More MIPS: Recursion: Computer Science 104

More MIPS:
Recursion
Computer Science 104
Lecture 9
Admin
Homework
Homework 1: graded. 50% As, 27% Bs
Homework 2: Due Wed
Midterm 1
This Wed
1 page of notes
Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck
CPS 104
Last time
What did we do last time?
CPS 104
Last time
What did we do last time?
More MIPS!
Functions:
jal
jr
Calling conventions
Stack Frames, saving registers
Worked bubble sort example
CPS 104
Review: MIPS Registers

0
zero constant 0
16 s0 callee saves
at
...
v0 expression evaluation &
23 s7
v1 function results
24 t8
a0 arguments
25 t9
a1
26 k0 reserved for OS kernel
a2
27 k1
a3
28 gp Pointer to global area
t0
reserved for assembler
temporary: caller saves
temporary (contd)
29 sp Stack pointer
...
30 fp
frame pointer
15 t7
31 ra
Return Address (HW)
CPS 104
Review: Calling a function

Calling Procedure
Step-1: Setup the arguments:
The first four arguments (arg0-arg3) are passed in registers $a0-$a3
Remaining arguments are pushed onto the stack
(in reverse order arg5 is at the top of the stack).
Step-2: Save caller-saved registers

Save registers $t0-$t9 if they contain live values at the call site.
Step-3: Execute a jal instruction.
CPS 104
Review: Callee setup

Called Routine
Step-1: Establish stack frame.
Subtract the frame size from the stack pointer.
addiu $sp, $sp, - <frame-size>
Typically, minimum frame size is 32 bytes (8 words).
Step-2: Save callee saved registers in the

frame.
Register $fp is always saved.
Register $ra is saved if routine makes a call.
Registers $s0-$s7 are saved if they are used.
Step-3: Establish Frame pointer

Add the stack <frame size> - 4 to the address in $sp
addiu $fp, $sp, <frame-size> - 4
CPS 104
Review: Returning
On return from a call
Step-1: Put returned values in registers $v0.
(if a value is returned)
Step-2: Restore callee-saved registers.
Restore $fp and other saved registers. [$ra, $s0 - $s7]
Step-3: Pop the stack

Add the frame size to $sp.
addiu $sp, $sp, <frame-size>
Step-4: Return
Jump to the address in $ra.
jr
$ra
CPS 104
Today
More MIPS!
Recursion
Wont be required on the exam

But you could use recursion if you want
And good MIPSing practice anyways
Extra time?
Ill work example problems, answer review
questions, etc
CPS 104
Recursion
Why do we want recursion?
Because recursion is a wonderful thing!
Canonical recursion example?

Factorial
CPS 104
10
Factorial in C
int fact (int n) {
if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
}
return n * fact (n 1);
}
int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
11
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
???
return 1;
}
}
int main (void) {

int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
12
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
???
factorial
}
n
return
3
C0
C0
int main (void) {

int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
13
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
???
factorial
}
n
return
3
C0
C0
int main (void) {

int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
14
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
factorial
}
C1
}
C0
???
n
return
3
C0
factorial
n
return
int main (void) {
2
C1
int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
15
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
factorial
}
C1
}
C0
???
n
return
3
C0
factorial
n
return
int main (void) {
2
C1
int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
16
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
factorial
}
C1
}
C0
???
n
return
3
C0
factorial
n
return
int main (void) {
factorial
n
return
int x = fact(3);
2
C1
CPS 104
1
C1
17
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
factorial
}
C1
}
C0
???
n
return
3
C0
factorial
n
return
int main (void) {
factorial
n
return
int x = fact(3);
2
C1
CPS 104
1
C1
18
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
factorial
}
C1
}
C0
???
n
return
3
C0
factorial
n
return
int main (void) {
factorial
n
return
int x = fact(3);
2
C1
1
C1
factorial
CPS 104
n
return
0
C1
19
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
factorial
}
C1
}
C0
???
n
return
3
C0
factorial
n
return
int main (void) {
factorial
n
return
int x = fact(3);
2
C1
1
C1
factorial
CPS 104
n
return
0
C1
20
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
factorial
}
C1
fact returned 1
C0
n
return
3
C0
factorial
n
return
int main (void) {
2
C1
factorial
n
return
int x = fact(3);
???
CPS 104
1
C1
21
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
factorial
}
C1
fact returned 1
C0
???
n
return
factorial
n
return
int main (void) {
3
C0
2
C1
int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
22
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
factorial
}
n
return
3
C0
fact returned 2
C0
???
int main (void) {

int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
23
Factorial in C
main
int fact (int n) {

if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
}
}
int main (void) {

int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
24
Factorial in Assembly
int fact (int n) {
if (n <= 0) {
return 1;
}
Observe:
Parameter n in $a0
Need to put n-1 in $a0 to call
Need n after call
int main (void) {

int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
25
int fact (int n) {
if (n <= 0) {
Observe:
Parameter n in $a0
Need n after call
return 1;
}
return n * fact (n 1); Conclusion:
Need to move n to other reg

Which one: $t0 or $s0?
int main (void) {

int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
26
int fact (int n) {
if (n <= 0) {
Observe:
Parameter n in $a0
Need n after call
return 1;
}
return n * fact (n 1); Conclusion:
Need to move n to other reg

Which one: $t0 or $s0?
Would need save/restore
=> May as well use $s0
int main (void) {

int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
27
Convert C to Assembly
int fact (int n) {
if (n <= 0) {
(Well switch to emacs

For this part)
return 1;
}
}
int main (void) {

int x = fact(3);
CPS 104
28
Addr
Value
FF7C
FF78
fact:
FF74
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
blez $s0, factEndZero
addi $a0, $a0, -1
FF70
FF6C
FF68
FF64
jal fact
mul $v0, $v0, $s0
FF60
Reg
factRet:
<<frame cleanup>> $a0
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0003
$s0
1234
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF80
$fp
FFCC
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
29
Value
FF7C
FF78
<<Frame Setup>>
addiu $sp, $sp, -16
sw $fp, 0($sp)
sw $ra, 4($sp)
sw $s0, 8($sp)
FF74
FF70
FF6C
FF68
FF64
addiu $fp, $sp, 12
Addr
FF60
Reg
Value
$a0
0003
$s0
1234
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF80
$fp
FFCC
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
30
Value
FF7C
FF78
<<Frame Setup>>
addiu $sp, $sp, -16
sw $fp, 0($sp)
sw $ra, 4($sp)
sw $s0, 8($sp)
FF74
FF70
FF6C
FF68
FF64
addiu $fp, $sp, 12
Addr
FF60
Reg
Value
$a0
0003
$s0
1234
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF70
$fp
FFCC
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
31
Value
FF7C
FF78
<<Frame Setup>>
addiu $sp, $sp, -16
sw $fp, 0($sp)
sw $ra, 4($sp)
sw $s0, 8($sp)
FF74
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
FF68
FF64
addiu $fp, $sp, 12
Addr
FF60
Reg
Value
$a0
0003
$s0
1234
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF70
$fp
FFCC
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
32
Value
FF7C
FF78
<<Frame Setup>>
addiu $sp, $sp, -16
sw $fp, 0($sp)
sw $ra, 4($sp)
sw $s0, 8($sp)
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
FF68
FF64
addiu $fp, $sp, 12
Addr
FF60
Reg
Value
$a0
0003
$s0
1234
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF70
$fp
FFCC
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
33
<<Frame Setup>>
addiu $sp, $sp, -16
sw $fp, 0($sp)
sw $ra, 4($sp)
sw $s0, 8($sp)
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
FF68
FF64
addiu $fp, $sp, 12
Addr
FF60
Reg
Value
$a0
0003
$s0
1234
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF70
$fp
FFCC
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
34
<<Frame Setup>>
addiu $sp, $sp, -16
sw $fp, 0($sp)
sw $ra, 4($sp)
sw $s0, 8($sp)
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
FF68
FF64
addiu $fp, $sp, 12
Addr
FF60
Reg
Value
$a0
0003
$s0
1234
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF70
$fp
FF7C
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
35
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF68
FF64
FF60
Reg
factRet:
Value
FF6C
jal fact
mul $v0, $v0, $s0
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Addr
Value
0003
$s0
1234
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF70
$fp
FF7C
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
36
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF68
FF64
FF60
Reg
factRet:
Value
FF6C
jal fact
mul $v0, $v0, $s0
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Addr
Value
0003
$s0
0003
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF70
$fp
FF7C
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
37
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF68
FF64
FF60
Reg
factRet:
Value
FF6C
jal fact
mul $v0, $v0, $s0
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Addr
Value
0003
$s0
0003
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF70
$fp
FF7C
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
38
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF68
FF64
FF60
Value
0002
$s0
0003
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF70
$fp
FF7C
$ra
4000
CPS 104
Value
FF6C
jal fact # Addr 1040

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
39
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF68
FF64
FF60
Value
0002
$s0
0003
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF70
$fp
FF7C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
40
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0002
$s0
0003
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF60
$fp
FF6C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
41
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0002
$s0
0002
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF60
$fp
FF6C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
42
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0002
$s0
0002
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF60
$fp
FF6C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
43
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0001
$s0
0002
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF60
$fp
FF6C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
44
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0001
$s0
0002
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF60
$fp
FF6C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
FF54
FF50
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
45
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0001
$s0
0002
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF50
$fp
FF5C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
46
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0001
$s0
0001
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF50
$fp
FF5C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
47
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0001
$s0
0001
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF50
$fp
FF5C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
48
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0001
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF50
$fp
FF5C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
49
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0001
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF50
$fp
FF5C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
FF44
FF40
50
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0001
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF40
$fp
FF4C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
51
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0000
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF40
$fp
FF4C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
52
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0000
$v0
ABCD
$sp
FF40
$fp
FF4C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
53
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0000
$v0
0001
$sp
FF40
$fp
FF4C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
54
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0000
$v0
0001
$sp
FF40
$fp
FF4C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
55
<<Frame Cleanup>>
lw $s0, 8($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
lw $fp, 0($sp)
addiu $sp, $sp, 16
Addr
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
Reg
Value
$a0
0000
$s0
0000
$v0
0001
$sp
FF40
$fp
FF4C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
56
<<Frame Cleanup>>
lw $s0, 8($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
lw $fp, 0($sp)
addiu $sp, $sp, 16
Addr
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
Reg
Value
$a0
0000
$s0
0001
$v0
0001
$sp
FF40
$fp
FF4C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
57
<<Frame Cleanup>>
lw $s0, 8($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
lw $fp, 0($sp)
addiu $sp, $sp, 16
Addr
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
Reg
Value
$a0
0000
$s0
0001
$v0
0001
$sp
FF40
$fp
FF4C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
58
<<Frame Cleanup>>
lw $s0, 8($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
lw $fp, 0($sp)
addiu $sp, $sp, 16
Addr
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
Reg
Value
$a0
0000
$s0
0001
$v0
0001
$sp
FF40
$fp
FF5C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
59
<<Frame Cleanup>>
lw $s0, 8($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
lw $fp, 0($sp)
addiu $sp, $sp, 16
Notice how $sp and $fp describe

the callers frame now
Addr
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
Reg
Value
$a0
0000
$s0
0001
$v0
0001
$sp
FF50
$fp
FF5C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
60
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0001
$v0
0001
$sp
FF50
$fp
FF5C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
61
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0001
$v0
0001
$sp
FF50
$fp
FF5C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
62
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0001
$v0
0001
$sp
FF50
$fp
FF5C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
63
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0002
$v0
0001
$sp
FF60
$fp
FF6C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
64
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0002
$v0
0001
$sp
FF60
$fp
FF6C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
65
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0002
$v0
0002
$sp
FF60
$fp
FF6C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
66
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0003
$v0
0002
$sp
FF70
$fp
FF7C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
67
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0003
$v0
0002
$sp
FF70
$fp
FF7C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
68
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
0003
$v0
0006
$sp
FF70
$fp
FF7C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
69
<<Frame Cleanup>>
lw $s0, 8($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
lw $fp, 0($sp)
addiu $sp, $sp, 16
Addr
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
Reg
Value
$a0
0000
$s0
0003
$v0
0006
$sp
FF70
$fp
FF7C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
70
<<Frame Cleanup>>
lw $s0, 8($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
lw $fp, 0($sp)
addiu $sp, $sp, 16
Addr
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
Reg
Value
$a0
0000
$s0
1234
$v0
0006
$sp
FF70
$fp
FF7C
$ra
1044
CPS 104
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
71
<<Frame Cleanup>>
lw $s0, 8($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
lw $fp, 0($sp)
addiu $sp, $sp, 16
Addr
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
Reg
Value
$a0
0000
$s0
1234
$v0
0006
$sp
FF70
$fp
FF7C
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
72
<<Frame Cleanup>>
lw $s0, 8($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
lw $fp, 0($sp)
addiu $sp, $sp, 16
Addr
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
Reg
Value
$a0
0000
$s0
1234
$v0
0006
$sp
FF70
$fp
FFCC
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
73
<<Frame Cleanup>>
lw $s0, 8($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
lw $fp, 0($sp)
addiu $sp, $sp, 16
Addr
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
Reg
Value
$a0
0000
$s0
1234
$v0
0006
$sp
FF80
$fp
FFCC
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
74
fact:
<<frame setup>>
move $s0, $a0
addi $a0, $a0, -1
jr $ra
factEndZero:
li $v0, 1
b factRet
Value
0000
$s0
1234
$v0
0006
$sp
FF80
$fp
FFCC
$ra
4000
CPS 104
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C

mul $v0, $v0, $s0
Reg
factRet:
Addr
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
75
main:
li $a0, 3
jal fact
move $a0, $v0
Value returned in $v0

Stack /callee saves restored
Addr
Value
FF7C
FF78
1234
FF74
4000
FF70
FFCC
FF6C
Reg
Value
$a0
0000
$s0
1234
$v0
0006
$sp
FF80
$fp
FFCC
$ra
4000
CPS 104
FF68
0003
FF64
1044
FF60
FF7C
FF5C
FF58
0002
FF54
1044
FF50
FF6C
FF4C
FF48
0001
FF44
1044
FF40
FF5C
76
Recursion De-mystified?
Recursion:
Assembly: not required on midterm1
Generally good to know
Hopefully de-mystified?
P.S. Some languages only have recursion
CPS 104
77
Other ISAs
Weve been studying MIPS
x86: Intel, AMDvery common, kind of ugly
Variable length insns (1-22 bytes)
Very complex insns
Not a load-store ISA (can do mem + reg -> mem)
PowerPCmore like MIPS (RISC)

Has some not-so RISC things: load-with-update
ARM

Good to know others exist, but our focus is

MIPS
CPS 104
78
Remaining Time: Work Examples, Answer ?s

With any remaining time Ill
Work examples (write C, asm, do binary math..)
Answer questions
Whatever.
CPS 104
79

More MIPS: Recursion: Computer Science 104

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More MIPS:

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

Worked bubble sort example

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

Review: MIPS Registers

v0 expression evaluation &

26 k0 reserved for OS kernel

28 gp Pointer to global area

reserved for assembler

temporary: caller saves

Return Address (HW)

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

Review: Calling a function

Step-2: Save caller-saved registers

Step-3: Execute a jal instruction.

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

Review: Callee setup

Step-2: Save callee saved registers in the

Step-3: Establish Frame pointer

Step-3: Pop the stack

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

Wont be required on the exam

Canonical recursion example?

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

int fact (int n) {

int main (void) {

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

int fact (int n) {

int main (void) {

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

int fact (int n) {

int main (void) {

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

int fact (int n) {

int main (void) {

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

int fact (int n) {

int main (void) {

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

int fact (int n) {

int main (void) {

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

int fact (int n) {

int main (void) {

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

int fact (int n) {

int main (void) {

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

int fact (int n) {

int main (void) {

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

int fact (int n) {

int main (void) {

Andrew D. Hilton / Alvin R. Lebeck

int fact (int n) {

int main (void) {