Latin INotes

Ch. 1 notes:
(*Pronunciation rules: text book introduction pg. xxxvii-xl.)

1st
2nd
3rd

Personal Endings
singular
plural
-o, (-m)
-mus
-s
-tis
-t
-nt

Verbs ~ 1st & 2nd Conjugation

Personal Pronouns
singular
plural
st
1
I (am)
we (are)
nd
2
you (are)
you (are)
rd
3
he, she, it (is)
they (are)

Paradigm means pattern or example

1 conjugation
Verbs have four Principal Parts:
2nd conjugation
laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum
moneo, monere, monui, monitum
st

1st part = 1st person singular

laudo ~ I praise
moneo ~ I warn or advise
nd
2 part = infinitive
laudare ~ to praise
monere ~ to warn
st
are verbs = 1 conjugation
ere verbs = 2nd conjugation
Present stem = drop re from infinitive
laudare = lauda
monere = mone
Imperative Singular (command) = verb stem
lauda = (you) praise!
mone = (you) advise!
Imperative Plural = verb stem + te
lauda + te = laudate = (yall) praise!
mone + te = monete = (yall) warn!
Conjugation: verb stem + personal endings
(present tense, indicative mood, active voice)
st
1 conjugation paradigm
2nd conjugation paradigm
laudo ~ I praise, I do praise, I am praising
moneo ~ I warn, do warn, etc
laudas ~ you praise
mones ~ you warn
laudat ~ he, she, or it praises
monet ~ he, she, or it warns
laudamus ~ we praise
monemus ~ we warn
laudatis ~ you (pl) praise
monetis ~ you (pl) warn
laudant ~ they praise
monent ~ they warn
1. Verbs have five characteristics: person, number, tense, mood, & voice. (see pp. 1-2)
2. Always memorize the full vocabulary entry. All four parts of the verb are important.
3. Translation steps: read the sentence (aloud, if possible), identify the verb (usually at the end),
translate the ending into an English pronoun. If the pronoun is I, you, or we, that is the subject of the
sentence. If the pronoun is he, she, it, or they, then look for a noun that matches it. Translate the
remaining words. e.g. Labor me vocat: verb = vocat; ending t = he, she, or it, therefore labor is
the subject; me will always be an object (never the subject); Labor (it) calls me.

4. Word order: irrelevant to meaning. Stylistically: S.O.V. (subject, object, verb)