SerenaVargas

SkeletalSystemLabReport
Bonesarecomposedofseveraldifferentminerals.Themineralsthatmakeupaboneare
calcium,phosphorus,sodium,proteincollagen,aswellasotherminerals.Bonesproduceredandwhite
bloodcells,buttheyalsofunctionastheskeletonforthehumanbody.Thebonesenablethepartsofthe
bodytomoveandthebonesdefendanydamagethatcouldimpacttheorgans.Thephalangesarethe
smallersizedbonesthatarelocatedinthefingersandthetoes.Anothernameforphalangesisphalanx.
ThephalangesgottheirnamebecausetheywereasimilarrepresentationoftheGreekbattleformation,
whichisknownasaphalanx.Inthehand,fingerstwothroughfourconsistofthreephalanges,butthen
therearetwophalangesthatarelocatedinthethumb.Thesacrumissimilartotheshapeofashield.Its
structureisbonyanditslocationisatthebaseofthelumbarvertebrae,whichconnectstothepelvis.
Whatthesacrumformsistheposteriorpelvicwallthattoughensandsecuresthepelvis.Thesacrumis
knownasthegreatestandmostimportantboneofthespine.InLatin,thewordsacrumisdefinedas
sacredorholy.Intheyearof1732,Monroadvocatedthatthesacrumwasgiventhatnamebecauseof
itssimilarsizetotheothervertebrae.Thesacrumisknowntobethelastofallofthebonestodecay
afterthedeathofthebody.Theradiusisknowntobealongbonethatislocatedintheforearmarea.
Theradiusispositionedinthebodytowhereitislaterallyandparalleltotheulna.Therearethree
importantpartsoftheradius.Thosekeylocationsareknownasthehead,neckandradialtuberosity.In
Latin,thewordradiusmeansaray.ThewordradiusalsohasrelationtoaGreektermthatmeansthe
spokesofarodorwheel.Therefore,theradiusreceiveditsnamebecauseofitsshapethatlookssimilar
toaspokeofawheel.ThenamewasintroducedbyCelsus.

Phalanges(Picturestakenbyme)SacrumRadius
(Descriptionsofpicturesareapartoftheparagraph)

(PhototakenbySuttonShelton)
Portrayedinthisimageisahistologyscreenshotthatwastakenfromamicroscope.Alsointheimage
arecompactboneswithrudimentarylabels.

Periosteum(PicturecreatedbyMireyaGonzales)
Theperiosteumtissuehasanimportantroleinthegrowthofbones,aswellasbonerepair.Thetissue
alsoaffectsthebloodsupplyoftheboneandalsotheskeletalmuscle.Theperiosteumcontainstwo
layers,knownastheouterfibrouslayerandaninnerlayer.Whattheperiosteumdoesisitcoversthe
bonystructures,excepttheintraarticularservicesandjointdevelopment.

TrabecularBone(PicturebyLisMosekilde,M.D.,D.Med.Sc)
Thetrabecularboneisoneofthebonesthatassistsinmakinguptheentirebody.Thetrabecularbone
producesbloodcellsbecausethebonecontainsredbonemarrow.Thestructureofthetrabecularbone

consistsoftrabeculaethatworktogethertogiveititsfunction.Thetrabecularboneisanessentialpart
totheanatomyofahumanthattakesresponsibilityfortransferringavariationofregularfunctions.
Aftertheformationoftheintramembranousandtheendochondralbones,theactivitiesofboth
theosteoclastsandtheosteoblastsstillcontinuetoremodelthem.Boneremodelingtakesplace
throughoutourliveswhentheosteoclastsresorbthebonetissueandtheosteoblaststaketheplaceof
thebone.Theprocessesthatareopposing,whichareknownasresorptionanddepositiontranspireon
theexterioroftheendosteumandperiosteum.Theboneremodelingrateisnotconsistentthroughoutthe
typesofbones.Theremodelingofspongyboneisquickerthantheremodelingofthecompactbone.
Thebonetissuetotalmassinanadultskeletontendstobevirtuallyconsistentduetothecompact
regulationofboneremodeling.Eachyearthesecontinualprocessesreplacetentotwentypercentofthe
skeleton.Thesebonesarerequiredtomaintainhomeostasis,sothatwaythemusclesandnervescan
continuetofunctionproperly.Whentheydonotmaintainthathomeostasis,themusclesandnerves
begantolosetheirfunction.Whenhormonesflowthroughthebones,thatiswhatcontrolsthe
maintainingofhomeostasisprocess.Therearematrixproteins,andaroundninetypercentofthose
proteinsarecollagen,alsoknownasthemostcopiousboneinthebody.Collagenisverytough,anditis
knowntotoformbone,cartilage,skin,andtendons.Whencollagenisformed,itisformedaschains
thattwistsintostrings.Thestringsthatareformedlineupandthenbondtogetherintoropes.Those
ropesarealsoknownasfibrils.Thefibrilsaredisplayedinlayers,thenthecrystalsofmineralsarethen
placedbetweenthelayers.

Normal

VinegarSoakedBone

CookedBone

CollagenMatrix Present

Present

Absent

MineralSalts

Present

Absent

Present
(Calcium)

Diseasesor
Disorder

XDiseaseorno
disorder

Renaltubularacidosis

EhlersDanlos
Syndrome

Characteristics

Slightlybendable,pink
andred,bloody,shiny

Flexible,bendable,
soft,squishy,yellow
coloredandandfatty

Dry,hard,rough

(PhototakenbyLoganBoyett)
Whatisbeingportrayedinthispicturearethebonesthatweexaminedtoconductthelab.Theboneon
theleftistheboneiscooked,theboneinthemiddleisthenormalbone,andtheboneontherightsideis
thebonethathasbeensoakedinvinegar.

Thereisalwaysresearchbeingconductedonbonesandnewinformationisalwaysbeingfound
duetomorethatisbeingdiscovered.TheDepartmentofBioengineeringattheUniversityofCalifornia,
Berkeleyhasexperiencewithresearchingavarietyoftopics.Whatinspiresthemtostudyandmimic
processesishownaturecontrolsinteractions.Thisresearchprogramseemstospecializeinlearning
aboutproteinparticles.Oneofthetopicsthattheyareresearchingisnovelphagebasedtherapeutics
andtheyhavebroadenedtheirtherapeuticresearchtocollagendystrophythathasbeenaffectedby
cancer.Collagensareaffiliatedwithseveraldifferenttypesofcancersthatarefoundinhumans.Since
theyhaveaconnectiontothecancersthatcanbefound,itputstheminapositiontobedrawnattention
tofordiagnosticsandtherapeutics.Duetothefeaturesofitsstructure,itmakesitadetermined
applicantforthedevelopmentofenvisioningorcurativematerialsforcancercollagen.Whatisusually
puttogethertoworktogetheraretheM13phageswithtwopeptidesthatfunctiontogether.Theyprove
tousthatthephagesareabletodenaturecollagens.


Bonescantellyoumanythings.Bonescantellyouapersonsheight,sex,age,race,weight,
statureandoccupation.Thebonesthatcanbeusedtodeterminesomeonesheightarethefemur,tibia,
fibula,ulna,radius,andhumerus.Forensicanthropologistscandeterminethesexofthepersonby
lookingatthesizeoftheirbones.Notalways,butmajorityofthetimeitcanbedeterminedtobemaleif
thebonesarelargerinsizeandfemaleifthebonesaresmaller.Anotherwaytheycandeterminethesex
isbylookingatthepelvisareaoftheperson.Inthiscase,thepubicanglewouldbelargerforawoman
ratherthanaman.Anotherareathatdeterminesthesexistheareathatislocatedaroundthepelvicinlet,
whichwouldbelargerforafemalethanamale.Whatassistedtheanthropologistsinbeingableto
reportthatthebodywasateenageboyswastheofthesizeofthebones,aswellastheskeletonofthe
malebecausetheskeletonsofmalesaremorerounderthantheskeletonofafemale.Inthislabreport,it
wasstatedthatthejusttheboneslayingdownonthegrounddeterminedthatitwasaEuropean
teenagedmale.Oncetheboneswereinthelab,moreinformationwasdiscoveredabouttheteenager.
Therewasbacktrauma,poornutrition,andinfectionwereallpresentinthisteenager.Fromthebones
beingfound,therewerefracturesthatwereintherightwristwhichimpliedthatitwasaninjurydueto
theteenagerattemptingtodefendhimself.Duetotheinformationthatwaspresent,itgaveevidenceofa
momentary,harshstruggle.Allofthatinformationwastakenfromthosebones,whichisdetailed
informationaboutanindividualthatforensicanthropologistsdiscovered.Theboneswereusedin
forensicsbybeingabletodeterminewhatsexitwas,aswellasthedamagesthatweredonetothe
body.Thebonesarealsousedinforensicstodeterminethecauseofdeath.

(ImagecourtesyofChipClark)(Imagecourtesyof:SmithsonianInstitution)
ThepicturesportrayedabovearetheremainsofaEuropeanteenagedmalethatwerefoundinthecellar
ofahouse.Thenortheastcornerofastoragecellarwaswherethebodyoftheteenagerwasfound.The
bodywasdeterminetohavebeenburiedaroundtheyearsof16651670
.


APACitations
Part1Websites

FunFactsAboutBonesandJoints
http://www.bidmc.org/YourHealth/HealthNotes/BonesandJoints/BoneandJointBasics/BoneandJ
ointFacts.aspx

Bone&JointStructure:Phalanges
http://classes.kumc.edu/sah/resources/handkines/bone/phalanges.html

SacrumOverview
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19464.htm

Contents,ProximalRegionofTheRadius
http://teachmeanatomy.info/upperlimb/bones/radius/

Part2Websites

Histologyoftheperiosteum,
DevelopmentalAnatomyofThePerioste
um,PeriostealSubstitutes
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826636/

CorticalandTrabecularBone,TrabecularBoneStructure
http://www.trabecularbone.org/

Part3Websites
CollagenandBoneMatrix
https://depts.washington.edu/bonebio/ASBMRed/matrix.html

Part5Websites

StepsinDeterminationofSex
http://www.exploreforensics.co.uk/determiningsex.html

TheDifferenceBetweenMaleandFemaleSkeletons
http://humanskeletonmodelreview.toptenreviews.com/thedifferencebetweenmaleandfemaleskele
tons.html