Gio trnh l thuyt mu

Bin tp bi:
Ng Tun Anh

Gio trnh l thuyt mu

Bin tp bi:
Ng Tun Anh
Cc tc gi:
Nguyn Hu Minh

Phin bn trc tuyn:

http://voer.edu.vn/c/b9062a63

MC LC
1. Phn m u
2. Mu sc v s phc ch mu
3. S cm nhn mu sc
4. o c v phn loi mu sc
5. Giy v mc
6. In mu
7. Cc c tnh k thut v dung sai
8. Tch mu v chnh mu
Tham gia ng gp

1/13

Phn m u
Tm tt
Trc khi vo nghin cu tng chi tit kthut v cht liu c s dng ti to mu
sc, chng ta hy n li kin thc v l thuytca qu trnh phc tp ny.
Di y, mt phn lch s gn gn v tito mu sc, nhn mnh v vic ti to mu
sc in s c trnh by. Truyn hnh v nhipnh cng c gii thiu li v tm quan
trngca nhng k thut ny i vi cc qu trnhqut mu v in th ngy nay. Ngoi
ra,chng ny cng a ra nhng gii thch c bn v nguyn l hot ng ca cc h
thng ti to mu sc.
Ngoi s ti to mu sc, mong mun ch yu ca gio trnh ny l hin tng hin th
ca mu sc. Chng ny cng gii thiu cc l thuyt c bn v mu sc cung cp
mt nn tng cho nhng phn trnh by chi tit hn cc chng sau.
Cui cng, vi khi nim chnh v cc hthng in cng c gii thiu. Lun im ca
l thuyt hin i lu nay vn cho rng vic ti to mu sc thnh cng i hi mi giai
on trong qu trnh phi c cc mi lin kt vi nhau trong ton b h thng. to ra
mt n phm mu sc c cht lng cao, cc yu t ca h thng, chng hn nh mc,
tch mu, giy, bn in th v vic in n cui cng phi c chn la trong khi vn ngh
n nhng yu t khc. tng ny s c trin khai xuyn sut quyn sch.
Xem chi tit ti y

2/13

Mu sc v s phc ch mu
Tm tt
hiu c qu trnh ti to mu sc,iu cn thit u tin l phi c c mt s
nh gi ng mc v hin tng mu sc. lm sng t iu ny, chng ta cn phi
xem xt bn cht ca nh sng, nu khng c n, mu sc s khng tn ti.
nh sng l nng lng pht x m mt thng ca con ngi c th thy c. Theo
mc ch ca phn tho lun ny chng ta gi s nh sng di chuyn theo chuyn ng
sng, vi mu sc ca nh snh bin thin theo di ca bc sng. Bc sng c th
c o c v sp xp vi cc dng khc ca nng lng trn quang ph nng lng
hoc in t.
Di quang ph in t c sp xp t cc sng cc ngn ca tia gamma c pht ra
bi cc vt liu phng x nht nh cho n cc sng v tuyn. Nhng sng di nht
c th n hng dm. nh sng kh kin - vng quang ph c th thy c - c bc
sng t 400 n 700 nm (hng triu ca mm). Di 400 nm l cc tia cc tm vn rt
quan trng khi lm vic vi cc cht liu hunh quang. Mt s vt liu hp th s bc
x ca tia cc tm vn khng nhn thy c v pht ra phng x l mt phn ca vng
quang ph thy c. Trn 700nm l cc tia hng ngoi vn c rt nhiu trong cc loi
k thut nhip nh.
Xem chi tit ti y

3/13

S cm nhn mu sc
Tm tt
Mu sc khng ch n gin l mt hin tng vt l l thuc vo mu vt v ngun
chiu sng. N nht thit phi l mt s cm nhn phc tp c th thy c, b nh
hng bi cc yu t tm sinh l c th lm cho s cm nhn v mu sc ca ngi
ny hi khc vi ngi kia. tm hiu s cm nhn v mu sc, chng ta cn xem xt
ngun chiu sng, cc c tnh ca mu vt v cc yu t tm sinh l ca con ngi.
Ti liu in c xem xt di tt c cc dng chiu sng, bao gm n dy tc, n
hunh quang, ngun nh sng ban ngy, nh nng mt tri, v hi thy ngn hoc nhng
loi n c quy v.v... Ngoi ra, vic tch mu c thc hin bng cc thit b chiu sng
nh n dy tc halogen hoc n xung kh tr (xenon) cng c xem xt. Nhng yu
t xc nh cc c tnh ca cc ngun chiu sng bao gm: nhit mu, cng , cc
thuc tnh cu thnh mu sc, v khuch tn. Nhit mu ca mt ngun nh sng
l n v o o s phn b nng lng quang ph ca ngun sng . Tiu chun o
nhit mu l mt vt bc x nhit mu en b nung nng ln. Khi sc nng tng ln
th mu sc ca vt bc x thay i t mu 3 rc (nng)sang trng nng. Nhit (
C) c ghi li cho mi s phn b nng lng nht nh, v th mi mt nhit c
tng quan vi mt mu nht nh. Vic c nhit c th hin Kelvin (0K)
(ging nh tuyt i) bng C cng thm 1730.
Xem chi tit ti y

4/13

o c v phn loi mu sc
Tm tt
V mu sc l mt hin tng qu phc tp nn rt kh kim tra v phn loi. Nhng
khc bit ln v ngun chiu sng v s bin thin ng k trong qu trnh cm nhn
ca con ngi cho thy cn thit phi c mt h thng hay mt dng c o c chun.
Mt dng c nh th t nht cng cho php thng tin v cc c im v dung sai ca
mu sc v t nn tng cho ngnh khoa hc v mu sc.
Nhng nm u 1930, ngi ta tin hnh o c mu sc bng cch nh s phn
loi. Tuy nhin, kh khn i vi k thut ny l khng t c s ng tnh ca cc
ha s v cc nh thit k. H cn c mt h thng c cu to t cc mu vt l cho
php h c s la chn v so snh trc tip. Qua nhiu nm, nhiu h thng mu mu
c pht trin, h thng u tin c l l atlas mu ca hc gi ngi Thy in Brenner vo nm 1680. Phng php cui cng v ph bin nht v phn loi mu sc
l bng ngn ng. y l phng php t chnh xc nht trong s cc phng php phn
loi, v sau c ci tin to nn cc thut ng c chun ha.
Ngnh cng nghip in n c mt nhu cu c bit v cc h thng o c v phn loi do
c s phi hp cht ch gia vic thit k v sn xut. Mt l do khc l khi in thng
gp phi vn mu sc c c tnh bin i trn cc vt liu in khc nhau th d nh in
t ri hay cun, bng cao hay thp, cng nh cc c tnh pht quang v cc c tnh
kim loi. V th mt h thng phn loi mang tnh ton cu l rt cn thit. Tuy nhin
t c s chng nhn v tha nhn cho mt h thng nh th trong in n l rt kh.
Xem chi tit ti y

5/13

Giy v mc
Tm tt
R rng l s cm nhn t in l thuc rt nhiu vo cc c tnh quang hc ca b mt
in ln lp mc in. Cc thuc tnh vt l, chng hn nh mn ca giy v s tch mc
cng gp phn vo cc yu t th hin. Do vic tho lun mt s c tnh quan trng
ca b mt t in v mc l iu cn thit.
V phn ln vic in mu u c tin hnh trn giy hoc cc b mt in thng dng,
nn trong phn ny chng ta tp trung vo cc c tnh ca chng. Tuy nhin, nhng b
mt in khc nh phim, giy kim loi c dng trong ngnh ng gi bao b cng c
bn n ngn gn cui chng.
Cc thuc tnh quang hc ca trng v sng c th c hiu y nht bng
cch tham chiu vi cc ng cong quang ph. Cc ng cong trong minh ha sau
y c c t vic o c cc mu giy trng thu c trong qu trnh nghin cu mu
sc ca vin GATF trong cc nm 1970 - 1972. Nhng ng cong ny cho thy
phn x ca nh sng thy c khi c o ti mi bc sng 10nm tng ng vi
mu trng chun c lm t Sunfat Bari.
Xem chi tit ti y

6/13

In mu
Tm tt
Sau s la chn mc v b mt in, th qui trnh in l mt yu t quyt nh cc c tnh
ca n phm. Khi my in truyn mc sang giy ta c th kim sot c dy ca lp
mc in, s truyn mc ln giy v ln cc lp mc c in trc , s gia tng tng
th, s chng mu, v phn gii.
D nhin vic phc ch cng l thuc vo hnh nh trn bn km, n c iu chnh
ph hp vi quy trnh in bng cch iu chnh cc qu trnh tch mu v lm phim t
trc. My in to ra sn phm c bn ca qu trnh phc ch mu v thng l ni tp
trung chi ph sn xut cao nht.
Cc phng php in mu quan trng nht gm in offset, in ng ng v in flexo. In la
b gii hn, ch dng cho cc n phm c s lng in thp. In typo tng l mt qui
trnh
in mu tri nht - nay gim i tnh ph bin.
Qui trnh in offset c ngun gc t in thch bn c Alois Senefelder pht trin vo
nm
1798 ti c. Qui trnh gc gm c cc bn v mu trn mt loi c bit. Nhng
phin ny c lm t bng nc v sau c ch mc. Mc bm vo vng c
chi tit in v khng bm ln vng c tm t. Sau chi tit c mc c chuyn
ln giy trn mt my in phng. Phng php in offset c tr thnh mt phng php
in chnh khi cc trc in trn, cc trc c l cao su v trc mang bn kim loi c gii
thiu. Cho n sau nhng nm 1950 th k thut lm bn km in offset, cc loi mc
cng nh giy in offset mi c tinh ch n nh im lm cho k thut in off- set
cht lng cao v u n tr nn c hiu qu. Vi vic ci tin cc my in offset cun
v s ph bin nhanh chng ca cc my in 4 mu th in offset tr thnh qui trnh in
mu rt ph bin.
Nhng thun li c bn ca in offset bao gm chi ph lm bn km thp, tc sn xut
cao, tit kim v lu di, c kh nng in trn nhiu loi b mt khc nhau (trn v g
gh), v phn gii cao hn bt k mt qui trnh no khc. Vn ln nht vi in offset l vic kim sot s cn bng mc - nc.
Xem chi tit ti y

7/13

Cc c tnh k thut v dung sai

Tm tt
Ging nh cc quy trnh sn xut khc, in n cng c mt bin thin nht nh c
lin quan n cng ngh sn xut. Gy nn mt s tnh cht khng ng nht n phm.
Nhng bin i ny l do nhng tc ng ton din ca nhng bin c v nguyn liu,
cc iu kin mi trng, cc yu t my in, v nhng hnh ng cng nh nhng phn
on ca th in.
bin thin bao nhiu l c th chp nhn c? Cu tr li phi tnh n cc chi ph
v vic tin hnh kim tra, loi b v in li hoc lm li n phm. Trong thc t, vic
khch hng tr bao nhiu cho vic in n s cho bit cc gii hn bin thin c th chp
nhn c. Ph liu hoc mc lm li thng xuyn ty thuc vo vic kim sot
quy trnh nh th no.
T in c nh gi u tin bng cc phng php nhn bng mt, do kh m lp
nn cc gii hn kim tra mang tnh nh lng cho vic sn xut. Phng php kim tra
thng thng nht l chn ra mt t in nh mt t in hon ho v bo th in cng ging
cng tt. Tuy nhin nhiu th in s dng cc biu kim tra nh gi.Vic xc nh
dung sai mu phi xt n cc yu cu ca khch hng v sn phm v tnh bin thin
vn c ca sn phm do nguyn liu v cng ngh sn xut gy nn.
Mc bin thin c th chp nhn c trong mt n phm ty thuc vo vic khch
hng sn lng tr bao nhiu cho n phm . Chng hn s bin thin chng mu trong
mt t bo him khi khi l l do khin mt khch hng khng mua t bo . Ngc li,
s bin thin chng mu trong mt quyn sch phc ch mu ngh thut t tin li l
l do khin khch hng t chi sn phm.
Mt kha cnh khc v tnh bin thin ca n phm c lin quan n cht lng ng
nht ca mt cng ty. Chng hn, nu nhng ngi bn hng trong siu th trng thy
s bin thin mu ca sn phm trong vng mt dy m l ra phi l nhng sn phm
ging nhau, th h c th cho rng cng ty khng ch nhiu n cht lng sn phm
ca n. Hn na, s bin i mu cc bao b v nhn thc phm c th cho bit rng
thc phm ny tt hn thc phm kia v nhng thc cha bn trong thay i theo thi
gian. Ngi tiu dng c th quyt nh ngng mua nhn hiu v chuyn sang sn
phm ca i th cnh tranh.
Mt kha cnh xa hn na v cc gii hn kh nng chp nhn cht lng ca khch
hng c lin quan n ngi t hng in ch khng phi ngi tiu dng cui cng ca
n phm .

8/13

Xem chi tit ti y

9/13

Tch mu v chnh mu
Tm tt
Qu trnh tch mu c x l bi h thng ti to mu , h thng ny c th iu chnh
c tng th ca bi mu phc v cho in n. bi mu gc c nhng tnh nng c nh
v trong qu trnh in ch c th thay i dy ca lp mc.
Thit b tch mu ra film c xc nh theo nhng iu kin c th nh: Mu mc,
s gia tng tng th, cng nh vic phc ch bi mu nh m rng tng sng, iu chnh
ng mu.
Phng php iu chnh cn ph thuc vo cch in, thit b in v vt liu in. Vi my
tch mu, tt c c th iu chnh bng chng trnh tch mu. Tnh nng ca film t nh
hng n vic tch mu. Vic tch mu quang c nh vic chp film, thu phng film,
p film c lin quan n nhy sng ca film. phc ch ng mu ngi k thut
vin ch yu da vo mt tram ca film. N ph thuc vo vic chn loi film, knh
lc v cch thc cng nh thi gian chp v thi gian thc hin. Vic tch mu chun
c thit lp trong qu trnh phc ch mu nguyn mu trong iu kin mc giy
iu kin in xc nh.
Cui cng tch mu tt, cn phi c k thut phn tch tnh ton nhng yu cu ca
vic xut film mt cch chnh xc v phi t c nhng yu cu ny. Ni chung vn
ny c hai phn v chng ny cng cp n cht lng ca vic tch mu.
Xem chi tit ti y

10/13

Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: Gio trnh l thuyt mu
Bin tp bi: Ng Tun Anh
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/b9062a63
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Phn m u
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Hu Minh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/26de07a0
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Mu sc v s phc ch mu
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Hu Minh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/369d61ac
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: S cm nhn mu sc
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Hu Minh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/9adb89df
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: o c v phn loi mu sc
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Hu Minh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/a16b3fd5
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Giy v mc
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Hu Minh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/ed493995
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: In mu
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Hu Minh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/3b71b8db

11/13

Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Cc c tnh k thut v dung sai
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Hu Minh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/da69f91d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Tch mu v chnh mu
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Hu Minh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/9c016567
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

12/13

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.
Vi s h tr ca Qu Vit Nam, Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (VOER) tr thnh
mt cng thng tin chnh cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong v ngoi Vit Nam. Mi
ngy c hng chc nghn lt truy cp VOER (www.voer.edu.vn) nghin cu, hc
tp v ti ti liu ging dy v. Vi hng chc nghn module kin thc t hng nghn
tc gi khc nhau ng gp, Th Vin Hc liu M Vit Nam l mt kho tng ti liu
khng l, ni dung phong ph phc v cho tt c cc nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca
c gi.
Ngun ti liu m phong ph c trn VOER c c l do s chia s t nguyn ca cc
tc gi trong v ngoi nc. Qu trnh chia s ti liu trn VOER tr ln d dng nh
m 1, 2, 3 nh vo sc mnh ca nn tng Hanoi Spring.
Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.

13/13