Mapping What the SAT Cr About ical Reading Is Al The following is an essay regarding current demonstrated that pions carry the nuclear Innowledge of subatomic physics. force only over distances greater than half a fermi—the radius of a proton—yet the ‘A tantalizing paradox peers out from every 50 distance between bound protons is far less hrasie physics textbook, but rarely do students ‘than that. The pion seemed to be a giant Line notice it or teachers exploit it. Despite the vast plumber’s wrench trying to do a tweezers job. knowledge that scientists have accumulated In the years since, physicists have refined 5 about the subatomic realm, ineluding aston- ‘Yukawa's theory to suggest that closely ishingly accurate equations for predicting the 55. bound protons or neutrons are held by a Ibchavior of barely detectable particles, an ob- “residual” force left over from the strong vious conundrum persists that they are only forces binding quarks together into protons secently beginning to understand: protons and neutrons, so that pions don't need to be 10 stick together in atomic nuclei exchanged. Ifthe protons and neutrons are All first-year physics students learn that the 60 far enough apart within the nucleus, however, ‘lomic nucleus contains neutrons, which have pethaps pions do the job. tno charge-and protons, which are positively charged. They also learn that while opposite 1. Which of the following best summarizes the 15 charges attract, all like charges repel each “paradox” mentioned in line 1? saher, jst ke the north poles of two magnets. vee atte clecatonal mater SSwiatkepeallel tho psticy charged” 4 Fate dont wie con mae Ess have long staat that there must be (B) Alaw of physics appears tobe violated 20 ser | 1 . called the nuc force, © neues contigs test hypotheses that that counteracts he ceca epson Be Suspect ae false. tween protons. But where does itcome rom? __(D) Ede Yukawa theory i incorree Scientists are increasingly reluctant 10 ex- One theory, proposed by Nobel laureate i 6 . Hideki Yukawa in the 1930s, held that the nu- plore the difficult field of nuclear physics. 25. clear foreeiscomeyed by a particle ealled pion, which, he claimed, is exchanged among 2. Inlines 3-4, the authoruses the term “vast know! the neutrons and protons in the nucleus. edge” in order to Forty years later, physicists discovered that (A) emphasize the daunting task faced by sci- pions, not to mention the protons and neu- cence teachers 30 irons themselves, are actually composed of yet (B) empathize with overburdened students smaller particles called “quarks,” which are (©) draw a contrast to an area of relative held together by aptly named “ghions.” The ignorance force conveyed by aluons is called the “strong” (D) praise the productivity of physicists relative {orce. Although experiments had clearly to other scientists 35. demonstrated that these gluons are responsi- (B) acknowledge the difficulty of writing physics ble for the force that binds quarks within pro- textbooks tons and neutrons, nothing suggested that gluons are exchanged between protons and neutrons, Nevertheless, by the early 1980s, 40. most physicists became convinced that some combination of gluons and quarks, perhaps the pion, must be responsible for the nuclear force, Professor Yukawa'’s theory, however, was, dealt a blow by a series of experiments that 45 were conducted at Los Alamos National Labo- ©2004 Chvitopher Black. Al rights reserved. Reprinted by per ratory in the early 1990s. These experiments mission ofthe author.3, In lines 35-36, the phrase “responsible for” most nearly means (A) guardians of (B) indebted to (©) representative of (D) capable of conveying (E) responsive to 4. According to the passage, the nuclear force can- not be completely explained in terms of the lexchange of pions because pions (A) are not composed of quarks (B) have little or no effect on the distances between nuclear particles (©) repel each other (D) cannot coexist with the gluons that convey the “strong” force (E) are positively charged 5. Which of the following best describes the pur= pose of the fifth paragraph (lines 53-61)? (A) Itesolves a problem indicated in the previ- ous paragraph. (B) It provides an example of a concept intro- ‘duced in the previous paragraph, (C) It presents a counterexample to a miscon- ception described in the previous paragraph. (D) It provides an example similar to the one presented in the previous paragraph. (B) It logically analyzes a claim made in the previous paragraph Which of the following best describes the organi- zation of this passage as a whole? (A) presentation of a theory followed by refutation (B) description of a problem followed by a history of attempts to solve it (C) statement of fact followed by logical analysis (D) description of a scientific discovery followed bya discussion of its implications (E) analysis of a theory and suggestions on how it should be taughtAnalyzing the Purpose and the Central Idea Line 10 15 20 25 30. 35 The following passage was written in 1911 by Wassity Kandinsky, a renowned abstract painter. he discusses the relationship between Prim ism, an artistic movement that seeks to move ‘away from technology aud the divisions of mod- cent society, and Materialism, which denies that there isa spiritual component of reality. Every work of artis the child of its age and, ia ‘many cases, the mother of our emotions. It follows that each period of culture produces ‘an art of its own which can never be repeated. Efforts to revive the art-principles of the past will at best produce an art that is stll-born, Te is impossible for us to live and feel as did the ‘ancient Greeks, In the same way those who strive to follow the Greek methods in seulp- ture achieve only a similarity of form, the ‘work remaining soulless forall time. Such imitation is mere aping. Externally the mon- key completely resembles the hisman being: he will sit holding a book in front of his nose, ‘and turn over the pages with a thoughtful aspect, but his actions have for him no real however, in art another kind of ‘external similarity which is founded on a fun- ‘damental truth, When there is a similarity of inner tendency in the whole moral and spiri- tual atmosphere, a similarity of ideals, a first closely pursued but later lost to sight, a simi- larity in the inner feeling of any one period to that of another, the logical result will be a revival of the external forms which served to ‘express those inner feelings in an earlier age, An example of this today is our sympathy, our spiritual relationship, with the Primitives. Like ourselves, these artists sought to express in their work only internal truths, renouncing in consequence all considerations of external form. ‘This all-important spark of inner life today is at present only a spark. Our minds, which are even now only just awakening alter years ‘of materialism, are infected with the despair of unbelief, of lack of purpose and ideal. The nightmare of materialism, which has turned the life of the universe into an evil, useless ‘game, is not yet past it holds the awakening soul still in i6 grip. Only a feeble light glimmers like a tiny star in a vast gulf of darkness. This feeble light is but a presentiment, and 45 the soul, when it sees it, trembles in doubt whether the light is not a dream, and the gulf of darkness reality. This doubt and the stll- harsh tyranny of the materialistic philosophy divide our soul sharply from that of the Primi- 50 tives. Our soul rings cracked when we seem to play upon it, as does a costly vase, long buried in the earth, which is found to have a flaw when itis dug up once more. For this reason, the Primitive phase, through which we are 55 now passing, with its temporary similarity of form, can only be of short duration. 1. Which of the following is the best title for this passage? (A) The Art of the Early 20th Century (B) The Dangers of Materialism (C) Obstacles to the Revival of Primitive Art (D) The Similarities in Artistic Movements (E) The Lack of Purpose in Art 2. Incontext, the word “aspect” (ine 16) most nearly (A) meaningful perspective (B) facial expression (©) configuration (D) contemplation (E) minor part 3. Which of the following is an example of the “fundamental truth” mentioned in lines 19-202 (A) the inability of great artists like Vincent Van Gogh to achieve fame in their lifetimes (B) the tendency of artists from all cultures to ‘eschew social conventions (©) the failure to reproduce artwork that was ‘created in the fourth century Re. (D) the ability of apes to create paintings that resemble abstract works by humans (E) thesimilarity between two paintings created. ‘a century apart, each in the midst of a great class war Wassily Kandinsky, Conceming the Spntualin Art. © 1987 ‘Dover Pubicatons. Reprint by pomission of Dover Publeatons.4. In saying that the soul “trembles in doubt” (line 45) when it sees the “feeble light" (line 44), the author suggests that (A) artists have doubts about whether the era of materialism is truly past (B) the public is unsure that its hunger for art will be met (C) artists do not know from where their next inspiration will come (D) the Primitives found mysterious lights more frightening than modern people do () artisis usually do not work well under the harsh light of scrutiny 5. How would the author characterize the effect of ‘materialism on the artis’s soul? (A) supportive (B) confusing (©) calming (D) oppressive (E) inspirational 6. According to the metaphor in the final paragraph, the “costly vase” (ine 5) represents (A) a materialistic aspiration (B) a meticulously crafted piece of modern art (©) an irvesievable frame of mind (D) cynical attempt a forgery () allack of purpose