Qtrick Access*

ltffi

P 1t Y$

Dev -

oun"

rlverage angular acceleration:

VECTORS AND SCALARS

).. Scalar: A quantity that has a magnitude but
no direction. Examples: mass, Ienglh, time,
dcnsiry energli and temperature.
2. !'ector:A quantiry that has both magnitude
and direction. Examples: displacement,
velociry force, acceleration, momentum,
electric and magnetic field strength.
B. COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR,

A.

A.

Instantaneous

Average acceleration: 4 =

are specified by a
scalar, which determines the magnitude of
the component, and a unit vecto! which

B.

determines the direction of the component.

The unit uecto.s i ancl i have a magnitude
of I and point along the x-a-](is and y-axis

2.

3.

respectively.
A vector, A, can be represented by: A =
A, i, rvhere A, and d, are scalars.

--

Centripetal acceleration: n, =

ffi: Ot "l
duldt
-

ui+

2a,(x

u=t,o+at

xo)

,,)' --

A.

ool-

0o)

ll,.."i ,),

NEWTON'S LAWS
Secondlaw: F^n=,rro

xo)

- o"'i"'
a

---lrtl:'i,., ,!

<--R-+
c.

,"oF;

PROJECTILE MOTION
Llere, n, = 0, a, = -g
cos 0o, u = tro sin 0o
Y.o =
,
.
'/o
u,= u,o=
constant,

u_,

uo

sin

a force F, on body B, then bodY B exerts atr

equal and opposite force -F, on body

llence, F, = -F, or F, = -Fu.

= t'5 sin:e ^t,J sinl0

Mirximum height:y.,. =

= F, + Fz

Third law:'fo every actron, there is alrvays .rtt

equal and opposite reaction: if body A exet ls

0o

.q

IF

- 8r
:
-r- = (uo cos 0o)f, y - (uo sin
")t !gt'
(tan 0-).r - :--&f
2( uo cos Uol'
The range:

//
/ro
,nO = O/,,u

.)r,

,ro

D. UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

Angular displacement:'[he angle throu gh
which a body rotates is given by g =

=tu

-FB

as:

a,b = tzbcos9
'fhe

Awall pushes you with the same force with

which you push it, but in the opposite direction.

angle 0 is the angle benveen the vectors.

The dot product berween any two vectors is
a scaiar quantiry. lt is sometimes ca.lled the
scalar product.

. If nvo vectors are perpendicular to each

other, their dot product is zero.
D.

CROSS PRODUCT
The magnitude of the cross product of two vectors, a anci b, is defined as:

'axbi=absinl

'l'he cross product beftveen vectors a and

b
f ields a

tllrd vector that points perpendicuJar

to the plane in which a ar-rd b are oriented.

To determine the direction of the cross prod-

lhe right-hand rule. Point the lingers

of your right hzrnd a.long vector a, and then
curl them toward vector b. Your thumb now
pcints in the direction of the cross product.
ruct, use

Ilnvo vectors are parallel to each other, their

cross product is zero.

. axb=-bxa

,-1.

'l'he dot product of trvo vectors, a and b, is de-

llned

O,n

..j

j'F

applied force.
NeMon's second law also holds for several
applied forces.

li.l
s.t'
\31 =
DOT PROOUCT

a1";'

The acceleration is in the direction of the

A: 3i + ,1j

tand = *
J
d = tan-'|

n,

>

.lA

\{agnitude:
iAl = j3r +4'1=i8-=5
Dircction:

(directed

i,ith constant acccleration:

The direction ofthe vector (0) is given by:

Drample:

.
.

\af

2a(0

0o1- ,,tot

t)
r=xi+yj=ro+vot+iat2
v

tan0:-].ord=tan-L-J

U,

,o' +

u| = uri+ Za,(y -

A,i +

t):
ia

Period:r=1+=.#L
Rotadonal motion

ACCELERATION
4, = Constant, 4y = COnStant
v,= u,o+ a,t vt: rro* ort
=

toward the axis of rotation)

.r=.ro+ |lu,+u)t
MOTION IN A PLANE WITH CONSTANT

v,2

The magnitude of a vector is a scalar quantity (length) given by:

,.l-ll_ ,.,

4.

fi

velocity: v = uo* ati uz = uol + 2a(x

position:x=xu + uot - l1at'}

r\ vector in a 2-dimensional Cartesian plane is represented by an .r-component and ay-componenl

I. Vector components

ffi

Instantaneous acceleration: a(t)

Uniformly accelerated motion:

2.DIMENSIONS

da d'0
dt dt"

l^,rl
velocity: u(t) = Ndt

velocityr, =
# =

ct,

Instantaneous angular acceleration:

OT,IE.DIMENSIONAL MOTION
Average

" = *i

Average angular velocity: A br-rdy rotates

distance r from the axis of rotation with a

tangential velocity u,. During uniform circular
motion, the mzrgnitude of the tangential veloc-

ity is constant. The body rotates through an

angle 0 and the average angular velocity is given

r....-A0-',
"t*- Lt-7

Instantaneous angular velocity:

c.,'(r)

tt0

= Ct

The gravitational force that the Earth exerts

on the moon is equal and opposite to the
force that the moon exerts on the Earth.

-4q C

H.

'rX*
r'F

-a

SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES
Center of mass in vector notation:

rl
- -il L1n,r, -- l,

ivhcre .II

= Irn. is thc

l.
ll.

ry

the two surfaces.

Between any two surfaces,

WORK AND ENERGY

lVork done by

rr

=/"n.ar=

r.r,_

<

rr.

io;

[o,rcosodr

AU= -ttt

force.

3.

Conservation of mechanical energy: The

total mechanical energy ofa particleiubject

to

a conservative force is

constant.

=lmt + U= constanr.

Non-consen"ative forces:The rvork done by a

non-consenative force (e.g., friction) is equal

to the change in internal energy: W-, = 716
=

-AU",, and the sum of the systems rirech:Lni-

cal and internal energy remains constant:

>l

At+ AU-, = A,(+ AU+ A{,,, = o.

u. LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS

\\rork done on a block, mass z.

Irrstan(aleous power: p = dwt dt = F. u(lvatts)
t(inetic energy: ,f = nru, (Ioules)
l-

WORK.ENERGY THEOREM
i'he lvork done by the resultant external force

l.

2,

3.

on.a particle (or a system) is equal to the change

in kinetic energy of the particie (or system).

F.

dr

Potentialenergy:

*--ffil,-

K, =

conservative force.

2,

4.

x l) (vr:tttut lirrrrr)

The elastic force that is exerted on the

-q
charge by the + Q charge is an exanrple oi a

E= K+

ry = A2

where I,/is work done by a conservative

(ioules), n,hr:re 0 = angle that force makes rvith

riirection of .rrotior.r.

ab

Attgrrlur nlonlcntunl: L r
rrrtrl nragnlturle i, -- rpsirr{t.
l. = angular tDonlgrltr.lnl
r * rildius voctor
p = linear rnomentum
0 = ilngle forrned by r and p

JY
Y* ..."'F p=keq
'-

force:

l<
tr

F = appliedforce
0
tlro nrrglo fonnorl hy r nrrrl lr

tF,)

coefficient of kinetic friction between

r = radlus vector

d....''' ,lo-tl

ri.N, where u is the

cucfficicnt ofsraric friirion benveLn the
trvo surfaces.

cxcrted when a body slides acros, ari_

other surface. f. = ur.ru, where u* is the

.L

'l'= torquc

'l'he olurtlu ftirco I thut rur ltlcul sprlng

crcrtl
on un gttached rrrnss ls arr cxarnlllc of a
COnservatlve tbrce.

. Kinetic friction: Friction force

l<-l
x

St:lric [rictiorr: lrriciirln;tl furcc (1..) cx_

cilc(i \vllcrr a b0d1 is at rest relative to
ailother surface. The maximum force of
sratic Iriction is: F.

rFsin0.

F=-kx

FRICTION

IVeiglrt: The gravitational [orce exerteri on a

botly of rnass lr lt1, tlrt ll;rrtl.r. 11/ = rrrg.
Nr)r'lrlill li)r(,(.:/\ lr)t( (., N, t:rt.Ilt.rl rIr,r Itorly
l,\ ;ln{rllr't strr lircr,. I lris lirrCt, il( ls l)Ct l)Cti.
rlicrrl:rr to lltc lrotly. lVlrt,rr ir botly is;it rt,it on
lr lr:vcl rrrIlact:, N = /llll.
li'ic(iorr: A lor.cc b0lu,t:trt) iwo surlitcos (lllt
opl)oSeS lllc n]Otioll ttIa body.

de.

The gravitational force that the Earth

exerts on a satellite is an example of a
conservative force,

Newton's sccolrrl law for a systcrn of (/.)

l):trticlcs: Ir"*, = ,t/a.,,,
WEIGHT, NORMAL FORCE, AND

l.

,-

r'

total miiss.

C.

It is

r = r x F (vector form) with magnitr

by

GmM
---;-

The electrostatic force that the +4 charge

(:xerts on tlie Q charge is equal and opposite
to the force that the e charge exerts on the
+r7 charge.

B.

ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
Torque causes a body to rotate.

1^l

4.

Ztnu/ - )rnu,l

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Conservative force: A force such that the
r,vork it.does on a particle is independent
of
the path over rvhich the force is exerted.

i.

5.

Linear momentum of a particle: p : mv;

Newton's Second Law can be rewritten
F = dPldt
Total linear momentum of a svstem:

dt
Kineric energy of rotation: ( I m,r,r) ul
+
N{oment of inertia: The rotational analog of

mass.

1=

\r.rittenl,= Ic.randr:Ia

Common moment of inertia quantities:

Solid sphere

Axis

stant,J=FAr=Ap

Collisions: Mass ,nr traveling at u,, collides

ur,. After'ihe colli_
sron, ,T1r travels at u,,ancl m,travels at u.. If
F., = O, linear momenrum is conserved."

t=

with mass rn, rraveling at

Path2

ffi!rrl

flzUrr

During an elastic colliSion, both nro_

mentum and kinetic energy are conserved. This generally occurs when
bodies collide and bounce arvay in
different directions. Conservation of

3un,
5
Thin rod oflength

--P'

Y 1,,-,--\
\-[

ZmLub:

together.

rotating abour its center

ll.rt

+
int-u-,, =)m,u,i + im.u,,During an inelastic collision, kinetic
energy is not conserved. This generally
occurs when bodies collide and stick

Axis

kinetic energy states

End Point

m,r,2

Angular momentum and torque can also be

^,u,
Coniervatio'n of momentum: If the ner external force on a system is zero, momentum
is conserved in the system. If F",, = 6, thgn
p = constant.
Impulse: The force applied to a bocly over
an interval of time. When the force ii con-

,-

Relation betrveen torque and angular

momentum:

p=Z p,=L

frrUu* frrUr,=

Path I

, M(2
'12

i*u

(a)

IttNlr''
Electric Potential ofa point charge: tz=

Llectric Potential ofa continuous chirrge dis-

tribution:

E.

the potential difference benveen the two

r=fl+

plates is AY, then

^()

CURRENT AND CIRCUITS

l. Current:'l'he rate at lvhich charge, Q, flttrvs

C,

plates rvith surface irrea,,1, separated by

,-dQ
'dt

distance d.

Iiesistance: Resistors decrease the rate at

rvhich charge floivs through a circuit.'Ihe
resistirity, p, of a conductor is a properry
ol the material. For a cylindrical conductor

-d

rvith length l, cross-sectional area,4, and

resislivitv p, R= p*
Ohm's Law: \\hen a resistor in a circrrit is
constant over a range of voltage inputs, the
resistor is Ohmic. Iror a circuit with resistilnce R, current 1, and potential difference

(--

A.

l-

3.

Bar magnets: The magnetic field lines of

4.

A.

-\f/, Ohm's Larv states AL': 1R

l. (lircuit: A closed path around rvhich charge

- -'',/'---

\\l

capaciror

-lF
-iI-

f--

-.G-

-o-

Battery
Rcsislor

2.
3.

Ammeter

2,

3.

rhe direction of F.

current-carrying wire:
A rvire of length and direition / and current
l traveling through a magnetic field will ex1;erience a force F = Il x. B r,vith magnitude
fr = 1lB sin 0.
4. Magnetic field due to a current-carryinfJ
rvire: The strenglh of the magnetic field a
distance r/ from a long rvire with current l is

Rs

Ilagnetic force on

* I * I
--.!n.l /r. ll,
li

rtl
,*a

To deterrnirre the direction of the

magnetic field, use the right-hand rule. The

tl-runrb points in the direction of the current,
and the fingers rvill curl around the wire in
the direction of magnetic field.
5. Ilagnetic field due to a solenoid: The magnetic field due to a solenoid is concentrated
almost entirely along a straight line at the
center ofthe loops. The strength ofthe magnetic fielrl lJ drie to a 5olenoid rvith n Iooos
irnd current tis

ts

- 1t rtl-

I'orvt'r:

/' /-\t' /'/l lr

corrrplt'lc cirt ttil

loo1r,

.\U' t -\Y. I l!', r... 0

Iunction Rule:'ilre strrn of the crrrrent

{)ntering a junction equals the sLrm of the

current exrting the junction.

= 'u

l- tt t

d-

[e.,ut

Specific heat: The amouni of heat, (1,

required to change thc temperanlre o[ ]
lltc srrltstancr:1.
[-atcnt hcitt: f]tt: Il{'at llrilt tlot's

i,trk tt,
cause a phase change is latent ileat r1-1, ui)(l
it is related to the heat aciclerl or remor',:cl in
the system (Q) by Q: ntf.
'Ihermal conduction: -fhe rate at rvhich hcat
flo\^/s (AQ/Ar) tlrrough an area,-l ovcr
rL

liii'

.1. Thermal radiation:'fhe rate at rrhrclr

bod1"

radiates energ-r- (P) is P

B.

Itt . ,ir
J"'
B.

a7e7':

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
First Lalv of Therrnodyeramics: 'fhe rlet nirirt
added to a system (Q) r:quals the change in internal energy of the s-ystem (A Ll plus ttre N ork
clone on the system (l44 Q = 'lU + Ili
Second Law of Tlrcrrnodlrramics:

1,

Heat does not florv spontaneousil {ronr rt

colder bod1, t6 a rvarmer bodr'.
2. FIeat energy, is never cornDlt:.elY translornred into mechanical rvr.lrk.
3. llre rotal entronv in lhe rnriver.c '^r"a\c\
during all natural processcs.
Entropy: The change ln entropv (ASJ is relaieri
to the amountof heat adcled or rernrrred lroitt,t

systenl (Q) at constallt tenlperatr.rre

()

as=_l

rherrrlal efficiencr':

i't.
= .\\ork

l.

ll

'

?,,,,,
(

).

Carnotefficiency:s. = I

i.rl'r

C' GASES

'l dt " i i
41T

Charles's l-au,:

ldealgaslarv:

v!,
:1 = --I.

F-ora gas

cont:]iningrtnu:,rbrr

of moles, l']V: nI?'1'(rvhere ll is tire urrir,ers.tl

gas constant).
Kinetic energv per molecrrlo of an ideal gas:

r=!mr=1nr

!t
5. 'lbtal intcrnal energy ol

a gas: 1 1

;\, ntl

l'

lL

tr

rt I

MAGNETIC INDUCTION
I. )lagnetic flu The amount of the l.ragnetic
field that travels pt.rpenclicularly through
an arca,.i.

,l-,)
= ln ',1,t

with ernissivi4, s and surl:rcL' urea,.i

r\rrrJrerc's Lirw: l'itt' rlritgIIt-'li(: litltl IJ

llrorlrrr:rtl l)\, ir curr('rit-citrrf iltg lviie ol
llrrgllr r/f ir r,'lrrt,'rl t,, Ill('lr)lirl crtrrrttl / ltv

ti;

:-r. Kirchholf's rrrlcs:

Loop'l lrt'ort,rrr: l;rlr

Ampere-Nlaxwell Law:

Gases are Cescribeti b-v thcir pr-essurc p. rolLtnrt

7, irnd temperatr-rre 7l
1. Boyleh Law: P, V, P,Ir'

Siot-Savart law: The magnetic fieid B a

ri frolrt u piece of nire r1l carryirrg ctrrrurrr / is Hi'r'n hy ri IJ --

,1O

distance r/).

4.

Rs

f^
bl..'ils=-.J
)dr

l-11 '- '..'rr,".

' i?
-\r =

3.

tlislrnce

Faradat's Law of induction:

A7' is tltr: te,nl)eritltlri' rlillirrcitct' o,.i'i

2.

6.

ls.ae-o

a (li(rance d is givnn r.*

i\lagne tic force on a moving charge: ,\ particlc with cirarge 17 nroving at speed u through
a magnetic field B rvill experience a force
F = 4v x B with magnituds f = 4ttB sin 0. To
deternrine the direction of the force on the
particle, use the right-hand mle. The fingers

point in the direction of v and curl toward

the direction of B. The thumb ruiil point in

Gauss's Law for magnetism:

substance of rnass ln ltv an anroLrnt -\ i'rs

given b1, Q = nrr;l I (c is thc spt't ilit: ltertl 1l

Voltmeter

,\n arnrneter nleasures current, and a

! oltmeter measures voltage drop.
Resist0rs in series: I?.,, : 1lr + n, + n-r

llusistors ""irr rrarallcl:

P"'.."-"

I.

\r\t

Connecting wire

_-

HEAT

L,

i--i.- *

Switch

co
e E' rtrt =
--_:,
J

[g..t.
.)

bar magnet exit the north pole and enter the

sourh pole. I-ike poles repel each other, and
r-rnlike poles attract each other.

llorvs. Llircuit elernents are

..,1,f
dt

MA,XV,/ELUS EOUATIONS
l. Garrss's Larv for elcctricirr':

MAGNETIC FIELDS

l.

Firraday's Larv: A r,,arying niagnetic l.

through a coil oi wire will induce a;r elr
tromotiYe force (c) in the rvire.
.=_i\_

Parallel Plate Capacitor: Trvo charged

I)ast an area in a circriit.

2.

6' Capacitor: A capacitor is a set of two oppositely charged conductors (each rvith charge
Q), separated by an insulating material. If

:itrN IJ qid-u-/JI]L.J/rJ o

IJ.S. 54.95

SRN-10:0-7.386-0743 6

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llltlll
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f

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o2010 Research &Edlcaiion Assoclatro^ fc

PEA' and Ou,ck Ac.ess'3re regrstBrd lftrdemails ci
Rerea.ch & Fd!.arion Assocrat,o.. Nc. Pn.r!ed

. lr. !SA

'fhin rod of length

rotating about one end.

. .-.

i
I

-A
..-.-.-4\
' Mt2
3
'=

)-G

l'

.r?

Period: l he time it takes for the spring to complete one oscillation.

-;\

\''''

'lrvo particles rvith like chargcs rept:l t'aclt otltt'r

Angular frequenry:'fhe number of radians the

spring osciliates through in a period ol time.

Axis

\t

Equation of molion: If the mass is initiallV

cornpressed a distanceA and released from rest,
the subsequent equation of motion is given by:
.r(r) = ,4 cos(Llr) . In this case, x,,,,., =.4, where 11
is the amplitude of oscillation.

(b)

]nu'
Solid disk rotating about an axis perpendicular
to its surface.

4 -

Velociry:.r(I) =
'dt
rvhere

r,,,,,.,

.lcceleration:

--r.asin(.ur)

1",,,1

- 0x.l' = -;lxw

0=+
dt

- -d Acos(rr)

rvherea.,,,^ - ul

Potential energyt U

roral energy: u =

= iLC

ii;,,

l:,l;.,

'I\vo particles with unlike charges atlracr oacil

othcr.

. )r,ru

no friction

J o = blockb center at rest

],urn,

:fi-#q!i
-ffi

llotational kinetic energy: .! /J

(lonservation of angrrlar momentum: !\4ren no
extemal torque is acting on a system, angular mornentum is conserved. If r",. = 0, L is constant.
Work: W

:"ro

- r0

Power: P = T(,

GRAVITATION

\ewron's larv:

ofM

Oscillation of
B,

= 8JI4

1r 1ro- center-of

r
U: -CAA

not'ric'!ion

,
a

Coulomb's [,aw:'frvo particles olcl)xriic .i iin(]

distallce r an,ay fro nr eac h o iht', '.r', ll r:':L'r l

spring with mass ,n

a/, a

PENDULUMS

l.

-rnass

Potential energy:
Kepler's laws:
l. ,{11 planets move in elliptical orbirs with the

Ibrce on cach other.

.- , q,q,

Simple pendulum:.F: -mgsin 0;

[or small 0, sin 0 = 0.'Ihus, I : -rngb = ntL
9,6: = gl L and r = Z;r1f[ is rhe period.
. point mass (rn)

inexrensible,r'veigl.rtlessstring

sun as one focus.

fhe iorce that 4, exerts on

17-

is,:r1uai and

posite to the lorce that 4, exerts on .i,.

B.

lp

ELECTRIC FIELD

All electricall_v charged particles create illr

electric field. This is deflnetl :rs rhe forcr: a rcs:
charge 4rrvould erperience ilit,,r,crc p-lrci,ri in :r
particular location near the chareed particle.

Fixed

Support

r-!_ (la

_.

i
n1g cos
.\ line

jnirll69py planet

t}e sun s\\eeps nut

cqual rreas in cqua-l rimes: rlzllr1r = j r r =
1-l2,1 = const:rnt (1- = anraular morneritum).

/-

to

-40)
A0)
n

t\ri

mgsin

GAUSS'S LAW
lllectric Fhrx: l hc arnounr of l jrc tlr:ctlir: ljr'l:l

0'r'

that passes perpendicul:rrly throuilh

rn8

7'

llelation to frcquency and rvavelenglh:

/r0

sin(l-{ -

,r.r,rrl

SPRING WITH A MASS

is;rlrv;rys rlirccltrl opltosilc lo llrt rlirt.r.liorr rrr

rvlriclr tlrl rrr;tss is rrrovittg.
Irrrrct': /r
lt (l sprirrg corrst;rrrt, .r rlis
t;rn('(' Irotn erltrilibrirtrn posilioil)
I rr.<lrrr.rrcy: I lrt, rrrrtrrltr.r ol ost.ill;r(iorrs l]tr.
sltrirrg cortrlllt'lcs irt ir pt'riorl ol titrtt'.
tt

l,A

'r-\rrt

1X}'),

\lrrrrrling rllrtcs: Lx;nttnlr,s ilrr.:lt) orgltn piPr.

r't ;r stt'irtq Iixr,tl itl ltotlr r.ttrlr.
llrtylllt ol lript,or :;lrirrg)
I , .t,t, r'll.
opr.rr ;tl lrotit tnrls

'I lrt.lirrt:r: on a ln:rss ilr sirnple

lrarnronit.rnolior.r

uJl

ln

an'.r..1.

iE.rJrt

(larrss's l-aw: -fhe total elecrlic flLrr iii;ougl: tr

closctj surface eqtrals ihe i)ntr)Llnt ol riurr:,r,

rnclosed in that srlrlacc riivirlcti bv tltL, frr,lr

[i\ i$ ronstllnt, i

,'

I)rrssrrrc wirve: /, ::

A.

plane

oIsound rvaves (in an ideal gas):

I = 2nlX, a - Zxl = 2rlr

'

,t

,,, = \"
specific hcats,
,,' I - ., = ratio ol
11 : i)ressllre, 0,, = densit-v.

I.T. rr'r r
I.rrv rrl pr.rrrrls rr
( ,,\,
// \r'rili rrr,rjor lrxis) lirr ,\f - rrr.

E=k!1,

Simple pendulum in

Speed

- -\

Electric fi cld due to.rpoint chirrge: i irr strnrirII

ol the clectric field produccd bv ir pojni chir)ltl
r7, ;rt;r rli.r;rrrct'r irom ih.,.irl-: ... ,ir,,.: l,v

)oyrplr.r t.l li'r't: /

olrservtti lrrrl rrctrral l'rr:rltrerrcies, u lhe sl)cc(j ol'

sotrrrrl, r.,,, tltt:.:;pccrl o{ llrr: ottservcr, anrl r, (}tc
spr'r,rl ol sorncr'.

LI

D.

c.,l,r

ol
n;rlul(.. I lt(,r'l]irrgt'0rr ir lltrrli<:lc catr lrt';l0sitir,,r,
()r u(.,litli\,(..

:...r- I
-o

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

'l-Ilc cloctric potential, also

klrrti",rr;rs voli::rgr:, i.
cicfineri as the electric potentiitl cncrq. ot'r Ltnit
cltarge.'J lrc l)otenliill rlilfrn'irr:r 1,. 1ur,r'n 1\,,1
poittts, A and [], in an t:lcclric lilirl is rltlin,rrl tr,

tlt0 rvork rlottc I:r'itn t'lltrrt;rl lrtJt t i0 Il0rt ]

l('\l ( lliuli(:, 4,, lrorl lroirrt ,\ io lrrrrrl i) rii,..irlr.rl
l)\'

.\t'

ll!.

lr..il

llltll(,

t'

\\'lrlrr rvorl

l!

tl

tlorrr.lrt llrL r,ilr {r rl lrr,lri rir irrr,,.

itrl; r7,, lrorrr lloirrl r\ lo rroirrt Ii, tll!.r,r)l( ntrrl
ttl
is

rlilli'rt'rtr-e is givcn

lry,\i.'

l)ott'rrt iul rlil li,rt,rrt c i,,,,,,,,i ti,'11i,,,1.'r.l r ir f ir.lri:

.\l/
A. ELECTRIC CHARGE
lrl('( tri( ( ltirrs(. ts ir Irrrrrliurrrlrlall l)t.ol)cllV

I i

()

ll,

\.',

/:'rl {rvircr,,r/ i:;

Irllr.rr lroirrls r\ itntl ll)

Llt'('lric I)0lcrttilrl Irrrt.rgy 0l

ilri,rlirl rrrll

l,r.

rr poiilt r lIrr,,r'.
ltt polcrrllrl r.rrt.rliY ol ,r ir.,,i r lr,lril(. i,/ ilt
rrrr llr,t:trir' !itlrl lrlrrlrrcr.ri lrv ilri,, l1;111,1,,1,.,
I

,l)

Plt

Quick Access*

*'

YSIIS t0UATI0ilt S 8, flt{$ilrfi$

c. DOT PRODUCT -

The dot product of two

vectors, a and b, is defined as:

i Ar:cri.r,trio;r tltte

to cra\rtv

Clravitational
constant

Coulomb's
('()nstant

Spced oflighr

m/s

6.67

r Io ,, N:+!
Kg-

(iharge of electron

I)lanck's constant

lr

l'ermittiviry' of free

108

1.60

U.63

CROSS PRODUCT - The magnitude ot

the cross product of trvo vectors, a and b, is

defined as:

m/s
10- r' C

a x b rhsn-t1
. l'he- cross product benveen vectors

a and
b yields a third vector that points perpendicr.llar to the plaue in rvhich a and b are
oriented.

I0-3r J.s

B.B5 x 1o r,-L
\'.rn

r space

l'crrneabiliw of

.
.

' ]b

lt,,

I rre s pace

\fass of Frrth

i.9i x I0rrkg

fil

lladius ol llarth
\[ass ol sun

tfl

6..17

I0" m

1.99

10ro kg

.
.

A.

2.

Scalar: A quantiry that has a magnitude btrt

no direction. E.ramples: mass, Iength, time,
density, energy, and temperature.

\'ector: A quantiry that has borh magnitude

and direction. Examples: displacement,

velocil1, lorce, acceleratjon, nromcntrrnr,

electric and magnetic field strength.

3. COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR,
2-DIMENSIONS - A vector in a
2-tlimensional Cartesian plane is represented
by an .r-component and a.l golnponent.

l. Vector components

are specified by

scalar, which determines the magnitude

2.

3.
{.

ol

A.

Ilorizontal motion: Constilnt rclocirt.

sented bv a bodv's speed in a particular

rlirectiort.
r..ote: Il the velocity of a body is constant

l'he magnitude of a vector is a scalar quantiri, (length) given bv:

l;ttr

,1

.rl,

nr

]-+lj

[xample: r\ =

r/yc

L;

r]i -

{.

I
j

sln /r I

;sr

total iiorizontal

riis ranr:e trayel t:ci:

ilIa-rimunr height: r\r rhis poinr,

u..r

)r,,-

sinr

t'

0:

) o

I")xarnple:.\n object is Iauncher.l ,.rrrlr ;rn ir r:i.ri

speed of20 r,/s at a 25" engle abore tire hr,:izontal. 1 {olv firr lrlvav is the ob.ject :o ::: it:; i r j I :lI
position after 0.5 seconclsi.
i. Irind tire-r- and.y-positiotrs ol'lre ob jci:r:
1

-r-

po sitio n:

l"\: =

ll, r,, - tr- cos I f

: 120 m/s)lcos 25',)(r:).5
Ar: I rrr

1-1

er a period of rirnc, lhe in\tantxneous

sl

.r.position:

.\i -

,rr sin [/ll .l

Sr,

'\.l, = (20 nr/s)(sirii:,")10.r,

.,r.llrrr

2.

In\l:rnlirn(.()us irct't.lerttlion: tilt\'dt

= !ll
. l]nits: nt/sr
KinenraticErluations:Relatedisplacement,
r t.lor itt, ;tnJ irt celtratinn.

-\_1,

11

cj

U.i,rr

'l

,n

'l'hc rlistanco r of titr: olrjt'r't Irorr iir,,

r,;ri13in is

rlescribed t;\' tlri.,,r.r:ior:

r-9i*-t.i

lrind the nragnitrrdc ol rltis vccioi:

r,=19=11;r .- l).5 nr

:\-t = r,,r + -] rzll

r,+ l,

sin

a r:tle 1tl.!i

.R= llsin2d

r I t.tt rgt s.

tr,,f COS 0

Ran ge: 1'he

I,]

.\r't.rirge
'at:rc('elcration: n .= +l'

,11

cos 0 = constallt

(i'|r

,\cceleration:'l'lrt, rrte irt tvhich r,elocity

b1,:

- t,lt) I .-'

:11

I,'.,

ve)ociry of the bocly equals the average veIocih.a( even'mornent over the periocl.

.1

or l/

Vertical motion: Accclerates al

,j,
. [.lnits: m1s
. \'elocin'is a vector quantit_v. It is repre-

A,i +

\-y - tr./:

r'ote: The total distance an objcct travels

mav nor be the same as its displacernent. If an object travels one full cycle
around a I00-m circular track, the total
distance traveled is 100 meters, but the
clisplacement is zero.
2. \i'locity:The rate ar $.hich an object changes

r\ r,ector, A, can be repiesented by: A =

rl, .i, rvhere A. ;ind ,'.1, are scalars.

he tiirecrion ol r}re vector (t/) is givcn

u\o

[Jnits: merer (m)

I)isplacernent is a vector quantity.

oosition.
.\,, .,.uo" velociw, r, : ]'I
,\ l
In\lantrrneous vclocify: u,,' -dx
-

clescribed as loilorvs:

ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION
l. Displacement: 'fhe distance between the
initial and final locations of a bodv in motion: -r - -r -,ro

respectivell'.

7,

Ignoring air resistance. a projel:t:ie :rccelerates tolvard llartir:rt a consrant ratp ol !,

lvhich is ihe acceleiation clue ro ,{ravi1\.:
. TIre "r- and y-components of :lctiol lrrr
independent of each other.
If a projectiie is launcheci rr.irh r spcetl ir, ei
an angle B above the horizontal, the rnorion is

axb:-bxa

.
.
.

! --ii

deterrnine the direction of the cross

procluct, use the right-hand rule. point the

fingers of vor-rr right hand along vector a,
ancl then crrrl them toward vector b. your
thurntt norv points in the direction of the
cross product.
Iftwo vectors are parallel to each other, their
cross product is zero.

the component, and a unit vector, which

cletermines the direction of the component.
'1-he unit
vectors i and i have a rnagnitutle
ol I and point along the .r-a-xis and _t aris,

;l = r[ -.,n

)r,

n,=

VECTORS AND SCALARS

l.

'l'he atrgle 0 is the angle

between the vectors.
'l'he dot product
betrveen any rwo vectors is
a scalar quantitv. It is sometimes called the
scalar product.
If lrvo vectors are perpendicular to each
other, their dot producl is zero.

x ro,Napi

3.0

MOTION - A projectile is :r boclv,.vitose nt:r rron

is affected or.rlv bv the force oi gra,".it;

a.b=aDcos0

9.8 t

B. TWO-DIMENSION,AL PROJECI'ILE

'.q6

_\.r=l _,r
.

t,-- l" l (tl

1rr.1:,,r,1111-r

NEWTON'S LAWS
I:irst Larv::\n oirjcct irr nroliorr rvili stat irr r;ro
tion wilh constant,,,elocirv unless actecl on bv

Only applicable rvhen acceleration is

constant.
Example: An object accelerates at a constant rate from rest to l2 m/s over a distance
,Uagnirude:

i/\l=.i3r+,1r =.,25 =:
Direction:

tana={
{/=11p-ritj=rr"

an external force. lOr, an object itt r:i:st \vill \lir!

at rest unless acted on hv an rxtcr neLl iirrce.)
Sccond lau': [:,,"t = ittl

ol36 m. \\tat rvas its acceleration?

trl = t/ol + 2aA;f *

I': t"
2Al

rr = 2 nt/sr

t 12

rn/r]r -

2(36 m)

Third lau': To everv irctioil thr:re il rlrvavs

an equal and opposire reilction: Ir, - it,
or F, =

B.

-Fs.

FORCES AND FREE BODY DIAGRAMS

A force is a push or pull on an objecr. |:e wtl)n's

2^d Larv states that lvhen an unb:rhnci:rl

force, or net force, acts on a body, it causes an

alceleration.

. llnits: )Jcrfion: N = *8','

s'
. Nct force is a vector that acts in the same

l.
2.

I-

riirection as the acceleration of a body.

\Veight:The gravitational forceexerted otr a
body of mass rn by Earth. W = trtg.

tn.:

2.

Cornponents of weight: The lveight of a

bodv on an inclined plane that makes an
iulgle , ,r,ith the horizontal is resolved into
paralie I irnd perpendicular components

F,,",

= ilt ,8 - T

tn ,a

Solve each equation for T and set them

equal to each other:

'l'- tn! I

nltg

'['= tt1,g-

t1r

tn.g

3.

F =rngsin0

3. \ormal

ttll+m,a=m,g-ttl,g
ulnr,.+ rn.J = g(r?. -

clicular to the interface benveen the bodv

and the sr-rrlace. \\hen a body is at rest on a

(l--

levelsrrrface,N=,18.

^'

opposes the motion of a body.

a = 3.3 nt/sr

.1. Friction: A force between nvo surfaces that

a.

ex-

erted ivhen a body is at rest relative to

another surface. The ma-dmum force of
static friction is -F = rr,N, lvhere Il, is the
coefficient of static friction between the

6.

A(rn-

t!,= -ay
L.tir) - -J' F.
.

/7?r)

I)"-

(q.8 nr/srt(10 kg

'1.

l0 lg)

mts+ lolg

a conservative force is constant:

Er,,,r = coltstant

U,:

Example: A box slides from rsst dolvn a

ramp I m long lvith a 45' angie. :\ssumir.ig
there is no friction betrveen llie box an,-i
ramp, holv last is the bor trzrvclinrl at the

bottom of the ramp?

ll
r- = tn_f
. Centripetal

dx

11ry7

K,+ U,= Kr+

Centripetal Force:'fhe fbrce that causes

force is directed inward,

rris of rotation.
Centripetal force is an example of
torvard the

I-

'.'

Conservation of mechanica.l energv: 'f irr'

total mechanical energy ola particle subjrct
to

body to move in a circle. For a body of mass

/n traveling with linear speed u a distance r
from the atis of rotation:

nvo surfaces.
llxarnple: ,\ box with mass I5 kg is at rest
on a 35' incline. \Mrat is the coefiicient
ofstatic friction benveen the box and the
i nclitre?

,nt.,,,.

Cravitational potential energl:

rn,)

lntt+ tn

-- ),

on an oblect is equal anci opposile tr) llrrl

change in potcntial energ-y oi the obji:ct:

Solve for ri:

Force: A force, N, exerted on a bodv

bv another surface. 'l'l-ris force acts pcrperl-

- ,L nti

= J,(

b. I he rvork done bv i) con\crtirlL. ( 'i.r,

tllS + ttltg: t11.9- ttl.(t

along the plane:

l_ = rngcos I

Static friction: Frictional force (d)

Conservative force: A force slrch \.

nork it does on r parlit lc ir irtii'':'': ..
the prth over rrhich tlre [orct, is ' rrr'cr
Examples: graviw, springs, electriL: iorce
Work-Energv Tlreorem:
a. 'fhe rvork done by the resrLltant rxtrrita\
force on a particle (or a svstern) is equal
to the chanBe in kinetic energv oi the
particle (system):

Note that m, will accelerate downrvard, and

rn, rvill accelerate uprvard. Assumingthe rope
does not stretch, the acceleration of each
mass and the tension on each mass are the
sarne. Write Nert4on's 2^d larv lor each mass:
t't. F.,,,- rtt a =
rtt$

rna,w|cre o equals

f.

This acceler-

ation is calletl centripetal acceleration,

and it is also directed torvard the axis of
rotatio n.
Example: A person srvings a 2-m rope with
a 0.25-kg ball attached to the end. The person exerts a force of5 N on the rope as she
swings the ball in a circle. What is the speed
of the bail?

I.

Calculate the hcight ol rhe riinrp:

'\ turs ol rotalion

-.

sin0=tt h = { sin B:

\Vrite Newton's 2nd Larv for the forces

rhat act perpendicrdar and parallel to the
incline. Since the box is at rest, d = 0:

l)erpendicular:
l:,,",= tta = 0 =
,V

//lgcos

2.

l -

= rna = 0 =
tttgsin

tngcos 0

l' -

rngsin

conservatio n of enert'"-:
E - F.

,t

rrgliyy
,v

t)

i
l. \\'rite

2.

lrg sin 6
lrtgcos H
p. = tan 0: tan(35")
1L'=070
Kinet;cfriction: Friction fbrce (/i) ererted

rvhen a bodv slides across another sr.lrfilce. li : lr^rv, lvhere rrr is tlle cocfficicnt ol
kirrctic Iriclion l)ctweelr tl)e two srrrlirce:r.
Icnsion: I Ire lrrrce tllJl r \lrir)t or rupl
exerts on an object.
Iixample: The Arwootl lvlachine. Trvo masscs, rn, - I 0 kg anrl rn, = 20 lg,11e srrspentit:rl
rortr rr grrrllt,y itttrl rr:lr,;rsctl Irorrt rcst. Wlr;r{ is
tlrc rrct r.lcrirtiort ol tltt: systenr?
I

Newlon's 2"'i [-alv lor the ball:

l'=ttn=tt1+,,]

Solve for

F,.",-

/' b.

=; ttlt'- '
.I,,,, - .:r!fr rn \ ,i I ,.
l'.=lltn/s
5. Non-conscrv:rtive forccs: \\'lrc;r 'iottconservirtive forces lsrrc:[r irs friction rrr lptngn

Srrl)stitute the tlefinition ol stltic lriction into thr: parallel equation.'l'herr

sribstitute the expression for norinal
[orce and solve:
p,N = ing sin 0

|,,, ,

onl.v gravitarional

potential energ,v. At the bottom ol the

ramp, it has onl-v kinetic encrfl,r .\p])lv

l'araLlel:
l',,",

N-

(9 rn) sin(45")

fu=6.4m
lnitjallli the mass has

.,

plied forces) do rvork on an

AI =

r,:

A'

rni -

6.

- \ ::!ltJ
,t -.\ !rZ*

l.r1 r:os

lJr)lt5: loults

1l

tl,:

kr.r
" t''
S'

+ LI + I\/

= K.= ll.

2. Iil\tfl nlirrrt.()lrs
pi1

. l]nits:
D.

N.,,,

Example: A l0-N lorce is exerted on a box

;rl lr (i0'lngle rtlrovr: the lrorizontal. fhe box
slirit s a lrorizontal rlistance of5 ltt. Calcrrlirte
Ilrc rvork rlorrt, by tlrt, Iirrt'r,.

lll'.,,.,.,r:

o-At--\tll
'--\r--1,

\Vork done by a force: \Vhen a force moves

an object over some distance, ri, the force
does rvork on the object:
lV = lr . rl

ject

Power:'fhe rate ofchange oIenerg] o\:er'tinlr:

1. ,\verage porver:

.U.Z; (gr

WORK AND ENERGY

l.

ob

Ll/ ,,,",

dW_:
{Lt

\Vatts

po\r'('r:

-r--(r)

{\\'l:

L,(t)

Iis

LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS

l. [,incar rrr()rnor)lunl of lr plrrticlr::

P - ttlu
. Newton's Second Larv cln l;e rct'l ilterr:
,lr t

It= ltt(t - rll

'.

I )rrits: kg . rrr/s

2. 'liriirl Iincirr rrtrlrrrclrlturr

r/-t/'-Frrrl

ol-ir rvslrrrr:

(lorrscrv:rliolr of nrorlt'rtttrrrr: Ii llt,r lrct tr

lenutl litrt:t'ott a svslctlt is 7{'t{), r1r{,tirnlltll
is

Iottsr'rvrrl itt l)tr'';\'slIttt: ll I',.

,1,
(

t),

tlIrr

l ()l)slill)1.

lollisiorrs:

ttt, tt;rvllinli ;11 1,,, r'ollitlcr n'illt ,;rr",

lLt!r'lttrg ir( l'-.,. ,\lt( l 1ltI r rrllt'tou, itt.
lrilv('ls ill l,rr,illrl tI.. ltirV|ls ;ll r',,. ll 1 ,, 0.
l'vl;tss

lri-.

Iint-'ar

morricnttur

ilt.t

t ttl..l._

is r'oltst:r,.,r'rl:
ttt,l.. t t,1 t ..

'

a.

'fhis generally
occurs when bodies collide
anC horrnce away in different directions.
b. I)uritrg ar inelastic collision, kinetic energv is not conserved. This generally occurs
rvhen bodies collide and stick rogerier
Irnpulse: The force applied to a bodv ovcr
rn interval of rime. \Vhen rhe force ii c,rrrstant: i=FAt=Ap

5.
E.

I)rtrirlganelasticcollision,bothntomen_
lurn arld kinetic energy are conserve<i.

GHAVI'iATION
Universal Law of Gravitation: l\vo massit,e
bodies, li, and rrr-,, exert attractive gravitational forces on one another. This attraction
is inverselv proportional to the square of the

velociry r,,.

G is called the gravitationel constant

and is equal to

x lo

r,

N1L lor14_l
Kg I \9.\ l

center of mass of each body.

Acceleration due to gravity (a/s o callerl,'grauit{ttionaIfiekl'1: -fhe acceleration that any bodv
,.xl)erienc(,s drre to rhe grevitarional pull ,il

,,

11, is

,, ,, . -

Strlid clli:trler. sc,lid rlisc. rllin h/,, )l)

rotaling about the _r, ory,axis

Average alrgutar acceleration:,,

*,

Instantaneous angular acceleration:

'llirn disc rotating

abour,r 0r.y

=?

d='-- 4x

dt

dt-

Centripetal acceleration: ..=

+ (directed
to\vard the axis of rotation) '
Ilotational motion rvitJr constatrt acceleradon:

abour one enri

Rotational kinetic cnerlav:

r=Iflrrir,.l*,,=),r"

Work: I,li= r0
Power: P = zo'
Rotational and Translation:rl,\nalogs

When an L,xtcrnal iorce, /:, is applied to a

bodv a disrance r from a pivoi point (or
rrris ofrotation), the rorque on ihe bodv
is rlellned lrs:

. T: rx
. 'lbrque
a

displacer nent

=ld

. litrque alu'ays poinrs perpetrdicular to

rllc plane in rr,[rich a bod1,is
. Counter-clockrvise rotatioltrotating.
is usuallv

Keple/s laws:

acct l cration

tlelirrcd ;rs '1lo:itive torque, and clockrvise rotation is usuall-v defined as ,,nega_
tive torque."

1. All planets mor".e

itr elliptical orbits rvith the

srin as one fbcus.
A Iine.joining any planet to the sun srveeps
nrrt r.qllal areac in erltral linrc::

Iiansluiion;il

Quantiry

Frvith rnagnituder= r|sin0.

is the rotational analog to force,

atrrl it has an analog to Newtorx 2.d l.arv:

ctn ttn,

f rotatjrlg

'ilrin lod of length I ror.tring

ur=--ur+2(\'O- g,))
0:ou+a,1 +)rat,
'lirrtlue causrs a body to
rotate.

r ltn

Iollolv sphere

I hin rod crf Iength

irDout Its cenrer

rr=lro+Oa

,, - \\-!t';ttr '

Jied; nt is rnass rtndR is radius)

o=0,,+L(ou+,",)r

'"-

2.

Crlttrrnon ntomcnt of inertia (luir:rtiti(.\:

(,.lssrr//re all ltodies lie ftnt in llie x-y
1t{tine rtrt:L
ttttnte abo!tt tl t ..-rtrii. tr:tl.,s5 ,t11.,',,.,.; ,.
,,,....

r_ I ?t
2irr
j=
'-, It
. LJnits: seconcls (s)

I:scape velocity: The rninintum speed at rvhich

.r lro,it, llr, cirrr e.cape from liarths (rri.l gravita' ir rr131,,,,11 rrirhnLrt f;rlling blrck lorvarrj'rlie
Fltrrlr
occurs rvhen its kinetic energy,(= U :
)u

1=lntr!
circular motion, Ihc

(;1\'I

.-"'+"',

ilss.

Pcriod: Tht.p(rio(! is tl)r, l::np i, ,rf .. rX'd, ,u

complete one revolLrtion. lr is the reciprocal
"
oi
frequ encl:

givr,n hV:

Pot('ntial energy: 1,/

rnagnitude of the tangential velocirv is

consrant" Ilorrever, the direction ofihe
rrr)genlial velocin is consranrlv charrs_
irrg, LJLre ro rhc centripetal lorce.
Instantaneous angulir velociry: ,stt) .. d.0_

cr(r) =

'l'lre distance r is measured from

thc

.rlrrtl)cr lro{y,

Moment of ir:ertia: 'l lte rottrrionlrl irrriLiog ol'

,9, its

r! =9!.1":
r!
ti.rj;

lhrough an angle

r.orares

_,=^q=1
.\1 r
. During uniform

distance r benveen thent.

il it

:rngultrr vclocitl' (:,,) is given by:

lJr.rits:

N.

rn

Ii-rample: A 5-N lorce is applied at a _15.

angle to rhe eclge of a 0.25-m disc. \,Vhar is
lhe torque on tlle disc?

planet

,l

Momentum

ursof
\-]-'.olation
-1*

i I:l ;1,', itl,'l id' I ri rirt

A. SPRING WITH A MASS - 'l-ire forc.: on a

mass in simple harmonic motion is alrvrrvs

riirectetl oppo<ire lo rhe Cirecri,,n in .vii:r I iir,.
mass is moving.

Forcc:f - -Lr(k=\pringeolt\t:r:1.:. -,ti.,:r.,,.

'lhe time it

3.

4r:a'
(;

zr_xis

spring complere. irr a period ,ri r.r:,e:

tr

(a):

Lt

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

\lrgular tlisplircemenl: flte angle throuitlr
rrhich I hodl rorares is gj\.(n hv /t:. s

iTi

r_l r )*1 .tr)lt

. Units: cvcles/s,

xF
= rF sin d = (0.25 m) (5 N) (sin

.15")

=0.9N.m

tJsing rhe right-hand nrle, we can see tllat

the to-r(lue vector points rrprvard along the
aris of ro t a tion.

or s-r. or herrz

11

lzl

Angul:rr frequency:'l'he nrunber of t.ircl:rns tht,

spring oscillates throLrgh in a lreriori 1f ri.rc:
,--a-a

^
\nt

,\ngtrlar rnomcntullr is analogous to linear

llnits: rad/s
l)eriod: fhe tinte it takes tbr ilttr sltriltg io corrr_

rnentrrrn p a riistance r from the axis olrotation

Iras atrgular rnonlentLlm rlcfinetl br,:
. I. . r l) l\(,(.tor f,rnrrl lrrrd nrugttifurlc
I. - nttr) si:.. 0.
. I:or a rigid roraring bociy, 1_ /,r, rvherc I
=

plete one oscillarion.

rnomentum. A f)article rotating with linear mo_

rs

tllc rnom{.nt of inerria olrhr body.

Ilela{ion benveen torque and anguiar

,rrrr,r,a,r,,,,r, , = 44
rlr
(.onsen,ation of arrgular monrenturn:

t,xternal torrlue

II)entunl

is

acting on

\!hen no

svstem, angrilar mo_

consened. Ilr,", - 0, L is constant.

rlre rorque rrcting on a s\ s_
tent is parallel to the vector, r, berlveen
rhe bodv and the axis of rotation, the ner
torque on tlre :r',tenr iq zero.
is

. \,rte: \\herr

.\!'erilge angular r.elocitl.: A botlv rotares a dis_

';ilr( p r irom thr..L\iS ofrot:rljon n ith a trngentiJ

Froquency: "lhe nuntber of osr:iilat,orrs rlrc

planet to travel from

,/ to ,? is the same as the time it tales to
travel from t, to lJ.
hrv of periods: The squaie oithe period of
.r planers orbir around the sun {f is proportal<es a

tional to the cube of its semi-major

A.

trom equilibrium posirion

'l'-2ui!

- .i. ti

I'.r;rratiorr ofrrrolion: Ir rIc.1,-11,j11,.r ,r. i r

cornpressecl a tlistance .l antl rrlt,ascrl l;orir
res.t, the srrbseqLrent nrotion i:; rlivtn lr1.

J//) =rlcos/-rt,.lrtlhrs,Js,,..r
plirut jc o f ost.ili;rt iorr'"
Velocitv: r (1) - ,{! -' -*?1 sin(^./
dt

..1

is r he

rvhere

i,..rltrr,.

nr

t:,,,,.,

a.,,1

.\cccleratiorr:
.
.t1'
_*-

,,t, =,,,t,iivhere a,,.,, -

.lcu\ ..,r :

,.;,-1

Potential energv, U =

'fotulr'ners1:O=r,

| Lr,
.]I.,,,,,

*..r

,)

2.

Example: A 5-kg object is attached to a vertical spring iind stretches the spring 0.20 m.
\Vhat is the natural frequency of oscillation
0f tlrrs system?

U
-::

rsr,

.:
>.:

--

2.

p-

{v x

wirh nr:rgr.irurlc

To determine the clirection of the forr:e

on the particle, use the right hancl nrlc:
The fingers point in the dircction ol v
and curl toward the clirection ol B. The
rhumb rvill point in the direction oi F.

l].0 x 1 06 m i s alon g the irositiYe

is the force on the proton?

,
le.,1rr=-:1lrl.

A. III

Example: A magnetic {ield of strength i.5

x 10']'f points along the positive 1, a-us. A
proton travels through the field at ir specd

closed surface equals tlte amount of cl.rarge

cnclosed in that surface divided by the permittivity constant, eo.
()

-y-

il\is.

\\hai

:n

Comrnon electric field conligurations. In all

\ti

11, is a test charge in the field.

Clrarge configuration: Poirrt ch(trge,

cases,

E-field:

periocl of a sirnpie
penclulum \vith length 1 is given bv

-:;1i

q.l

r-11

r'

.^-,

-Qo

.-

i
1

Clrarge configurationi lnlinite line clnrge witlt

unifornt density, A

A. ELECTRIC

f -field:

CHARGE

Electric cl.rarge is a
lundarnental properfl, of nature.'l'he charge on
.r I,irr{icle c:ln he positivc or negetive.
. 'fu'o particles rvith like charges repel
r.ach other.
. 'l\vo particles with unlike charges attract each other.
tJnits: Coulomb (C)
Coulomb's Law: Tlvo particles of charge 4, irnd
r7-, a clistance r arvay from each other rvill exert a
lorce on each other:
,_ , 4,4.
r'=i-

I:

2I'

rl.

('-\t:t,)

2.

Clrarge configuration: Rirrg tt,ith clnrge Q anrj

radius R.

rL'prrlsive, given the signs of the charges.

[)xarnple: r\ charge of I pC is placed 2 m to tile
right ol the origin. A charge of -2 pC is placed
I rn to the lelt olthe origin.!\'hat is the force on
a charge o1 -- 1 rrC located at the origin?
v

ruitlt clmrge density

[=,

Il-ficld:
D.

,. (q)\-tl)i

l;n!

l: , - a rlirecrcd

ro rhe righr

, t-tLltl-q)l
,'/-lr
l'rt:
/' , - ,i rlirr.cred lo rl)e righr

v.u

I:lectric Potential ola point etrarge: f .- 'f

Electric Potential of a continuous charge dis-

tnhutlon:i..

lortps atttl
B,

r do

-(J -r

('ulrrnt

I is 1l

1r,,rrl.

MAGNETIC INDUCTION
l. l\'[agnetic fltrx:'fhe antotrnt ol thc nurgtIliic
lir:lti tlrlrt tllvr'ls l)('rl)('n(lit rrl;ult, tlrrrrrriiir
an a rca

_d

Note: Elecrric fotentiai energy is analogous

to gravitational potentiirl energ)'.
n"ote: Electric field lines point from high to
lorv potential. A positive charge placed in an
tlectric lleld rvill accelerate from high to low
potential, while a negative charge in an electric field rvill accelerate from low potential to
high potential.
Potential difference in a uniform electric field:
I v" = l,; - l', = Ed (rvhere ri is the distance bel\\'r,r.n Pr)ints.\;rnti Br
trt

I{agtrctic ficld :rrorrnrl a solenoirl: i iri'

tllrtIl)(:li(' l]clti rtrottttrl lr sollrtoir j is crirrr'r.r:

lr;rllrl ;tltttosl lrr(irlly ;rlorrlg tr sl ltililrt iirrr. rrt
llll) (('nt('r ol tltc loolls. I llt sll('t)Htl! (il 1ir.
rtl;rgn(:lic lit:ltl /l lrrortnrl:r solt:rroirl u,illr l

,/,"'

\Vlrclr rvork is rlorrt: lry thc elcctric ficld

in lnor,,ing r7,, lrorn poirlt A lo point B, the
lrott,nlilrl rlilli,rt'trcc is Hivcrr ltv
" -

5.

Iy

lr, I,

1.,-^__-

n: ,;7

Ix)lential dilicrence [)etrveen trvo points, A anrl B,

irr rur tLrtric licLl is r[,lirrrrl irs tlrc lvork rlrrrrc lly
inl ('xl(.rnitl Iirrt r. lo rnovr.l llsl cltirrl;r.. ry,,, l.rrrtp
I)oint,,\ to poirrl lt rlivirlL.tl lrv llrt,test clrirrge:

ptrlsive force because Iike chzrrges repel,

so it rvill be directed to rhe right also.

plane

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL - 'l'he electric poten(ial, also know.n as voltage, is defined as the
electric potential enerp, per rrnit charge. TIie

fl'
.

(lalcrrlate the lorce tltat cach charge exorts on -q. fhe positive charge (+4) rvill
r'xerl ,il1 itttlaCtive lorce sirrce opposttcs
irttracr, so it r.r.ill be directed to the right.
I he negative ch arge (-2q)."vill exert a re

ltiitlite clnrged

Determine the direction of the lr.rc: using the right-hand rr,rle. The finllers poin:

positive z-atis. Thus, the magneiic f'l.ld

l)oints in lhe positivr: direcriolr.
3. trlagnetic force on a currenl-crrn inq n i rc:
A wire of length and direction I anri i:urrcnt
/ traveling through a milgnetic fielci u.'ill cxperience a force F : 1t x B !\,irh nl.igltitude
l;: /lll sin 0.
Nlagnctic field arotrnd a current-(:arryi:tg
rvire: The strengith of the rnagntrtic lir'lrl u
distance r/ liom a long rv'irc'rvith currelrt 1i:;

r'

Charge configurationi

si;rl:lr;.)
5 . Irt -..:\--,1
L . n-1, s.
lr= 7.2 x 10'r'N

irlong the clirection of the particle's vclociry (,r-a-{is) ancl curl tor,r,ard the niagnetic
he)d (1,-2L111. TLe thumb points along the

Il-field:E=['O=-:!:
- !(rr + I?rll

posite to the force tltat 4, exerts on ql.

Note:-lb determine the direction of the electric
lorce, riecide rvhether the force is attractive or

Calculate the magnitude ol the n)agn{'ti('

fbrce. Ihe charge on a proton is 1.00 y
l0 I'C. llte rngle fl,,(\voen Il)e 'r;1,{nHric
field and the velocilv vector is Sll'.
F= i1.ti0 x l0-'nC),3.0 x l0n nt,'s l

1.

Ihr' fbrce that r/1 eKerts on r/. is eqLlal and op-

,.

= quB sin0.

Gauss's Law: The rotal electric flux thror-rgh a

,: _L_.l{ _ -t_.g.!f!l!:
\ 0.t nr
' :it i Y l;i'
f- r-tllz 'l'he

,.

L . rn/S

Nlagnetic force on a moving charge: A

particle hrith charge 4 ntoving at veloctt!'
v through a magnetic field B rvill e:rperience a force: F =

that passes perpendicularly tlrrough an area A.

,r.J= [r:. ae

= 0 = rrig-.t"r

,.N\

Electric FIux Tl.re amounr of rhe electric Reld

,-;-

to rhe rishr

c. GAUSS'S LAW

f,T

PENDULUMS

Bar magnets: The magnetic fieid lines of

A1l

,-F
t=,L

Dl ,t
['lrrg in the expression for f,'l/n into the
e(luation frlr the freqr:enc.v ol oscillatiort:

B.

l.

the clrarged parricle.

\Vhen the nrass/spring svstent hangs at

rest, the forces acting on it are balancecl:
L-,t,.t= nta

MAGNETIC FIELDS
bar magnet exit the north pole and enter rhc
south pole. Like poles repel each ottrer, ilnd
unlike poles attract each other.
Magnetic field units: Tesla ('f )

as rhc force a tcst clrarge q., rvorrld experience

if it rvere placed in I 1:a.ricirlar localion near

-c.2om
I

mg

t - i-

ox ro, N.tir:I;d

A.

electrically charged
particles create an electric field. This is defined

'iI ;(:
(
E-----]-\

l"l
=

ELECTRIC FIELD -

eodrrrbrium

/7rg

L =F',t'
-tt
-:s
kq kq, 3kq.
.
+BB
i- _ 3tfl.99 r l0eN.m:'/cr)(1.0 x I0-"C):

i""" =

\'a

:<->n
.o+)O-(-0
spnns ar

Add up rhe forces.

2.

-,i:

=JB . rlA

l:araday's l-arv: ,\ r':rrt irrg Inarcnet;{t iitl(l

tilrough a coil oi wirr: ,"r,ill iritlrrct u;r t'1,,:-trnnrotive Ioral r--: in tlr,,ui.e:

: - -rv',,1,1,
tlt
-

lsBN-

3: 978-0-7386-C714-3

rseNJ.ro:o-i:Bs-o7ar-a U.S.SJ.95

lll lllllll ilillii lll llllll lll,rli;i',il

9 il790738"607443fi

i;[i

2010 Fesearch & Educaiion Assoc Jt or. Inc

REA" and Ouick Access'are reg s1e.ed lrademarks .ii
Research & Educalon Assoclaiion lnc P4nted n lre USA

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