IIB

1999
1)

, (1,3,2)

4x+3z+5=0 42.

2)

(2)

(1,1,1) (c) : y2+z2=1 , x+y+z=0

3)

r(t)=Rcosti+Rsintj+btk. ,

4)

W={(,,)} R3
) 2=0, ) 1+2+3=0 , iR i=.

5)

R3 :
T(x,y,z)=(2x, 4x-y, 2x+3y-z)

) , ) -1 .

6)

:
1 2 2
2 1 0

A= 0 1 0 , B= 0 1 1

0 0 1
0 1 3


IIB
1999
1)

(S) : x2+y2+z2-2x+2y-4z+2=0 ():

3x-2y+z-5=0. (S)
, (S) ().

2)

(c) f1=4y2-2z2+x-8y-8z-2=0 , f2=x+y-z=0 2x=2y=z.

4)

W={(,,)} R3
) =0, ) ==.

5)

R3 :
T(x,y,z)=(2x, 4x-y, 2x+3y-z)

) , ) -1 .

6)

:
1 2 2
2 1 0

A= 0 1 0 , B= 0 1 1

0 0 1
0 1 3


IIB
1999
1)

x+2y+3z=4 2x+y+z=2.

2)

:
(1) :

3)

x 1 y 2 z 3
=
=
2
3
4

(2) :

x 2 y 3 z 4
=
=
3
4
5

, .

x+y+z=0 F1(1,0,-1) F2(0,1,-1) e=1/3.

.

4)

v=(1+i , 2i) w=(1 , 1+i) . C2

C R.

5)

W
v1(x)=x3-2x2+4x+1, v2(x)=x3+6x-5, v3(x)=2x3-3x2+9x-1, v4(x)=2x3-5x2+7x+5

W.

6)

V . . :

(f (x), g(x)) = f (x)g(x)dx

1

: f(x)=x+2, g(x)=x2-2x-3. )
(f(x),g(x)), ) ||f(x)||, ||g(x)||.


IIB
1999
1)

v1=3i-j+2k x+y=3 2y+3z=4.

2)

:
(1) :

3)

x 1 y 2 z 3
=
=
2
3
4

(2) :

x 2 y 3 z 4
=
=
3
4
5

, .

x+y+z=0 F1(1,0,-1) F2(0,1,-1) e=3.

.

4)

v=(1+i , 2i) w=(1 , 1+i) . C2

C R.

5)

U W R4 , :
U={(,,,) / ++=0}, W={(,,,) / +=0, =2}

i) U, ii) W, iii) UW

6)

C[-1,1]
[-1,1], f(x), g(x)C[-1,1] .
)

(f,g)= (1 x 2 )f ( x)g( x)dx

(f,g)= x 2f ( x)g( x)dx

1
1


16 - 6 - 2000
1

{ x + y z = 1,
2

2 x + 3 y + 2 z = 2}

M 0 ( 1,1, 0 )
3

4 x2 + z 2 = 4
r ( t ) = cos ti + sin tj + tk .

( 4) .

r
4

2[R] 22

W

1 1
1 1
A=
, B =

0 1
1 0
W.
: C , D M 2 [ R ] , C D = Tr ( D T C ) .
5

T : R 2 R 2

1 1
= {e1 = (1, 0 ) , e 2 = ( 0,1)} (T ) =
.
1 1

= {w1 = 2e1 + e 2 , w 2 = e1 2e 2 } , (T ) .
2 1 1

6 A ( x ) = 0 1 1 x R . x
0 0 x

-
16 - 6 - 2000
M (1,1, 0 )

{ x = z,

y = z}

x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4

v = 3i + j + 3k

r ( t ) = cos ti + sin tj + tk .

( 4) .

4 W C3 [C]

u1 = (1, i,1) ,

u2 = (1, 2,1 i )

W.

v, w C

v = ( z1 , z2 , z3 ) , w = ( c1 , c2 , c3 ) ,

v w = z1 c1 + z2 c2 + z3 c3 .
5

T : R 2 R 2

1 1
= {e1 = (1, 0 ) , e 2 = ( 0,1)} (T ) =
.
1 1

= {w1 = 2e1 e 2 , w 2 = e1 + 2e2 } , (T ) .

6

x 0 0
A ( x ) = 1 2 0 x R .
1 1 3

x .

2000
1

(3 )

M 1 ( 0,1,1) , M 2 (1,1,0 ) , M 3 (1, 2, 1) M 4 ( 1, 2, 1) .

( ) ( M 1 M 2 )

M 3 , M 4
)

( M 1 M 2 ) ( M 3 M 4 )

) M 3 , M 4

( ) .

(2 )

{ x = 0, z = ln y} z-.
3

(2 )

V =

{( x, y, z, w) /

x = w, y = 2 z}

R4 .
4

(1 )

T : R 2 R3

T ( x , y ) = ( 3 x y , 2x + 4 y , 5 x 6 y )

= {w1 = (1,3) , w 2 = (1,4 )} R2

= {u1 = (1,1,1) , u 2 = (1,1,0 ) , u3 = (1,0,0 )} R3 .

,
5

(T ) .

(2 )

3 0 0

A = 1 2 0 . ,
1 1 3

-
1

(3 )

{ x = y = z} 2 : { x + y = 1,

1 :

z = 1} ,

) ( )

( 2 )

( 1 ) ( 2 )

( ) .
2

( 1 )

( 2 )

(2 )

x = 0, z = e
3

} z-.

(2 )

V =

{( x, y, z, w) /

y 2 z + w = 0}

R4 .
4

(1 )

T : R 3 R 2 T ( x, y , z ) = ( 2 x + y z , 3 x 2 y + 4 z )

= {u1 = (1,1,1) , u 2 = (1,1,0 ) , u3 = (1,0,0 )}

R3

= {w1 = (1,3) , w 2 = (1, 4 )} R2 .

,
5

(T ) .

(2 )

2 1 1

A = 0 1 1 . ,
0 0 2

 IIB
2001

( )

1)
V=R3 :
B) (v,u)=|v| |u|cos3,

(v,u)=|v| |u|

) (v,u)=2|v| |u|cos

2)

V . 22 R

1 2
: M=
. : VV T :
3 4
AVT(A)MA.
V :

1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
E1=
, E2=
, E3=
, E4=

0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1

3)

G
G
G
G
r(u) = x(u)i + y(u) j + z(u)k .
G G G
G
C w = i + j + k .
G G
z=siny 0y2 w = i . x=0
x=8. x=8,
x=8, y=0,z=0 /2.
;

4)

G
G
G
G
r(u) = x(u)i + y(u) j + z(u)k Ax+By+z=.

.
r(u)=ui+u2j+(u-2)k x-y+3z=-2

5) C : r(t)=ti+t2j+t3k

, . (t)=(t) t

 IIB
2001

1)
;
) T(x,y)=(x+1, 3y, y-x) B) T(x,y)=(|x|,0) ) T(x,y)=(xy,y) ) T(x,y,z)=(z,x,y)
E) T(x,y)=(cosx, siny)

2) T : R3R2 , (x,y,z)=(3x+2y-4z, x-5y+3z)

) :
{f1=(1,1,1), f2=(1,1,0), f3=(1,0,0)} R3 {g1=(1,3), g2=(2,5)} R2
) [ T] f [v]f=[T(v)]g
g

3) C
G
G
G
G
r(u) = x(u)i + y(u) j + z(u)k .
G G G
G
C w = i + j + k .
G G
z=sinx w = j . .
. y=8,
y=8, z=0 /2.
;

4)

C
G
G
G
G
r(t) = x(t) i + y(t) j + z(t)k Ax+By+z=.

.
r(t)=(t-2)i+tj+t2k 3x+y-z=2

5) C : r(t)=ti+t2j+2/3t3k

, . (t)=(t) t

 IIB
2001

1) U, W R3 :
U={(,,) / ++=0},

W={(0,0,) / R}

R3=U+W. ;

2) W R4 :
v1=(1,-2,5,-3), v2(2,3,1,-4), v3=(3,8,-3,-5)
) W.
) R4.

3) v, u .
v+u, (0, 0), .

4)

y
() : x-1= =z-3.
2

(1) : x-2y+4z-3=0

5)

: z=0,

y=x2 : 2x-y+z=0, 2x+5y-z-4=0.

6)

) . )
,
.

 IIB
2001
1)

V, W R3 :
V={(,,) / =},

W={(0,0,) / R}

R3=V+W. ;

2) W
v1(x)=x3-2x2+4x+1, v2(x)=x3+6x-5, v3(x)=2x3-3x2+9x-1, v4(x)=2x3-5x2+7x+5
W.

3)

V ,

=, (R).

4)

y
() : x-1= =z-3 .
2

: (2) : x-2y+3z-3=0 .

5)

: xy=1,

z=0 (2,3,4)
(3,4,5).

6)

) . )

, .

 IIB

2002
()

1) T : R3 R3 :
T(x,y,z)=(x+3z, y+4z, 2z)
) T .
) .
) .
) T B={u1=(1,0,1), u2=(0,1,1), u3=(1,1,1))

2) V=R3

f : R3R3 R f : (v, u) f(v, u)p1v1u1+ p2v2u2+ p3v3u3

v=v1i+ v2j+ v3k , u=u1i+ u2j+ u3k p1, p2, p3 .
f R3.

3) V f : R R
. V
;
) n.
) > n.
) n.
(2)

4) R3 :

x y z
=
=
v
w
s
, , , v, w, s;

) x+2y=5

) x2+3y2=25 )

(1)

5)

(1):
7x+z-6=0 , (2) : 17x+y-18=0 (1,2,2).

6) (S) x2+3y2=1
P0(4,2,3). P0
S.

 IIB

2002
1) T : R3 R3 :

T(x,y,z)=(2y, x-z, -x+y+2z)

) T .
) .
) .
) T B={u1=(1,1,0), u2=(1,1,1), u3=(1,0,1))

2) V=R2

f : R2R2 R f : (v, u) f(v, u) v1u1-v1u2-v2u1+3v2u2

v=v1i+ v2j , u=u1i+ u2j. f
R2.

3) C[0, 1]
R , [0, 1].

;
(i)
{f C[0,1] | f(1) = 0 }
(ii)
{f C[0,1] | f(1) = 1 }
(iii)
{f C[0,1] | f(0) = f(1) }
(2)

4) R3 :

G G
G G
G
) r = r1 + ( r2 r1 ) + v
G G G G
r , r1 , r2 , v , ;

) x+8z=5

) 4x2+y2=25

(1)

5)

(1):
8x+3y-6=0 , (2) : y+3z-8=0 (2,2,1).

6) x2+y2=25 P0(7,1,3).
P0 .

 IIB
2002
1)

V R4 : V={(x1, x2, x3, x4) /

x1+x2=x3+x4}. ) V R4 )
.

2) V=R3 R.
Be={e1=(1,0,0), e2=(0,1,0), e3=(0,0,1)} T : R3 R3 ,
e :

[T ]B

2 0 2

= 1 1 1
2 1 0

) Bf={f1=(2,3,5), f2=(1,0,0), f3=(0,1,1)}.

) Im(T), Ker(T) .

3) P3(x) 3 .
T: P3(x) P3(x) :
T : f(x) T(f(x)

d2
x 2 + 3x + 2 ) f (x)
2 (

dx

f(x) 3 .
) .
) N ={1, x, x2, x3 }

4)

(), (1,0,-1)

() : x-3=

5)

y 4
=2-z
3

S x2+y2+z2=9 (1,2,-2).

x-2y+6z=3.

6)

r(t)=costi+sintj+(cost+)k .

 IIB

2002
1)

V R4 : V={(x1, x2, x3, x4) / x1-

x2=x3-x4}. ) V R4 )
.

2) V=R3 R.
Be={e1=(1,0,0), e2=(0,1,0), e3=(0,0,1)} T : R3 R3 ,
e :

[T ]B

2 1 0

= 2 0 2
1 1 1

) Bf={f1=(3,2,1), f2=(1,0,-2),
f3=(0,0,1)}.

) Im(T), Ker(T) .

3) P3(x) 3 .
T: P3(x) P3(x) :
T : f(x) T(f(x)

d2
x 2 + 3x + 2 ) f (x)
2 (

dx

f(x) 3 .
) .
) N ={1, x, x2, x3 }

4)

(1,0,-1) :
x3 y4 z2
=
=
1
3
1

5)

x2+y2=25 (3,4,2).

x+y-z=2.

6)

r(t)=sinti+cosj+(sint+)k .

 IIB
2003
1)

T : R3R3
T(x,y,z)=(2x-y+3z, 2x+4y+z, -5y+2z)

) U=ImT ) W=kerT
2)

2 1 1

A ( x ) = 0 1 1 x R . x
0 0 x

.
3)

x2+y2=1. P(x,y)
Q(x,y) :

x 5 3 x
=

y 3 5 y
N ,
. .

4)

(), (1,0,-1)

() : x-3=
5)

y 4
=2-z
3

() x2+y2+z2=4 () 3x+8y-4z=10.

(1) ()
().
6)

) 5
)
) , x=5
) , x=5

 IIB

2003
1)

T : R3R3
T(x,y,z)=(x-2y+6z, 2x+y-3z, 3x-y+3z)

) U=ImT ) W=kerT
2)

x 0 0

A ( x ) = 1 2 0 x R . x
1 1 3

.
3)

x2+y2=1. P(x,y)
Q(x,y) :

x 3 2 x
y = 3 2 y


N ,
. .

4)

(1,0,-1) :
x 3 y 4 z 2
=
=
1
3
1

5)

(1.5)

() x2+y2+z2=25 () x-3y+4z=30.
(1) ()
().

6)

y=5 ) )
) )

A

15-9-2003
1
U (S )

R 4

S = {(1, 0, 1,1) , ( 2, 1, 0,1) , (1,1, 2,1)} . x = (1,3,3, 2 )

U ( S ) U ( S ) x.
2
0
0
1

x + 1 1 x + 1 x R . x
1
1 x + 1

u , v = x1 y1 x1 y2 x2 y1 + 3 x2 y2 , u = ( x1 , x2 ) ,

v = ( y1 , y2 ) R 2

{ x + 2 y + 3z = 4,

2x + y + z = 2}

.
5

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 () x + y + z = 5 .


().



15-9-2003

1 2 0
A = 3 1 2
1 0 1

T : V V

{v1 , v 2 , v3 }

V.

{u1 = v1 v 2 + 2 v3 , u 2

= v1 + v 2 v 3 , u 3 = v1 v 3 } V.

1 0 0
2 1 x 1 x R . x
0 x 1

.
3

u v = x1 y1 2 x1 y2 2 x2 y1 + 5 x2 y2 ,

u = ( x1 , x2 ) , v = ( y1 , y2 ) R 2 .

{4 x 3 y + 2 z = 1,

x 2 y + 3 z = 1}

.
5

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 () x + y + z = 7 .


().

1-7-2004
1 u1 , u 2 u3 V [ R ] ,

S1 = {u1 2u 2 , u 2 3u 3 , u3 u1 } S 2 = {u1 u 2 , u 2 u 3 , u 3 u1 }
.

(2 )

2
a
b

) V =
/ a, b R
a + b a b

2 2 R
) .

(1 )
(1 )

3 T : R 3 R 3
T ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = ( x1 + x2 x3 , x1 x2 + x3 , x1 + x2 + x3 )

)
1 1 1

B = {(1,1, 0 ) , (1, 0,1) , ( 0,1,1)} [ T ]B = 1 1 1 .

(1 )
1 1 1

) ;

(1 )

4 ()
M 1 (1, 0, 2 )

{2 x + y z = 1,

x y = 2} .

(2 )

5 r ( t ) = 3ti + cos tj + sin tk , 0 t .

)
(0.5 )
)
(1.5 )
t = / 4 .
6
{ z = y, x = 0} z-. (2

1-7-2004
1 u1 , u 2 u3 V [ R ] ,

.
S1 = {u1 + u 2 + u3 , u1 + u 2 , u 2 u 3 } S 2 = {u1 + u 2 + u3 , u1 + 2u 2 , u 2 u 3 }
. (2 )
2
a
a + b

) V =
/ a, b R
b
a b

2 2 R
) .

(1 )
(1 )

3 T : R 3 R 3

T ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = ( x1 + x2 , x1 + x3 , x2 + x3 )
)
1 1 0

(1 )
B = {(1,1, 1) , (1, 1,1) , ( 1,1,1)} (T ) b = 1 0 1 .
0 1 1

) ;
(1 )
4 ()
{ x + 2 y = 2, x + y z = 1}

3x + 6 y + 2 z = 10 .

(2 )

5 r ( t ) = cos ti + 3tj + sin tk , 0 t .

)
(0.5 )
)
t = / 4 .
6

(1.5 )

y2
x 2 +
= 1, z = 0
4

x = y 2 = z . (2



16-6-2005
1 (1.5 )
a.
M 0 (1,1, 0 ) v = i + j + k .

b.
M 0 (1,1,1) N = i + j + 2k
2 (2 )

( ) x 1 =

y
= z 3
2

( )

x 2 y + 3z = 3 .

a. ( 1 )

( ) ( ) .
b. ( ) ( 1 ) .
3 (1 )

(x-4)2+(z-1)2=1 z-.
4 (2 )
1 1 0 1 1 1
a.
,
,
,
1 1 1 0 0 1

2 2 , .
b. x = x12 + 2 x22 , ; x = ( x1 , x2 ) ,
R 2 .
5 (2 )
U = {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) / x2 2 x3 + x4 = 0} R 4 .
a. U R4.
b. U.
1 0 0
6 A = 1 1 2 .
2 1 2

a. .
b. An n = 2, 3, " .

(1 )
(1.5 )

12 - 9 - 2006
1 (2 )

) W = {x = ( a, , 0, 0 ) a, R}

R4.
) V = {u1 = (1, 2,3) , u 2 = ( 1, 0,1) , u3 = ( 2,1,3)}
R3 u1 , u 2 , u3 .
2 (2 )

) x y = 2x1 y1 + x1 y2 + x2 y1 + x2 y2 x = ( x1 , x2 )
y = ( y1 , y2 ) R2 .

) (),

B1 = {u1 = (1,1) , u 2 = (1, 2 )} R2 B2 .

) v = ( 5,10 ) B2 .
3 (2 )

1 1 1
B = {u1 , u 2 , u3 } R A = 0 2 1 .
0 4 5

) .
) .
) P P 1 AP
.
3

4 (2 )

) ()
M 0 (1,1, 1) v = 2i 3j k .
) ()
) ()
x y + 3z = 1 .
5 (2 )

(C)

r=

1
1
cos ( ) i + (1 + sin ) j + k
2
2

0 2 .
) (C)
) M 0
)
(C).

-B- -B12 - 9 - 2006

1 (2 )

) W = {x = ( a, 0, 0, ) a, R}

R4.
) V = {u1 = ( 2, 0,1) , u 2 = (1,3, 1) , u3 = ( 2, 4,3)}
R3 u1 , u 2 , u3 .
2 (2 )

) x y == x1 y1 + x1 y2 + x2 y1 + 4 x2 y2 x = ( x1 , x2 )
y = ( y1 , y2 ) R2 .

) (),

B1 = {u1 = ( 2,1) , u 2 = (1,3)} R2 B2 .

) v = ( 3,5 ) B2 .
3 (2 )

1 4 0
B = {u1 , u 2 , u3 } R A = 1 2 0 .
1 4 2

) .
) .
) P P 1 AP
.
3

4 (2 )

) ()
M 0 ( 1,1, 2 ) v = 2i j + k .
) ()
) ()
2 x 3 y + z = 1 .
5 (2 )

(C) r =

1
1
(1 + cos ) i + sin ( ) j + k 0 2 .
2
2

) (C)
) M 0
)
(C).

2011
1) V=R3 R.
Be={e1=(1,0,0), e2=(0,1,0), e3=(0,0,1)} T : R3 R3 ,
e :

[T ]B

2 0 2

= 1 1 1
2 1 0

) Bf={f1=(2,3,5), f2=(1,0,0), f3=(0,1,1)}.

) Im(T), Ker(T) .

2) P3(x) 3 .
T: P3(x) P3(x) :
T : f(x) T(f(x)

d2
x 2 + 3x + 2 ) f (x)
2 (

dx

f(x) 3 .
) .
) N ={1, x, x2, x3 }
3)

2 1 1
A ( x ) = 0 1 1 x R . x
0 0 x

4)

) v . V[F] ,

W={uV / <u|v>=0} . V.
) C[-1,1]
[-1,1]. f,gC[-1,1] :
<f|g>=

(1 x )f ( x )g( x )dx
2

C[-1,1]

Schwarz |<f(x)|g(x)>|||f(x)||||g(x)||
f(x)=x g(x)=x3.


2011

1) V=R3 R.
Be={e1=(1,0,0), e2=(0,1,0), e3=(0,0,1)} T : R3 R3 ,
e :

[T ]B

2 1 0

= 2 0 2
1 1 1

) Bf={f1=(3,2,1), f2=(1,0,-2),
f3=(0,0,1)}.

) Im(T), Ker(T) .

2) P3(x) 3 .
T: P3(x) P3(x) :
d2
T : f(x) T(f(x) 2 ( x 2 1) f (x)
dx
f(x) 3 .
) .
) N ={1, x, x2, x3 }
3)

x 0 0
A ( x ) = 1 2 0 x R . x
1 1 3

5)

) v0 . V[F] ,

W={uV / <u|v>=1} . V.
) <x|y>=x1y1+2x2y2+3x3y3 x=(x1,x2,x3)
y=(y1,y2,y3) R3

Schwarz |<f(x)|g(x)>|||f(x)||||g(x)|| x=(1,0,2) y=(2,1,2)


2011
1) V=R3 R.
Be={e1=(1,0,0), e2=(0,1,0), e3=(0,0,1)} T : R3 R3,
e :

[T ]B

2 1 0

= 2 0 2
1 1 1

) Bf={f1=(3,2,1), f2=(1,0,-2),
f3=(0,0,1)}.

) Im(T), Ker(T) .

2) P3(x) 3 .
T: P3(x) P3(x) :
d2
T : f(x) T(f(x) 2 ( x 2 1) f (x)
dx
f(x) 3 .
) .
) N ={1, x, x2, x3 }
3)

x 0 0
A ( x ) = 1 2 0 x R . x
1 1 3

4)

) v0 . V[F] ,

W={uV / <u|v>=1} . V.
) <x|y>=x1y1+2x2y2+3x3y3 x=(x1,x2,x3)
y=(y1,y2,y3) R3

Schwarz |<f(x)|g(x)>|||f(x)||||g(x)|| x=(1,0,2) y=(2,1,2)


2011
( )

1) V P ( x ) 3 .
) U V P ( 7 ) = 0
.
)
2)

2 2 2

T : M2 M2
a b 2c
a + c
a b
T:
T

d
c d
c d b 2c
) .
) T.
) Im(T) Ker(T).
a b
(: -

c d

4)

a

b
- .
c

d

d
P3 ( x ) 3
dx



2012
1) V P ( x ) 4 .
) U V P ( 3) = 0
.
)
) P ( x ) 4

W W = p ( x ) / p ( x ) = ( x 3) ( x 4 ) ( b0 + b2 x + b2 x 2 )

; .

2)

R3

R3 ;
)

U={ (x,y,z) / 2x-3y+z=0}

W={ (x,y,z) / 2x-3y+z=2}

3)

Cauchy-Schwarz ( v, u ) v u
n n 1
1, 2, , n>0 j n 2 .
j=1 k=1 k

4)

22. ,

2 .

5)

2 1 1
A ( x ) = 0 1 1 x R . x
0 0 x


2012

1) V P ( x ) 4 .
) U V P ( 5 ) = 0
.
)
) P ( x ) 3

W W = p ( x ) / p ( x ) = ( x 3) ( x 5 ) ( b0 + b2 x + b2 x 2 )

; .

2)

R3

R3 ;
)

U={ (x,y,z) / x-3y+2z=0}

W={ (x,y,z) / x-3y+2z=2}

3)

Cauchy-Schwarz ( v, u ) v u
n n 1
1, 2, , n>0 j n 2 .
j=1 k=1 k

4)

5)

x 0 0
A ( x ) = 1 2 0 x R . x
1 1 3


2012
( )

1)

0 0
= 0 2 2 3[R].

0 0

2)

(1.7)

. V={(x,y,z,w) / y+z+w=0} R4.

V.

3)

(1.7)

V . . :

(f (x), g(x)) = f (x)g(x)dx

1

: f(x)=x+2, g(x)=x2-2x-3. )
(f(x),g(x)), ) ||f(x)||, ||g(x)||.
4)

x2+y2=1. P(x,y)
Q(x,y) :

x 3 2 x
y = 3 2 y


N ,
. .


2012

1)

) v0 . V[F] ,

W={uV / <u|v>=1} . V.
) <x|y>=x1y1+2x2y2+3x3y3 x=(x1,x2,x3)
y=(y1,y2,y3) R3
Schwarz x=(1,0,2) y=(2,1,2)

2)

. V={(x,y,z,w) / y-2z+w=0} R4.

V.
0
0
1

3) x + 1 1 x + 1 x R . x

1 x + 1
1

4)
V=R3 :
)

(v,u)=|v| |u|

B) (v,u)=|v| |u|cos3,

) (v,u)=2|v| |u|cos

5) T : R3 R3 :
T(x,y,z)=(x+3z, y+4z, 2z)
) T .
) .
) .
) T B={u1=(1,0,1), u2=(0,1,1), u3=(1,1,1


2012
1)

) v . V[F] ,

W={uV / <u|v>=0} . V.
) C[-1,1]
[-1,1]. f,gC[-1,1] :
<f|g>=

(1 x )f ( x )g( x )dx
2

C[-1,1]

Schwarz f(x)=x g(x)=x3.

2)

. V={(x,y,z,w) / y+z+w=0} R4.

V.
3)

(1.7)

1 0 0
1 x 1 x R . x
0 x 1

4)
;
) T(x,y)=(x+1, 3y, y-x) B) T(x,y)=(|x|,0) ) T(x,y)=(xy,y) ) T(x,y,z)=(z,x,y)
E) T(x,y)=(cosx, siny)

5) T : R3 R3 :
T(x,y,z)=(2y, x-z, -x+y+2z)
) T .
) .
) .
) T B={u1=(1,1,0), u2=(1,1,1), u3=(1,0,1))



2013
1)

{( a + b, a b, a )

/ a, b R}

R3. .

(1 1,2)

2)
33
.
(1 1,2)
3)

v1=(2,4,2,-6) v2=(3,-2,-5,-1).
R4;
(1,5 1,8)
4)
3(x) ,
;
(1 1,2)
5)
() t
. v=(x,y)
(). .
.
; ;
(2 2,4)

6)
R3 F=R W={w=(x,y,z) / x,y,zR}
R3. f(x,y,z)=0 x,y,z
w W W R3, )
, ) ;
) ).
(2 2,4)

7)

C :
rC ( t ) = 2 cos ti + 2sin tj + ( 4sin t + 6 cos t + 10 ) k .

)
1
.
)

rC.
)
2 x + 3 y 2 z + 75 = 0 .
1 , 2 ,
( rC), ,
(2,5)
2.



2013
1)

{( a b, a + b, a )

/ a, b R}

R3. .
(1 1,2)

2)
33
.
(1 1,2)
3)

v1=(2,3,-8,-7) v2=(1,-4,7,2).
R4;
(1,5 1,8)

4)
3(x) 4(x)
.
3(x) .
(1 1,2)
5)
()
t .
v=(x,y) ().
.
. ;
;
(2 2,4)
6)
R3 F=R W={w=(x,y,z) /
x,y,zR} R3. f(x,y,z)=0
x,y,z w W W
R3, ) , ) ;
) ).
(2 2,4)
7)

C :
rC ( t ) = t 2 i + sin tj + ( t 2 sin t 10 ) k .

)
1
.
)

rC.
)
2 2 x y + 3z + 20 = 0 .
1 , 2 ,
( rC), ,
2.
(2,5)

2013
1)

3(x) ,
{1, x, x2, x3};
3(x);
.
(1)

2)

v1=(2,4,2,4,2) v2=(2,-1,2,-1,2).

R5; .

(2)

3)

)
)
)

4)

;
nn ;
nn ; (1,5)

Rn
.

5)

(1,5)

Cauchy-Schwarz
( u1 + u2 + " un ) n ( u12 + u22 + " + un2 ) . ; (2)
2

6)

v, u
. v+u, (0, 0),
.

(2)