A DNG SINH HC NG VT KHNG XNG SNG HANG

NG KHU VC PHONG NHA - K BNG, VIT NAM

TS. Phm nh Sc
Vin Sinh thi v Ti nguyn Sinh vt
ThS. inh Huy Tr
Vn Quc gia Phong Nha - K Bng
Louis Deherveng, Anne Bedos
Bo tng lch s T nhin Paris, Php
M U
Howarth (1983) ch ra rng ng vt khng xng sng sng trong hang
ng khng ch a dng v s loi v s lng c th m cn rt c trng v
hnh thi v mang tnh c hu cao. Do s cch bit vi mi trng bn ngoi,
cng vi s khc bit v ch nh sng cng nh m , hnh thnh nhng loi
chuyn bit thch nghi vi iu kin sng trong hang ng. Chnh v vy, rt
nhiu taxon mi c ghi nhn cc hang ng khp ni trn th gii.
Bn cnh , nhiu loi ng vt khng xng sng ang b e da bi cc
tc ng ca con ngi, c nguy c bin mt nu khng c bo tn. Do nhu
cu pht trin kinh t ca a phng, nhiu hang ng v ang c khai
thc, phc v cc hot ng du lch. S pht trin ca du lch khng ch ph v
cu trc t nhin ca hang m cn nh hng n khu h ng vt sng trong
hang ng.
Vi trn 300 hang ng ln nh c pht hin ti khu vc Phong Nha K Bng, c xem nh nhng bo tng thin nhin sng, l ni c tr ca
nhiu loi ng vt khng xng sng bn a v ht sc c bit nhng cha
c nghin cu (Pham Dinh Sac et al., 2011).
Vic pht hin v m t cc taxon mi cho khoa hc chnh l chng minh
tnh cht c hu ca khu h ng vt khng xng sng vng, l vic lm cp
thit, lm sng t gi tr tim n ca a dng sinh hc khu vc Phong Nha - K
Bng.
Song song vi vic pht hin mi cho khu h v m t cc taxon mi, vn
nghin cu xut cc gii php bo tn ni sinh sng ca cc loi ng
vt khng xng sng ny l v cng quan trng.
Nghin cu tp trung lm r gi tr a dng sinh hc ng vt khng xng
sng trong hang ng ti khu vc nghin cu, o to cc nh qun l v cc
thnh vin Vn Quc gia Phong Nha - K Bng trong vic khm ph khu h
ng vt khng xng sng trong hang ng mt lnh vc cn mi m Vit
Nam, nng cao nhn thc cho cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, gp phn lm c

s cho vic qun l v s dng bn vng h thng hang ng khu vc Phong

Nha K Bng.
A IM V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Thu thp mu vt:
S dng cc phng php iu tra, thu mu chun i vi cc ng vt
khng xng sng hang ng bao gm: phng php s dng n quan st,
v thu bt mu vt bng tay; dng ry thu mu vt hot ng trong rc, hay
si t vn nn hang; by h v by Berlese c s dng thu ng vt
khng xng sng hot ng trn b mt nn hang ng v cc nhm sng trong
t.
Mu vt c bo qun trong dung dch cn 70%, lu gi ti Vin Sinh thi
v Ti nguyn sinh vt v cc bo tng quc t phc v cng tc nghin cu.
nh loi mu vt trong phng th nghim s dng knh lp soi ni Olympus.
a im kho st:
Kho st c tin hnh trong 2 t: t 1 vo thng 8/2011, t 2 vo
thng 11/2011.
Kho st t 1 c tin hnh trong 10 ngy, t 04-15 thng 8 nm 2011, ti
khu vc vng li Vn Quc gia Phong Nha - K Bng. Mi ba (13) hang
c la chn kho st bao gm: hang 17, hang 18, hang Ba a, hang L ,
ng Phong Nha, hang Tng, hang Cu Chy, hang St, hang E, hang E cn,
ng Thin ng, hang 11, hang Sn ong ca sau.
Kho st t 2 cng c tin hnh trong 10 ngy, t 18 n 28 thng 11
nm 2011. Tm hang c la chn kho st bao gm 5 hang khu vc m
rng (hang Rc, hang Cha Ra, hang Vi, hang Mu Ngnh, hang M O); v
b sung thm 3 hang vng li (ng Tin Sn, hang Ti, hang Ni i).
Cc hang ng c chn chia ra hai loi, bao gm cc hang ng b tc
ng bi con ngi v cc hang ng t nhin.
Bn trong mi mt hang ng c chia ra mt s vng sinh hc khc bit:
ngoi cng l vng ca hang, tip theo l vng chuyn tip, v cui cng l vng
ti. Cc vng ny tng ng vi ch nh sng v cc iu kin mi trng
khc nhau (Humphreys 2000). Kho st c tin hnh c ba vng xc nh
ni c tr chnh ca ng vt khng xng sng trong hang.
KT QU V THO LUN
1. a dng ng vt khng xng sng hang ng ti Vn Quc gia
Phong Nha K Bng v khu vc m rng:
Kt qu kho st khu h ng vt khng xng sng hang ng ti VQG
Phong Nha K Bng v khu vc m rng thu c 730 c th trng thnh

bao gm 83 loi, 55 h, 24 b, 7 lp ng vt khng xng sng (bng 1). Trong

, 48 loi c i sng chuyn bit vi mi trng hang ng, 25 loi c th
mi cho khoa hc.
Bng 1. a dng ng vt khng xng sng hang ng khu vc
Phong Nha - K Bng, tnh Qung Bnh
Lp/B

S h

S loi

Arachnida Lp hnh nhn

Acari
Araneae
Opiliones
Pseudoscorpiones
Schizomida
Scorpionida
Crustacea Lp gip xc
Decapoda
Isopoda
Gastropoda Lp chn bng
Achatinoidea
Pupilloidea
Entognatha Lp khng cnh
Collembola
Diplura
Insecta Lp cn trng
Blattodea
Coleoptera
Diptera
Hemiptera
Heteroptera
Hymenoptera
Lepidoptera
Orthoptera
Psocoptera
Myriapoda Lp nhiu chn
Chilopoda
Diplopoda
Oligochaeta Lp giun t t
Haplotaxida

20
1
14
1
2
1
1
4
1
3
2
1
1
6
5
1
12
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
1
8
2
2

32
2
20
2
5
1
2
7
1
6
2
1
1
7
6
1
18
1
7
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
15
1
14
2
2

Tng s

55

83

Loi chuyn bit hang

ng
S loi
T l (%)
18
56,25
2
7
2
4
1
2
6
85,71
6

4
4

57,14

50,00

5
1

3
11

73,33

11

48

57,83

Trong s 83 loi ng vt khng xng sng ghi nhn c, c 35 loi

thuc nhm vng lai, tc l nhng loi c tm thy ph bin bn ngoi hang

ng, 48 loi cn li (chim 57,83%) thuc nhm thch nghi chuyn bit vi mi
trng hang ng (bng 1).
Cc loi ng vt tm thy trong hang ng bao gm 2 nhm: nhm vng lai
v nhm chuyn bit hang ng (Howarth 1973). Nhm vng lai (Accidentals) l
nhm ph bin ngoi hang, l nhng ng vt m hang ng khng phi l
mi trng sng chnh ca chng; chng thm nhp vo hang do cc yu t
khch quan nh s hp dn ca ngun thc n hay di chuyn th ng bi gi, l
lt, Nhm thch nghi chuyn bit vi mi trng hang ng (Troglobites,
Troglophiles) l nhng ng vt bt buc phi c nhng thch nghi ring bit
nh khng c hoc tiu gim cc sc t trn c th, hay i vi mt; bay nhy
km, nhng pht trin cc thch nghi ph v chuyn bit (Barr 1968, Poulson and
White 1969). Nhng loi ny hon ton ph thuc vo ngun thc n v iu
kin sinh sn trong hang ng. Chng vng hang su ni m cc iu kin l
n nh nht.
Lp hnh nhn chim u th v s lng c th thu c; vi 6 b bao gm
b nhn (Araneae), b b cp (Scorpionida), b chn di (Opiliones), b gi b
cp (Pseudoscrpionida), b b cp roi (Schizomida), b ve bt (Acarina).
B nhn (Araneae) ghi nhn c 14 h ti 21 hang ng khu vc Phong
Nha K Bng, bao gm h Oonopidae (1 loi), Sparassidae (1 loi),
Amaurobiidae (2 loi, trong 1 loi mi cho khoa hc), Araneidae (2 loi),
Ctenidae (1 loi), Gnaphosidae (1 loi), Pholcidae (1 loi), Linyphiidae (3 loi,
trong 1 loi mi cho khoa hc), Leptonetidae (1 loi mi cho khoa hc),
Symphytognathidae (2 loi, trong 1 loi mi cho khoa hc), Telemidae (1 loi
mi cho khoa hc), Tetrablemmidae (1 loi mi cho khoa hc), Theridiidae (3
loi).
B b cp (Scorpionida): hai loi b cp mi ca mt ging mi
(Vietbocap Lourenco & Pham, 2010) c cng b. Loi mi c t tn
khoa hc l Vietbocap thienduongensis (Lourenco & Pham, 2012). Tn ting
Vit ca loi b cp ny l b cp Thin ng (do c pht hin trong ng
Thin ng). Trc , mt loi mi c pht hin ti ng Tin Sn, tn
khoa hc l Vietbocap canhi (Lourenco & Pham, 2010). Hai loi b cp ny
thuc h Pseudochactidae. Cho n nay, trn ton th gii, h Pseudochactidae
mi pht hin c 4 loi thuc 3 ging: 1 loi thuc ging Troglokhammouanus
(pht hin Lo), 1 loi thuc ging Pseudochatas (pht hin Uzbekistan v
Tajikistan), v 2 loi thuc ging Vietbocap (va mi pht hin Vit Nam).
y l nhng loi chuyn bit, thch nghi vi iu kin sng trong hang ng.
S cch bit vi mi trng bn ngoi, cng vi s khc bit v ch nh sng
cng nh m khin hnh thnh loi c hu cho khu vc.

B chn di (Opiliones): Opiliones l nhm c mt thng xuyn trong cc

hang ng, chng hot ng trn vch ca hang ng nhng ni m t. Ti
khu vc Phong Nha - K Bng ghi nhn c 2 loi chuyn bit hang ng.
B gi b cp (Pseudoscrpionida): ti Phong Nha - K Bng thu thp
c 5 loi gi b cp, trong c 4 loi mi cho khoa hc thuc h b cp gi
m Chthoniidae. y l ghi nhn u tin v h Chthoniidae cho khu h ng
vt ca Vit Nam.
B b cp roi (Schizomida): thu thp c mt loi c i sng chuyn
bit trong hang ng. Thuc nhm n tht. Nhm ny ch yu vng kh hu
nhit i m p v m t khu vc ng Nam . Nhm ny rt t c ghi
nhn v nghin cu.
B ve bt (Acarina): hai loi chuyn bit trong hang ng. Thuc nhm loi
n tht. Chng c mt ph bin trong cc hang ng ca khu vc ng Nam
chu , chuyn bit trong hang ng v tri qua giai on t do k sinh cc loi
di trong mt phn chu k cuc sng ca chng.
Gip xc cn (Isopoda): Isopoda c mt ph bin hang ng trn th gii
bi mt s lng ln cc loi. Chng thc hin cc hot ng phn hu rc. Ba
h (Armadillidae, Philosciidae, Styloniscidae) c mt trong hang ng Phong
Nha - K Bng, Chng thuc nhm sng chuyn bit trong hang ng. Bao gm
6 loi; h Armadillidae: 2 loi, h Philosciidae: 3 loi, h Styloniscidae: 1 loi.
Gip xc nc (Decapoda): ch c mt loi cua c thu thp ti ng
Phong Nha v ng Thin ng.
Lp chn bng (Gastropoda): bao gm 2 nhm l Achatinoidea (1 loi) v
Pupilloidea (1 loi).
Lp cn trng (Insecta): ghi nhn c 12 h, 18 loi cn trng, vi 5 loi
mi cho khoa hc. c bit, mt pht hin ng ch ca cuc kho st l
pht hin ra mt mt loi sng chuyn bit trong hang thuc phn h Trechinae,
h Carabidae. Pht hin ny c bit ngha v c gi tr l mt loi mi v mt
ging mi thuc phn h Trechinae c pht hin ti hang Cha Ra. Pht hin
ny m rng hng phn b ca phn h ny v pha Nam, t lu c coi l
c ch xut hin trong khu vc cn nhit i.
Lp nhiu chn (Myriapoda): ghi nhn c 14 loi cun chiu v 1 loi
rt trong hang ng khu vc Phong Nha - K Bng, trong c 8 loi c xc
nh l mi cho khoa hc.
Lp giun t t (Oligochaeta): ti cc hang ng kho st, chng ti thu c
mt s c th giun t thuc 2 h Megascolecidae v Octochaetidae. Tuy nhin,
nhng loi giun ny c mt khu vc ca hang ng, khng phi l nhng loi
c i sng chuyn bit trong hang ng.

2. S phn b ca cc loi ng vt khng xng sng hang ng khu

vc Phong Nha - K Bng:
Kt qu kho st 21 hang ng khu vc vng li Vn Quc gia Phong
Nha - K Bng v khu vc m rng ch ra nhng khc nhau chnh trong s
qun t ca khu h ng vt khng xng sng l nhng khc nhau n tng
trong a dng loi, s lng c th, v gi tr a dng sinh hc (ch ra bi cc
loi mi cho khoa hc) gia cc nhm hang ng.
Nhm 1 l cc hang 17, hang 18, ng Tin Sn, hang Ba a, hang Cu
Chy, hang Rc, v hang Mu Ngnh c s lng c th, s loi cng nh gi tr
a dng sinh hc thp. Cc hang ng thuc nhm ny vi kch c nh (chiu
di v chiu rng hn ch). Bn cnh , cu trc cc hang ng trong nhm ny
n gin, t ngc ngch. Cc c im ny l iu kin bt thun cho s pht
sinh, pht trin v tn ti ca cc loi ng vt khng xng sng trong hang
ng.
Nhm 2 l hang Tng, hang L , hang St, hang 11, hang Ti, hang Ni
i, Hang E, v hang E cn. Cc hang ng ny c kch thc qun th mc
trung bnh.
Cc hang ng thuc nhm 3 l ng Phong Nha, ng Thin ng, hang
Sn ong ca sau, hang Cha Ra, hang Vi, v hang M O khc bit hon
ton so vi cc hang ng nhm 1. Cc hang ng ny c mc a dng sinh
hc cao hn so vi cc hang ng khc. Cc hang ng thuc nhm 3 vi kch
thc ln c v chiu di v chiu rng, cu trc phc tp vi nhiu ngc ngch.
y l nhng c im thun li cho s tn ti v pht trin ca cc loi ng
vt khng xng sng trong hang ng.
Bn cnh , cc ghi nhn trong kho st cng ch ra nhng khc nhau n
tng trong a dng loi v s c th gia cc vng pht trin du lch v vng t
nhin trong cng mt hang ng. Cc hang ng in hnh ca pht trin du lch
bao gm ng Phong Nha, ng Tin Sn, v ng Thin ng. Nhng khu
vc du lch b tc ng mnh bi cc hot ng i li ca ngi du lch, khng
nh r cc ng mn i qua cc tuyn du lch. iu ny hn ch ni ca khu
h ng vt hang ng. Mt lng ln rc thi cc khu du lch, v s xut hin
ca nhng thng rc trong hang ng cng nh hng ln n s qun t ca
ng vt hang ng khu vc ny. Nhiu loi ng vt khng xng sng ghi
nhn c khu vc du lch l nhng loi ph bin, c mt c khu vc ngoi
hang ng. Ngc li, khu vc t nhin cha ng gi tr a dng sinh hc cao
vi s phong ph ca loi v s lng c th. Hn na, hu ht cc loi mi cho
khoa hc u c pht hin ti khu vc t nhin.

3. Cc mi e da v cc mi quan tm trong cng tc qun l i vi

ng vt khng xng sng hang ng ti Vn Quc gia Phong Nha - K
Bng v khu vc m rng
Hin nay, mt s hang ng c gia tr a dng sinh hc cao nh ng Tin
Sn, ng Thin ng, hang Ti, ng Phong Nha, ... v ang c cc hot
ng khai thc pht trin du lch. c bit, kho st ca chng ti ghi nhn 2
loi b cp mi ti ng Thin ng v ng Tin Sn. Lm th no va
khai thc pht trin du lch m vn bo tn c cc gi tr a dng sinh hc l
vn cp thit hin nay.
Cc loi di v chim coi hang ng nh ngi nh ca mnh. Cc loi ng
vt ny to nn thnh phn phn ng vt a thch ca mt s ng vt khng
xng sng hang ng. Ting la ht trong hang ng, th vui t nhin ca con
ngi l mt nhn t quan trng nh hng n s qun t t nhin ca di v
chim. Nhng ng vt ny cung cp ngun nng lng quan trng cho mt s
loi ng vt khng xng sng hang ng. Mt s thay i ca qun th di v
chim s gy ra s bin i su sc n s qun t ca khu h ng vt trong hang
ng.
C mt b phn du khch khng tn trng quy tc ra bi VQG v n
ung, ht thuc trong hang ng. iu ny to nn mt lng khng nh rc
ri c tm thy trong hang ng nh chai ung nc, hp nc hoa qu, hp
bia, tin may mn, qun o, v trng, v lc, Nhng th ny li ko cc loi
dch hi vo trong hang ng, nh hng n cc loi ng vt sng trong hang
ng.
Kho st tm thy loi chut c mt cc hang ng c pht trin hot
ng du lch. R rng chng ang tn ti trong hang, y l vn ln cn ch
. Cc thng rc t trong hang ng cng l ngun thc n cho cc loi c hi,
cn c di chuyn ra ngoi hang ng.
H thng chiu sng hin nay mt s hang ng du lch l khng c li
cho vic to nn ni sng thch hp cho khu h ng vt hang ng. Ngun nh
sng nhn to bt bin l nh hng c hi cho qun th di v chim trong
hang. H thng chiu sng hin ti to nn mt th gii k o kch thch du
khch n thm quan hang ng, cng lm tng thm n nh hng n qun
th di v chim trong hang ng.
nh sng nhn to l mt vn khc to ra s chiu sng khng thch hp
trong hang. S pht trin ca to, ru, hay dng x trong hang ng s lm tng
ngun thc n nhn to. Vn ny c th c ci tin bng cch gim thi
gian chiu sng cng nh loi n s dng.
Bi v khng xc nh r ng i mt s hang ng du lch nn nn ca
hang ng b dm p ln, kt qu l ph hu cc h sinh thi t nhin. Vic

khch du lch di chuyn sang i nhng ng i tch bit vi nn hang l vic

lm cp thit.
KT LUN V KHUYN NGH
Tnh trng a dng sinh hc ca ng vt khng xng sng hang ng
ti Vn Quc gia Phong Nha K Bng
Kho st ny ch ra tim nng cho mt khu h mang tnh c hu cao vi
nhiu loi him v c ngha c xc nh. Vi 730 c th trng thnh bao
gm 83 loi, 55 h, 24 b, 7 lp ng vt khng xng sng c ghi nhn t
21 hang ng. Trong , 48 loi c i sng chuyn bit vi mi trng hang
ng, 25 loi c th mi cho khoa hc.
Kho st ghi nhn nhiu kt qu c bit: hai loi b cp mi ca mt
ging mi (Vietbocap) c cng b. Bn cnh , rt nhiu loi mi c
ghi nhn ti cc hang ng kho st.
nh gi mi e da
Nhiu loi c hu cho khu vc c pht hin ti cc hang ng Phong
Nha - K Bng. Mt s loi ghi nhn c cc hang ng c cc hot ng
pht trin du lch, v d hai loi b cp mi thuc ging Vietbocap ng Thin
ng v ng Tin Sn. Ni sng ca chng ang b thu hp do cc tc ng
bi con ngi. Cc loi ny ang b e da, c nguy c bin mt nu khng c
bo tn.
Cc khuyn ngh i vi k hoch Qun l Vn Quc gia Phong Nha
K Bng
Cc kt qu ca kho st ny l c s a ra mt s xut rt quan
trng trong vic duy tr a dng sinh hc h thng hang ng trong tng lai:
- i vi cc hang ng , ang, v c k hoch khai thc pht trin cc
hot ng du lch cn lm nhng li i phn cch khch du lch khi thm hang
khng lm nh hng n mi trng sng nn hang - ni sng quan trng ca
nhiu loi ng vt hc khng xng sng.
- Cn dn sch lng rc thi lu cu trong hang v s rc thi ny s ko
theo cc loi chut v chng s tiu dit cc loi ng vt khng xng sng
trong hang.
- Di di cc thng rc ra ngoi v cc thng rc s ko theo cc loi chut
(nh l do trn) v chng cng li cun cc loi cn trng t bn ngoi lm nh
hng n s a dng v phn b ca cc loi cn trng v nhn trong hang.
- Nghim cm vic n, ung trong cc hang ng v nhng thc n tha, ri
vi s ko theo cc loi chut vo trong hang.

- Gim thiu ting n trong cc hang ng nhm hn ch s tc ng n

cc qun th di v chim chuyn c tr trong hang ng, nhng qun th ny
thi ra mt lng phn ln, gip duy tr s a dng ca qun x cn trng trong
hang. V th, nu khng gim c ting n, cc qun th di v chim ny s
bin mt ko theo s ph hy ca c h sinh thi cn trng chuyn sng da vo
ngun phn trong hang.
- Nghim cm vic ht thuc trong cc hang ng v khi thuc s tc ng
gy hi n cc qun th di v chim, cn cc u mu thuc l v cc v bao
st li cng l ngun rc thi trong cc hang ng.
- Thay i vic chiu sng trong cc hang ng v nh in kch thch s
sinh trng ca cc loi thc vt hng sng (nhng loi thc vt sinh trng
nh nh sng nhn to trong cc hang ng). Nhng loi thc vt hng sng
ny cung cp thc n cho nhiu loi cn trng sng bn ngoi hang ng, v do
lm nh hng n s a dng v phn b ca cc loi ng vt khng xng
sng trong hang.
Cc xut trn khng nh thm cc xut ca Timothy Moulds, Renee
Mouritz, v Phm nh Sc (2010), vi mc ch ngn chn s suy thoi ca h
thng hang ng, v bo m duy tr mt di sn thin nhin th gii, cng vi
vic bo tn c gi tr a dng sinh hc trong hang ng ca vng.
Cc hnh ng c khuyn ngh
- Khu vc Phong Nha - K Bng hin c hng trm hang ng, kho st ny
mi c tin hnh 21 hang ng, phn nh mt phn rt nh gi tr a dng
sinh hc ca vng. Cn phi tin hnh thm nhiu nghin cu ton din c th
nh gi s a dng ca khu h ng vt hang ng ti VQG Phong Nha K
Bng. Vic lm ny s gp phn tng thm s hiu bit ca chng ta v s a
dng sinh hc v nhng loi c hu ti y.
- Vic cn lm trc khi tin hnh vic pht trin du lch ti cc hang ng
mi, cn phi tin hnh vic nh gi ton din s a dng sinh hc trong hang
ng nhm cung cp nhng dn liu c bn c th kim sot nhng nh
hng n khu h ng vt c trong . Nhng nghin cu c bn ny cng s
ch ra nhng sinh cnh quan trng cn ch trng bo tn trong mi hang ng v
ch ra cn phi u tin bo v nhng loi sinh vt quan trng no.
- Nhiu loi ng vt mi c tm thy trong qu trnh kho st nhng
cha c cng b do thi gian c hn v s lng mu vt khng . Cn tip
tc thu thp thm mu vt, m t v cng b khng nh gi tr a dng sinh
hc ca vng.

Ti liu tham kho:

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2. Howarth, F. G., 1973. The cavernicolous fauna of Hawaiian lava tubes, 1.
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3. Humphreys, W. F., 2000. Background and glossary. Ecosystems of the
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Humphreys, W. F. Amsterdam, Elsevier. 30: 3-14.
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Vietnam. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 335: 80-85.

Vietbocap canhi ng Tin Sn

Vietbocap thienduongensis ng Thin ng

Hnh 1: Hai loi b cp mi cho khoa hc pht hin c Phong Nha K

Bng