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Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) : Emtp Development Coordination Group Electric Power Research Institute
Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) : Emtp Development Coordination Group Electric Power Research Institute
Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) : Emtp Development Coordination Group Electric Power Research Institute
EL-4651
Electromagnetic Transients
Program (EMTP)
R E P 0
SUBJECTS
TOPICS
AUDIENCE
R T
SUMMARY
Substations
Transmission
EMTP code
BACKGROUND
OBJECTIVES
APPROACH
RESULTS
EPRI EL4651 s
PROJECT
This workbook provides a practical tool for utilities wishing to build inhouse EMTP expertise and to use EMTP for decreasing the cost and
increasing the reliability of power system design . The workbook can
also be used as a textbook for teaching electromagnetic transient principles at the university level. Intended as an introduction to electromagnetic and electromechanical phenomena, it is designed to dovetail with
an EMTP primer (EL-4202) that is now available as well as source code
documentation (EL-4652) and an application gu ide for experienced
users (EL-4650) that will be completed later in 1986. Other EPRI reports
describing or related to EMTP include EL-3668 and EL-4541 .
RP2149-6
EPRI Project Manager: J. V. Mitsche
Electrical Systems Division
Contractor: University of Wisconsin at Madison
EL-4651
Research Project 2149-6
Final Report, September 1986
Prepared by
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN AT MADISON
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Madison , Wisconsin 53706
Authors
F. L. Alvarado
R. H. Lasseter
W F. Long
Prepared for
Electric Power Research Institute
3412 Hillview Avenue
Palo Alto, California 94304
EPRI Project Manager
J. Mitsche
Power System Planning and Operations Program
Electrical Systems Division
ORDERING INFORMATION
Requests for copies of this report should be directed to Research Reports Center
(RRC), Box 50490, Palo Alto, CA 94303, (415) 965-4081 . There is no charge for reports
requested by EPRI member utilities and affiliates, U.S. utility associations, U.S. government
agencies (federal , state, and local), media, and foreign organizations with which EPRI has
an information exchange agreement. On request, RRC will send a catalog of EPRI reports.
Electric Power Research Institute and EPRI are registered service marks of Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
Copyright 1986 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved .
NOTICE
This report was prepared by the organization(s) named below as an account of work sponsored by the Electric
Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI). Neither EPRI , members of EPRI, the organization(s) named below, nor any
person acting on behalf of any of them : (a) makes any warranty, express or im plied , with respect to the use of any
information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report or that such use may not infringe privately
owned rights; or (b) assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of,
any information. apparatus. method, or process disclosed in this report.
Prepared by
University of Wisconsin at Madison
Madison, Wisconsin
ABSTRACT
This workbook represents an elementary introduction to transients in power systems
and to the use of the EMTP to study these transients.
topics:
introduction
t~
data for EMTP studies from load flow and short circuit studies, how extensive and
detailed systems should be represented, transmission line representation, simple
switching and fault transients, lightning and lightning arresters, transformers.
Many examples and problems are included.
iii
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1
Section
1-1
SUMMARY
1-2
Subjects Covered
1-2
Expectations
1-4
2-1
2-7
2-7
AN INTRODUCTION TO TRANSIENTS:
CLOSING A BREAKER
3-1
3-1
3-5
3-8
3-9
3-10
Branch Data
3-11
Switch Data
3-13
Source Data
3-14
3-15
3-16
3-35
3-35
3-37
3-37
3-38
2-1
4-1
Short Circuit
4-5
Open Circuit
4-7
Section
Page
5-1
6-1
7-1
SOURCE REPRESENTATION
8-1
9-1
10
9-1
EMTP Studies
9-4
10-1
Background
10-1
10-6
11
NUMERICAL OSCILLATIONS
11-1
12
12-1
12-11
13
CAPACITOR SWITCHING
13-1
14
1 4-1
15
REPRESENTATION OF TRANSFORMERS
15-1
15-1
15-4
15-7
15-12
vi
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
2. 1
2-2
2. 2
2-3
2.3
2-5
2. 4
2-8
2.5
2-11
2.6
2-12
3.1
3-1
3. 2
Response of RL Circuit
3-3
3. 3
3-5
3.4
3-6
3.5
3-7
3.6
3-12
3.7
A Simple Switch
3-13
3.8
3-14
3.9
3-19
3. 10
3-23
3.11
Energization of . 95 pf Load
3-26
3.12
3-29
3.13
3-32
vii
Figure
4. 1
4-1
4.2
The Function f
4-3
4. 3
4-3
4.4
4-5
4. 5
4-6
4.6
4-7
5.1
5-2
5. 2
5-7
5-10
5-13
6-7
6. 2
6-11
6.3
6-14
6. 4
6-17
6.5
6-20
7.1
7-4
7.2
7.3
7-5
7.4
7-6
7.5
7-7
8.1
8-5
8.2
8-9
5.3
5. 4
6.1
viii
Transposition Assumed
7-5
Figure
8.3
8-12
8-15
9. 1
9-1
9.2
9-3
9. 3
9-5
8. 4
9. 4
Notice that
9-8
10.1
10-3
10.2
10-7
10.3
10-12
11.1
11-2
11 . 2
11-6
11 . 3
11-6
11 . 4
Percent Error over a Single Time Step versus Normalized Time Step
for Trapezoidal Integration with Damping
11-7
11-9
12 . 1
12-3
12.2
12-4
12.3
12-5
12.4
11.5
12 . 5
12-14
12 . 6
12-17
12 . 7
12-20
13.1
13-2
ix
Figure
13.2
13-6
13.3
13-9
Notice pu TRV in
14 .1
14-2
14.2
14-4
14.3
14-5
14.4
Time-Dependent Resistances
14-6
14.5
Two or More Linearities cannot be solved by the EMTP unless they are
in Different Subnetworks
14-8
14.6
14-9
14.7
14-11
14.8
14-13
14.9
Line Terminated in
14-16
14-19
14-22
15.1
15-3
15.2
15-7
15.3
15-14
15.4
15-15
15-18
15.5
TABLES
Page
Table
2-1
2-4
2-2
2-9
3-1
3-9
xi
Section 1
SUMMARY
The objective of this workbook is to provide basic information on the use of the
Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP).
availability are:
EMTP Primer
(September 1985)
(January 1986)
(September 1986)
(1987)
(1987)
(1987) .
Other information on the EMTP may be found in the EMTP Newsletter, lEE/PES
Transactions, and in IEEE publication 81EH-173-5-PIMR, the text for a tutorial
course "Digital Simulation of Electrical Transient Phenomena."
1-1
They considered
the program to be the digital computer replacement for the transient network
analyzer (TNA), and expanded it accordingly.
The code
has grown by more than an order of magnitude since its early years.
In the last 1970's it was realized that two major shortcomings existed.
First,
there was no means of educating uders; second a broader base of support for
program development and distribution was needed.
responded to the education need by offering a summer short course on the use of
the EMTP.
experienced users.
The program development activity began to move beyond BPA in 1982 with the
formation of the EMTP Development Coordination Group.
formalized in 1983.
No prior
preparation so that EMTP can be used and sophistication can increase with
1-2
experience.
The following topics are covered:
sources.
attenuation, coupling.
1-3
Using
why a phenomenon exists, and what its effects are expected to be.
1-4
Section 2
THE 230KV SAMPLE SYSTEM USED IN THIS WORKBOOK
Most of the case studies in this workbook are based on a 230 KV sample power
system designed to illustrate a wide range of transient problems.
The intent of
where most of the system generation is toward the left, most load toward the
right .
features:
2-1
These include:
~~
II
~
..
-=-
200MVA
~- Pf
SkV
200MVA
X=loo;.
500 MVA56+100
MVA
X =12%
"
I 10
~O 7
1\)
10%
500MVA
.
ml
~~
to
1-J~T~OMVA
0 .9p 1
1
~~2~o~m..:..:.:..._
_ _T
90mi
t-fo-o
t .~!?~~VA
lOOM VA
1\)
..~
X = I 2 /o
..
,60mi
6-="(9
Xll=l2~~ I
~ 5~ _
3possible loads@l3
A~----~---,
f""'C>200MVA
50 MVA
0 .9pf
10%
a.
I{)
'Q.~j
coO.
c)-2
~'0
11~ I
Figure 2.1:
10%
E-o 0 .8 pu
j 0 .2
Figure 2 . 2:
2-3
TABLE 2-1
Listing of Common Format Data for Load Flow
1\)
.z::
0.0
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
21 . 79000
0 .0
0.0
0 .0
130 . 7700
130 . 7625
0 .0
0 .0
62.45000
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
0.0
0 .0
200 . 0000
200 . 0000
0 .0
2 83 . 1200
0 .0
50 . 00000
0 .0
0 .0
50 . 00000
0 .0
0 .0
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
9999
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
46.1127
42 . 4693
0.0
96 . 8722
0.0
40 . 9326
0.0
0.0
59 . 8891
0.0
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
230 . 00
230 . 00
13 . 80
13 . 80
230 . 00
13 . 80
230 . 00
13.80
230.00
13 . 80
13 . 80
230 . 00
69.00
1 . 0000
1 . 0000
1.0000
1.0000
1 . 0000
1 . 0000
1 . 0000
1 . 0000
1 . 0000
1 . 0000
1 . 0000
1 . 0000
1 . 0000
1 . 0000
0 . 0000
0 . 0000
1 . 0500
1 . 0500
0 . 0000
1 . 0500
0 . 0000
1 . 0500
0 . 0000
0 . 0000
1 . 0500
0 . 0000
0 . 0000
0 . 00
0 . 00
0 . 00
0.00
0 . 00
0 . 00
0.00
0.00
0 . 00
0.00
0 . 00
0 . 00
0 . 00
0.00
0 .0
0 .0
9999.00
9999 . 00
0.0
9999 . 00
0.0
9999.00
0.0
0.0
9999.00
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 . 0 0 . 8000027239
0 . 027239
0.0
3
0.0
0 .0
0.0
4
0 .0
0.0
0.0
4
0.0
0 .0
6
0.0
0.0
6
0.0
0 .0
8
0 .0
0.0
8
0.0 0 . 65000
8
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0 .0
11
0 .0
1:1
0.0
0.0
0 .0
- 9999 . 0
-9999 . 0
0.0
-9999 . 0
0.0
- 9999 . 0
0.0
0 .0
- 9999 . 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0 .0
0 .0
0.0
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 .0
0.0
0 .979-4: 13
1.034
<l -2
1. 25 -j 5
1.033
4-3
1.0324:
1.05~-16
-9
9
0 .9774-14
(a)
Base case .
200+ jl0
0 . 9284-3.4
Figure 2 . 3:
2-5
~---7_7_-_j_3_9________~2~~
frD
0 .9244 - 28 . 8
9
(c)
0 .959~-27 . 2
(d)
Figure 2.3:
(continued) .
2-6
A base case with all generators and lines in, capacitors out .
Table 1-1 illustrates the "common format" data base often available as part of
load flow studies .
These studies usually require that simplified positive and zero (and
The data
for these studies is shown in Figure 2. 4, the sequence diagrams are illustrated in
Figure 2. 5 and typical results in Figure 2 . 6.
provide very valuable information for transient studies , as will be seen later in
this workbook.
Load switching
Capacitor switching
Transformer effects
2-7
Figure 2.4:
2-8
TABLE 2-2
Listing of Data for Short Circuit Studies
1\)
\.0
612345678 71234567890
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
TABLE 2-2:
(continued).
5
3
10
11
{a)
Positive sequence .
_r=r-o
11
f
8
1
Figure 2 . 5:
10
(b)
Zero sequence.
2-11
14 . 244-87 .9
(II . 38~-85 . 9)
9
(a )
o--1
.::
34 .67--89 .7
(40.194-89.6)
(b)
Figure 2 . 6 :
2-12
~~
0+
..
33.44~ - 89 .5
( 39 .05~-89. 7)
crB--HH7------~H---~
7. 78~-86.8
(4. 76~-80 . 1)
4 . 55~-90
(4 . 55~ - 90)
9
(c)
35 . 10~ - 89
(40 . 62~-89.6)
9 . 03~-90
11.05~ - 90
(d)
Figure 2 . 6:
2-13
(continu ed) .
t
9 . 76~-88 . 1
(8 .23~ - 87. 2)
Later chapters of this workbook illustrate how to use the data and results from
these studies to obtain data for transient studies,
Problem 2.1:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Determine the voltage magnitude and phase angle for the voltage
behind subtransient reactance for this generator.
2-14
Section 3
AN INTRODUCTION TO TRANSIENTS:
CLOSING A BREAKER
One of the simplest transient problems is the mere act of closing a breaker
connected to a load .
Consider , for
example, the problem of energizing the load at bus 13 by closing the load
breaker.
s
R
L
Figure 3. 1:
The source is assumed to have negligible impedance compared with the load .
source voltage is v , indicating a phasor varying at the supply frequency w.
the switch S is closed, the equation expressing the current is
3-1
The
When
Ri
L di
dt
vmsin(wt
s(t)
e)
II ss I
It is clear that in due course the current attains a steady- state value
v
z
where
defined as
cos~
R
--2
power factor
Except under special circumstances , the current cannot achieve its steady state
value instantaneously , because the circuit inductance demands that the current
start at zero .
where Z and
a =L
-~
The first
3-2
Moreover,
current
Transient term
Figure 3. 2:
Response of RL Circuit
e=
In the very special case where the switch closes at the instant when
transient term will be zero and the current wave will be symmetrical.
~.
the
On the
other hand, if the switch closes when the transient term attains its maximum
amplitude and the first peak of the resulting composite current wave will approach
twice the peak amplitude of the steady-state sinusoidal component .
The peak
amplitude is dependent on the switch closing time defined by e and the power
factor through the angle
circuit breakers .
For more practical load switching transients we must include capacitors,
transformer effects and possible transmission line effect .
the simple case can be of help in understanding the basic behavior but to achieve
detailed waveforms a transient analysis program such as the EMTP must be used .
3-3
Problem 3.1:
1 mH
pu
60 Hz
3-4
The digital computer cannot give a continuous history of transient phenomena but
rather a sequence of solutions at discrete intervals 6t.
truncation errors which can lead to numerical instability .
Discretization causes
To avoid numerical
instability the EMTP uses the trapezoidal rule for integrating differential
equations .
It does have
problems with certain numerical oscillations which are discussed later in this
workbook .
The most basic elements are system branches; inductances, capacitances and
resistances .
ikm
-+
v.k
o~----~~~------o vm
k
m
Figure 3.3:
L~
The EMTP replaces this equation with an algebraic equation using the trapezoidal
rule of integration:
3-5
km
2L
Note that the first term is dependent upon node voltage at time t while the last
two terms are dependent on voltage and current one time step
terms would have already been found.
~t
before t .
resistance term and a current source calculated one time step back .
eq
where
and
ikm(t-~t) + ~
eq
{vk(t-~t)- vm(t-~t)}
Figure 3. 4:
where
3-6
It becomes
These
eq
and
RL network in Figure 3. 4.
networks.
i (t )
=
Figure 3 . 5:
6t
ZL
3-7
The EMTP then solves this problem by construction a set nodal simultaneous
equations :
I<t>
Problem 3. 2:
inductor .
[GJ v <t>
+ r<t-~t>
~t
= 1 ms , and a 1 mH
What is the conductance in mhos that the EMTP will use internally to
----------------- mhos
Comment lines can also be added to the input data by entering a " C-
The
The EMTP prints these lines i n the record of input data , but otherwise
ignores them .
3-8
TABLE 3-1
EMTP Input Data Structure
DEL TAT
TMAX
XOPT
COPT
E8 . 0
E8.0
E8 . 0
E8.0
3-9
In general , 6t should
XOPT is the power frequency for purposes of induc t ance specifica t ion .
is zero or blank, all inductances are enter ed in millihenries .
If it
If it is 60.0 ,
If it
If it is 60 . 0,
IPRNT
I8
I PLOT
I8
IDOUBL
KSSOUT
I8
I8
MAXOUT
ICAT
NENERG
I8
I8
I8
IPRNT - This parameter specifies the rate at which output variables are
printed during the simulation .
printed .
IPRNT should
numerical oscillations to exist which the user cannot detect in the output .
3-10
IPLOT - This parameter specifies the rate at which output variables are
plotted during the simulation n exactly the same way that IOUT controls
printed output.
IDOUBL - Setting IDOUBL equal to one will cause a network topology listing to
be printed out .
setting up a case .
MAXOUT - Setting MAXOUT equal to one will cause the EMTP to print the maximum
values attained by each output variable during the transient simulation .
ICAT - Setting ICAT equal to one causes all plot data generated by the EMTP to
be saved on disk for future plotting by a separate program .
Branch Data:
3-11
BU~~M
R
Figure 3.6:
BUS K
2X
A6
BUS M
A6
12X
E6.0
E6.0
3-12
c
E6.0
BRANCH OUTPUT
35X
11
BUS K and BUS Mare the six-character node names on the user's schematic diagram
of the system.
The
parameters R, L and C are the resistance , inductance, and capacitance (in series)
of the branch.
Use a 1
differential voltage output, a 3 to have both branch current and voltage output .
and a 4 to have branch power and energy output.
If columns 15 to 26 contain the bus names of a previously entered branch, the EMTP
uses the parameters of this branch instead .
Switch Data :
The format of these data lines is similar to the branch data , except
that switch closing and opening times are specified rather than R, L, and C.
Ordinary EMTP switch models perform one close-open operation during the
simulation .
The format is
listed below.
T- OPEN
BUS ~~ SM
T-CLOSE
NOTE: T-OPEN> T -CLOSE
Figure 3.7:
BUS K
2X
A6
BUS M
A6
A Simple Switch
T-CLOSE
E10.0
E10.0
3-13
BRANCH OUTPUT
T-OPEN
45X
I1
The switch is connected between nodes BUS K and BUS M, one of which may be left
blank to indicate a switch to ground.
seconds.
greater than TMAX, the switch will never open during the simulation.
Branch
current and voltage outputs may also be requested for switches in the same way as
for branches .
Source Data :
Step functions
Input formats
I or V
I or V
TYPE 11
TYPE 14
Figure 3. 8:
TYPE
BUS
!2
A6
V OR I
I2
AMPLITUDE
FREQUENCY
E10 . 6
E10 . 6
3-14
TO/PHIO
E10 . 6
A1
TSTART
E10 . 6
E10 . 6
TSTOP
E10.6
11=step function
14=cosine function .
BUS is the node name where the source is connected (sources are always from
ground)
V OR I is a two-digit integer:
blank=voltage source
-1=current source.
EMTP sources become active in the first time step of the transient simulation.
However, sinusoidal (type 14) sources of fundamental frequency with negative
"TSTART" are active in the pre-transient steady state.
when t
circuit .
A single data line can be used with a "1" in Column 2 to request all node voltages
to be output.
In this case , DO NOT use the BLANK data line which normally
BUS 1
2X
BUS 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . BUS 13
A6
A6
A6
output line may be used if there are more than 13 voltages to be output.
However,
there is an upper limit on the number of output variables which varies from
installation to installation.
The lines for batch-mode plots fall in two general types. The
first (optional) type specifies line printer or Calcomp plots, the plot title and
a few other features.
Col. 1-2
"bb"
Col. 3-80
"bb"
CASE TITLE
"02"
CASE SUBTITLE
"01"
PLOT REQUEST
3-16
ALCOMP PLOT may not be operational at each installation , but PRINTER PLOT will
always produce plots in the EMTP printout using alphanumeric characters . For that
reason, these plots are harder to use than CALCOMP PLOTs .
the specification of each individual plot is made using the format shown below .
FLAG
12
TYPE
11
UNITS
11
UP!
ORIG
END
E3 . 0
E4 . 0
E4 . 0
9X
BUS 1
BUS 2
A6
A6
BUS 3
BUS 4
A6
A6
In most cases , UP! , ORIG, and END should be chosen to get a total time-scale
length of 10 to 12 inches.
10 or 12 .
UP! should be
a convenient scaling division, since the grid lines are drawn one per inch.
If a node voltage plot is being made, up to four different node voltages may be
plotted on the same graph.
1 and BUS 2 are the branch node names as specified in the EMTP simulation.
3-17
BUS 3
and BUS 4 may contain node names for a second branch variable to be plotted on the
same graph.
Basic data for the LR load switching transient example in Figure 3.1 is shown in
Figure 3.9(a).
Problem 3.3:
3-18
Figure 3.9:
3-19
ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS PROGR AM IEI'ITPl, APOU.O TRA N~L ~T!ON, AS US~D BV BONNI'VIL LE f'OW[R ADI'IINISTRAT!ON, f'ORTI ANO, OREGON IUSAI.
DATE CMM/DD/VYl AND riME OF DAY CHH.MM.SSl 03/0r/36 16 .10.40
NAM OF PLOT l'ILE <IF ANVl PLOT0307S6161040.PL4
FOR lN~ O RMATION, CONSLI ~. T THf. 840PAGE" EI'ITF' RUI.F. BOO'< DATED
MARCH ,
19$3.
PROGRAM VERSION = " M3Q . " OR JUST BEFORE.
!NDEPNr.ENT LIST Lll'l ! rs FOL LOW.
TOTAL LENGTii OF
/L ABEL/
tQIJALS
19 18 16 !IIITEGER I<ORDS.
"152
9 00 1!500
300 7500
l ZO 16!50 ~ 250
::2 5
430
150
150
1'5 1180
1'50
120
lZ
15 4.;00 1950
300
450 I ZOOO
9 1200
150 1'50
OESCR!f'T !VE INH! RP~ET AT! ON OF NFW CASf INPUT DATA 1 INPUT DATA CARD !MAGI S f'R!NTI ' D BELOW, Al.l. 80 COl.U:o!NS . CHAHACTt:R EY CHAfCACTER.
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
w
I
COMMENT CARD.
MARKER CARD PRECEDING Nf.lol DATA CASE .
COMMENT CARD
COMMENT CARD.
COMMENT CARD
O. ZOCE-03
MISC. DArA.
0 . 50CE-O I
O. OOCE+OO
COMMENT CARD .
MISC. DAr~.
Z!l
0000000
COMMENT CARD.
COMMENT CARD.
COMMENT CARD.
SERIES R-L -C .
O.tOOE+OO 0. !OOE+OI O. OOOE+OO
BLANK CARD IERMINAriNG BRANCH CARDS.
COMMENT CARD
COMMENT CARD.
COMMENT CARD
SW ITCH .
O.IOE - OZ O.I OE+0!5 O.OOE+OO O.OOE+OO
BLANK CARD rERM!NAriNG SWITCH CARDS .
COMMENT CARD.
COMMENT CARD.
COMMENT CARD.
SOURCE".
O.IOf+Ol 0.60!:+02 O.OOE+OO -O.IOE+O I
BLANK CARD rERMIN AT!NG SOURCE CARDS.
1C $A TTACH ,r l_enmplt,
! BEGIN NfW DATA CASE
lC Rl. ............................................................. . ............ ..
1C Entr:J i zJ.tion of a. tr i via.l RL circui t.
F i gurr 3 .9(b) .
:
IC ----dt <- --trnu . ........... . ................... .. ............................. I
I ZOO.E-6 SO.E-3
lC -I prnt <- -!pI ot <- I doub I <-KssOut< - MuOu t
<--- rut
2tl
IC
IC Circurt dah ................................................................. .
IC Bu-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >< ----R<----L<----c
0
I LOAD
1
I.
0
!BLANK End of circuit dah ...................................................... :
IC
IC Switch dah .......... . ...... ... .. . ............. ... . . ... . ...... . ............. . .
lC Bu-- >Bus--><- --Tc lose <----ropen <-- ----- Ie
0
I SRC
LOAD
I.F. .. 3
'199'1 .
0
I
I BLANK End of sw i tch dah . I
!C
1\)
0
LIST OF INPUT l:"LEMr:NTS CONNF.CTED TO EACH BUS .
I) ONLY ~E PHYSICAl. CONNI:CTIONS OF MU:.TIPHASE LINES ARE SHOWN ICAPACIT !VE AND INOUCTIVE
Zl REPEATED ENTRIES IMPLY PARALLEL CONNECTIONS
31 SOURCES ARE OMITrfO, AI. THOUGJt SW!TCHf.S AHF. INCLUDED;
4) U.M. USAGE PRODUCES EXrRA, INTERNALLY-r.EF!NED NODES "1:11???? " liST 2 LETTERS "UM"l.
FROM BUS NAME I NAMI:S OF Al.L ADJACr:NT BUSSES
LOAD IT ERRA SRC
SRC
!LOAD
TERRA I LOAD
COU~' LING
IGNORED I
0 JU1PUT VARI~BLES PERTAIN TO DYNAI'IIC SYNC~II tO NCJI, S M CHIN!!S , WITH N~I'II : S GENUlATFO INT (RNALLY :
0 OUTPUT VARIABLES Bflo: NG TO ' TACS'
!NOTE I NTRNALL Y- AOOED l!PPER NAME OF ? AIR ) .
POWER CONSUMPT ION IPCW1{ FLOW, IF A SWIT CH) I S TRI.A TF.D LI KE A BRANCH VQI TAGF. FOR THI S GROUPING :
BRANCH tNtRGY CONSI:MPTi eN lNf.RGY FI.OW, IF A SWIT CH) I S Tn~ A TED LWE A Bll ANCH ( IJRI;ENT f'O: R THI S ~RoJUPING .
NEl:T
FI NAL
~ RANCH
'> TEP
I !ME
SRC
LOAD
SRC'
LOAD
SWITCH
: '5
'50
7'5
1<)0
1.:5
I '50
175
.:00
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L50
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"SRC
TO
"LOAD
Ct.O~ E O
AFTER
0. 100000E-OZ SEC.
COMMENT C~ R il.
COMME:'lT CARD.
PLOT SUB TI TLE CAI<D.
COMMENT C ~RD.
COMMENT CARD.
COMMENT CARD.
(.QMMENT -:.~ RD .
( OMMENT CARD.
CO:~< M E N T :-<Ril.
( ')MMEN T CARD.
CO)i~MENT CARD.
PLOT CARD.
0.'500[+01 0 . 000[ +01) 0 .500r 02
CL ANK CARll TERMINATING PLOT SPEC. CARDS.
1C
lC : ____ Un t t s:
1 n g t 11!'11
_Plo t s t op p tn ') t 11re
lC : ~
:
:
:
V1. lu e 1t bo tt ol!'l >f ve r tt c l l l. x ts Co ptt l nl l)
l C. :: :
:
:- -~V a lu e at t op o f v e r t tc a.l il ~:t s Co pt io n;a. l)
I C VV<-: <--: <--: <- --:---:&us- ~ Bus -- ' Eus -- >Bus -- >Head on3 - --- - -- - >Vert .... - - - --- >
1 194 5 . 0 . 0 50. - 4.
4. SRC
LOAD
Rl. Ener3 i zat i on Amps
IBI. ANK End o f P l ot Rquest l)oto ................................................. :
lC ::
l C ::
.... . ,_PI o t s h .r t
CORE STOf< AGE. F IGURi:S FOR PRECED I NG DATA CASE NOW COMI'l.EYf. D.
A VAL LE OF -'-9>9 INDI CATIOS !)!::FAULT, WITH NO t=I GUflE AVAI L ABLE.
S I ZE L 1ST 1.
NU)1J;ioR OF NET WORK NOD<S.
NI.MBER OF Nt'floiORK llRANCHES.
31ZE LI S T 2 .
SI ZE LIST 3 .
NU:oll!i: R OF DATA VALUES IN R, L, C TABLES.
Nl:MBER OF ENTRIES IN SOURCE TABLE.
S I ZE LI S T 4.
STORAGI:. FOR (Y) AND TRIANGU ~ ARI Z E'O IV)
NO. TIMES =
Z
FACTORS =
0
S l ZE LIST '5.
S IZE LI S T 6.
NUI'IBER OF ENTRIES IN SWITCH TABLE.
NO . FLOPS =
SIZE LI ST 7.
NU"'IlcR OF TOTAL DI STINCT AL PH ANU)4ERIC <A6l PR06RAM NAMES
SIZE LI S T 8 .
Nl :MBER OF PAST HI STORY POINTS FOR OISTRIIlLITED LINES.
SI : E LI ST 9 .
NU!'tBi'R OF NONI. INEAR ELf.otNTS.
S I ZE LIS T 10 . Nl:MllER OF POINTS DEFINING NONLINEAR CHARACTERI S TI CS.
SI ZE LI ST 11. NU!'!Si:R OF ilRANCH OR SEl.[CTIVE" -- NODE- VOl. TAGE OUTPUTS.
S I ZE LI S T 1Z . Nl.MBtR OF OUTPUT QUANTITIES !LIMITED GNLY ~ HEN PRINTING MA X AllSOLU TE VALL ES).
SI ZE LI ST 13. NU!'IIli.R OF 'WEIGHTING ' FRF.OU !: NC Y - D cP ~NOc NT LINE 1'10D[S.
S I ZE LI ST 14 . NL I't~ER OF CELLS USED TO STORE ~REO. - ~~PENCENCE WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS.
SI ZE L 1ST 15 . NU!'!Bi R OF CEL LS USED FOR EXP()Oo!ENT lAt.- TAl l. LINE HI STORY STORAG& .
S I ZE l l !i T 16 .
TOTAL l'llMBER OF TYPE-59 S.Jot . MASSES.
S I ZE LIST 17. NU~BER OF OYNAJotiC SYNCHHONOUS Jo!ACHINES.
S I ZE LI S T 18 . Nl:MllER OF llRANCH POWER- AND-ENERGY r.UTPUTS .
SI ZE L 1ST 19. FLOATING- POINT WORKING SPACE FOR Al.L lACS ARRAYS .
SIZE LI S T ZO. RECURSIVE CONVOLUTION PARAI'(I;;TER !iTORAGE >OR NON-C OPIED BRANCH COMP CNENTS .
S IZE LIST Zl. TOTAL STORAG~ CRI.S FOR I'IODAL - PHAS~ TRANSFORMATION Jo!ATRI CES .
S I <:E LIST 22 . NI 'MilER OF CELLS FOR CONVOLUTION Hl!iTORY.
GIANT ARRAYS FOR RE.NU~BRING AND STEADY -STAT!; SOI.UTION CALCUL ATIONS.
SIZE LI ST <: 3.
(b)
Sam!>le output.
PRE'StNT
F I GURE
3
1
1
1
Z
1
2
0
0
0
l
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
137
0
0
0
1
PROGRAM
L IJo!IT
752
9 00
1500
300
7500
120
1650
52!50
225
~80
150
150
15
1380
150
120
1Z
1'5
4800
1950
300
4!50
12000
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Rl Energ lzatlon
A11ps
(1011
1>
0.'100
0.300
08/30/85 12.11.
- 0. '100
PLOT TYP
NODE NAil
9
SRC
1
lOAD
Figure 3.9:
(continued).
3-22
SRC
Bus 13
19.72 mH
56.34 coswt
22.61.0,
(a)
Figure 3.10:
Circuit diagram .
3-23
Input data.
Figure 3.10:
(continued).
3-24
.:n,.ps
(1011 1>
0.400
ENER 200KYn.95pf
0.300
0.200
0.100
- 0.100
- 0. 208
-0.300
(c)
KYo Its
<1011 2)
0. 800
Load current.
ENER 200KYA.95pf
O. GOO
0.400
0.200
-0.200
-o.1oo
- O.GOO
(d)
Load voltage.
3-25
Bus 12
SRC
56.34
coswt
0.05 f),
0.81JLF
J 6 mH
-I
Bus 135
19.72 mH
0.84JLF
22.61
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(a)
Figur e 3 . 11 :
Circuit diagram .
3- 26
Bus 13L
_________
(b)
Input data .
Figure 3.11:
(continued).
3-27
EnTh 20011YA.95pf
1>
O .ofOO
(10..
0. 300
1
- 0. 300
08/30/85 13.36.
PLOT TYP
- O .ofOO
NODE NAN
IUS13S IUS13L
(c)
uo..
Switch current .
0. 800
0. 600
-0.690
1
(d)
Figur e 3 . 11 : (continued).
3-28
SRC
0.05
56.34
COSJ.Lt
0.81F
Bus13S
37.89mH
0.8JLF
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(a)
Figure 3 . 12:
Circuit diagram .
3-29
Input data.
Figure 3-12:
(continued).
3-30
KAIIpS
(19rr
0.400
0.300
- 0. 300
08/30/85 15.21.
-0.100
PLOT TYP
NOOE NA"
9
BUS13S BUS13L
(c)
Enlh 200MVA.8pf
KVolts
<10 ..
Switch current.
2>
0.800
0. 600
08/30/85
- 0. 800
PLOT TYP
MOOE HM
5 22.
1
l BUS13l
(d)
3-31
cos
-:- (wt-120 )
T
B13SC
cos
-=- (wt +120)
T
(a)
Figure 3 . 13 :
Circuit diagram .
3-32
En3Th200MYA .8pf
KllllpS
( 1011 1)
0.400
0.300
- 0.300
o8/30/85
PLOT TYP
-0.400
NODE HA"
ls.s9.
9
B13SA
(d)
KYolls
B13LA
B13L voltages, all three phases.
En3Th200"YA.8pf
(10U 2)
0.800
O.GOO
0. 400
0.200
- 0.200
-0.100
-O.GOO
- 0.800
(continued) .
Load energization
is seldom of great interest, but the ideas are easily extrapolated to other
problems.
cases:
200
3-35
18.19
Therefore:
22.61
Zy
60 Hz.
Assume that f
b)
+ j
7. 43 ohms.
22.61 ohms
19.72 mH
200
19.04 ohms
37 . 89 mH
36.87
-1
52.59 MVAR
.95)
Its impedance is
67 . 41
- 90
70 . 63 ohms
37.56 ).IF .
However , transient
The following
KVpeak
LG
/2 KVRMS
/3
LL
KVpeak
LG
56.34 KV.
Assume the
following information:
a)
following parameters:
Rser
.05 ohms
Lser
2. 00 mH
Cshunt = . 8 microF
c)
side .
Ignore zero sequence effects at this time .
3-37
energization of the RL . 95
Figure 3.10(c) and (d) give the results of the EMTP simulation (both voltage and
current) .
Figure 3. 11 illustrates the same studies as Figure 3.10 but with the source
circuit represented in more detail.
the compensated . 8 pf load.
Problem 3.4 :
simulations:
a)
magnitudes.
b)
~F.
Use mH ,
~F .
3-38
C Miscellaneous Data
w
I
1.0
<---Icat <-Nenerg
c .... "' ..... " ..... "' ..... " ..... "
... .. .. . ..... .
1\
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Problem 3.5:
zero:
a)
b)
A delta-connected three phase RL load , 50 MVA, 230 KV, .85 pf, with one
3-40
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cc:
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3- 41
Problem 3.6:
a)
b)
A switch between "BUS1" and "BUS2" that is closed under steady state
conditions and opens at the first zero current crossing after t = .01.
Ask
3-42
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to
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3-43
Problem 3.7:
a)
The
The source
o+.
3-44
C Source Da.ta
c
c
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c
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11: Step
12 : Rarr.p with rise time to "Amp I itude" at tirr:e "10", constant thereaftet13: Rar.1p with decay tJ "A1" at tir!le "T1"
14: A~pl itude
cos<2 pi f t + TO:PhiO>
"T1" not ' used. IF A1=0 then PhiO in radians, ELSE ro in seconds.
15: Arrp I i tude
(e:~p (a I pha t> - e:: p (b~ta t))
"alpha" is entered in "Ft-equency" field, "beta" in "'fO:PhiO" field
*
*
C Bus-- >< I <Ampl itude <Frequency < --TO:PhiO <-------A1 <------T1 >< ---Tsta.rt <----Tstop
c
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A
Problem 3.8:
quantities:
a)
from t
b)
0 to t
05
seconds.
3- 46
Size your
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Title
A
Subtitle
02
......................................................................
Problem 3.9:
pu
60 Hz .
1 mH
(peak value)
~t
3-48
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3-51
C Source Data
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
11: Step
12 : Rarr.p with rise tirr:e to "Arnpl itude" at tirr:e "10", constant thereafter
13: Ra.r:1p \.J i th decay to "Al" a.t t i r:1e "T1"
cos(2 pi f t + TO:PhiO)
14: A~plitude
"Tl" not used. IF Al=O then PhiO in ra.dia.ns, ELSE ro in seconds.
15: Arr-p I i tude * (e::p (a I ph a. t) - e}:p (b~ta. t))
"alpha." is entered in "Frequ1ncy" field, "beta." in "ro::=tliO" field
Bus-- >< I <Ampl itude <Frequency <--TO:PhiO <-------A1 <------T1 >< ---Tsta.rt <----Tstop
w
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Title
A A
C Subtitle
02
C
A A
Section 4
BASIC THEORY OF DISTRIBUTED TRANSMISSION LINES
To model transients in transmission lines it is necessary to use a more formalized
method than a simple pi model .
The effect of
inductance of L henries per meter and C farads per meter , an elementary length t:.x
will have inductance and capacitance Lt:.x and Ct:.x as shown .
Increasing x
fl
Figure 4. 1:
~1
L't:.x
(H
at
which in the limit as the element shrinks in length to the infinitesimal dx can be
written
4-1
-L'
<li
( 4. 1 )
at
Partial derivatives are used because V and I are functions of both position and
time .
The current to charge the elementary capacitance
~C
is given by
ai
ax
ae
-c at
( 4 . 2)
Figure 4. 1 shows x
i(x,t)
e(x , t)
f+(x-vt) + f (x+vt)
( 4. 3)
( 4. 4)
If these solutions are introduced into equations (1) and (2) they satisfy the
equation when the constants Zc and v are defined as
L'
IC'
The
4-2
(ii)
+X_.
Figure 4. 2:
The function f
VT) as it formerly had at x=a, which says that the voltage distribution has moved
intact a distance VT in the direction of minus x.
4. 2.
The simple way to understand this effect is to look at a simple line with
P=X
X
~
~~t
Figure 4.3:
~t
Resistance terminated line.
4-3
i(x,t)
e(x,t)
i+(x-vt) + i (x+vt)
Z i (x-vt) - Z i (x+vt)
c +
c -
e+(x-vt) + e_(x+vt)
and i
at the termination, X=d the ratio must equal the resistance, RT.
e(x=d,t)
i (x=d, t)
RT
i (d+vt)
and
e (d+vt)
R -z
T c
- - e (d-vt)
R +Z
+
T c
Two obvious types of line termination are short circuit RT=O and open circuit.
Consider these two extremes .
4-4
a.
Shor t Circuit .
voltage reaches a short circuit , the reflected voltage wave must precisely cancel
out the incident wave so that the refracted wave is zero .
wave is e 1 and the incident current wave i 1 , the reflected voltage wave will be
-e 1 and the reflected current wave +i 2 (=i 1 ) .
The reflected wave of voltage annihilates the incident wave as it returns, while
the reflected current wa ve augmen t s t he incident current wave , doubling the
current flowing in the line.
e,
1._
1_.
e,
e._
,LI
2
.'2
.,,
I-.
l
Figure 4. 4:
___ _ _-:-
+-I
Let us now examine what happens when a short circuit is applied to a transmission
line fed by a voltage source , which , for the sake of simplicity, we will assume to
ha ve zero im pedance and to pro vide a constant voltage E.
problem implies certain boundary conditions.
Our specification of t he
To satisfy
the first of these conditions when the short circuit is applied, a wave of voltage
of amplitude -E travels toward the source , reducing the l ine voltage to zero.
Since this is the minus x direction , the accompany current wave is +E/Zc .
illustrated in Figure 4.5(a) .
This is
condi t ion there demands the initiation of a new wave of voltage +E, which, because
of its direction , is associated with a current +E/Zc .
Figure 4. 5(b).
This is illustrated in
These waves in due course reach the short circuit, whereupon the
4-5
cycle repeats 4.5(c), so that the short circuit current as seen at the fault or at
the source increases in discrete steps as shown in Figures 4.5(d) and 4.5(e).
At
the source the effect of the short circuit is not felt until a time ' after its
application.
This is the time for the initial wave to travel from the fault to
' = d v.
Sourc~~
r-
{a)
II
V/zo.-.1
{b)E!
II
E!
(c )II
I
!:
~
-+-I
Short
circuit
X
I
~
I
I
X
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
t_.
(d) Fault
curren
fr
I
T' 2 T'
t-+-
Figure 4.5:
have just discussed only to the extent that the voltage waves issuing from the
source must always be such as to maintain equality between the line voltage and
instantaneous source voltage whatever that may be.
4-6
when waves from the short circuit arrive at the source, the source itself is
generating a continuous traveling wave by
b.
Open Circuit.
In this situation the current disappears when the current is brought to zero
+E~o~--
Sourc~1~
(a}
I-+
1~-----.L..1 .._,
--._
Open
circuit
__,
Et-------'
(b)I
~t--------.1+
EI
( c)
-.J
lr---------i
rl
1--..
Figure 4. 6:
4-7
Section 5
THE EMTP BASIC DISTRIBUTED LINE MODELS
To understand the EMTP equivalent impedance network for a lossless distributed
line , we can add and subtract equation 4. 3 and 4.4 .
e(x , t) + Z i(x , t)
2Z cf + (x-vt)
( 5 . 1)
e(x , t) - Zci(x,t)
2Z c f - (x+vt)
( 5 . 2)
Note that in (5.1) the expression (e+Zci) is constant when (x-vt) is constant and
in (5 . 2) (e-Zci) is constant when (x+vt) is constant .
(x-vt)
The expressions
differential equations.
Problem 5 . 1:
You are given the following 60Hz parameters for a distributed line:
z = . 0243 + j.3483
Y'
4 . 75
ohms/Km
ll
mhos/Km
Calculate:
R'
L'
C'
5-1
... -- -------0
Terminal k
0
Terminal m
------
i mk(t)
lm(tT)
---+
+--
ek(~ ~m(t)
~Ik(tT~
let a
If the travel time to get from one end of the line to the other is
' = d/v
diL'C'
(d is the length of line), then the expression (e+Zi) encountered by the observer
when he leaves node m at time t- must still be the same when he arrives at node k
at timet, that is
e(t -
<) +
zc i m, k(t
(currents as in Figure 5. 1) .
<)
e(t)
Z (-ik
c
(t))
,m
5-2
ik ,m(t)
similarly
i
(1/Z )e(t)
c
m, k (t)
I (t - <)
m
with equivalent current sources Ik and Im, which are known at state t from the
past history at time t-< ,
- ( 1 /Z ) e ( t - ') - i
(t -
mk
(t
- ')
T)
connected; the conditions at the other end are only seen indirectly and with a
time delay ' through the equivalent current sources I .
To prepare EMTP data for a single phase distributed line , the following
information is needed:
NODE names to which the line is connected .
Resistance R' per unit length
L' and C' (inductance and capacitance per unit length)
one
of
Zc and
these
Length
5-3
1-2
11
-1 11
3-8
9-14
Bus 1
Bus 2
A6
A6
BUSl, BUS2:
R':
33-38
39-44
45-50
51-52
55-56
!line
I Pose
E6 . 2
12
R'
12X
E6.2
E6 . 2
E6 . 2
2X
12
bus names
A, B:
d:
27-32
!line
zc , v
if
zc , t
if !line
length
Ipose:
These are:
The ratio of
t/~t
~t .
must be reasonable.
large .
5-4
t/~t
be an integer .
If any of these situations arise, you may want to think more about what you are
trying to do before proceeding.
If t/6t is too
large , perhaps you do not need to represent the line as a distributed line since
it is also likely that t
max
reflections during the course of the study can be represented as a pure lumped
resistance with a value equal to its characteristic impedance .
As an idealized example of the energization of a single phase line , consider a
single phase line with parameters corresponding to the positive sequence
parameters of line 1-12 .
ideal voltage source.
R'
.0243 ohms/Km
L'
.9238 mH/Km
C'
. 0126micro F/Km
24 . 14 Km (15 miles)
R' d
0 . 574 ohms
L'
22.23 mH
C' (L/2)
. 1557 microF
vpeak
230 x (/2 I
5-5
/3) KV
the equivalent circuit for energization of the open circuited line using a pi
circuit model.
Figure 5.2(b) shows the EMTP input data for this case and Figure
points:
Notice the
following points:
+ T,
where
ms .
Observe here:
5-6
ENER Pi
t =1mS
SRC 1
22.23mH
Bus 1
o.574
n
'-----o Bus 12
187.79
coswt
0.1557p.F
0.1557 J.LF
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Figure 5 . 2:
5-7
c
C .. . . . ... .. . . ..... . Citc u it data .. ................
C Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >< ----R<----L <----C
0
BUS! BUSlZ
0 . 5/4 22: . 23
0
BUS!
. 155l
0
BUS12
. 1557
0
BLANK f.nd of citcuit data . . . ..... . ........... . ............. . ................... :
C s. . , i t c h data. ................. . ..
c
C . S(outce data...................
r Bus-- >Bus- ->B us-- >B us-- >Bus-- >Bus - - >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus - - >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-->
BUS! BUS12
BLANK End Qf output r e qu~'sts ... ...... . . . ...... :
C Plot tequest Dat a .. .... ..... .... ....... . ..... ..
C _____ _____Gr ap It type : 1 <v:o Its I ::: (b r a.n c h v:o I tsl 9 ( e un en ts I
C : ___ ______ Units: 1 (de g) Z <eye I 3 <secl 4 <r.1secl 5 lr.1 i eros e cl
C ::
________________ Units pe t i neh
C ::
Plot start i ng time
C ::
Plot stopping time
c ::
C VV <-: <--l <--:
Bus-->Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Heading-------- >Vert axis - ----- >
2Energize !phas e F'Iequiv Noload Id eaiSrc
144 . Z:f:, 0.0 2 . ~.
BUS12
Enet"f'i
Busl2 KV
1442:.5 0 . 0 25 .
BUS12:
EnerPi
Bus12 KV
E:LANI< End of Plot Fiequest ........ . . ......... . .................. .. . l
BLANK End oF AI I Cases
(b)
Input da t a.
Figure 5. 2 : (continued ).
5-8
EnerPI
lus12 F:Y
NOT TYPiCAL
FOH UISCUSSIOI\
PURPOSE S ONL 1'
3)
(1011
0. '109
0. 299
0.199
HDS<10II 2>
0
0.088
. 158
75
0. 250
8. 175
- 0. 189
-0. 298
(c)
-0.399
-0. 109
lus12
97/08/85 11.25.
PLOT TYP
4
MODE HA"
IUS12
Bus 12
voltage.
EnerP l
NOT TYPICAL
FOR DISCUSSION
PURPOSES ON~ 'I
(1911 3)
0. -400
-0.100
-0.299
(d)
-9.399
-9.-109
5-9
SRC 1
Bus1
Bus12
------4.-~~----------------~~
t=1ms
187.79 costvt
(a)
Figure 5.3 :
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Circuit Diagram
5-10
c -- ---- ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------(: Energizatio:n o:f a 15 t~IL I ine ft"jm an ideal VQitage soiH"CPC usin :1 actual units, singlE phase DISHHBUfED LINE rro:odels. Fig . 5 . ~:(tJ)
C ----dt <- - -tna x< -------------------------------------------------------------- >
10 E -~~. 2 5E- :;:
<---Icat
C - I prnt <---Ip I ot<-Id:ottb I <-l<ssOut <-Ma>:Out
15
1
1
0
0
0
(:
c
C ... ..... ... Sw i t c h data ........ ... ...
C Bus-- >Bus-- >< ---TciQse <----TQpen <-------Ie
0
SRC:l
BUSl
l . E- <3
9999.
c
0
BLANK (-:nd Qf s1~ itch data ...... ..................... :
c
C Source data. .......
C Bus-- >< I <Aop I i tude ( Frequency <-- ro: Phi 0<---0=Ph i 0
<--- Ts tart <---- Ts to:p
14SRCJ
187 . 79
60 .
0
0.
-1 .
9999 .
BLANK l': nd Qf so:urce data .. ..... . ... . ... .. :
c
C ..... ..... ..... Output RequEst Da.ta .. ......
C Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >B us-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus -->Bus-->Bus-->
BUS! BUS12
BLANK End of output tequests ................. ......... :
c
C PI ot request Data ........... ...............................
C ____ ____ Gtaph type : 4(v:oltsl :::(btanch volts) 9( currentsl
C : _______ Units : 1 (deg) 2<cycl :;: (sec) 1 <rrsec) 5(rrict osecl
c
c
c
c
::
::
::
::
(b)
Input data .
Figu re 5 . 3 : (continued) .
5-11
Jus12 KY
3)
(1011
0. ~00
EnerOist
Energize
15~1
0.300
0. 200
0.100
0. 000
075
0.150
0.175
0.
SECOMOS<1011 2)
225
0.250
-0.100
-0.200
-0.300
ohaa;a~
-0.4001
PLOT TYP
MOO NnH
3)
0. "100
Bus 12 voltage.
BUS12
EnerOist
Jus12 ~y
(1811
(c)
iU( .
1
Energize
15~1
0.300
0.290
0. 100
0. 000
0.025
0.950
0.075
0.100
-0.100
-0.200
(d)
-0.390
-0.400
07/08/85 11.27.
4
PLOT TYP
BUS12
1100[ NOM
5-12
SRC1
Bus1
Bus12
187.79
coswt
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(a)
Figure 5 .4:
Circuit Diagram
5-13
lO . E-6 2 . 5E-3
C -Iprnt <--Iplot <-Idoubi <-KssOut <-Ma xOut
15
1
0
0
0
<---I cat
0
c
C: Citcuit data ........................
0
C Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >< ---R' <- --L' <- - - C' <--Ien 0 0 0
- 1BUS1 BUS1 2
0 . 0243 . 9238 . 0126 24 . 14 0 0 0
0
BL ANK :~:nd o:of citcuit data . ... . . .. ..... . . ... ... .... :
c
C . . ... ... . . .. S1.'i tch data.... .. .. ........... ..
c
C .. . . . .. . . ...... . ... ... So:outce data . .. ... .. . ....
C Bus-- >< I <A8pl itud e < Frequency < --r o:PhiO < ---O~PhiO
<---Tstart <----Tst o:op
14SRC 1
187 . 79
6U .
0
0.
-1 .
9999 .
BLANK End o:of source dat a . . . .. ..... .. . ........ ... . . . ... . .. . :
c ::
C VV <--: <--: <--:
Input data .
Figu re 5 . 4 : (continue d) .
5-14
Breaker! KA
(lOll
[nerDistShort
2)
0. 100
0.300
0.200
87/19/85 12.59.
-8.100
lreaker1
(!On
PLOT TYP
NODE NAK
SRC 1
BUSt
{c)
Breaker fault
current .
EnerDistShqrl
KA
1)
0.800
0.600
0.100
0.200
0.000
KILLISECONDS<IOII 1>
0.025
0.056
0.075
0.100
0.125
0.150
0.175
0.200
0.225
0.250
-0.200
-0.100
-0.600
07/19/85 12.58.
PLOT TYP
-0.800
NODE HAK
{d)
SRCl
BUS!
Figure 5 . 4: {continued) .
5-15
Breaker fault
current, e xpanded
scale .
Problem 5.2:
(a)
(b)
(c)
R'
. 024 ohms/Km
L'
1. 23 mH/Km
C'
9.08 microF/Km
200 Km
R'
. 0019 ohms/Km
Zc
295 ohms
.67 ms
200 Km
A 60
shunt leg)
zser
37.2
Yshunt
89.7 ohms
.000215 mhos
For each of these lines, prepare EMTP data to represent the line as a distributed
line .
5-16
Section 6
MULTIPHASE TRANSMISSION LINES
This section helps you understand how the EMTP works, but may be skipped in a
first reading .
If there is more than one conductor associated with the line , then partial
differential equations describing the behavior of the line become matrix equations
of the form :
ae
ax
[R']i
[L'] ~
at
['
a a R'ab
[R']
L'
aa
ac
R'
[L']
ab
L'
ac
L'
(6 . 1)
[C
ae
at
a a C'ab
ccJ
ac
[C'cba ebb C
C'be
'l
(6 . 2)
aE
ax
[Y I
(6 . 3)
where
[Z'] I
(6 . 4)
where
6-1
[Z 1 ] [Y 1
(6.5)
[Y 1 ][Z 1 ] I
(6 . 6)
Let :
T E
e m
(6 . 7)
(6 . 8)
Substitute in (3):
a2 E
ax2
T- 1[Z 1 ][Y 1 ]T
e
Em
AE
(6 . 9)
diagonal
a2 I
m
ax2
T~ 1 [ YI
] [
Z I ] T. Im
diagonal
6-2
AI m
(6 . 10)
Notice that use has been made of a theorem that states that the eigenvalues of
[Z'][Y ' ] are the same as those of [Y'][Z ' ] .
equations , and the propagation modes are the same for both voltages and
currents .
If Te is a modal matrix ,
any matrix of the form TeD will also be a valid modal matrix (D diagonal) .
Furthermore , Te and Ti are related by :
T~1
( 6 . 11 )
Te and Ti
z
M
dE
dx
di
dx
( R + jwL ) I
( G + jwC ) E
6-3
-2
-1
-1
T.
1
The Karrenbauer transformation is the default transformation used by the EMTP for
transposed lines.
The Karrenbauer transformation has the virtue of being entirely real and very
simple in form.
modal impedances and admittances are the familiar impedances and admittances that
result when a symmetrical component modal transformation is performed.
For transposed lines, a user need therefore not be aware of the fact that the EMTP
uses a modal transformation.
z
M
6-4
Z-M
0
z~J
Once this modal transformation is applied to both the L' and the C' matrices , then
L~
c;
C~
(call them
and
c;) .
define:
L'0
IC'
li7C'
0
0
L'
z1
ILTCT
1 1
c.11
If the same transformation matrix has been used for i and e, then both v and Z are
unique .
z1
depend on the
transformation used .
If the line is untransposed , on the other hand, it is essential to solve the socalled "eigenvalue problem" to determine the modal transformation Ti.
problem that in practice must be solved by computer.
This is a
6-5
meaningless unless Ti is
Modal quantities
are then propagated separately and, sometime later, re-converted into current
injections (Figure 6. 1(c)).
6-6
(a)
a
lb
,-
lc
(b)
....-----..
Te
~
Figure 6 . 1:
6-7
I:
(t)
g l~--------1m ( t + T )
0
1~ (t +T0 )
0
I:,( t)
I~ ( t)
0
I~ (t)
I m ( t + T't ) -
I~ (t)
t - - - - -....0
I~ (t)
(c)
Figure 6 . 1:
6-8
(continued).
(we will assume for simplicity a three phase) line for the EMTP .
The EMTP
If the line is transposed, only two modes are needed, and the program assumes an
implicit Karrenbauer transformation for both Te and Ti.
sequence and positive sequence modal data is adequate.
Node information for phase "A" and modal information for the ground
mode if transposed (first mode if untransposed).
Line lt2
Node information for phase "B" and modal information for line mode if
transposed (second mode if not) .
Line lt3
third mode.
If the transmission line is untransposed, these data lines are followed with three
pairs of data lines of data describing the three rows of Ti .
The EMTP assumes the line is untransposed if column 56 contains a "1" .
The format for the specification of line connectivity and modal information is
exactly as described for the single phase line .
6-9
For a
Ti(1 , 1)
Ti(1 , 2)
Ti(1 , 3)
E12.5
E12 . 5
E12 . 5
(real )
E12 . 5
E12 . 5
E12 . 5
(imaginary)
Ti(2 , 1)
Ti (2 , 2)
Ti(2 , 3)
E12 . 5
E12 . 5
E12 . 5
(real)
E12.5
E12 . 5
E12 . 5
(imaginary)
Ti(3 . 1)
Ti(3 . 2)
Ti(3 . 3)
E12 . 5
E12 . 5
E12 . 5
(real)
E12 . 5
E12 . 5
E12 . 5
(imaginary)
6-10
Figure 6.2 illustrates an example of the energization of the line from bus 1 to
bus 12 with a three phase . 95 pf load at bus 13.
Notice that , because all three phases are energized at exactly the
same time , the results are identical to those obtained by single phase analysis .
Figure 6. 3 illustrates the energization of phase a alone , leaving phases b and c
energized.
Figure 6.4
compensated . 8 pf load .
Thev
Bus13
24.14 Km
Transposed
Distributed
Line
R~0 . 3167.{l/Km
L~-
3.222 mH/Km
C~.., 0.00787 fLf/Km
R't 0.243fi/Km
L'1 0.9238 mH/Km
Cj 0.0126fLf/Km
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(a)
Figure 6.2:
Circuit Diagram
6-11
c
C ..... Circu i t data ........
C Bus-->Bus-- >Bus-->Bus--><----R<----L<----C
0
BUS12ABUS13A
70.16
0
BUS12BBUS13BBUS12ABUS13A
0
BUS12CBUS13CBUS12ABUS13A
0
BUS13A
251.2 219.1
0
BUS13B
BUSl:~A
0
BUS13C
BUS13A
0
THEVA SRC1A
0.714 70.68
0
THEVB SRC1B THEVA SRClA
0
THEVC SHC1C THE:VA SRClA
0
C Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus--> <---R' <- - -L '< ---C ' <--Ien 0 0 0
0
-1BUS1A BUSl ZA
0 .31 67 3 . 222 .00787 24.14 0 0 0
0
0.0243 . 9238 .01 26 24 .14 0 0 0
0
-2BUS1B BUS12B
-3BUS1C BUS12C
0
BLANK End of circuit data ...................................................... :
c
C ........-. Source data ..........-..
C Bus-- >< I <Ampl itude<Frequency<--ro:PhiO<---O=PhiO
<---Tstart{----Tstop
14 THEVA
187. 79
60.
0.
0.
- 1.
9999
14THEVB
18'T."l9
60 .
-120 .
0.
-1.
9999.
14THEVC
187.79
60.
120.
0.
-1.
9999.
BLANK End of source data ............ :
C Pl ot request Data
C ______ Graph type: 4!voltsl 8!branch volts) 9!curr entsl
C: _____ Units: l<degl Z!cycl 3<secl 4!msec> 5!microsecl
C ::
_________ Units per inch
_____ Plot-starting time
C ::
C ::
Plot stopping time
c ::
Input data.
Figure 6.2:
(continued).
6-12
EnerDist3Eqloadl
lus12 KY
(1811
3)
0. 188
0.300
-0.300
-0.'400
lus 12 KY
(lOu
(c)
ner0 is t3qloadl
3)
0. 100
0.300
0. 209
0. 109
0 099
8.910
9.930
8. 950
0.870
8.990
0.150
-0.100
-8.280
-0.380
-0.100
(d)
Figure 6 . 2: (continued) .
6-13
Thev
SRC1
Bus1
15 miles
Bus12
Bus13
24.14Km
Transposed
Distributed Line
R~= 0.3167.0./Km
L~=3.222mH/Km
C~- 0.00787 p.F/Km
R"t0.0243.n/Km
L'1""0.9238 mH/Km
Cj=0.0126p.F/Km
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(a)
Figure 6 . 3:
Circuit Diagram .
6-14
c
C ......................... Switch data .....................................
C Bus-- >Bus--> <---rclos e<----ropen <-------Ie
0
SRC1A BUS1A
l.E-3
99~9 .
0
0
BLANK End )f Sl~ i tch data ......................................... ..... ......... :
c
(: ........................... Output Request Data ................... . .......
C Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus- -> Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus- -> Bus-- >Bus-- >
BUS1A BUS12A
BLANK End of output requests ............ , .................................... :
c
C Plot request Data
C ___ ___Grapt, type: 4 (vo I tsl 8 (btanch vo I tsl 9 (cun ents l
C: __ __ ___ Units : 1(deg l 2<cycl 3(s ecl 4<msecl o<miuosecl
C ::
_____ __ ____ _Units per ir,ch
C ::
___ __ Plot starting time
C ::
Plot stopping time
c ::
Input data .
Figure 6 . 3:
(continued) .
6-15
lus12 r;y
(18.. 3)
8.488
EnerDist3Eqload1
0.300
1
8.288
0.188
8. 008
8.818
8. 158
-t.188
-o.288
-0.388
89189185 89.89.
-o.488
Pll'T TYP
NOliE ICRM
(c)
Voltage at bus 12 .
IUS1211
EnerDist3Eqload1
lus12 I:Y
<1811 3)
8.488
0. 300
1
0.288
0.188
8 888
8.818
8.830
8.858
8.878
8.899
-t.188
-8.280
-0.388
89189185 89. 13.
-0. 109
PLOT TYP
1100( IIAM
IUS 1211
(d)
6-16
MllliSECOMDS<18al
8.178
8. 198
Thev
SRC1
Bus1
15 miles
Bus12
Bus13
( 24.14Km)
Transposed
Distributed Line
R~ 0.3167.Q /Km
L'0 3.222mH/Km
C~- 0 . 00787 p.F/Km
R~- 0 . 0243.0. / Km
(a)
Figure 6.4:
Circuit Diagram .
6-17
c ::
(b)
Input data.
Figure 6.4:
(continued) .
6-18
lus12 J;Y
<18.. 3)
EnerUntr3Eqload1
0. <100 1
0. 300
0. 200
0. 100
0.000
MILLISECONDS<1011
0. 150
0. 818
-0.100
-9.200
-0.388
89/10/85 13.32.
PLOT TYP
- 0. <100
NODE NA"
lus12 J;Y
ue..
1
IUS12A
(c)
Bus 12 voltage.
EnerUntrl[q load 1
3>
0. <100
0. 300
-0. 100
-0. 200
-t.300
09/10/85 13.13.
PLOT TYP
1
-0. 180
IIODE IIAM
(d)
Bus 12 voltage ,
expanded scale .
IUS12A
Figure 6 . 4 : (continued) .
6-19
0.170
0. 190
Thev
SRC1 Bus1
Bus12
Bus13
15 miles
(24.14Km>
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(a)
Figure 6 . 5 :
Circuit Diagram .
6-20
C . . . . . .. .. ... ... ..... ... . ..... Source data . ... . ......... . ....... . . . ....... .
C Bus-- >< I <Ampl itude <Frequency <--TO:PhiO<-- - O=PhiO
<---Tstart <----Tst op
14THEVA
187.79
60.
0.
0.
-1.
9999 .
14THEVB
187.19
60 .
-1 20.
0.
-1.
9999 .
14THEVC
187 . 79
60.
120.
0.
- 1.
9999 .
BLANK End of source data .. ... . . . . . . . .. . ... ...... .. ... .... .. ... .. . ..... . . .. ... :
C . . ........ . ... . ............ . .. Output Request Data ..... ... ...... .. .. . ........ .
C Bus-->Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus - - >Bus- - >Bus- ->
BUS1A BUS12A
'
BLA"!K End of output requests ....... . ........... .. ... . . ... . . ...... . ... . ... . .
C Plot request Data
C ___ ___ Graph type : 4(voltsl 8(branch vo lts) 9<currents)
C : __ ____ Units : 1 (degl 2<cycl 3(secl 4(r~secl 5<microsecl
C ::
______ ___ Uroits per inch
C ::
Plot starting time
C ::
_Plot stopping time
c ::
Input data .
Figure 6.5:
(continued) .
6-21
EnerDist3Eqload3
lus12 KY
(1811 3)
0. 100
0. 388
1
89/10/85 13.11.
PLOT TYP
- 0. 100
1100 IIAM
1
IUS12A
Bus 12 voltage.
EnerDist3Eqload3
lus12 KY
(1911
{c)
3)
0. 200
0.159
0.100
0.859
MILLISECONDS(1911 1)
-0.959
- 0. 188
-8. 159
89/10/85 13.15.
PLOT TYP
1
-0.200
IIODE NAN
{d)
Bus 12 voltage ,
expanded scale.
IUS12A
Figure 6.5: (continued).
6 -2 2
Problem 6.1:
You are given three phase transmission lines between nodes XTA , XTB
and XTC and nodes RVA, RVB and RVC with the following characteristics:
(a)
v (Km/s)
R' (ohms/Km)
Zero
Positive
(b)
390
.0389
259000
. 0036
297000
R' (ohms/Km)
wC' (mho/Km)
wL' (ohms/Km)
1.20
2. 9
10- 6
. 025
. 38
4. 3
10- 6
.024
. 31
5 . 1 x 1o- 6
Mode 0
. 31
Mode
Mode 2
T.
- .7
-.4~
.8
- .4
Generate the necessary EMTP data lines to model these transmission lines .
6-2 3
Section 7
THE CALCULATION OF LINE PARAMETERS
The calculation of line constant parameters can be made using tables, formulas, or
the EMTP itself .
"LINE CONSTANTS" .
skin effects and frequency dependencies due to ground resistivity (using Carson's
formulas}.
The preparation of EMTP data for the line constants program is as follows:
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
LINE CONSTANTS
Conductor Data
BLANK End of Conductor Data
Frequency Data
BLANK End of Frequency Data
BLANK End of LINE CONSTANTS cases
BLANK End of EMTP cases
7-1
The conductor data is organized using one data line per conductor .
It is also
( !3)
Col. 4-8:
(F5 . 4)
(Thickness/Diameter . )
Treat ACSR as
hollow .
Col. 9-16:
(F8 . 5)
Col. 18 : A "4" to signify that the program is to calculate the
(I 1)
inductance .
Col . 27-34:
(F8.5)
Col . 35-42:
(F8.5)
or m.
Col . 43-50:
(F8 . 5)
Col. 51-58:
(F8.5)
To specify not one conductor but a bundle, add the following:
Col. 59-66:
(F8.5)
Col. 79-80:
( I2)
7-2
(F8 . 2)
Col. 9-18:
Frequency in Hz.
(F10 . 2)
Col . 28: Put a "1" to request Carson correction.
(I 1 )
Col . 30-35:
(6I1)
Col. 37-42 :
(6I1)
Col 44 :
1:
values of C in
0:
(I 1)
Col . 58: 0:
~F
values of C in ohms .
( I1)
be obtained from the sequence (modal in this case) summary table that is printed
into the EMTP output file , or it can be obtained from the shunt symmetrical
component impedance matrices that are printed if requested.
For untransposed lines in addition to the modal table is produced, the modal
matrix Ti is also printed .
Figure 7. 1 illustrates the 230 kV line of interest used throughout this
workbook.
this line, and Figure 7. 3 illustrates the EMTP output if a transposed assumption
is requested,
7-3
Neutrals:
Steel
r = 0.475 em
gmr = 0.0305 em
R = 3.75.0./km
9m
Bundle spacing: 40 em
0
!.- -10m----+!--.--IOm--~.J
Phase conductors
3
r = 1.519 em
gmr = 1.228 em
R = 0.0701 .U / km
20m
IOO.Q -m
Figure 7 . 1 :
r. z -------------------
2
3
5
6
7
8
4
c 345678 012345678 01 2345678 01 2345e.78 0 12345678 01 2346678 01 234567:3 0 12345678 0
c Conductor Data
c p
s
r
c
c
e
a
ohlils s
C s <---n <------i 4
h
0
0
1
2
0.50.
0.50
0.50
0.50
3 0.50
3. 750
3 .750
0.0701
0.0"701
0.0701
d
h
v
v
n n
s
...
em
a b"
n1
0
m t
m m
em e
I
in
a
ft r
ft 0
ft
in p
p
m u
<-- - ---m<- - ----i <- -----w<--- - - - d<------a <- -- -h <----e <n
0.950
0 . 950
3.058
:3.058
3.058
4
4
4
4
-7. 0
., .0
-10. 0
0.0
10.0
29.
29.
20.
20.
20.
29.
29.
20.
20.
40.
40.
20.
40.
3
:3
3
C ohm-mr
Hz
C
h
e
C -- - --o <--------q
100.
60.
c pr i nt >
a inv
r cccccc
s es es
print >
d
i nv
c
Zllll l. a
s
es es p <----t
IM I
prntsu d p
YYZZet e n
s sgu<- c<-t
u
n
t
r
1 111111 111111 1
SEQUENCE
SURGE IMPEDANCE
ATTENUATION
MAGN ITUD <OHM> ANGt <CEGR. >
DB!t<M
ZERO
0.65056[+03 -0.73080[+01 0.21319(-02
POSITIVE 0.27109+03 -0.19990+01 0.39018-03
SEQUENCE WAVELENGTH
KM
ZERO
0.32829+04
POSITIVE 0. 48819+04
Figure 7 . 3 :
RESISTANCE
REAOANCF
0HM/KM
GHM/KM
0.31676E+OO O.t21HE~ 01
0.2434CE-01 0.34826E+OO
Transposition
VELOCITY
KM/S
0.19698[+06
0.29292+06
ijUSCFPTAN(F
MHO/KM
0.29660-05
0.4.1505E-05
7-5
.:;,
2
3
4
5
6
7
"'
345678 0123456"78 0123456"78 012345678 012345678 012345678 0123466"f8 012:::45678 0
C Conductor Data.
Cp
s
r
d
.a
h
v
v
s
n n
C h
k
e
em
0
t
e
a b
I
C a
i ohms s
in
a
r
0
p
p
mu
C s <---n<------i 4
<------rn <------i <------w<------d <------a <----h<----e <n
0.950
-7 . 0
29 .
29 .
0 0.50
3 . 750 4
r .o
0 0.50
3 .750 4
0 . 950
29.
29 .
-10.2
3.058
20 .
1 0.50 0.0701 4
20.
-9.8
1 0.50 0.0701 4
3 . 058
20 .
20.
-10.0
1 0.50 0.0701 4
3 .058
19.65
19 . 65
2 0.50 0 .0701 4
3 .058
-0 . 2
20 .
20 .
:3.058
0.2
2 0.50 0.0701 4
20 .
20.
2 0.50 0.0701 4
3 . 058
0.0
19.65
19.65
9 . :::
3 0.50 0.0701 4
3 . 058
20 .
20.
3 0.50 0.0701 4
3 .058
10.2
20.
20 .
3 0.50 0.0701 4
10.0
3.058
19.65
19.65
BLANK End of Conductor Cards
C Frequency Cards
print > print:> I
c
f
d
IM I I
u
C
r
r
i nv
i nv
c
prntsu d p
n
C
h
e
CCCCCC ZZlZ"i. Z a.
s YYZZet e n
t
C -----o <--------q
es es es es p <----t
s ssu<-c <-t
r
100.
c.o .
11 11 11 11 1
1111
BLANK End of Frequency Cards
BLANK End of Case
BLANK End of AI I Cases
Figure 7.4:
7-6
MODE
2
3
-:I
I
-:I
VELOCITY ATTENUATION
SURGE IMPEDANCECOHM>
RESISTANCE:. REACTANCE SUSCEPTANCE
NEPER /KM
KM/SEC
LOSSL.fSS
!MAG
REAL
OHM/KM . - . - -~~.P~OHM/KM
0 . 3 1399E+OO 0 .1 20~9E+O l 0 . 2988 1[-05 0 . 64029E +03-0 . 82055E+02 0 . 6350 1E.:+03 0 .1 970~E+06 0 . 2451 9E-03
0.24689-01 0 . 382i7E+OO 0 .43407E-05 0 . 2971 1E+03-0 . 957 19E+0 1 0 . 29C.9~E + 03 0 . 29232E+06 0.41549E-04
O. Z3914E-0 1 0 . 3 1245[+00 0 .51700E-05 0 . 24602E+03-0 . 94008E+01 0 . 24584[+03 0 . 29640E+06 0 .4 8602E-04
C URI~ENT
Problem 7. 1: Prepare EMTP data to calculate the line parameters for a 3 phase
line as illustrated below
Ground:
Ht @ tower :
L-23'--+--l-23~
Ht @ midspan :
100 '
75 '
Phase:
7777777777777
p = 100 .n-
Ground conductors:
Phase conductors:
solid, R'
.002 ohms / mi
diameter
. 525"
solid: R'
. 001 ohms/mi
diameter
. 994"
7-8
Ht @ tower :
88 '
Ht @midspan :
50 '
Section 8
SOURCE REPRESENTATION
It is impractical to represent in detail the entire interconnected power system
for every study.
approximation .
open .
This section describes how to get Thevenin equivalents , and some of their
limitations .
at 60 Hz) it is necessary to have total fault current results from a SLG and a 3
PH fault at the desired point, with ONLY the portion of the system to be
equivalenced in service.
For example, to
obtain the Thevenin equivalent of the rest of the system as seen from bus 1 it is
necessary to remove line 1-2 (which we will be studying in detail and therefore do
not want to equivalence) and generator 3 (which we want to keep in our model) .
The results for short circuit studies without these two components are illustrated
in Figure 2. 6(b) in section 2:
If (3PH)
7.85
-86 . 8 pu
If (SLG)
4.78
-80 . 0 pu
To obtain the sequence Thevenin impedances (in per unit) from these values
remember that:
8-1
If (3PH)
z+
3
If (SLG)
z+
2
. 1274
86.8
.0071 +j . 1272pu
- 3758
75.4
. 0947
+ j
.3637 pu
To convert these values to actual ohms, it is necessary to know the impedance base
Kv 2
b
MVAb
230
100
529
Therefore:
z+
3.75 +
z0
50.1
+ j
67 . 3 ohms
192 . 4 ohms
at 60 Hz .
8-2
3 . 75 ohms
17.8 mH
50 . 1 ohms
510 . 34 mH
A simHar
but separate calculation for the generator at bus 3 yields the following Thevenin
equivalent for this generator and transformer combination:
z0
.06 pu
Z1
11 pu
From here:
Problem 8.1:
84.2
154 . 4
Using the data from figure 2.6(c) in section 2, obtain the values
These sequence values are the result of assuming mutual coupling between
8-3
the phases.
equivalent .
To obtain the values of the source self and mutual impedances we need
zs
_!_
(Z
_!_ (
+ 2
z1 )
z - z )
1
0
For the specific example at hand, the corresponding equivalent phase impedances as
seen from bus 1 are :
zs
19 . 2
+ j
109
zm
15 . 4
+ j
41 7
Problem 8 . 2:
8-4
I
(b) In the phase domain.
Figure 8.1:
8-5
The EMTP accepts data for mutually coupled RL branches as branches of type 51 , 52 ,
53 .
information.
8-6
Exact EMTP data preparation instructions for the representation of mut ually
coupled RL branches follo ws:
Col. 1-2 :
Phase.
51 ;
52; etc .
Col. 3-14 :
Bus names .
Col . 27-32:
Col. 33-44 :
Col . 45-50 :
8-7
Problem 8 . 3:
(a)
(b)
8-8
BKR1
Bus1
120 miles
Bus2
CX>
I
\0
(a)
Figure 8.2:
Circuit Diagram
c
C .. Circuit data ..........
C Bus-->Bus-->Bus-- >Bus--> <--- - R<----l <----C
0
C Bus-->Bus-- >< ---------- ><----R<----------L<----R<----------L <----R <----------L
C Bus-->Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >< ---R' <---l' <---C' <-- Ien 0 0 O<-----Bia nk- ---------- >0
-1BKR1A BUS2A
0.3167 3.222:.007:::7 193 .1 0 0 0
0
-2BKR1B BUS2B
0.0243 9238 0126 193. 1 0 0 0
0
-3BKR1C BUSZC
0
BLANK End of circuit data ............................. :
c
C .................. Source data .....................
C Bus-- >< I <Ampl itude < Frequency < --TOlPhiO < ---O~PhiO
<----Tstart <----Tstop
14BUS1A
1:37.79
60 .
0.
0.
-1.
9999.
14BUS1B
187.79
60 .
- 120.
0.
-1 .
9999 .
14BUS1C
187.79
60 .
120.
0.
-1.
9999 .
C peak Line to ground voltage for a 230 KV RMS I ine to I ine source is 1:37.79KV :
BLANK End of source data ................... :
c ::
C VV <-: <--:<--: <---: <--:Bus-->Bus-- >Bus-- >Bus-- >Heading-------- >Vert a.xis------ >
1442.5 0.0 25.-500.500.BUS2A BUS2B
EnerDist3Idea.l Bus2 KV
BLANK End of Plot Request .................. :
BLANK End of AI I Cases
(b)
Input data.
Figure 8.2:
8-10
(continued).
lus2 IIY
[nerO i s t 3J
(18n 3)
0.500
S'
NOT TYPICAL
FOR DISCUSSIO~
PURPOSES ONLY
0.375
-0.375
-0.580
09/13/85 89. 23 .
PLOT TYP
1
MODE MAM
IUS2A
(c)
IUS2B
Figure 8.2:
(continued}.
8-11
Zthev
I ~
I I-{ ,-/ )
Bus1
DVD-4
120 miles
IM 0
I ~
co
I
1 ~v
Zthev
r--
1\)
~~~r~
rv,
I~
Figure 8 . 3 :
Bus2
c
C ............... Output Request Data ..........
C Bus >Bus - >Bus >Bus >Bus ->Bus >Bus - >Bus -> Bus - -> Bus- -> Bus > Bus - - >Bus- >
BUStA BUS2A BUS2B
BLANK End of output requests ................... :
c ::
C VV <-:<- - :< - - :<-- - :<-- :Bus --> Bus - - >Bus -->Bus - - >Head i ng- - - - - -- - >Ve r t axi s ------>
1442 .5 0.0 25. - 500 .500.BUS2A BUS2B
Ene r Di st3Thev1 Bus2 KV
BLANK End of P lot Request ...................................................... :
BEGIN N~W DATA CASE
BLANK End of AI I Cases
(b )
Input dat a .
Figure 8 . 3 :
(conti nued) .
8-13
lus2 KY
<18.. 3)
0.500
[nerD Is t3Thev1
Energize 120fti 3phase Dlst Theven ln at bus 1
0.375
_,- TYPteAL
~ DISCUSSION
li"UAII'OSES ON LY
0. 250
0.125
-0.125
- 0.250
-0.375
89/13/85 89.25.
PLOT T'IP
-0.500
NODE NAM
IUS2A
(c)
Bus 2 voltages .
Figure 8 . 3 : (continued) .
8-14
Gen3 Zthev
Bus1
Thev
Zthev
I
co
I
\Jl
MD
Bus7
BKR1
120 miles
::-\t:
MD
--- -
___j
90 miles
(a)
Figure 8.4 :
Bus2
Circuit diagram.
c ::
C VV<-1<--:<-- <- --1 <--IBus-- >Bus -->Bus ---> Bus-- >Head i ng--- ----->Vert axi s-- ---- >
8-16
lus2 KY
(1811
Ener-Dist3Thev7
3)
0. 500
Ener-gize
120~1
0. 375
0.250
0.125
-D.125
-8.250
-8.375
89/13/85 89.47.
PLOT TYP
-0.500
NODE NAM
IUS2A
(c)
IUS21
Figure 8.4:
8-17
(continued).
As examples of the three types of source representation , line 1-2 open at the
receiving end is energized using with each of the three source models .
Figure 8. 2
illustrates the ideal source model, Figure 8. 3 uses a Thevenin equivalent at bus
1 , and Figure 8.4 uses a Thevenin equivalent at bus 7.
much longer than line 1-12, and all travel times are much more apparent .
The
8-18
Section 9
TRANSIENTS CAUSED BY FAULTS
o---+1H
Figure 9. 1:
SLG
Assume that the sequence Z-bus elements at the point of the fault are known .
faulting sequence currents can be readily determined to be :
I~
1
I~1
I~1
z~
z~J 1. I~1
. I~
J1
The phase voltage changes at the faulted node can then be found from :
9-1
The
t>V~1
2 1
2
0
.. + a zii) I~
(zii + a z 11
1
t>V~
2 2
0
1
.. + a zii) I~
(zii + a z 11
1
voltages V~
1
K~1
v~1
(a
2 1
2
0
z .. + a z .. + a z ii
11
11
0
1
2
z .. + z .. + z . . + 3Zf
11
11
11
v~1
(a -
vf
2 2
zii + a zii
a z ii
----------~-------
The quantities in parentheses can have a magnitude greater than unity, which means
an overvoltage condition .
9-2
IK DI =
zO z I z 2
IK bl
0 .87
IKcl
0 .87
0
-
(or smal l)
z0 z 1 z 2
00 j
IKbl
=1.7 3
IKcl = 1. 7 3
zo zl z2
- Z. j
IKbl = <O
IKeI = <O
9-3
Problem 9.1:
Using the short circuit values given in Section 2, Figure 1 . 6(c) and
the formulas above compute the sustained overvoltage magnitudes in phases b and c
for a SLG fault at bus 1.
EMTP Studies
The EMTP can be used to calculate sustained overvoltages due to faults by using it
in its steady state mode .
Figure 9 . 3 illustrates the sample input and output to evaluate the overvoltages
caused by a SLG fault at bus 1 with the breaker at 2 open.
238.97
187.79
1.27 pu on phase b
258.44
187 . 79
1 . 37 pu on phase c
Figure 9.4 ' illustrates the transients associated with the occurrence of a SLG on
the line side of the breaker at bus 1 .
9-4
In this example
Zthev
I
\.0
I
\)'1
Thev
I B'!s7
) IM 01
~MD
\
'\vZ::
(a)
Figure 9.3:
Bus2
Circuit diagram.
Notice
1l
c
C .................. Swi tclt data .... , . , .... , ............
C Bus-- >Bus-- >< ---Tclose <-- --Topen <------- Ie
0
BUS1A BKRIA
-l.E-3
9999 .
0
0
BUS!B BKHlB
-l.E-3
9999 .
0
0
BUSIC BKR!C
-l.E-3
999;1 .
0
0
BUS2A
- l.E-3
9999 .
0
0
BLANK End of sw it ch data ....................................................... :
C ::
__ ,___ Plot shrt ing time
C ::
"'Plo t stopping t ime
C VV <-: <--: <--: <-- -1 <--lBus- ->Bus- ->B us --> Bus-- >Heading- -- - ---- >Vert axis--- --- >
BUS2B
EnerDist3Thev7 Busz K'/
1442 . 5 0.0 25 . .. 000.500.
BLANK End of PI ot Request,,,.,.,,. , , .... , , , , , , , .. , , . , .. , , , , .......... !
BLANK End of AI I Cases
(b)
Input data.
Figure 9.3:
(continued) .
9-6
RECTANGULAR
NODE VOLTAGE
POLAR
-0.9688395E+02
-0.1691419E+03
0 .1 949243E+03
-119 .8039
-0.1768693E+03
-0.1607007+03
0. 2389716+03
-137 .7422
-0.9653099E+02
0 .1703164+03
0. 1957700E +03
119.5435
-0.1757356E+03
0.1895010E+03
0.2584447+03
132.8416
BUS K
BUS M
BKR1B
BUS2B
BKR1C
BUS2C
(c)
Figure 9 . 3 :
(continued) .
9-7
'--'MDI IT
Thev Zthev
1..0
I
co
I
I
I ..._. . . o. _-c,""""""':----
/
IM 01
-or ::
Bus2
~\zd
~
I
I
Figure 9.4:
1r
c
C . Circuit data .
C Bus-- >Bus--><---- ---- --><----R< -- ------- -L <----R<----------L <--- -R <----------L
51THEVA BUS7A
.1 3
23 .71
0
52THEVB BUS7B
06
39 .99
0
53THEVC BUS7C
0
51GEN3A BUSIA
0
8 4. 2
0
52GEN3B BUSIB
0
154.4
0
53GEN3C BUSIC
0
C Bus-->Bus-->Bus-- >Bus--> <---R' <---L' <---C' ( --Ien 0 0 O<-----Bian k - ---------- >0
-IBUS7A BUSIA
0 . 3 167 3.222.00787 144. 13 0 0 0
0
0.0243 .9238 .01 26 144. 8 0 0 0
0
- 2BUS7B BUS1B
0
-3BUS7C BUSIC
-1BKR1A BUS2A
0.3167 3 . 222 . 00787' 193 .1 0 0 0
0
-2BKRIB BUS2B
0.0243 .9238 .0126 193.1 0 0 0
0
-3P.KR1C BUS2C
0
BLANK End of circu i t data :
c
C . Source data. .. ...
C Bus-- >< I < A~pl itude <Frequency <--TO!PhiO<- --O=PhiO
<---Ts ta rt <----Tstop
14THEVA
187 .79
69..
0.
0.
- !.
9999 .
14THEVB
187.79
60.
-120.
0.
- !.
9999 .
14THEVC
18 7.79
60 .
120 .
0.
-1.
9999 .
14GEN3A
187.79
60 .
0.
0.
- 1.
9999 .
14GEN3B
187". 79
60.
-120.
0.
-1.
9999 .
14GEN3C
187 .79
60 .
120.
0.
-!.
9999 .
BLANK End of source da.ta. :
(b)
Input data.
Figure 9.4:
(continued) .
9-9
lus2 1\Y
uen
SLCbus2
3)
0.500
89/13/85 13.12.
0.375
3
PLOT TYP
NOD[ NAN
IUS2A
IUS2B
IUS2C
0.250
1
0.125
-0.125
-0.259
-0.375
(c)
TIMES OF MAXIMA :
O.lt5SOOE-Ol O.OOOOOOE+OO 0.45ZOOOE-02 0. 9ZOOOOE-02
VARIABLE MINIMA :
-0.246140E+03 O.OOOOOOE+00-0.259405E+03-0.285666E+03
TIMES OF MINIMA :
0.856000E-OZ O.lOZOOOE-OZ 0.146600E-Ol 0.191000E-01
(d)
Figure 9.4:
(continued) .
9-10
Section 10
TRANSIENT RECOVERY VOLTAGES (TRV)
Background
Transient recovery voltages refer to the calculation of the voltages that develop
across a breaker contact when the contacts of a breaker part .
Many ANSI standards specify how to select breakers with adequate TRV
A shift
This type of
which implies zero initial voltage on one side of the breaker. The other side sees
a transient voltage determined by the connected system.
reduced by incorporating additional impedance between the breaker and the fault ,
resulting in revisions in the shape of the recovery voltage.
is one example of this condition where current is reduced slightly and the circuit
becomes markedly more difficult to interrupt .
It is assumed
that if a breaker can meet its required bus fault TRV, it can interrupt any
related requirement at reduced current, including the short line fault .
Considering the bus side only , the transient is determined by system inductances ,
capacitances and resistances , and whether parameters are considered lumped or
distributed .
These circuit elements are required to specify the TRV, yet each
methods that will enable the design or application engineer to obtain a reliable
10-1
is a variable that reduces the severity of the TRV , but is a less-known factor .
Series damping resistance also reduces the TRV by an unknown amount .
In attempting to develop useful equivalent circuits , a major problem is to
reconcile the steady-state circuit with the corresponding transient circuit .
For
One approach is to
determine the initial portion of the TRV analytically and to add the following
portions based on the physical layout of the network .
An analytic computation of TRV ' s is practical only for the very first moments
after recovery begins .
Consider the very simple circuit in Figure 10.1(a) the recovery voltage (in per
unit) for this circuit up until time t =
Between 2<
2~
is given by :
e-(Z/L)t
The necessary data to simulate this circuit using the EMTP is given in Figure
10 . 1(b) and the results in Figure 10 . 1(c).
Problem 10.1 :
Verify that the EMTP results from Figure 10.1(c) agree with the
formula above .
10-2
L=300mH
SRC
END
FLT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(a) Circuit diagram.
Figure 10 . 1 :
10-3
C Bus-->Bus--><---Tclose<----Topen<-------Ie
0
FLT
-1.E-3
1.E-3
0
0
BLANK End of switch data ....................... :
c ::
C VV<-:<--:<--:<---:<--:Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Heading-------->Vert axis------>
144 1. 7 0 17.
FL T
TRV t r i v i a I
PU TRV
BLANK End of PI ot Request ........... :
BLANK End of AI I Cases
(b) Input d a ta.
Figure 10. 1 :
10-4
(continued).
PU TRY
(lOu 1>
0.200
TRYtr ivial
TRY in a very trtvtal circuit
0.150
0. 100
0. 050
0. 000
0. 080
0. 090
0. 100
0.110
0. 120
0. 110
- 0. 050
-0. 180
-0.150
09/16/85 08.30.
PLOT TYP
-0. 200
1100[ NA"
ru
(c) Recovery voltage.
Figure 10 . 1:
10-5
(continued).
"IlliSECONOS<lO 2l
0. 150
0. 160
0.170
The manner in which these lines are terminated influences the TRV ,
particularly for the shortest of these lines .
As an example of TRV calculations , consider the TRV after a solid 3 phase fault on
the line side of the breaker on line 1-2 .
Represent :
Problem 10 . 2:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Problem 10 . 3 :
10-6
BKR1
-~ , .
__,,,
:____;I''
.,~MD
2
Bus1
I I I
120 mi
Bus2
~
~
--.J
L--.--1
oo ~, ,
IM D
I
I
f
90
XFMR
LOAD
C Bus-->Bus--><---Tclose<----Topen<-------Ie
0
BKR I A
-1 . E-3
9999.
0
0
BKRtB
-l.E-3
9999.
0
0
BKR1C
-l.E-3
9999.
0
0
BUStA BKRlA
-t.E-- 3
1.E-3
0
2
BUSIB BKRlB
-l.E-3
t.E-3
0
2
BUSIC BKRlC
-I.E-3
l.E-3
0
2
BLANK End of switch data ................................................ :
Figure 10 . 2:
10-8
(continued).
Figure 10 . 2 :
(continued) .
10-9
BKR1A BKR1C
(10 . .
TRYbus1line712
3)
o. 308
~~
0.225
0.158
0.075
0. 008
-0. 875"
-0. 158
-0.225
PLOT T'r'P
NODE NAil
IUS lC
IKR lC
BUS lA
IKR lA
TRYbusll ine712
3)
0. 300
~I
0. 225
0.150
0.475
0. 000
e. 5
o. 3eo
0.325
o.350
e. 375
0.100
o.~25
-o.875
-8. 158
- 0.225
09/lG/85 09. 13.
-0. 380
PLOT T'r'P
1100 IIAN
IUSlC
IKRlC
(continued) .
10-10
NILLISECONDS<1oee 1>
8.~75
o.5ee
e . ~5o
Other points of interest regarding TRV's are that the magnitude of the TRV is
influenced by the total fault current capability of the system , and that the
actual opening of the breaker occurs at a "normal" zero current crossing .
If a
breaker ever suddenly interrupts a current other than zero , this is said to be a
"current chopping" problem .
Figure 10 . 3(a)
10-1 1
---------------------
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -
E
} (zero current
tolerance )
o-o~l~r-v..-"'t"''~f"\.-,_ _~
T
A circuit where this Is a problem.
10-12
Section 11
NUMERICAL OSCILLATIONS
The EMTP uses "trapezoidal integration" for its internal numerical computation .
The main features of trapezoidal integration are its simplicity, numerical
stability for "stiff" systems (those with widely differing eigenvalues) , and its
self-starting nature.
As a result of this
problem, it cannot be used without a careful regard for the system or circuit in
which it is being employed.
For example:
di
dt
inductor voltage
capacitor current
C dv
dt
have numerical oscillations for step change in current for the inductor or voltage
for the capacitor .
11-1
SRC
Bus13
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(a) Circuit diagram .
Figure 11.1:
11-2
Numerical
<---Tstart<----Tstop
C Bus--><I<Amplitude<Frequency<--TO:Ph iO<---O=PhiO
- 1.
9999.
14SRC
56.34
60.
0
0.
BLANK End of source data .............. :
Figure 11 . 1:
(continued) .
11-3
KYolts
uo..
1. 009
9.759
9. 599
9.250
--
0. 000
a.
0. 159
9.259
0.400
9.509
- 9.250
- 0.500
- 0.750
93/1
- 1.990
PLOT
NODE
1
IIUS13
(cont inued).
dy
dt
X=-
then
x(t)
-x(t-6t) +
2
t y(t) -
2
t y(t-6t)
if
and
x(t-6t)
y(t-6t)
but y(t)
then
x(t)
Now look at
x(t+6t)
6t
x(t+6t)
or
x(t+6t)
6t
This waveform
11-5
2.00
1.&.1
:::>
1.&.1
~ 6Ttr:oo:u
:::>
At
_J
<t> 1.00
~t
"-----"---..1---
0.00-...
0 .00 4.00 8.00
0. 00 ~t+-++-fl+++-f'++-
__
-2.00
,___
0.00 4.00 8.00
(o) Input
....__......~.-
TIME STEP
(b) Output
Figure 11 . 2:
3~t;t
I.OOh
o~o 0.00
-'
4.00 8.00
Input
(o)
(b)
Figure 11.3 :
1
< t
Output
11-6
There are two basic ways to stop or improve the problem of numerical oscillations,
one is by adding physical components the other is to add damping to the
trapezoidal method.
For example in the case of oscillations or switching out a LR load, the
oscillations that result for a step change in inductor current could be prevented
by adding small leakage capacitors in parallel with the LR load.
For the damping method a resistor is placed across all inductors of a
L
value Rd =
a~t
trapezoidal models .
Figure 11.4 .
is
~t.
a::
a::
~ I .Of - - -- -- -- - ---;?'-"
a : 2
rz
w
u
a::
lt
0 .1
0 .01
0 .00 1
a : o.o
0001
0.01
0 .2
0.1
NORMALIZED TIME
Figure 11 . 4:
STEP
t.t/T
is made large enough, a= 0.15 results in lower error than trapezoidal integration
(a= 0).
eliminated after a short time, and the accuracy of the solution is excellent.
The way to implement this idea within the EMTP is to shunt every inductor (and to
put in series with every capacitor) enough resistance so that the resulting time
constant is about 6.7 times the time step
~t .
For example if
~t
50~s,
. 15~t
2630 ohms .
The error introduced by this artificial resistance is less than the error
introduced by the discretization process itself .
11-8
we would
Problem 11.1:
SRC
Bus 13
Rd
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(a)
Figure 11 . 5:
Circuit Diagram .
11-9
(If
C Ci rc u i t data . ........................................................
C Bus-->Bus--><---Tclose<----Topen<-------Ie
SRC BUS13
-l.E-3
1.E-3
0
2
C Bus--><I<Amplitude<Frequency<--TO:PhiO<---O~PhiO
<---Tstart<----Tstop
-1.
9999.
14SRC
56.34 60.
0
0.
BLANK End of source data ............ :
Figure 11.5:
(continued).
11-1 0
C Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus--><----R<----L< ----C
0
BUS13 BUS13H
22.61
0
BUS13H
19.72
0
BUS13H
380.
0
BLANK End of circuit data .............. :
Figure 11.5:
(continued).
11-11
Enlh 200MYA.S5pf
~olts
<10 .. 2>
1.000
0.750
9.590
0.250
MILLISE~0~$(101~
0.000
0.500
I
~
1\)
-0.250
-0.500
1
-0.750
-1.009
2>
83/13/86 OS.23.
PLOT TYP
8
NODE NAM
SRC
IUS13
Figure 11.5:
Rd
(continued).
nTh 200MYA.95pf
KYo Its
(19 .. 2)
1.000
9. 750
9. 509
0. 250
0.000
MILLISSO~S<19~
o.ese
0. 509
- 9.250
- 9. 500
1
- 9.750
03/13/86 99.23.
- 1.900
PLOT TYP
NOD NAM
8
SRC
1
BUS13
Figure 11.5 :
= 3ao n
(continued).
(a
= 1) .
2>
Section 12
RECLOSING INTO TRAPPED CHARGE
The tendency of breakers to open only zero currents virtually insures that in
capacitive circuits (including unloaded lines) the instant of breaker action will
coincide with a peak voltage condition .
Unlike recovery
Depending on the
follows:
While S is closed , the phasor voltage across the C can be obtained by voltage
division from:
vc
-1/wC
V cos wt
wL -1 /wC
or:
vc
- w2LC
v cos wt
Define:
w
n
/LC
Then :
v
- (w/wn) 2
V cos wt
12-1
= - --:---'-v__ sin wt
- - wL
we
Regardless of the exact time of contact parting, effective opeing of S will not
occur till the first zero current crossing.
integer.
K nlw, K
vtrap
---~2
1-(w/wn)
easy to verify that the peak voltage after breaker reclosure will be
approximately:
3
1-(w/w ) V
n
This represents an overvoltage in the capacitor of 3 per unit .
12-2
It is
2--
-----
'TTT'
L
V cos wt
(a)
~
+
VL
l+
CT-
Vc
L
V cos wt
(b) Circuit modified to use EMTP.
(b)
Figure 12.1:
12-3
Figure 12 . 2:
12-4
'
Figure 12 . 3 :
1~5
Figure 12 . 4(c) illustrated the input data required to simulate the problem at hand
using the EMTP for a case where:
1 mH
1 0 JJF
damp
was added .
(L/t.t)/.15
6671'2
However,
12-6
Problem 12 . 1:
values .
In particular, compare:
EMTP
Calculated
vtrap
12-7
L
t
(a)
Figure 12.4:
Circuit Diagram .
12-8
C VV<-:<--:<--:<---:<--:Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Heading-------->Vert axis------>
144 2. 0.0 20. -3.0 3.0BKR CAP
TrapTrivial
PU Voltage
BLANK End of PI ot Request .............. :
BLANK End of AI I Cases
(b) Input data.
12-9
PU Voltage
(1011 1>
0.380
TrapTriYial
Trapped charge In a Yery tr ivial c ircu it
0.225
8. 150
0. 075
-8.875
-8.158
-8.225
89/17/85
PLOT TYP
-8.380
MOD MAM
13.39.
1
I~R
CAP
Figure 12.4:
(continu ed ).
12-10
There are two very different ways of trapping a charge in the EMTP:
The first method saves simulation time but is more cumbersome and less general.
We only discuss the second method.
simulation with all switches closed, and then open them in some sequence to
establish a charge .
Note that for three phase systems the exact instant and
sequence of phase of breaker action will influence the amount and polarity of a
trapped charge .
12-1 1
Problem 12 . 2:
(a)
(b)
(c)
12-12
Figure 12 . 5
illustrates the trapping of a charge on the 120 mile line from bus 1 to bus 2.
The exact instant of reclosure of each phase affects the magnitude of the
overvoltages that result.
These
to ask not for a reclosing overvoltage but rather for the statistical distribution
of these overvoltages .
Problem 12.3:
effect of 300 ohm pre-insertion resistors that remain in service for half a cycle
each (8 ms) before full breaker closure occurs.
obtain the results in Figure 12 . 7.
12-13
Zthev
Bus3
Bus1
Bus2
IH?
IH~
I~
Thev I
N
I
.l=
I Bu.s 7 1
MD I
Zthev
~~
\
"}\\
7
r
1 I
1 \
11
IT
~
90 miles
'
15 miles
XFMR
LOAD
(continued).
12-15
lrapllne12
lus2 KY
(1911
3)
8. 800
fro~
bus 1 to bus 2
8.&80
8. 180
2
NilLISCOMDS<161a 2>
e. e75
e. 100
e. 125
o. 150
e.175
e. 29e
9. 225
3
-t.188
~ . G88
89/18/85 87.16.
-8.800
PLOT TW
IIODl MAll
IUS2A
1
IUS21
IUS2C
Figure 12 . 5:
(continued) .
12-16
o. 2se
I
I
r----i
MD
I
,c
I
I
~
1\)
) . IMOI .
~
\
\;
~
7
;
I
~
--.1
Thev
Zth
Bus7 90 mi line
Bus1
Figure 12 . 6:
Figure 12.6:
(continued).
12-18
llus2 KY
<1011 3)
8.890
Trapline12
Trapping or Charge In the line rroft bus 1 to bus 2
O.GOO
6. 166
8. 299 ~----------.
2>
-8.168
-8.G99
- 8. 886
1
IUS211
IUS2C
Figure 1 2 .6:
(continued) .
12-19
Bus2 KV
<lOu 3)
0.800
Trapline12
Trapped Charge in the line
fro~
bus 1 to bus 2
O.GOO
9. 400
1
0.290
0.000
1\.)
I
1\.)
-o. 2ao I
- 0.490
~
3
-O. GOO
03/13/86 12. 2G.
- 0.800
PLOT TYP
NODE HAM
BUS2A
Figure 12.7:
BUS2B
BUS2C
The effect of
3oon
pre-insertion
Section 13
CAPACITOR SWITCHING
A problem closely related to reclosing into trapped charge is the entire issue of
capacitors.
include:
Figures 13.1 to 13.3 illustrate typical voltage waveforms that result from
capacitor bank de- energization.
opening correctly.
Figure 13. 2
illustrates what happens if the breakers in phases b and a get "stuck" and do not
open at their next zero current crossing.
breaker "b" stuck .
in this case.
Problem 13 . 1:
(b )
(c)
(d)
13-1
SRCE B
BUS A
BANK A
BUS B
B"ANK B
BUS C
BANK C
1
BANK N.
T~.....---r,__,TI......r-~T
;--r:
I
Figure 13.1:
13-2
C Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus--><----R<----L<----C
0
SRCE:A BUSA
00 J
0
SRCEB BUSB SRCEA BUSA
0
SRCEC BUSC SRCEA BUSA
0
BANKA BANKN
1000.
2
BANKB BANKN BANKA BANKN
2
BANKC BANKN BANKA BANKN
2
BANKN
.1
0
BLANK E.nd of circuit data ... :
C Bus-->Bus--><---Tclose<----Topen<------- Ie
BUSA BANKA
-l.E-3
l.E-3
0
BUSB BANKB
-1.-3
1.E-3
0
BUSC BANKC
-J.-3
l.E-3
0
0
2
2
2
BLANK
~nd
(continued).
13-3
9.225
0.150
2
9.975
9.000
-9.075
-0.150
-9.225
NODE HAM
BUSII
BAHt; II
(c) .
0.225
0. 150
2
0.075
SECONDS<10 2)
e.ooe
0.450
-9.975
-0.150
-0.225
95/15/86
PLOT TVP
-0.300
NODE HAM
ot. 15.
1
BUSB
(d)
13-4
(continued).
0.500
9.225
9. 159
9.975
0.909
-9.075
1
-9.159
-9. 225
PLOT TYP
MODE NAW
BUSt
MN~C
(e)
Figure 13.1:
(continued).
13-5
C Bus-->Bus--><---Tclose<----Topen<-------Ie
0
BUSA BANKA
-l.E-3
8.-3
0
2
BUSB BANKB
-1.-3
8.-3
0
2
BUSC BANKC
-1.[-3
1.-3
0
2
BLANK End of switch data ................ :
C Bus--><I<Ampl itude<Frequency<--lO:PhiO<---O=PhiO
<---Tstart<----Tstop
14SRCEA
1.
60.
0.
0.
-1.
9999.
14SRCEB
1.
60.
-120.
0.
-1.
9999.
14SRCEC
1.
60.
120.
0.
- 1.
9999.
BLANK End of source data ....... :
C VV<-:<--:<--:<---:<--:Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Heading-------->Vert axis------>
144 5. 0.0 50. -3.0 3.0BUSC BANKC
CapDeEnerPhC
PU Voltage
144 5. 0.0 50. -3.0 3.0BUSB BANKB
CapDeEnerPhB
PU Voltage
144 5. 0.0 50. -3.0 3.0BUSA BANKA
CapDeEnerPhA
PU Voltage
BLANK End of Plot Request ...................... :
BLANK End of All Cases
(a) Input data.
Figure 13.2 :
13-6
9.225
9.159
9.975
9.009
-9.975
2
-9.159
-9.225
-9. 3od
05/15/8& 97.48.
PLOT TYP
1
MODE IIAM
IIUM
1
BAMKit
(b)
Phase a voltages.
0. 225
0.150
2
0.075
SECONDSClO 2>
0.009
0.459
-0.075
-9.159
-9.225
o5t15/8& o1.5d,
-9.30d
PLOt TYP
NODE liAM
1
IIUSI
1
IIAMKI
(c)
Phase b voltages.
Figure 13.2:
13-7
(continued).
0.599
0.225
0. 159
-0 . 159
2
-9.225
95/15/88 97.sj.
-9.30d
PLOT T'IP
NODE ~All
..&UsC
1
Mli~t
(d)
Phase c voltages.
Figure 13. 2 :
(continued).
1 3- 8
15
C Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus--><----R<----L<----C
0
SRCEA BUSA
.001
0
SRCEB BUSB SRCEA BUSA
0
SRCEC BUSC SRCEA BUSA
0
BANK A BANKN
1000.
2
BANKB BANKN BANKA BANKN
2
BANKC BANKN BANKA BANKN
2
BANKN
.1
0
BLANK En.d of circuit data ................................ :
BUSB BANKB
--1.E-3
S.E--3
0
2
BUSC BANKC
-1.E-3
1.E-3
0
2
BLANK End of switch data ..... :
c ::
C VV<-:<--:<--:<---:<--:Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Heading-------->Vert axis------>
144 5. 0.0 50. -3.0 3.0BUSC BANKC
CapDeEnerPhC
PU Voltage
144 5. 0.0 50. --3.0 3.0BUSB BANKB
CapDeEnerPhU
PU Vo I tage
144 5. 0.0 50. -3.0 3.0BUSA BANKA
CapDeEnerPhA
PU Voltage
BLANK End of PI o t Request ............................. :
BLANK End of AI I Cases
(a)
Figure 13.3:
Input data.
13-9
9.225
0.150
0.975
-9.975
-0.150
-0.225
05/
PlOTi5/8G
TYP 01. 31.
..
-9.39d
NODE NAN
BUS~
i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
....___.=__
2
8ANK~
lb)
Phase a voltage.
9.225
0.150
0.075
SECOHOS(10 2)
0.000
0.450
-0.075
-0.150
-9.225
05/15/Sd 91.-ta,
PLOT TYP
i
-9.30d
NODE MA.
BUSI
1
!lANK.
(c)
Phase b voltage.
Figure 13.3:
13-10
(continued).
0.500
0.225
0.150
1
-0.150
-0.225
95115188
PLOT "fYII
-0.308
NODE MAlt
iiAMKC
(d)
Phase c voltage.
Figure 13.3:
(continued).
13-11
Section 14
REPRESENTATION OF LIGHTNING ARRESTERS AND OTHER NONLINEARITIES
It is of some interest to learn how the EMTP represents nonlinearities and timedependent devices (Figure 14 . 1).
constructs a Thevenin network as seen from the terminals of the nonlinear device
(Figure 14.2).
and ikm.
(ek- em)
A simultaneous
iterative solution of these two equations gives the conditions at the nonlinear
element .
One minor observation about this process is that it is possible that in some cases
no solution may exist to the problem .
these , but that may not be the correct physical solution (Figure 14 . 3) .
conditions become very important .
14-1
Initial
NONLINEAR ELEMENTS
>
~
CI'J
o
>
ARRESTERS
10~~~~--~~~--~~~~~
10 10 10 10 10 10
ld
10 lcf
CURRENT AMPS
(a)
Ordinary nonlinearity .
TRANSFORMER
SATURATION
CURVE
CURRENT
(b)
Figure 14.1:
Nonlinear inductance .
(t)
--.....
a:
"0
ccs
.9
Time
(c)
Time-dependent resistance.
Figure 14 . 1:
14-3
(continued) .
Linear
Network
1KM
__-Nonlinear
Element
Thevenin Eq
IKM
Th
(1)
V~~
' iKM= 0
( 2 )ZKM 1KM= 1
Figure 14-2.
1 4-4
EMTP SOLUTION
NL
SOLUTION
SOLVING TWO
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
FOR
K ( t} - M ( t) on d
i KM ( t}
PROBLEMS
NL
3 SOLUTIONS
.1
Figure 14.3 :
KM
14-5
Time-dependent loads are handled the same way, except that in this case both
equations are linear, no iterations are required and no multiple solutions may
exist.
(Figure 14.4) .
]R(t)
Figure 14 . 4:
Time-dependent resistances .
14-6
uses past history information from the other end of the line.
A distributed line
During any one time
step, whatever happens at one end of the line is not influenced by current events
at the other end .
14-7
L'L4- /? ~
O
Figure 14.5:
EACH NETWORK
CAN HAVE ONE
N.L. ELEMENT
14-8
TYPES OF SUBNETWORKS
Net work
t------,,------t
Network
B
A
A1
Network
81
. A2
82
Network
Loss less
Line
By Trapezoidal Rule
A1
'\r
81
Networ
8
82
A2
Known at Time t
Figure 14 . 6 :
14-9
The consequence of all this is that users must be careful not to use more than one
nonlihearity at the time in a given subnetwork.
must:
reduction process.
The discussion now centers around the practical issues of representing lightning
arresters on the EMTP.
following information:
This device goes into conduction when v > V flash, stops conduction when the
current crosses zero.
14-10
NONLINEAR INDUCTANCE
FLUX o/ (t)
'/J (t)
10
(i KM(t))
(BK(t)
- ( I M (t))dt
'/J (0)
By Trapezoidal Rule
'/J (t)
J(
-lH
(EK-EM)dt + '1'(0)
t
sK-s,jt))dt +
t-At
0
OR
'/J (t)
'/! (t)
(1)
(2)
[E K( t) - EM( t)]
+ ~C (t- 6 t)
History
Term
(iKM)
Figure 14.7:
v;~-
ZKM i KM
1 4-11
Point by point nonlinearities are easy to use but should be used with care , since
they do not necessarily reproduce accurately the true behavior of gapped
arresters .
The other way to represent lightning arresters is using a built-in model of a ZnO
arrester .
p(-V-)q
vref
For the sake of efficiency , the EMTP uses a very large resistance until V exceed
some Vmin fractions of its nominal voltage .
The exponent q .
The coefficient p .
Figure 14.8 illustrates a simple 200 mile line terminated by a ZnO arrestesr with:
2500
26
vref
778 kV
The enclosed coding sheets give details on the formats for both kinds of ways of
representing lightning arresters .
14-12
(a)
Figure 14.8:
Circuit diagram.
14-13
Line
c ...................................................................................... .
C ----dt<--- tax
50.E6 20.E-3
C Circuit data
C Bus-->Bus->Bus-->Bus--><----R<----L<----C<-------Ignore for now------------>0
SEND
I.
0
C Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus--><---R'<---L' <---C'<-- Ien 0 0 0
0
-lSENO REC
0.316/ 3.222.00787 193.1 0 0 0
0
C Bus-->Bus--><-------- ZnO odel - ---> ti555.<----- lgnore for now------------>0
92REC
5~~5.
I
C ------------ ------VREF< ------------------Vf Iash< -------------------Vze ro
206600.
0.
o.
C ---------------------- p<-----------------------q<----------- --------Vin
1500.
26.
.5
9999.
BLANK End of circuit data ........................................................ :
C Sw itch data .
C Bus-->Bus-- ><---Tclose<---Topen<--- ----------- - Jgnore for now--------------->0
BLANK End of switch data ...... :
14SENO
18"/790.
60.
0
0.
0.
9999.
BLANK End of source data ... :
C
C
C
C
C
C
c ::
C VV<-!<--!<--:
Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Heading------- ->Vert axis------>
144 2. 0.0 20.
SEND ru:: c
L:noArrester
1\'EC KV
194 2. 0.0 20.
REC
ZnoArrester
ArrCurr
BLANK End of PI ot Request :
BLANK End of All Cases
(b)
Input data.
Figure 14.8:
14-14
(continued).
I!EC IIIV
<19 ..
ZnoArrester
6>
9.290
0.150
0.100
9.050
"ILLISECONOS<10 2>
9.000
0.029
0.069
9. 089
I!EC
0. 109
9.110
-9.050
-0.190
-9.159
85/16/86 89. 31.
PLOT 1W
MODE NAil
-9.208
1
SEMO
ZnoArrester
3)
8. 109
9.398
-8.298
-8.399
95/16/8& 98.39.
-8.108
PLOT lW
MODE NAN
REC
TERRA
1 4-15
{continued).
9.169
9. 189
0. 299
~e.c:.
.
\'2.0
-(a)
Figure 14 . 9:
Circuit diagram.
1 4-16
c .............................................................................. .
C ----dt<---t.ax
SO.E-6 ZO.E-3
REC
234740.
0
1
0.
C ---- ------------Current<-----------------Voltage
16.1
150000.
94. 5
200000.
167.3
220000.
282.1
240000.
455.0
711.2
1076.0
260000.
260000.
300000.
6046.6
400000.
9999.
BLANK End of circuit data ............................................. .:
C . Switch data ...................
C Bus-- >Bus--><--- Tc Io&e< ---lopen< -- ----- - - - -----1 gnore for now- - ---- ---- ---- .:. >O
BlA~
C Bus- -><I<Aaplitude<Frequency<--rO!PhiO<---O=PhiO
14SENO
187790.
60.
0
0.
o.
9999.
BLANK End of source data ................... :
SEND REC
BLANK End of output reque&t& ............ :
C Plot request Data
C _____ _Graph type: 4(volts> "a(b;~~;h~~ji~).s(;~;;;~i~)
C: _____ Units: J(deg) 2(cy~) 3(sec) 4(sec) 5<microsec)
C :: _________ Units per inch
_____ Plot starting tie
C :: :
C ::
!
_Plot stopping tie
c ::
C VV<-!<-- :<--:
SENO REC
(b )
Figure 14 . 9 :
{continue d ) .
14-17
I!EC Yolts
<1911 li)
0.409
2
0. 309
9.209
9.109
"IlLISECONOS(l911 2>
0.099
0.089
0.020
O.lGO
0.109
0.189
9.299
-9.109
-9.209
-9.39d
-9.19d
0511&/88 12.17.
PlOT n1
..
MODE NAJI
SEIIO
I!EC
(c)
ArrCurr
(lOu 3>
0.299
GapSiCarrester
1
9. 150
0.100
0.059
"ILLISECONOS<lOII 2>
o.aoor-_.-o__+o2-o~-9-.+o~~---o.~o-s9----o-.o~s-o---a-.+lo-o----o.~l-2-o---o. 1~40----o-.~1G~o---o~.+ls~o--~o.2oo
-9.959
-0.100
-0.15d
-0.209
9511&18& 12.of.
PLOT T'r'P
9
NODE MAll
REC
1
TrRIIft
(d)
Arrester current.
Figure 14.9:
{continued).
14-18
\'2.0 _,
_ _,
(a)
Figure 14.10:
Circuit diagram.
14-19
c ............................................................................. .
c
C ----dt< --- t.ax
50.E-6 20.E-3
C - Iprnt< -- lplot<- - -------- - - --- - ----- lgno r e----------- >< --- lcat<--- lgnore----->
15
C . Ci rcuit da t a ...
C Bus-- >Bus-->Bus-- >Bus-- ><---- R< ----L<----C<--- --- - lgnore for now- ---- - - - -- - ~ >0
SEND
1.
0
0
C Bus-->Bus-->Bus- - >Bus --><-- - R'< ---L'<---C'<-- Ien 0 0 0
-1SENO REC
0.3167 3. 222.00767 193.1 0 0 0
0
C Pseudo Nonlinear Resistance Hodel
C Sw itch data .
C Bus- - >Bus- - ><--- Tclose< ---Topen< ------------ --- lgnore for now----- ---------->0
BLANK End of sw itch data . ...... :
c ::
REC Volts
<lOU
G)
0. 408
2
0. 308
0.208
0.100
0.008
8.1189
NILLISECONDSC1011 2)
0.169
0.180
0. 269
0. 108
-8.108
-8.288
-8.398
-8.408
REC
(c)
ArrCurr
(lOu
3)
0.298
Arrester voltage.
9. 158
9. 108
0.858
0. 008
0. 028
9.046
6.1JG6
8.149
6. 080
-8. 858
-8.108
- 8.15d
85/1&/88 12.31.
-8.20d
Plot TYP
NODE NAM
g
REC
1
TERRil
(d)
Arrester current.
Figure 14.10:
(continued).
14-21
MilliSECONDS C1011 2)
0.160
8.180
0.288
\'2. 0
-(a)
Figu re 14 . 11:
Circuit diagram .
14-22
c .............................................................................. .
c
c ----dt<---t.
c
SO.E-6 20.E-3
C -lprnt<--lplot<---------------------lgnore-----------><---Jcat<---lgnore----->
IS
C Circuit dat
1.
SEll)
-lSlM> REC
0.3167 3.222.00787 193.1 0 0 0
C True Multi-phase Gapped Nonlinearity Model
-1: gap flashes, stays closed
c
=-0: gap flashes on and off
c
1: gap flashes, clears once
c
4444.<- Code in Col 40-44
C Bus-->6us-->Bus-->Bus--><----:
92REC
4444.
C ------------- ------Riin<------------------Vflsh<-------------------Vzero
o.
-1.
o.
C ----------------Current<-----------------Voltge
16.1
1~.
94.5
0
1
200000.
220000.
240000.
167.3
282.1
455.0
260000.
711.2
280000.
1076.0
300000.
6046.6
400000.
9999.
ll.AIIIC End of c i rou it dat . ........ :
C Switch data .
C Bua-- >Bua-- >< ---Tc Iose< ---Topen< --------------1 gnore for now--------------- >0
a. A*
C . Source data
C Bus--><1<A.plitude<Frequency<--TO:Phi0<---0=Phi0
<---Tstrt<----Tatop
J4Sf.Ml
187790.
60.
0
o.
o.
9999.
Ell.A* End of source dt .:
C Output Request Dt
C Bus-->Bus-->Hus-->Bua-->Hua-->Bus-->Hue-->8us-->Bua-->8ue-->Bue-->Bue-->Bue--}
SEMJ
REC
Input data .
Figure 14 . 11 :
14-23
(continued ).
9.391
e. toe
9.00f
a. oat
d.ll18
o.toa
a. ose
MtlLIStCON09(19*t 2)
0.168 9.189 9.298
-lt.Uif
-9.20f
-IJ.30f
-~.ArrCUM"
<16 3J
9.291
0!1111/tt H. +f.
Plot 1YII
SEIIO
MOll NM
M4
{c)
Arrester voltage.
9tC arre!ltel'
lt.15f
~.lOIP
IJ.85f
IJ.eef
tua
-IJ.95f
-f.16f
-9.151
a51181M
fSI.OtfiP
-f.21!f
1100 11M
{d)
{continued).
14-24
Problem 14 . 1:
Prepare the data for a more comprehensive case where you energize
all three phases of line 1-2, use a better model for the systems , and you use ZnO
arresters in all three phases .
Problem 14 . 2 :
Group ( *) , describe how you could use the EMTP to determine the outage rate of
line 1-2 .
(*)
14-25
c
C
c
C Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->
92
================================================
5555.< - Code in Col 40-44
5555.
C -------------------Vref<------------------Vflash<-------------------Vzero
C -------------------Coef<-------------------Expon<--------------------Vmin
.1:
I
a-.
r.
9999 .
===================================
,..,..,...,...,..
C -------------------Rlin<------------------Vflash<-------------------Vzero
c ..................................................................... .
C ----------------Current<-----------------Voltage
c ............................................. .
c ............................................. .
.s=
I
c ............................................. .
N
-.l
c ............................................. .
c ............................................. .
c ................... ..... .................... . .
c ............................................. .
c ............................................. .
c ................ ................................. .
c ..................... .
c
C Termination Code
9999.
v
C Pseudo Nonlinear Resistance Model
============================================
C Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus--><Vflsh<Tdely<-Jump<Vseal
99
C ----------------Current<-----------------Voltage
1\)
CXl
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
C Termination Code
9999.
Section 15
REPRESENTATION OF TRANSFORMERS
Models for transformers
Representation of transformers for transient studies depend on the intended nature
of the study.
winding capacitances may have to be included and may in fact dominate this
behavior.
We describe this
pu
However, it
can be assumed for simplicity that on a pu basis, the impedance is split evenly
among the windings.
Then:
.5
pu
pu 2
pu
pu
15-1
xn2
pu 2
2b2
where
(KV1)2
2
b1
MVA
(KV2)2
2
b2
MVA
15-2
ideal
15-3
In addition, you may also have the magnetization current characteristics of the
transformer, which may be nonlinear.
TRANSFORMER model require several data lines to describe.
the keyword "TRANSFORMER".
All
steady state RMS magnetization flux (in volt-seconds) and current (in amps) as
seen from winding #1, and the magnetization core loss resistance Rmag
Following the first data line naming of the transformer are the data lines
describing the saturation curve of the transformer as points in a "current" versus
"flux" curve.
calculated from given data; the next sub section emplains how.
The magnetization
curve data is terminated with a data line with a "9999" in columns 13-16.
If no
magnetization branch is desired, put the 9999 data line immediately after the
first transformer data line.
Following the magnetization data is the winding data.
numbered, starting with 01.
if one of the nodes is ground, the default name for ground is "
As before,
" ( 6 spaces) .
In each winding data line put the winding resistance, leakage reactance and
voltage.
All windings except the first are allowed to have zero impedance.
The exact format of all this information is best illustrated in the enclosed
coding sheets.
15-4
Problem 15.1:
15-5
C Transformer Data
c
C Saturation curve
C -------Current<-----------Fiux
(:
. . .. . . . . . . . . .
............. . ..............
.............
............. . ..............
............. . .............. "
V1
I
"'
..
A
I
9'~/':.!''i.J
c
C
Winding Data
02
c
(l :~:
1\
1\
II
1\
1\
. . . . ." .....
1\
"
1\
The rescaling of currents is more complicated, except for point iB at the end of
the linear region A-B:
( 2)
The following points ic, iD, ... are found recursively (Figure 15.2): Assume that
iE is the next value to be found.
reaches the value
~E
at its maximum,
( 3)
Within each segment of the curve already defined by its end points, in this case
A-B, B-C and C-D, i is known as a function
of~
(4)
'lT
1 ),
( 5)
If the
~/i-curve
recompute a VRMS/IRMS-curve it will match the original VRMS /IRMS-curve , except for
possible round-off errors.
15-8
The input data required is a number of RMS points for voltage values and
following problem:
IRMS (%)
VRMS(pu)
.9
.8
1.0
1.5
1.1
5.0
1.2
15.0
1.25
Assume that the transformer RMS voltage base is 2301/3, and the power base is
200/3.
Input data for this problem is illustrated in Figure 15.3(c), and the
15-9
c
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
SATURATION
C
C --Freq<-KVbase<MVAbase
C A A A
c ----------Irms<-----------Vrms
............. ...............
c ............. ...............
c ............. ...............
c .............,. ...............
c ............ .,. ...............
c .............,. ...............
c ............. ...............
c . ............ ...............
c
\.J1
I
~
II.
II.
9999
1: no file output
Problem 15.2:
15-11
Figure 15.4
15.3(b) was converted from Amps and Volt-seconds to KAmps and KVolt-seconds.
As a second example of how to use the saturation data and the effect that
saturation may have on overvoltages, consider the circuit in Figure 15.5(a), the
operation of line 1-12 at no load conditions using a very simple source Thevenin
model.
230 12
1.15
215.96 KV
This study discusses the effect that source side resonances may have.
The
Figure 15.5(b)
Figure 15.5(c).
15-12
15.5(e).
15-13
c ==============================================================================
c
C Calculation of the current vs flux saturation curves from the knowledge
C of the RMS magrietization current of the transformer.
c ............................................................................. .
c
SATURATION
C --freq<-KVbase<MVAbase<-Ipunch<-kthird
60. 132.791 66.667
0
0
C Notice that we are working in KV not in V in the EMTP runs.
C ----------Irms<-----------vrms
0.005
0.9
0.008
1.0
0.015
1.1
0.050
1.2
0.150
1.25
9999
BLANK End of Saturation Cases
Input d a ta.
0. 0000000000
3.5499911727
7. 9501058958
15.9271288023
61.4854155098
219.1499933591
9999
(b)
Figure 15.3:
0.0000000000
448.3271397706
498.1412664117
547.9553930529
597.7695196941
622.6765830147
15- 14
169 coswt
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM T = 33 ms
(a)
Figure 15.4:
Circuit diagram.
15-15
c ............................................................................. .
C ----dt<---tmax
50.E-6 100.E-3
C -Iprnt<--Iplot
15
1
c ::
C VV<-!<--!<--:
Bus-- >Bus-->Bus-->Bus-- >Heading-------- >Vert axis------>
19410. 0.0100.
SRC
BKR
ImagTrivial
Bkr KA
BLANK End of Plot Request ............................ .... ....... :
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
BLANK End of data
(b)
Input data.
Figure 15.4:
15-16
(continued).
lkrM
-1>
8.280
uau
IAagTrivial
Illustration of Aagnetization current as voltage increases
1
0.158
8.108
-o.188
-8.1511
09/19/85 88.82.
9
PLOT TYP
-0.200
MOD MA"
SRC
BI:R
(c)
Magnetization current.
Figure 15.4:
(continued).
15-17
Thev
SRC1
15 miles
Bus1
Bus12
I
'I
'I
V1
I
co
I-I
I
-- - -
(a)
Figure 15.5:
CIRCUIT"DIAGRAM
Circuit diagram.
Bus13
~~~~~~
C TRANSFORMER-ref--><----><--Iss<--PhiName-><-Rmag
TRANSFORMER
.00355.44833XFMRA
.0035499911727 .4483271397705
.0079501058958 .4981412664117
.0159271288023 .5479553930520
.0614854155098 .5977695196940
.2191499933591 .6226765830146
9999
C Bus-->Bus--><--Ignore--><----R<----L<-Volt
1BUS1ZA
0. 35.08 132.8
2BUS13ABUS13B
0. 9.471 69.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
C TRANSFORMtR-ref--><----><--Iss<--PhiName-><-Rmag
TRANSFORMER XF t1RA
XF MRB
1BUS12B
2BUS13BBUS13C
0
0
1
0
0
C TRANSFORMER-ref--><----><--Iss<--PhiName-><-Rmag
0
TRANSFORMER XFMRA
XFMRC
0
1BUS12C
1
2BUS13CBUS13A
0
BLANK End of circuit data .................................................... :
Input data.
Figure 15.5:
15-19
(continued).
Cle-
~nu~P
1!/IS/I"J
-O.ltW
(c)
12 . ~ .
PlOI l'l1'
.ODC Mil
Mll l\'
, . . lJ
t. M
Cnertu: Lu 1- 12
e.m
1.1:.1
G. ltl5
O~U/~
12.12.
1
t'LUI 1Yl'
_..._,..
(d)
- . . JII$12A lliiSlli_JUSJlt.
I-ll
Q. .
EaetiloGIIDifwS
lner-tiLe liM 1- 12 10d!W5 5th Kar Ionian lfM'
OS/tl/11)
O. M
(e)
t'tOII'I't'
IMoU. 1M
ll . OI .
1
&uSl21 &I.ISI21 MIS12C
Figure 15.5:
(continued) .
15-20
==============================================
C Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus--><--Iss<Phiss
93
c ............................................................ . . .
c
C ----------------Current<--------------------Flux
c ..................... .
c .......... .. ................................. .
c ..................... .
c ............................................. .
\J1
1\)
9999.
c
C
c
============================================
C Bus-->Bus-->Bus-->Bus--><--Iss<PhiSS
98
\J1
I
1\)
1\)
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
............................................. .
............................................. .
............................................. .
.............. . ............. . ................ .
............................................. .
............................................. .
............................................. .
............................................. .
.............. . ... . ............. .. ........... .
..................... .
C Termination Code
9999.
Container #: 1037172
ACCT: EP2465
POD