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Polymers > Lipids
Lipids
Lipid Molecules
Phospholipids
Steroids
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Polymers > Lipids
Lipid Molecules
Fats provide energy, insulation, and storage of fatty acids for many organisms.
Fats may be saturated (having single bonds) or unsaturated (having double
bonds).
Unsaturated fats may be cis (hydrogens in same plane) or trans (hydrogens in
two different planes).
Olive oil, a monounsaturated fat, has a single double bond whereas canola oil, a
polyunsaturated fat, has more than one double bond.
Omega-3 fatty acid and omega-6 fatty acid are essential for human biological
processes, but they must be ingested in the diet because they cannot be
synthesized.
Triacylglycerols
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Polymers > Lipids
Phospholipids
Phospholipids consist of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate
group that is modified by an alcohol.
The phosphate group is the negatively-charged polar head, which is hydrophilic.
The fatty acid chains are the uncharged, nonpolar tails, which are hydrophobic.
Since the tails are hydrophobic, they face the inside, away from the water and
meet in the inner region of the membrane.
Since the heads are hydrophilic, they face outward and are attracted to the
intracellular and extracellular fluid.
If phospholipids are placed in water, they form into micelles, which are lipid
molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions.
Phospholipid Molecule
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Polymers > Lipids
Steroids
Steroids are lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, but they
do not resemble lipids since they have a structure composed of four fused rings.
Cholesterol is the most common steroid and is the precursor to vitamin D,
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts.
Cholesterol is a component of the phospholipid bilayer and plays a role in the
structure and function of membranes.
Steroids are found in the brain and alter electrical activity in the brain.
Because they can tone down receptors that communicate messages from
neurotransmitters, steroids are often used in anesthetic medicines.
Steroid Structures
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Appendix
Polymers
Key terms
amphipathic Describing a molecule, such as a detergent, which has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups.
carboxyl A univalent functional group consisting of a carbonyl and a hydroxyl functional group (-CO.OH); characteristic of
carboxylic acids.
ester Compound most often formed by the condensation of an alcohol and an acid, by removing water. It contains the
functional group carbon-oxygen double bond joined via carbon to another oxygen atom.
hormone any substance produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to affect physiological activity
hydrogenation The chemical reaction of hydrogen with another substance, especially with an unsaturated organic compound,
and usually under the influence of temperature, pressure and catalysts.
micelle Lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions.
neurotransmitter any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse
between two neurons
osmoregulation the homeostatic regulation of osmotic pressure in the body in order to maintain a constant water content
Polymers
Phospholipid Molecule
A phospholipid is a molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone. The phosphate may be modified by
the addition of charged or polar chemical groups. Two chemical groups that may modify the phosphate, choline and serine, are shown here. Both choline
and serine attach to the phosphate group at the position labeled R via the hydroxyl group indicated in green.
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44401/latest/Figure_05_01_03a.jpg View on Boundless.com
Polymers
Phospholipid Bilayer
The phospholipid bilayer consists of two adjacent sheets of phospholipids, arranged tail to tail. The hydrophobic tails associate with one another, forming
the interior of the membrane. The polar heads contact the fluid inside and outside of the cell.
Connexions. "The Cell Membrane." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46021/latest/ View on Boundless.com
Polymers
Steroid Structures
Steroids, such as cholesterol and cortisol, are composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings.
Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44401/latest/Figure_03_03_10.jpg View on Boundless.com
Polymers
Omega Fatty Acids

Alpha-linolenic acid is an example of an omega-3 fatty acid. It has three cis double bonds and, as a result, a curved shape. For clarity, the carbons are
not shown. Each singly bonded carbon has two hydrogens associated with it, also not shown.
Polymers
Triacylglycerols
Triacylglycerol is formed by the joining of three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone in a dehydration reaction. Three molecules of water are released in the
process.
Polymers
Fatty Acids
Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. Each double
bond may be in a cis or trans configuration. In the cis configuration, both hydrogens are on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain. In the trans
configuration, the hydrogens are on opposite sides. A cis double bond causes a kink in the chain.
Polymers
Micelles
An example of micelles in water.
Wikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Lipids/Micelles." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/Micelles View on Boundless.com
Polymers
Which of the following answers describes a function of fats?
A) all of these answers
B) provide energy via trans conformation
C) store fatty acids
D) store non-soluble vitamins
Polymers
Which of the following answers describes a function of fats?
A) all of these answers
B) provide energy via trans conformation
C) store fatty acids
D) store non-soluble vitamins
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Polymers
What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty

acids?
A) Saturated fatty acids exist in either cis or trans configuration.
B) Saturated fatty acids have double bonds and unsaturated fatty acids
have single bonds.
C) Unsaturated fatty acids have more hydrogen atoms.
D) Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds and saturated fatty acids
have single bonds.
Polymers
What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty

acids?
A) Saturated fatty acids exist in either cis or trans configuration.
B) Saturated fatty acids have double bonds and unsaturated fatty acids
have single bonds.
C) Unsaturated fatty acids have more hydrogen atoms.
D) Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds and saturated fatty acids
have single bonds.
Polymers
Which of the following best describes the phospholipid bilayer?
A) The hydrophobic tails give it a rigid structure to keep it locked in place.

B) The hydrophillic heads are attracted to the intracellular and
extracellular fluid of the cell.
C) The hydrophilic heads meet in the inner region of the membrane.
D) The hydrophobic tails are positive, and the hydrophilic heads are
negative.
Polymers
Which of the following best describes the phospholipid bilayer?
A) The hydrophobic tails give it a rigid structure to keep it locked in place.

B) The hydrophillic heads are attracted to the intracellular and
extracellular fluid of the cell.
C) The hydrophilic heads meet in the inner region of the membrane.
D) The hydrophobic tails are positive, and the hydrophilic heads are
negative.
Polymers
Which of the following is a function of steroids?
A) synthesis of neurotransmitters
B) all of these answers
C) heart function
D) reproduction
Polymers
Which of the following is a function of steroids?
A) synthesis of neurotransmitters
B) all of these answers
C) heart function
D) reproduction
Polymers
Attribution
Connexions. "Lipids." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44401/latest/?collection=col11448/latest
Wiktionary. "carboxyl." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carboxyl
Wiktionary. "ester." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ester
Wiktionary. "hydrogenation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrogenation
Wikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Lipids/Micelles." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/Micelles
Connexions. "The Cell Membrane." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46021/latest/
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/micelle
Wiktionary. "amphipathic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amphipathic
Connexions. "Hormones." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46667/latest/
Wikibooks. "Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Steroids." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Metabolomics/Metabolites/Lipids/Steroids
Wiktionary. "neurotransmitter." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neurotransmitter
Wiktionary. "osmoregulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osmoregulation
Wiktionary. "hormone." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hormone

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Polymers > Lipids

Polymers > Lipids

Polymers > Lipids

Polymers > Lipids

Omega Fatty Acids

Which of the following answers describes a function of fats?

A) all of these answers

B) provide energy via trans conformation

C) store fatty acids

D) store non-soluble vitamins

Which of the following answers describes a function of fats?

A) all of these answers

B) provide energy via trans conformation

C) store fatty acids

D) store non-soluble vitamins

What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty

What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty

Which of the following best describes the phospholipid bilayer?

A) The hydrophobic tails give it a rigid structure to keep it locked in place.

Which of the following best describes the phospholipid bilayer?

A) The hydrophobic tails give it a rigid structure to keep it locked in place.

Which of the following is a function of steroids?

B) all of these answers

Which of the following is a function of steroids?

B) all of these answers

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