MeganArney

SkeletalSystemLABReport
PART1
Introduction
TheSkeletalSystemconsistsof206bones.Itistheframeworkforthebodyanditprotects
internalorgans.Alotofthewordsweusearederivedfromthelatinandgreeklanguage,but
bonesareusuallyLatin.Therearetwotypesofbones,descriptiveandnondescriptive.For
example,intheear,theauditoryossiclesthat'sLatinfor"littlebonesforhearing".Theyalso
usedrealworldapplicationssuchas,Thefibula,isLatin,Theyreferencedittoaromansafety
pin.Thetibia,whichistheneighbortothefibula,itisalsomuchbigger.Theynameditthetibia
whichisinreferencetotheframeofthepin.

ThreeBones
TheMaxilla,Latin,isrestrictedtotheupperjaw.ItwasoriginallyusedbytheRomansto
designateboththeupperandlowerjaws.ItisbelievedthatitcamefromtheLatinwordmalaor
cheek,ormaceraremeaningtochew.
TheXiphoidProcess,wasgiventothecartilageofthesternum,becauseitresemblesaswordlike
shape.XiphoidwastakenfromtheGreekwordsxiphos,asword,andeidos,orlike.EarlyGreek
anatomistsusedthisword.
TheRadius,isalatintermthatmeansaray.ItisalsotakenfromtheGreektermthespokesofa
wheelorarod.Therodlikeboneoftheforearmwasnamedforitsshape,whichtheythought
resembledaspokeofawheel.Celsusintroducedthisterm.Theradiusislocatedproximaltothe
torso.

TheMaxilla

TheRadius
XiphoidProcess


PART2

Bone(Tissue)Histology

CompactBone

Canaliculi:Microscopic,canalsbetweenthelacunaeofossifiedbone.Osteocytesprojectinto
thesecanals.

CentralCanal:issurroundedbyconcentriclayers(lamellae)Thehaversiancanalisthe
sourcethatcontainsthebonesbloodsupply.
Lamelle&Lamellae:amembranesurroundingthecentralcanal.
osteocytes:
abonecell,formedwhenanosteoblastbecomesembeddedinthematrixithas
secreted.
TrabecularBone

Periosteum

PART3
BoneMatrix

The bones are an amazing mystery of the human anatomy.They are strong, light,and canadapt
to its functional demands, and also repair itself. Bones are live tissue, it can almost instantly
begin its healing process. There are two major kinds of bones in our skeletal system, trabecular
and cortical. Trabecular bone gives supporting strength to the ends of the weightbearing bone.
The cortical (solid) bone on the outside forms the shaft of the long bone. Their only function is
not just to provide structural support, but they also serve as amineralreservoir.Thebonestores
99% of the body's calcium and 85% of the phosphorus. Components of the bone include the
organic matrix is primarily composed of the protein collagen which providesflexibility.10%of
adult bone massiscollagen.Themineralcomponentishydroxyapatite,whichisaninsolublesalt
of calcium and phosphorus. About 65% of adult bone mass is hydroxyapatite. There are also
other mineral traces in the bone, such as magnesium, sodium, and bicarbonate. Believe itor not
but 25% of bone mass is water. Collagen makes up about 90%ofthematrixproteins,,whichis
the most abundant protein in the body. Collagen forms bones and is very strong. Collagen is
formed as chains which twists into triple helices. These line up and are bonded together into
ropes (fibrils). The fibrils then are arranged in layers, and mineral crystals will deposit between
the layers. Other bone proteins include Fibronectin, Osteonectin, Thrombospondin,Osteocalcin,
Matrixglaprotein, Bone sialoprotein, Osteopontin, Matrix extracellular protein, and Biglycan.
Bone matrix homeostasis imbalances such as, osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs in the elderly,
Both men and women can lose bone mineral density. Osteoporosis usually occurs in women,
especiallycaucasianwomen.

Normal

Vinegar

CookedBone

CollagenMatrix

Present

Present

NotPresent

MineralSalts

Present

NotPresent

Present

Squishy,feeble,
extremelybendable.
Smelly.

Hard,dry,nobend

DiseaseOrDisorder
Characteristics

N/A
Somegivebutstill
solid.Redincolor.

ThisdatatablerepresentsthedataIcollectedinaLab,wheretheobjectivewastoobservethe
bonehomeostasis.Thenormalbonewastheexampleofperfectbonehomeostasis.Thebone
soakedinvinegarrepresentedtoomuchcollagentowherethebonewastofeeble,andwould

holdanysupport.Thecookedbonewaswherethelackedcollagenandthebonewashardand
wouldbreakbecauseitwouldn'tbendorgiveanywhenforcewasapplied.

PART4

Dr.Leesandhisteam'sprimarygoalfortheirresearchprogramistocreatepreciselydefined,
bioinspirednanomaterialsthatcanbeusedforstudyingcomplexinterfacialphenomenaandas
functionalmaterials,devicesandtherapeutics.ProteinProteinInterfaces:Howdoproteins
interacttocreateexquisite,hierarchicalstructureswithdiversefunctionsinaspatiallyand
temporallycontrolledmannerfromsimplenanofibrousbuildingblocks?ProteinCellular
Interfaces:Howcanproteinbasedmaterialinterfacesbetunedtocreatephysical,chemical,and
mechanicalstructuresthatcandirectcellbehaviorforregenerativemedicineandtherapeutics?
ProteinOrganic/InorganicInterfaces:Howcanproteinsbeengineeredtorecognizespecific
targetorganic/inorganicmoleculesforthedevelopmentofbiosensorsortotemplatethegrowth
ofinorganicmaterials?ProteinElectronicInterfaces:Howcanthedipoleofproteinsequences
andstructuresbeengineeredtointerchangebetweenelectronicandmechanicalforcesforthe
generationofcleanproteinbasedpiezoelectricenergy?
Prettymuchhowbonesknowwhattheyknowtodo,whentheytheyneedtorepairandbuild.
HowDNAcodingingcomesintoplay.

PART5
Backgroundstory,awomanwrappedherbabyinlinenclothesorquilted,embroideredbands,
swaddlingtheinfant,whichkepttheirhandsandfeetinplace.Thensheplacedthesnuginfantn
apocketwithaboardedback,andcovertheirheadandearswithacap.Babiesthatwere
swaddledstayedwarm,butwereexposedtoverylittlesunlight.Sincethebabywascompletely
protectedfromthesun.Vitaminandmineraldeficiencieswereapparentinitsbones.Thisbaby
sufferedfromrickets,andvitaminDdeficiency.Ricketsisadiseasecommonlyfoundinchildren
causedbyvitaminDdeficiency,characterizedbyimperfectcalcification,softening,and
distortionofthebonestypicallyresultinginbowlegs.

WorkCited

 Dominus,M.(2006,October7).TheUniverseofDiscourse:Bonenames.Retrieved
October20,2015.
Slomianka,L.(2009,May8).BlueHistologySkeletalTissuesBone.Retrieved
October20,2015.
Lee,S.(2015).TheSeungWukLeeGroup.RetrievedOctober23,2015.