful effects, taking into
considerationthefeasibilityoftheseprojects.

The Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (OJRS, No. 135/O4, 36/09) governs the
impact assessment procedure for projects that can have significant impact on the
environment, the contents of the environmental impact assessment, the participation of
stakeholderbodiesandorganizationsandthepublic,transboundaryinformationsharingfor
projectsthatcanhaveasignificantimpactontheenvironmentofanotherstate,supervision
andotherissuesrelevantfortheenvironmentalimpactassessment.

Impactassessmentisrequiredforprojectsintheplanningorimplementationstage,changes
in technology, reconstruction, expansion of capacities, decommissioning and removal of
projectsthatcanhaveasignificantimpactontheenvironment,aswellasforprojectsthat
have been realised with no prior environmental impact assessment, which do not have a
buildingpermitorarebeingusedwithoutausepermit.

Impactassessmentiscarriedout,amongother,forprojectsinthefieldofenergy,aswellas
for projects that are planned on a protected natural property and in the protected
surroundingsofrealculturalassets.
TheDecreedeterminesthatenvironmentalimpactassessmentisamandatoryrequirement
forconstructionofpowerplantswith50MWcapacity(ListI),andoptionalforconstruction
of wind energy developments (facilities used for converting wind power into energy) with
30

10 MW capacity (List II). A general overview of the procedure for the assessment of the
impactofwindfarmsontheenvironmentintheRepublicofSerbiacanbeseeninFigure3.

Theprocedurefortheassessmentoftheimpactofwindfarmsontheenvironmentconsists
ofthefollowingstages:
1) Makingadecisionontheneedforimpactassessment(Annex3)
2) Determiningthescopeandcontentsoftheimpactassessmentstudy
3) Makingadecisiononapprovingtheimpactassessmentstudy.

A schematic view of the environmental assessment procedure is presented in Figure 4,

Chapter6.3.

AllprojectswithpotentialtransboundaryimpactareunderthejurisdictionofMoESP,while:
theenvironmentalimpactassessmentforfacilitieswhichrequiretheissuingofabuilding
permitbyanationalauthorityiscarriedoutbyMoESP,
the environmental impact assessment for facilities requiring the issuing of a building
permitbyabodyoftheautonomousprovinceiscarriedoutbytheProvincialSecretariat
forEnvironmentalProtectionandSustainableEnvironment,
the environmental impact assessment for projects requiring the issuing of a building
permit by the local selfgovernment body is carried out by the local selfgovernment
bodyinchargeofenvironmentalaffairs.
Theimpactassessmentstudycanbeconductedbyalegalentityandentrepreneurprovided
thattheyareregisteredwiththeappropriateregisterforconductingactivitiespertainingto
design,engineeringandconductingstudiesandanalyses.

31

Figure 3: General overview of theenvironmental impact assessment for wind farms in the
RepublicofSerbia

ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTOFWINDFARMS

Baselinedocumentsonenergyandplanning
- Bindinglegalframeworkrelatedtotheuseofwindenergy
- Suitablelocationsforwindenergydevelopment

ApplicationfortheneedofwindenergydevelopmentEIAtotheauthorityincharge
(screening)
AutonomousProvince(AP)fordevelopments MoESP=or>10MW,aswellasforall
tobebuiltontheterritoryofAPVojvodina
projectswithpotentialtrounsboundary
impact

Windfarmswith
Windfarmswith

totalcapacity50
totalcapacity10
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT
No
MW
MW
ASSESSMENTISNOTREQUIRED

Yes
Yes

ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT
ISREQUIRED

IssuingadecisionthatEIAand
environmentalprotectionmeasuresarenot
required

DeterminingthescopeandcontentofEIA
Study(Scoping)

ContentsofEIAStudy
1)dataondeveloper;
2)sitedescription;
3)projectdescription;
4)overviewofmain
alternatives;
5)reviewofthestatusof
environment
6)descriptionofpotential

EnvironmentalImpact
AssessmentStudy

32

significantimpacts;
7)assessmentofeffectsin
caseofaccidents;
8)Descriptionofmitigation
measurestoreducethe
impact;
9)monitoringprogramme;etc.

Expertise/research

Publicparticipation/
statements

Acknowledgmentofoverriding
publicinterest

Amendmentsaccordingto
requirementsofauthoritiesin
charge

Yes

No

DecisionNOTtoapproveEIA
Study

DecisiontoapproveEIAStudy

6.3.OverviewandDescriptionoftheProcess
An environmentalimpact assessment is a document analysing and assessing the quality of
environmentalfactors,theirvulnerabilityinacertainarea,thereciprocalimpactofexisting
andplannedactivities,forecastingthedirectandindirectharmfuleffectsofadevelopment
(wind farm) on environmental factors, as well as the measures and requirements for the
prevention,mitigationandremediationofharmfuleffectsontheenvironmentandhuman
health.ThelegalframeisgiveninChapter5.

Theprocedureoftheissuanceofenergypermitprecedestheprocedureoftheissuanceof
building permit. An overview of the environmental protection measures during the
construction and operation of a wind energy development represents the baseline for
issuance of the energy permit and will be an integral part of the environmental impact
assessmentstudyforwindfarms.
33


ApublicpresentationandpublicconsultationontheStudy.Thepublicconsultationisheldin
the premises of the local selfgovernment body in charge of environmental affairs. At the
sametime,publicaccesstothedevelopmentprojectisensuredinthepremisesofMoESP
andthelocalselfgovernmentauthorityonwhoseterritorythedevelopmentistobebuilt.
The competent authority (MoES/AP) informs the developer, stakeholder bodies and
organizationsandthepublicaboutthetimeandvenuewherepublicaccesswillbeprovided
andofthepublicpresentationandpublicdebateontheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment.
The public consultation may be held no earlier than 20 days from the date on when the
public was informed. The developer participates to the public presentation and public
consultationontheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment.

UponcompletionofthepublicconsultaTion,basedontheopinionofstakeholderbodiesand
organizations and interested public, the authority in charge delivers an overview of the
opinion to the developer, with proposals for amendments to the Environmental Impact
Assessment.

FortheevaluationoftheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment,theauthorityinchargesetsup
a technical committee to analyse and evaluate the Impact Assessment Study. Following
consultationsandpublicreview,theauthorityinchargedeliverstheEnvironmentalImpact
Assessment to the Technical Committee, with a systematized overview of the opinions of
stakeholder bodies and organizations and interested public and a report on the finalized
procedure of impact assessment. The Technical Committee examines the Environmental
Impact Assessment, along with the systematised overview of the opinions of stakeholder
bodies/organisations and interested public, prepares a report on the finalized impact
assessment procedure and evaluates the suitability of the measures envisaged for the
prevention, mitigation and remediation of potential harmful effects of the project on the
environment,onthesiteanditssurroundings,duringconstructionworks,operationofthe
development,accidentsanddecommissioningofthefacility.TheTechnicalCommitteemay
requirethedevelopertomakeamendmentstotheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment.The
TechnicalCommitteeisobligedtosubmitareportwithanevaluationoftheEnvironmental
ImpactAssessmentandadecisionproposaltotheauthorityincharge.

Thecompetentauthorityisobligedtoinformthestakeholderbodiesandorganisationsand
thepublicaboutthedecisionongranting/rejectingapprovaloftheEnvironmentalImpact
Assessment,on:
1)contentsofthedecision;
2)mainreasonsonwhichthedecisionisbased;
3)keymeasuresthatthedeveloperisrequiredtoundertakeforthepurposeofpreventing,
mitigatingorremediatingharmfulimpacts.

Thedeveloperandtheinterestedpublicmayappealthisdecisionbymeansofacontentious
administrativeprocedure

34

Figure4.Schematicviewoftheprocedurefortheassessmentofenvironmentalimact

ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTPROCEDURE

STAGEONE
EIAScreening

ProjectsLIstII
(OptionalEIA)
SubmittingEIAScreeningrequesttocompetentauthority
I
Informingthepublicandotherrelevantinstitutionsabouttherequest
I
Deliveringanopiniontothepublicandinstitutions
I
ReachingadecisiononEIAScreeningNONEEDEndofEIAprocedure

STAGETWO
EIAScoping

ProjectsListI
(MandatoryEIA)
SubmittingEIAScopingrequest
I
Informingthepublicandotherrelevantinstitutionsabouttherequest
I
Deliveringanopiniontothepublicandinstitutions
I
DeterminingEIAScopingInformingthepublicandrelevantinstitutionsaboutthedecision

STAGETHREE
DecisionmakingprocedurefortheapprovalofEIA

DraftingEIA
I
SubmittingarequestfortheapprovalofEIA
I
SettingupaTechnicalCommitteefortheevaluationofEIA
I
Informingthepublicaboutthevenueandtimeofthepresentationandpublicdebate
I
Publicpresentationandpublicdebate
I
Deliveringrecommendations/suggestionsonEIA
I
EvaluationofEIAbasedontheopinionoftheTechnicalCommittee
I
Decisiontogrant/denyapprovalofEIA
I
Informingthedeveloper,thepublicandrelevantinstitutionsaboutthedecision

35

7. CONTENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

STUDY
______________________________________________________________________________________

ThecontentsoftheEnvironmentalImpacAssessment(Annex6)areprescribedpursuantto
the Rules on Contents of the Environmental Impact Assessment (Official Journal RS, No.
69/05).

ThechecklistinAnnex4andthechecklistinAnnex5canbeusedasadditionaltoolstoverify
thelikelyimpactofwindenergydevelopments.

TheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentmustcontain:

1)dataondeveloper;
2)descriptionoftheplannedprojectdevelopmentsite;
3)descriptionofproject;
4)overviewofmainalternativesconsideredbythedeveloper;
MONITORING(proposal:windpotential,monitoringthebirdandbatspeciesandnumbersin
agivenarea,layoutofroutesandnumberofoverflights,existingnoiselevel,etc.)
5) overview of the state of the environment on the site and its surroundings (micro and
macrolocation);
Proposal:
a) NATURALHERITAGE
b) GEOLOGY
c) ARCHAEOLOGY
d) ARCHITECTURALHERITAGE
e) NOISE
f) SAFETYASPECTS
g) PROXIMITYTOROADSANDRAILROADS
h) PROXIMITYTOPOWERLINES
i) INTERFERENCEWITHCOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEM
j) AIRCRAFTSAFETY
k) SHADOWFLICKER
l) WINDTAKE
m) DECOMMISSIONING

6)descriptionofpotentialsignificantenvironmentalimpact;
Proposal:alongwiththedescriptionoftheenvironmentalimpactoftheprojectwith
respect to the parameters set forth in the Rules, also describe impacts, if any,
accordingtothepreviouslist(bullet5);
7)environmentalimpactassessmentincaseofaccident;
8) description of measures foreseen for the purpose of preventing, mitigating and,
whereverpossible,remediatinganysignificantharmfuleffectsontheenvironment;
9)environmentalimpactmonitoringprogramme;
Proposed monitoring parameters: noice (current state and during test operation),
wildlife(birds,bats,etc.),wildlife(birds,bats,etc.).Pleasenotethattherequirements
pertaining to nature and environment protection, as well as parameters for
36

monitoringthelivingworldareprescribedbytheInstituteforConservationofNature
ofRS/AP.
10)nontechnicalbriefoverviewofdatalistedinitems2to9;
11)dataontechnicalshortcomingsorlackofrequiredexpertiseandskillsorinabilityto
collectadequatedata.

TheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentalsocontainsbasicinformationonitsauthors,onthe
responsible person, the date of completion, the signature of the authorized person and
verificationofthesignaturewiththestampofthelicensedorganizationthatproducedthe
study.

Note: In developing an Environmental Impact Assessment, special attention must be

devotedtotheimpactonbirdsbecausetheLawonConservationofNature("OfficialJournal
RS",No.36/09)prescribestheobligationsoftheprojectdeveloperandtheuserofnatural
resources(Art.10):thedeveloper,i.e.thelegalentity,entrepreneurornaturalpersonusing
thenaturalresources,carryingoutconstructionandotherwork,activitiesandinterventions
innature,shallactincompliancewiththeenvironmentalprotectionmeasuresdefinedinthe
plans, projects and programmes and in accordance with the projecttechnical
documentation, taking care to avert or minimize any hazard or harm to the natural
environment.TheMinistryshallissueanapprovalonlyif,inthelightofallavailableevidence
and the statutory opinion of the Institute for the Conservation of Nature, it has been
establishedthatthedevelopments,worksandactivitieswillnothaveasignificantimpacton
theintegrityofanenvironmentallyimportantareafromtheaspectofconservationgoals.

Article80oftheLawprescribesthemeasuresfortheprotectionofmigratoryspecies,among
otheralsofortheconstructionofelectricpowersystemswhichcutofftheregulardatime
nightimeandseasonalmigrationroutesofwildlife,causefragmentationofhabitatsorother
interferences with their regular life cycle. Electric power systems shall be constructed in
applicationofspecialconstructionandtechnicaltechnologicalsolutionsinordertomitigate
negativeimpact.

Art. 81 of the Law prescribes measures for the conservation of birds and bats on wind
energydevelopmentsitesinordertoavoidtheirhabitatsandmigrationroutes.Inbuilding
high structures in the proximity of important environmental areas, compliance with
technicaltechnological measures is a requirement (eg. lighting the structure), in order to
mitigatenegativeimpact.

37

8.CONCLUSION
______________________________________________________________________________________

Electricitygeneratedfromwindisarenewableresource,theproductionofwindpowerdoes
not cause any harmful emissions and is generally considered as a technology that has
positive effects on the conservation of the environment. The use of wind power in the
RepublicofSerbiaisexpectedtogrowconsiderably.

Bydetailedplanning,adequatesiteselectionanddispositionofwindenergydevelopments
potential negative impact on wildlife habitats (birds, bats and other) might be minimized.
Conditionsrelatedtotheconservationofnatureandtheenvironment,aswellasparameters
forwildlifemonitoringareprescribedbytheInstituteforNatureConservationofRS/AP.

Guidelines on the Environmental Impact Assessment for Wind Farms (with one or more
generation units) is primarily envisaged as a tool to be used by the staff of institutions
implementing environmental impact assessments process , as well as all other interested
parties. The Guidelines give an overview of the legal framework, basic information
concerningtheplanningprocessanddetailedinformationandguidelinesconcerningimpact
assessment,identifyingthepotentialeffectsthatwindfarmsmayhaveontheenvironment.
In developing the Guidelines, the recommendations and examples from current European
practice were used, while the whole procedure is presented in the context of the Serbian
law.

38

REFERENCES
______________________________________________________________________________________

1) LawonEnvironmentalProtection("OfficialJournalRS",No.135/04iNo.36/09)
2) LawonStrategicEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(OfficialJournalRS,No.135/04)
3) Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (Official Journal RS, No. 135/04 and No.
36/09)
4) Law on Ratification of the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a
TransboundaryContext("OfficialJournalRS"InternationalTreaties,No.102/07)
5) Rules on Public Access, Presentation and Public Debate on Environmental Impact
Assessment("OfficialJournalRS",No.69/05)
6) Rules on Requirements and Criteria for the Conducting Environmental Impact
AssessmentsforFacilitiesandOperations("OfficialJournalRS",No.49/01)
7) OperatingRulesoftheTechnicalCommitteefortheEvaluationofEnvironmentalImpact
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8) RulesontheContentoftheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment("OfficialJournalRS",No.
69/05)
9) Rules on the Content, LayOut and Management Procedure for the Public Book on the
EnforcementofProceduresandDecisionsonEnvironmentalImpactAssessment("Official
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10) RulesontheContentofApplicationsfortheNeedofEnvironmentalImpactAssessment
and the Content of the Applications for Determining the Scope and Content of the
EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentStudy("OfficialJournalRS",No.69/05)
11) DecreeonDeterminingtheListofProjectsRequiringMandatoryEnvironmentalImpact
Assessment and List of Projects Requiring Optional Environmental Impact Assessment
("OfficialJournalRS",No.114/08)
12) LawonIntegratedPreventionandMonitoringofEvironmentalPollution("OfficialJournal
RS",No.135/04)
13) LawontheConservationofNature("OfficialJournalRS",No.36/09)
14) RulesontheRegistryofProtectedNaturalResources("OfficialJournalRS",No.30/92)
15) DecreeontheProtectionofNaturalRarities("OfficialJournalRS",No.50/93,93/93)
16) Rules on the Protection of Strictly Protected and Protected Wild Species of Plants,
AnimalsandFungi("OfficialJournalRS",No.5/10")
17) Rules on the Categorization of Protected Natural Resources ("Official Journal RS", No.
30/92)
18) LawonProtectionfromNoiseintheEnvironment("Sl.glasnikRS",br.36/2009)
19) RulesonPermittedNoiseLevelintheEnvironment("OfficialJournalRS",No.54/92)
20) Law on the Ratification of the Convention on Conservation of European Wildlie and
NaturalHabitats("OfficialJournalRS",InternationalTreaties,No.102/07)
21) Law on Ratification of the Convention of Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild
Animals("OfficialGazetteRS",InternationalTreaties,No.102/07)
22) LawonPlanningandConstruction("OfficialGazetteRS",No.72/09)
23) LawonSpatialPlanningoftheRepublicofSerbia("OfficialJournalRS",No.13/96)
24) Urban plans of local selfgovernments units Rulebook on Contents, Modes of
Completion,ModalitiesforImplementingExpertInspectionofUrbanPlans,aswellason

39

Requirements and Modalities for Public Access to the Plan (Official Journal RS, No.
12/2004)
25) LawonEnergy("OfficialJournalRS",No.84/04)
26) Law on Ratification of the Treaty establishing the Energy Community between the
European Community and the Republic of Albania, Republic of Bulgaria, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Republic of Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Republic of
Montenegro,Romania,RepublicofSerbiaandtheUnitedNationsInterimAdministration
Mission in Kosovo pursuant to Resolution 1244 of the United Nations Security Council
("Official Journal RS", No. 62/06) Decree on Conditions for Electricity Supply ("Official
JournalRS",No.107/05)
27) DecreeonConditionsforElectricitySupply("OfficialJournalRS",No.107/05)
28) RulesonCriteriaforIssuingEnergyPermits,ContentsofApplicationandProcedurefor
IssuingEnergyPermits("OfficialJournalRS",No.23/2006)
29) RulesonRequirementwithrespecttoExpertStaffandProcedurefortheIssuanceand
RevocationofaPermitforCarryingOutEnergyRelatedActivities("OfficialJournalRS",
No.117/05,40/06and44/06)
30) Decree on Amendments to the Decree on Determining an Energy Development
Implementation Programme of the Republic of Serbia until 2015 for the period from
20072012(OfficialJournal,No.72/09)
31) DecreeonPrivilegedElectricityProducers("OfficialJournalRS",No.72/2009)
32) DecreeonIncentivesfortheGenerationofPowerfromRenewableEnergySourcesand
CogenerationofElectricityandHeat(OfficialJournalRS,No.99/09)
33) EnergyDevelopmentStrategyoftheRepublicofSerbia("OfficialJournalRS",No.44/05)
34) Energy Development Strategy Implementation Programme of the Republic of Serbia
("OfficialJournalRS",No.17/07)
35) LawonPublicEnterprisesandCarryingOutActivitiesofPublicInterest("OfficialJournal
RS",No.25/00,25/02,107/05and108/05)
36) LawonAirTraffic("OfficialJournalRS",No.12/98,5/99,44/99,5/00,70/01)
37) LawonWaters("OfficialJournalRS",No.46/91,53/93,54/96)
38) DecreeontheFeeforUseofWater,FeeforProtectionofWaterandFeeforExtraction
ofMaterialsfromWaterwaysfor2009("OfficialJournalRS",No.27/07)
39) RulesontheContentoftheTechnicalDocumentationtobeSubmittedintheProcedure
for Obtaining Water Management Approval and Water Management License ("Official
JournalRS",No.3/78)
40) LawonGeologicalSurveys(OfficialJournalRS,No.44/95)
41) LawonTelecommunications(OfficialJournalRS,No.44/03)
42) EuropeanCommission,GuidanceonEnvironmentalImpactAssessment,Screening,June
2001
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/eiaguidelines/gscreeningfulltext.pdf,
November2009
43) http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/Environment/Miscellaneous/FileDownLoad,1804
,en.pdf,November2009
44) http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0042:EN:NOT,
November2009
45) http://www.windatlas.dk/europe/landmap.html,November2009
46) EU Directive 85/337/EEC: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/eialegalcontext.htm,
November2009

40

47) MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanning:http://www.ekoplan.gov.rs/src/Glavna0
document.htm,November2009
48) AgencyforEnvironmentalProtectionoftheRepublicofSerbiahttp://www.sepa.gov.rs,
November2009
49) Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia: http://www.natureprotection.org.rs/,
November2009
50) Ministry of Mining and Energy of the Republic of Serbia: http://www.mem.gov.rs,
November2009
51) EnergyAgencyoftheRepublicofSerbia:http://www.aers.rs,November2009
52) ProvincialSecretariatforEnergyandMineralResources
http://www.psemr.vojvodina.gov.sr,November2009
53) InstituteforMultidisciplinaryResearc.http://vetarsunce.imsi.rs/home.php
54) EuropeanWindEnergyAssociation:http://www.ewea.org
55) GlobalWindEnergyCouncil:http://www.gwec.net
56) AmericanWindEnergyAssociation:http://www.awea.org
57) RenewableUK,formerlyknownasBritishWindEnergyAssociation
http://www.bwea.com/ref/tech.html
58) http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Generateyourownenergy/Windturbines
59) http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/marketwire/0597926.htm
60) http://www.therenewableenergycentre.co.uk/windpower/
61) http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMFindResults.asp&INa
m=&Reg=7&Cty=271,novembar,2009./InternationalBirdlifeAssociationIBA:
http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMFindResults.asp&INa
m=&Reg=7&Cty=271,November,2009
62) ElectricPowerIndustryofSerbia(EPS):http://www.eps.rs/onama.htm,November2009
63) http://energija.wordpress.com/2009/01/05/potencijalenergijevetrausrbiji/,
November,2009
64) Planningguidelinesandnearfuturewindturbinetechnology:
http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/DevelopmentandHousing/Planning/FileDownLoa
d,1633,en.pdf
65) Interim guidelines to avoid and minimize wildlife impcts from wind turbines, U.S. Fish
andWildlifeService,Washington,2003
66) http://www.fws.gov/habitatconservation/wind.pdfRodrigues,L.,L.Bach,M.J.Dubourg
Savage,J.Goodwin&C.Harbusch(2008):Guidelinesforconsiderationofbatsinwind
farmprojects.EUROBATSPublicationSeriesNo.3(Englishversion).UNEP/EUROBATS
Secretariat,Bonn,Germany,51pp.
67) http://www.serbia
energy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=23&Itemi
d=28
68) EurObservER:http://www.eurobserver.org/pdf/baro195.pdf;Barometarenergijevetra,
studija koju je izveo Eurobserver / EurObservER: http://www.eurobserv
er.org/pdf/baro195.pdfWindpowerbarometer,AstudycarriedoutbyEurObservER.
69) Germany Environmental Impact Assessment for Wind Turbines Scheme by Manfred
Bookholdt,BadDoberanCountyCouncil,PlanningDepartment/
70) Wind farm development and nature conservation, English Nature, RSPB, WWFUK,
BWEA,March2001
71) http://www.rpkpancevo.com/akti/temaobnovljivi.pdf
41

72) http://www.yubuild.rs/index.php/201001128998/Investicije/Malevetroelektrane
mogucenaperiferijiiliobalamareka.htm
73) http://www.elektroenergetika.info/srceli.php?sifra=1500&strana=

42

ANNEXES

43


ANNEX1.WINDATLASOFSERBIA
Averagewindpowerat100m15altitude,JanuaryandJuly.

Average wind power at 100 m altitude (in

January)

Averagewindpowerat100maltitude
(inJuly)

15

InstituteforMultidisciplinaryResearch:http://vetarsunce.imsi.rs/home.php,March2010

44

ANNEX2:LISTOFRELEVANTREGULATIONSINTHEFIELDOF
PLANNINGANDCONSTRUCTIONOFWINDENERGYDEVELOPMENTS
ANDPRODUCTIONOFELECTRICITYINTHEREPUBLICOFSERBIA

1) LawonPlanningandConstruction(OfficialJournalRS No.72/09)
2) LawonSpatialPlanningoftheRepublicofSerbia("OJRS",No.13/96)
3) Urban plans of local selfgovernments units Rulebook on Contents, Development
Modalities, Modalities for CarryingOut Expert Inspection of Urban Plans, as well as on
ConditionsandModesforPublicAccesstothePlan(OfficialJournalRS,No.12/2004)
4) LawonEnergy("OfficialJournalRS",No.84/04)
5) Law on Ratification of the Treaty establishing an Energy Community between the
European Community and the Republic of Albania, Republic of Bulgaria, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Republic of Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Republic of
Montenegro,Romania,RepublicofSerbiaandtheUnitedNationsInterimAdministration
Mission in Kosovo in accordance with Resolution 1244 of the United Nations Security
Council ("Official Journal RS", No. 62/06) Decree on Conditions for Electricity Supply
("OfficialJournalRS",No.107/05)
6) DecreeonConditionsforElectricitySupply("OfficialJournalRS",No.107/05)
7) Rules on Criteria for Issuing Energy Permits, on the Contents of the Application and
ProceduresforIssuingEnergyPermits("Sl.glasnikRS",br.23/2006)
8) RulesonRequirementsforExpertStaffandProcedurefortheIssuanceandRevocationof
a License for Carrying Out EnergyRelated Activities ("Official Journal RS", No. 117/05,
40/06and44/06)
9) DecreeonAmendmentstotheDecreeonDeterminingtheEnergyDevelopmentStrategy
Implementation Programme of the Republic of Serbia until 2015 for the period from
2007to2012(OfficialGazetteNo.72/09)
74) DecreeonPrivilegedElectricityProducers("OfficialJournalRS",No.99/2009)
10) DecreeonIncentivesfortheGenerationofPowerfromRenewableEnergySourcesand
CogenerationofElectricityandHeat(OJRS,No.72/09)
11) EnergyDevelopmentStrategyoftheRepublicofSerbia("OfficialJournalRS",No.44/05)
12) Energy Development Strategy Implementation Programme of the Republic of Serbia
("OfficialJournalRS",No.17/07)
13) LawonPublicEnterprisesandConductingActivitiesofGeneralInterest("Sl.glasnikRS",
br.25/00,25/02,107/05i108/05)
14) LawonAirTraffic("OfficialJournalRS",No.12/98,5/99,44/99,5/00,70/01)
15) LawonWaters("OfficialJournalRS",No.46/91,53/93,54/96)
16) Decree on Fees for Water Use, Water Conservation and Removal of Material from
Waterwaysfor2009("OfficialJournalRS",No.27/07)
17) Rules on the Contents of Technical Documentation Submitted in the Procedure for
Obtaining a Water Management Approval and Water Management License ("Official
JournalRS",No.3/78)
18) LawonGeologicalSurveys(OfficialJournalRS,No.44/95)
19) LawonTelecommunications(OfficialJournalRS,No.44/03)

45

ANNEX3:CONTENTSOFTHEREQUESTFORENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTASSESSMENTSCREENING
1.InformationonDeveloper
Business name, personal name; registered office address, address of residence; telephone
number;fax;email.

2.CharacteristicsoftheDevelopment
(a)sizeofdevelopment;
(b)possiblecumulativeeffectswithotherdevelopments;
(v)useofnaturalresourcesandenergy;
(g)generationofwaste;
(d)pollutionandcausingdiscomfort;
() risk of accidents, particularly with regard to substances used or techniques applied, in
accordancewithregulations.

3.DevelopmentLocation
Environmentsensitivityingivengeographicalareasthatmaybeexposedtoharmfulimpact
oftheproject,particularlywithregardto:
(a)existinglanduse;
(b)relativescope,qualityandregenerationcapacityofnaturalresourcesinthegivenarea;
(v)absorptionqualityofenvironment,withparticularattentionpaidtobogs,coastalareas,
mountain and woodland areas, designated areas (natural and cultural assets and densesly
populatedareas)

4.CharacteristicsofPotentialImpact
Potentialsignificantimpactsoftheproject,inparticular:
(a)scopeofimpact(geographicareaandnumbersofpopulationexposedtorisk)
(b)natureoftransboundaryimpact;
(v)scaleandcomplexityofimpact;
(g)likelihoodofimpact;
(d)duration,frequencyandlikelihoodofrepeatedimpact.

46

BRIEFPROJECTDESCRIPTION

No.
Question

1
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

YES/NO
BriefProject
Description

2
Doesimplementation,operationor
decommissioningentailactivitiesthatwill
causephysicalchangesonthesite
(topography,useofsoil,changesin
waterways)?
Doesimplementationoroperationofthe
developmententailutilisationofnatural
resourcessuchassoil,water,materialsor
energy,particularlyresourcesthatarenot
renewableorarehardtoprovide?
Doestheprojectinvolveutilisation,storage,
transportation,handlingormanufacturing
materialsthatmaybeharmfultohumanhealth
orenvironmentorthatmaycauseconcern
overexistingorpotentialriskstohuman
health?
Willsolidwastebegeneratedbytheproject
duringworks,operationorfollowingthe
decommissioning?
Willthedevelopmentproduceemissionof
pollutantsoranyhazardous,toxicor
discomfortingaircontaminants?
Willtheprojectcausenoiseandvibration,
emissonoflight,heatenergyor
electromagneticradiation?
Doestheprojectleadtoriskofsoilorwater
contaminationbypollutantsemittedonthe
soilorintosurfaceorgroundwaters?
Duringtheimplementationoroperationofthe
development,willtherebeanyriskof
accidentsthatmayendangerhumanhealthor
environment?
Willtheprojectleadtosocialchanges,e.g.in
thedemographicsense,inthetraditionalway
oflife,employment?
Arethereanyotherfactorsthatshouldbe
analysed,suchasdevelopmentthatisto
follow,thatcouldleadtoeffectson

Willithave
significant
consequences?
YES/NOand
why?
4

47

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.
19.

20.

21.

environmentorcumulativeimpactwithother,
existingorplannedactivitiesonthesite.
Arethereanyareas,onthesiteorinits
proximity,designatedbyinternationalor
domesticregulationsduetotheirecological,
landscape,culturalorothervaluesthatcanbe
affectedbytheimpactoftheproject?
Arethereanyareas,onthesiteorinits
proximity,importantorsensitivedueto
ecologicalreasons,forinstance,bogs,
waterwaysorotherbodiesofwater,mountain
areasorwoodlands,thatcanbepollutedby
theimplementationoftheproject?
Arethereanyareas,onsiteorinitsproximity
thatareusedbyprotected,importantor
sensitivespeciesoffaunaandflora,e.g.for
habitation,hatching,growingup,resting,
spendingwintersandmigration,whichcanbe
pollutedbytheimplementationoftheproject?
Isthereanysurfaceorgroundwatersonsiteor
initsproximitythatcanbeaffectedbythe
projectimpact?
Arethereareasornaturalformsofhigh
ambientvalueonthesiteornearitthatcanbe
affectedbytheprojectimpact?
Arethereanyroutesorobjectsusedfor
recreationalpurposesorotherobjectsonthe
siteorinitsvicinitythatcanbeaffectedbythe
projectimpact?
Arethereanytransportationroutesthatcanbe
cloggedorthatcancauseenvironmentalissues
onthesiteornearit,whichcanbeaffectedby
projectimpact?
Istheprojectlocatedonsitewhereitislikely
tobevisibletoalargenumberofpeople?
Arethereanyareasorsitesofhistoricor
culturalsignificanceonthesiteorinits
proximitythatcanbeaffectedbyproject
impact?
Istheprojectlocatedonasiteinapreviously
undevelopedareawhichwillsufferlossof
greensurfacesonitsaccount?
Islandontheprojectsiteorinitsproximity
utilisedforhouses,gardens,otherprivate
purposes,industrialorcommercialactivities,
recreation,aspublicopenspace,forpublic

48

buildings,agriculture,woodlands,tourism,
miningorotheractivitiesthatcanbeaffected
bytheprojectimpact?
22.
Arethereplansforfutureuseoflandonsiteor

itsvicinitythatcanbeaffectedbyproject
impact?
23.
Aretheredenselypopulatedorbuiltareason

thesiteorinitsvicinitythatcanbeaffectedby
projectimpact?
24.
Arethereanyareasoccupiedbyspecific

(sensitive)landuseonthesiteorinits
proximity,suchashospitals,schools,placesof
worship,publicbuildingsthatcanbeaffected
byprojectimpact?
25.
Arethereanyareaswithimportant,high

qualityorrareresources(e.g.groundwaters,
surfacewaters,woodlands,agriculture,fishing,
huntingandotherareas,designatednatural
assets,mineralstocketc.)onthesiteorinits
proximitythatcanbeaffectedbyproject
impact?
26.
Arethereareasonornearthesitealready

sufferingfrompollutionorenvironmental
damage(e.g.whereexistinglegal
environmentalnormshavebeenoverstepped)
thatcanbeaffectedbyprojectimpact?
27.
Istheprojectsiteendangeredbyearthquakes,

groundsettling,landslides,erosion,floodsor
recurringclimateconditions(e.g.differencein
temperature,fog,strongwinds)thatcanlead
totheprojectcausingproblemsinthe
environment?
Summaryofprojectcharacteristicsanditslocationwithindicationsoftheneedfor
conductinganEnvironmentalImpactAssessment:

49

ANNEX4:CONTENTSOFTHEREQUESTFORENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTASSESSMENTSCOPING

1.InformationonDeveloper
Business name, personal name; registered office address, address of residence; telephone
number;fax;email.

2.ProjectDescription
(a) description of physical properties of projects and requirements for land use in the
implementationphaseandinthedaytodayoperationphase;
(b)descriptionofthemainpropertiesoftheproductionprocedure(natureandamountof
materialutilisation);
(c)assessmentofthetypeandamountofexpectedwastematerialsandemissionsasaresult
ofregularprojectoperation:
waterpollution;
pollutionofairandsoil
noise,vibration;
light,heat,radiation,etc.

3. Overview of the main alternatives examined by the developer and the most important
reasonsfordecisionmaking,takingintoconsiderationenvironmentimpact.

4.Descriptionofenvironmentalfactorslikelytoincursignificantexposuretoriskasaresult
ofprojectimplementation,including:
(a)population;
(b)fauna;
(v)flora;
(g)soil
(d)water
()air;
(e)climatefactors;
()buildings;
(z)realculturalassetsandarchaeologicalfindings;
(i)landscapeand
(j)relationsbetweemthelistedfactors.

5. Description of potential significant environmental impacts of the project (direct and

indirect, secondary, cumulative, shortterm, mediumterm and longterm, permanent,
temporary,positiveandnegative)whichcanbearesultof:
(a)theexistenceoftheproject;
(b)useofnaturalresources;
(v)emissionofpollutants,causingdiscomfortandwasteremoval;

50

as well as description of forecasting methods used in the evaluation of environmental

impact.

6.Descriptionofmeasuresenvisagedfortheprevention,mitigationorremediationofany
significantharmfuleffectsontheenvironment.

7.Nontechnicalsummaryofinformationfrom2to6.

8. Data on potential difficulties (technical shortcomings or lack of adequate expertise and

skills)whichthedeveloperencountered.

51

PARTI
Projectcharacteristics

No.

1
1.

1.1

1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15

Question

YES/NO What
Cantherebe
characteristics
significant
oftheproject
consequences?
surroundings
Why?
canbeaffected
bytheimpact
andhow?
2
3
4
5
Doestheimplementation,operationordecommissioningofthedevelopmententail
activitiesthatwillcausephysicalchangesonthesite(topography,landuse,between
bodiesofwateretc.)?
Permanentortemporarychanges

intheuseofland,surfacelayeror
topography,includingtheincrease
inintensityofutilisation?
Clearingexistingland,vegetation

orbuildings?
Occurrenceofanewaspectofland

use?
Preliminaryworks,e.g.wells,land

probes?
Constructionworks?

Bringingthesiteintoasatisfactory

conditionfollowingthecessation
oftheproject?
Temporarylocationsfor

constructionworksorhousing
constructionworkers?
Surfacebuildings,structuresor

landworks,includingcuttinglinear
objects,fillingorpits?
Undergroundworks,including

miningandtunneling?
Drainageworks?

Desilting?

Industrialandcraftingproduction

processes
Storagefacilitiesforgoodsand

materials?
Facilitiesfortreatmentorstorage
ofsolidwasteorliquideffluents?
Facilitiesforlongtermhousingof

52

1.16

1.17

1.18

1.19
1.20

1.21
1.22

1.23

1.24

1.25

1.26

1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
2.

2.1

onsiteworkers?
Newroad,railroadorriver

transportationduringconstruction
orexploitation?
Newroad,railroad,airtraffic,

watertransportationsorother
transportationinfrastructure,
includingneworalteredroutes
andstations,ports,airportsetc?
Closingordivertingexisting

transportationroutsor
infrastructureleadingtowards
changesintrafficmovement?
Newordivertedtransmissionlines

orductspipelines?
Costructionofbarriers,dams,

exhausts,regulationorother
changesinhydrologyofwaterways
oraquifers?
Waterwaycrossings?

Pumpingortransferringwater

fromgroundwaterorsurface
sources?
Changesinwaterwaysoronthe

surfaceoflandaffectingdrainage
oroutflow?
Transportationofstafformaterials

forconstruction,driveorcomplete
cessation?
Longtermworksondismantling,

decommissioningor
reinstatement?
Ongoingactivitiesduring

decommissioningthatcanhave
environmentalimpact?
Influxofpeopletothearea,

temporaryorpermanent?
Introducingnewanimalandplant

species?
Lossofindigenousspeciesor

geneticandbiologicaldiversity?
Other?

Willtheinstallationoroperationofthefacilitieswithintheprojectentailutilisation
ofnaturalresourcessuchasland,water,materialsorenergy,particularlythose
resourcesthatarenotrenewableorarehardtorenew?
Land,particularlyunbuiltor

53

2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

agriculturalland?
Water?

Minerals?

Rock,gravel,sand?

Forestsandutilisationofwood?

Power,includingelectric,andliquid

fuels?
Otherresources?

Doestheprojectentailuse,storage,transportation,handlingorproductionof
substancesormaterialsthatcanbeharmfultohumanhealthorenvironmentand
causeconcernoverexistingorpossibleriskstohumanhealth?
Doesprojectentailutilisationof

substancesormaterialsthatare
toxicorhazardoustohumanhealth
orenvironment(flora,fauna,water
supply)?
Willtheprojectcausealterationsin

theoccurrenceofdiseasesor
impactdiseasetransmitters(e.g.
diseasestransmittedbyinsectsor
waterbornediseases)?
Willtheprojectimpactthe

wellbeingofthepopulation,e.g.by
alteringlivingconditions?
Arethereanyparticularly

vulnerablegroupsofthe
populationthatcanbeaffectedby
projectimplementation,e.g.
hospitalpatients,theelderly?
Othercauses?

Willanysolidwastebegeneratedduringimplementation,operationor
decommissioning?
Wasterock,dumpofremoved

surfacelayerorminingwaste?
Citywaste(fromresidencesor

commercialwaste)?
Hazardousortoxicwaste

(includingradioactivewaste)?
Otherindustrialprocessingwaste?

Surplusproducts?

Wastesiltorothersiltsasresultsof

treatmentofeffluents?
Constructionwasteordebris?

Surplusofmachineryand

equipment?
Contaminatedgroundorother

54

4.10
4.11
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

5.5
5.6

5.7
6.
6.1

6.2
6.3

6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7

6.8
7.
7.1

material?
Agriculturalwaste?

Othertypeofwaste?

Doesprojectimplementationentailemissionofpollutantsoranyotherhazardous,
toxicorunpleasantsubstancesintotheair?
Emissionsfromstationaryor

mobilefossilfuelburningsources?
Emissionsfromproduction

processes?
Emissionsfromhandledmaterials,

includingstorageandtransport?
Emissionsfromconstruction

activities,includingfacilitiesand
equipment?Dustorunpleasant
odoursgeneratedbyhandling
materialsincludingconstruction
materials,sewageandwaste?
Emissionscausedbywaste

incineration?
Emissionscausedbyburningwaste

outintheopen(e.g.cutmaterial,
constructionwaste)?
Emissionsfromothersources?

Doesprojectimplementationinvolvegeneratingnoiseandvibrationandemitting
light,heatorelectromagneticradiation?
Duetooperationofequipment,

e.g.machines,ventilationfacilities,
crushers?
Fromindustrialorsimilar

processes?
Duetoconstructionworksand

removalofconstructionandother
facilities?
Fromblastsorpiledriving?

Fromconstructionordrivetraffic?

Fromlightingorcoolingsystems?

Fromsourcesofelectromagnetic

radiation(efectsonnearest
sensitiveequipmentandpeople
areincluded)?
Fromothersources?

Doestheimplementationoftheprojectleadtoriskoflandorwatercontamination
duetoemissionofpollutantsintothesoilorsewage,surfaceandgroundwaters?
Duetohandling,storage,

utilisationorleakageofharmfulor
toxicmatters?
55

7.2

7.3
7.4
7.5

8.
8.1

8.2

8.3
8.4

9.
9.1
9.2

9.3

9.4

9.5

9.6

Duetoleakageofsewageand

othereffluents(treatedor
untreated)?
Bydepositionofpollutantsemitted

intotheair,soilorwater?
Fromothersources?

Isthereanylongtermriskfrom

pollutantsintheenvironmentfrom
thesesources?
Duringimplementationandoperationoftheproject,cananyriskofaccidentsarise
thatcanimpacthumanhealthandenvironment?
Fromblasts,leakage,fireetc.

duringstorage,handling,utilisation
orproductionofharmfulortoxic
matters?
Forreasonsbezondthelimitsof

usualenvironmentprotection,e.g.
failuresinpollutioncontrole
systems?
Forotherreasons?

Becauseofnaturaldisasters(e.g.

floods,earthquakes,landslides
etc)?
Willtheprojectleadtosocialchanges,e.g.indemographics,traditionalwayoflife,
employment?
Changesinsizeofthepopulation,

agerange,structure,socialgroups?
Displacementofpopulationor

demolitionofhousesand
settlementsandpublicobjectsin
settlements,e.g.schools,hospitals,
socialstructures?
Throughsettlementofnew

inhabitantsorcreationofnew
communities?
Makingincreaseddemandson

localinfrastructureorservices,
suchashousing,education,
healthcare?
Creatingnewjobsduring

constructionorexploitationor
causingjoblosseswith
consequencestoemployment
ratesandeconomy?
Othercauses?

56

10.

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

10.5

Arethereanyotherfactorstobeconsidered,suchasfurtherdevelopmentthatcan
leadtoeffectsontheenvironmentorcumulativeinfluencewithotherexistingand
plannedactivitiesonthesite?
Willtheprojectleadtopressures

towardsfurtherdevelopmentthat
canhavesignificantenvironmental
impact,e.g.increasedpopulation,
newroads,newdevelopmentof
accompanyingindustrycapacities
orpublicservicesetc?
Willtheprojectleadto

developmentofaccompanying
structures,supporting
developmentordevelopment
encouragedbytheprojectthatcan
haveenvironmentalimpact,e.g.
accompanyinginfrastructures
(roads,electricpowersupply,solid
wasteortreatmentofwaste
watersetc),developmentof
settlements,extractiveindustry,
suppliesetc
Willtheprojectleadtosubsequent

useofthelocationthatwillhave
environmentimpact?
Willtheprojectenablefuture

developmentfollowingthesame
model?
Willtheprojecthavecumulative

effectduetoproximityofother
existingorplannedprojectwith
similareffects?

57


PARTII
Propertiesofthewiderareawhereprojectimplementationisproposed

For each project characteristic listed, it has to be considered whether some of the listed
environmentalcomponentscouldbeaffectedbyprojectimpact.
QUESTION: Arethereanyenvironmentalfeaturesonoraroundtheprojectsitethatcan
beaffectedbyprojectimpact:

1) protectedareasdesignatedbyinternational,nationalorlocalregulations,
duetotheirnatural,landscapeorothervalues,whichcanbeaffectedby
projectimpact;
2) otherareasimportantorsensitiveduetotheirecology,e.g.bogs,
waterwaysorotherbodiesofwater,mountainareas,forestsand
woodland;
3) areasusedbyprotected,importantorsensitivetypesoffloraandfauna,
e.g.forgrowthanddevelopment,mating,resting,wintering,migration,
whichcanbeaffectedbyprojectimpact;
4) internalsurfacewatersandgroundwaters;
5) protectednaturalassets;
6) routesorobjectsusedforpublicaccesstorecreationalorotherfacilities;
7) transportationroutespronetocloggingorthosethatcancause
environmentalproblems;
8) Areasinwhichrealculturalassetsarelocated;
QUESTION:
QUESTION:
QUESTION:

QUESTION:
QUESTION:

Istheprojectlocatedonasitewhereitwilllikelybevisibletoalargenumber
ofpeople?
is the project located on a previously unbuilt site, where the loss of green
areaswilloccur?
Is the project site or the surrounding grounds that will be affected by the
projectimpactusedforcertainprivateorpublicpurposes?
1)houses,gardensandotherprivateproperty;
2)industry;
3commerce;
4)recreation;
5)publicopenspaces;
6)publicbuildings;
7)agriculture;
8)forestry;
9)tourism;
10)mines,quarriesetc.
Are there any plans for future utilisation of land on site or its vicinity that
couldbeaffectedbyprojectimpact?
Arethereanyareasonsiteorinitssurroundingsthataredenselypopulated,
thatcouldbeaffectedbyprojectimpact?

58

QUESTION:

QUESTION:

QUESTION:

QUESTION:

QUESTION:

QUESTION:

Arethereanyareasofsensitivelanduseonsiteorinitsvicinitythatcanbe
affectedbyprojectimpact?
1)hospitals;
2)schools;
3)placesofworship
4)hospitals.
Are there any areas on site or in its vicinity with important, high quality or
dwindllingresourcesthatcouldbeaffectedbyprojectimpact:
1)groundwaters;
2)surfacewaters;
3)forests;
4)agriculturalland;
5)fishingarea;
6)touristarea;
7)mineralstock.
Are there any areas on the project site or in its proximity that are already
sufferingfrompollution orenvironmentaldamage,e.g.whereexistinglegal
environmental standards have been exceeded, which can be affected by
projectimpact.
Istheprojectsitelikelytobeaffectedbyearthquakes,subsidence,landslides,
erosion, floods or extreme climate conditions, such as temperature
differences, fogs, strong winds, that can lead to the project causing
environmentalproblems?
Are the projects emissions likely to have consequences on the quality of
environmentalfactors:
1)climate,includingmicroclimateandlocalandbroaderclimateconditions;
2)hydrologice.g.amount,floworlevelsofgroundwatersandwatersin
riversandlakes;
3)pedologicale.g.amount,depth,humidity;
4)geomorphologicale.g.stabilityorerosiveness;
Is it likely that project will impact accessibility or availability of resources,
locallyorglobally:
1)fossilfuels;
2)waters;
3)mineralstock,rock,sand,gravel;
4)wood;
5)othernonrenewableresources
6) onsite infrastructural capacities water, sewage, production and
transmission of electricity, telecommunications, routes for waste disposal,
railroads.

59

QUESTION:

Isitlikelythattheprojectwillimpacthumanhealthandthewellbeingofthe
community?
1)Qualityandtoxicityofair,water,foodproductsandotherpruductsfor
humanconsumption;
2)ratesofdiseaseandmortalityofindividuals,communityorpopulationdue
toexposuretopollution;
3)occurrenceordistributionofdiseasecarriers,includinginsects;
4)vulnerabilityofindividals,communitiesorpupulationtodiseases;
5)individualspersonalfeelingofsafety;
6)cohesionandidentityofthecommunity;
7)culturalidentityandunity;
8)minorityrights;
9)housingconditions;
10)employmentandqualityofjobs;
11)economicconditions;
12)socialinstitutionsetal.

60

NNEX5:CHECKLISTFORPOTENTIALIMPACTOFWINDFARMSON
NATURECONSERVATION

Annex5isanoverviewofthepotentialimpactonnature,whichmighthavetobetakeninto
consideration in the process of environmental monitoring/research in order to assess the
impactofthewindfarmdevelopmentontheenvironement16.Thelistisnotfinal,i.e.itcan
beexpandedifneeded.

Theimpactonthelivingworldmustbeexaminedfromthetemporal,spatialandcumulative
aspect:

Temporal
Preinstallation
Construction
Operation
Decommissioning

Spatial
Onsite/offsitebufferarea/areaofinfluence
Cableroute
Other(egconstructionsite,spoildisposalsites)

Cumulative:
Duringtheoperationofthedevelopment,overtime
Incombinationwithotherwindfarms
Incombinationwithotherprojects/activities

16

Windfarmdevelopmentandnatureconservation,EnglishNature,RSPB,WWFUK,BWEA,March2001
61


CHECKLISTOFPOSSIBLEIMPACTSOFRELEVANCETONATURECONSERVATION

#
Impactonthelivingworld
Timeframe
Yes/No
1
Directhabitatloss(eg.onsite,cable
c/o

route)andassociatedbiologicalimpacts
(eg.reducedbiodiversity,lossof
feeding/breedinghabitats)
2
Habitatdamage(eg.onsite,accessroads, p/c/o/d

cableroute,anchoring)andassociated
biologicalimpacts(eg.reducedspecies
diversity,lossoffeeding/breedinghabitat,
changesinlivestockmanagement
regimes)
3
Introductionofnewsubstrate/habitat
c/o

4
Interferencewith
c/o

geological/geomorphologicalprocesses
(eg.slopeprocesses)
5
Interferencewithhydrologicalprocesses c/o

(eg.increasedrunofffromuplandsites,
increasederosion)
6
Pollution(particularlytoxic)
p/c/o/d

7
Disturbancetomobilespecies(eg.

mammalsandbirdsduringmigration,

feeding,breeding,etc.)

i)shadowflicker
i)o
ii)noise
ii)c/o/d
iii)vibration
iii)c/o
iv)lighting
iv)c/o
8
Birdcollision
o

9
Associatedinfrastructure:

i)Access(tracks/roads)
i)p/c/o/d
ii)Visitorcentres(disturbance)
ii)c/o/d
iii)Overheadpowerlines
iii)c/o
10 Vehiclemovemements(disturbance)
p/c/o/d

p=preconstruction,c=constructionphase,o=operationphase,d=decommissioning

In addition to the above impacts, there are landscape, cultural impacts and impacts of
associated infrastructure, which could be indirectly linked to nature conservation (eg.
changeinlanduseetc.).

62

ANNEX6:CONTENTSOFTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACT
ASSESSMENTSTUDY
TheRulesontheContentoftheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentStudy(OfficialJournal
RS, No. 69/05) prescribes in more detail the content of the Environmental Impact
Assessment.TheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentcontains(Art.2):

1)dataondeveloper;
2)descriptionofthesitedesignatedforprojectimplementation;
3)descriptionoftheproject;
4)overviewofthemainalternativesconsideredbythedeveloper;
5)overviewofthestatusoftheenvironmentonthesiteandinitsclosesurroundings(micro
andmacrolocation;
6)descriptionofthepotentialsignificantimpactoftheprojectontheenvironment;
7)environmentalimpactassessmentintheeventofanaccident;
8) description of measures envisaged for the prevention, mitigation and, where possible,
remediationofanysignificantharmfulimpactontheenvironment;
9)environmentalmonitoringprogramme;
10)nontechnicalbriefoverviewofdatalistedinitem2)to9);
11)dataontechnicalshortcomingsandlackofadequateexpertiseandtechnicalskillsorthe
inabilitytocollectadequatedata.

TheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentalsocontainsbasicinformationonitsauthors,onthe
responsible person, the date of completion, the signature of the authorized person and
verificationofthesignaturewiththestampofthelicensedorganizationthatproducedthe
study.

The description of the site designated for the implementation of the project contains in
particular(Art.3):
1)acopyofthemapofthelandlotsdesignatedforthedevelopmentoftheproject,withthe
layoutofallstructures;
2) data on the required land surface area in m2 during construction works, with the
descriptionofthephysicalpropertiesandacartographicviewintherequiredscale,aswell
asofthesurfaceareawhichwillbecoveredwhentheprojectisfinalized;
3) overview of the pedological, geomorphological, geological and hydrogeological and
seismologicalpropertiesoftheterrain;
4) data on watersupply sources (distance, capacity, endangeredness, sanitary protection
zones)andonthebasichydrologicalproperties;
5)overviewofclimatepropertieswiththeappropriatemeteorologicalindicators;
6) description of flora and fauna, natural properties of special value, (protected) rare and
endangeredplantandanimalspeciesandtheirhabitatsandvegetation;
7)overviewofthemainpropertiesofthelandscape;
8)overviewofrealculturalassets;
9)dataonpopulationdensity,concentrationanddemographicpropertiesinrelationtothe
structuresandactivities;

63

10) data on existing commercial and residential structures and infrastructure and
suprastructurefacilities.

Depending on the features of the area, the site description also contains descriptions and
data on other protected areas, areas designated for scientific research, on archaeological
findings,particularlyvulnerableareas,specialpurposeareasandsimilar.

Theprojectdescriptioncontainsinparticular(Art.4):
1)descriptionofpreliminaryworksonprojectimplementation;
2) description of the structure, the planned production process or activities, their
technologicalandotherproperties;
3) overview of the type and quantity of required energy and fuels, water, raw materials,
constructionmaterialsrequiredandother;
4)overviewofthetypeandquantityofgases,waterandotherfluidorgaseouspollutants
released, viewed by technological unit, including emissions into the air, discharges into
surfaceorgroundwaterrecipients,depositofmaterialsontheland,noicevibrations,heat,
radiation(ionizingandnonionizing)andother;
5) overview of the waste treatment technology (processing, recycling, depositing and
similar);
6) overview of the environmental impact of the proposed solution and that of other
technologicalsolutionsconsidered.

The overview of the main alternatives (Art. 5) considered by the developer, with an
explanationofthemainargumentsforchoosingaparticularsolutionandtheimpactofthat
choiceontheenvironmentcontains:
1)locationorroute;
2)productionprocessesortechnology;
3)methodsofwork;
4)sitemapsanddraftprojects;
5)typeandchoiceofmaterials;
6)scheduleofprojectimplementation;
7)operationanddecommissioning;
8)startandenddate;
9)productionvolume;
10)pollutionmonitoring;
11)regulationofwastedisposal;
12)regulationofaccessandroads;
13)responsibilityandprocedureforenvironmentalmanagement;
14)training;
15)monitoring;
16)contingencyplans;
17)procedurefordecommissioning,restorationofthelocationanditsfurtheruse.

Thedescriptionoftheenvironmentalfactors(Art.6)thatarelikelytoincursignificantrisk
asaconsequenceofprojectimplementationconsistsof,specifically:
1)population;
2)faunaandflora;
64

3)land,waterandair;
4)climatefactors;
5)buildings,realculturalassets,archaeologicalfindingsandambientcomplexes;
6)landscape;
7)mutualrelationoflistedfactors.

Thedescriptionofpotentialimpactsoftheprojectontheenvironment(Art.7)containsa
qualitative and quantitative overview of the potential changes to the environment during
theimplementationoftheproject,regularoperationandintheeventofacontingency,as
wellasanassessmentofwhetherthesechangesareofatemporaryorpermanentnature,
particularlywithregardto:
1)air,water,landquality,noiselevel,vibrationintensity,hatandradiation;
2)populationhealth;
3)meteorologicalparametersandclimateproperties;
4)ecosystem;
5)populationdensity,concentrationandmigration;
6) designation and use of the surface areas (built and unbuilt surfaces, agricultural, forest
andwaterlanduseandsimilar);
7)publicutilityinfrastructures;
8)naturalpropertiesofspecialvalueandrealculturalpropertiesandtheirsurroundingsand
similar;
9)landscapefeaturesoftheareaandsimilar.

TheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentalsocontainsanoverviewofhazardoussubstances,
their quantities and properties, preventive measures, alertness and accountability
measuresincaseofaccident,aswellasmeasuresfortheeliminationoftheconsequences
oftheaccident,i.e.remediation(Art.8).

The description of the measures for the prevention, mitigation and remediation of any
significant adverse environmental impact (Art. 9) encompasses measures that will be
undertaken for the regulation of the space, the technicaltechnological, sanitaryhygienic,
biological organizational, legal, economic and other measures. The description of the
measuressetforthinpara.1ofthisArticlecontains:
1)measuresforeseenbythelawandotherregulations,normsandstandardsanddeadlines
fortheirenforcement;
2)measuresthatwillbeundertakeninthecaseofaccident;
3)plansandtechnicalenvironmentalprotectionsolutions,(recycling,treatmentanddisposal
ofwastesubstances,recultivation,sanationandother);
4) other measures that can contribute to the prevention or mitigation of harmful
environmentaleffects.

Theenvironmentalmonitoringprogramme(Art.10)contains:
1) overview of the status of the environment prior to the start of project operations on
locationswhereenvironmentalimpactsareexpected;
2)parametersfortheassessmentofharmfulenvironmentaleffects;
3)locations,methodsandfrequencyofthemeasurementofsetparameters.

65

ANNEX7:MoESPORGANIZATIONALSCHEME

MINISTER

Agencyfor
EnvironmentalProtection

Sectorfor
Monitoringand
Evaluation
Sektorzaevr.integraciju,
me.saradnjuiupravljanje
projektima/Sectorfor
EuropeanIntegration,
InternationalCooperation
andProjectManagement
DepartmentforEuropean
Integrationsand
InternationalCooperation

CABINET

SECRETARIAT

SectorforCityPlanning,Spatial
PlanningandHousing

SectorforConstruction,
InvestmentsandBuilding
Land

SectorforPlanningand
Management

SectorforConservationof
NaturalResources

DepartmentforNature
Conservation
Sectionforthe
conservationof
biologicalresources
Sectionfordesignated
areas
Sectionforthe
conservationof
biodiversity
DepartmentforGeological
ResearchandLand

SectionforImplementationofCity
andSpatialPlans

BuildingDepartment

UnitforLegaland
AdministrativeAffairs
UnitforStrategicProgramme
andPlanningDocuments

SectionforHousingAffairs

DepartmentforNormative
Affairs,BuildingLandand
Legalization

DepartmentforIntegrated
Permits

GroupforPreparationofSpatial
andCityPlans

UnitforInvestments

DepartmentforImpact
Assessment

SectionforWaterProtection

DepartmentforProject
Management
UnitforProject
Preparation
UnitforProject
Implemenationand
Monitoring
SectionforClimateChange

Sektorzakontrolui
nadzor/Sectorfor
AuditingandSupervision

SectionforLegaland
AdministrativeAffairs

Protectionofthe
Environmentfrom
Pollution

ProtectionandUseof
NaturalPropertiesand
ResourcesandLand
Protection

Departmentfor
AdministrativeAffairsinthe
FieldofStateSurveyand
RealEstateCadastre

Protectionofnatural
propertiesanduseof
resources
Industrialand
infrastructural
facilitiesandworks
WasteManagement
Department

Industrialwaste
Publicutilitywaste
andspecialwaste
routes
RiskManagementUnit

Naturalproperties

Naturalresources
andland
SectionforAirProtection

Departmentfor
Harmonizationof
Regulations

ProtectionofWaters
fromPollutionand
Fishing

UnitforStandardsand
CleanerProduction

UnitforStrategic
EnvironmentalImpact
Assessments

UnitforProtectionfromNoise
andVibrations

Managementof
HazardousWasteand
OtherWaste
Cooperationofthe
Inspectionwith
InternationalNetworks
Chemicals,Biocidesand
Seveso
Belgrade
Ni
Panevo
BuildingInspectorate
Departmentofthe
Republic
Belgrade
NI
UnitforDams
andEnforcement
ofDecisions
CityInspection
Departmentofthe
Republic
Belgrade
Ni

67

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