ANSWER KEY FOR PART A

1.

The inertia force is an imaginary force, which when acts upon a rigid body, brings it in
an equilibrium position. It is numerically equal to the accelerating force in magnitude,
but opposite in direction.
Mathematically, Inertia force = Accelerating force = m.a
Where m = Mass of the body, and a = Linear acceleration of the centre of gravity of
the body.

2.

D-Alemberts principle states that the resultant force acting on a body together with
the reversed effective force (or inertia force) are in equilibrium.

3.

The turning moment diagram (also known as crank effort diagram) is the graphical
representation of the turning moment or crank-effort for various positions of the crank.
It is plotted on Cartesian co-ordinates, in which the turning moment is taken as the
ordinate and crank angle as abscissa.

4.

It is defined as the ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done per
cycle.

5.

The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the
centrifugal force of the first mass is called balancing of rotating masses.

6.

If rotating parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic forces are set up. These
forces not only increase the loads on bearings and stresses in the various members,
but also produce unpleasant and even dangerous vibrations. In order to minimize
pressure on the main bearings when an engine is running, the rotating parts should
be balanced.

7.

The maximum magnitude of the unbalanced force along the perpendicular to the line
of stroke is known as hammer blow.

8.

The resultant unbalanced force due to the two cylinders, along the line of stroke, is
known as tractive force.

9.

The causes for the vibration are as follows, unbalanced forces, Elastic nature, Self
excitation and external excitation, winds and Earthquakes, etc.

10.

Free or natural vibrations. When no external force acts on the body, after giving it an
initial displacement, then the body is said to be under free or natural vibrations.
Forced vibrations. When the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then
the body is said to be under forced vibrations

11.

The speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from
the axis of rotation becomes infinite is known as critical or whirling speed.

12.

The ratio of the actual damping coefficient to the critical damping coefficient is known
as damping factor or damping ratio.

13.

It is the ratio of maximum displacement of the forced vibration (x

max

) to the deflection

due to the static force F (xo).

14.

When a machine is supported by a spring, the spring transmits the force applied on
the machine to the fixed support or foundation. This is called transmissibility.

15.

When an unbalanced machine is installed on the foundation, it produces vibration in

the foundation. So in order to prevent these vibrations or to minimize the transmission
of forces to the foundation, vibration isolation is important.

16.

The materials used for vibration isolation are pads of rubber, felt or cork and metallic
springs.

17.

The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there
are variations in the load.

18.

The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the difference between the maximum and
minimum equilibrium speeds to the mean equilibrium speed.

19.

The gyroscopic principle is used in an instrument or toy known as gyroscope. The

gyroscopes are installed in ships in order to minimize the rolling and pitching effects of
waves. They are also used in aero planes, monorail cars, gyrocompasses etc.

20.

Pitching is the movement of a complete ship up and down in a vertical plane about
transverse axis.

ANSWER KEY: PART-B

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When the rotation of the rotor is clockwise when looking from the left (i.e. rear end or stern)
and when the bow is rising (i.e. pitching is upward), then the reactive gyroscopic couple acts in the
clockwise direction which tends to turn the bow towards right (i.e. towards star-board). Ans.

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PART- B STEP MARK SPLIT UP

21) 12 MARKS
Step Mark Split Up
Pressure on slide bars,
Thrust in the connecting rod,
Tangential force on the crank-pin,
Turning moment on the crank shaft.

3 marks
3 marks
3 marks
3 marks

22) 12 MARKS
Step Mark Split Up
Magnitudes
Angular positions

6 marks
6 marks

23) 12 MARKS
Step Mark Split Up
Critical damping coefficient,
Damping factor,
Logarithmic decrement,
Ratio of two consecutive amplitudes

3 marks
3 marks
3 marks
3 marks

24) 12 MARKS
Step Mark Split Up
Stiffness of each spring
Dynamic force transmitted to the base
Natural frequency of the system

4 marks
4 marks
4 marks

25) 12 MARKS
Step Mark Split Up
Minimum speed
Maximum speed
Range of speed

4 marks
4 marks
4 marks

26) 12 MARKS
Step Mark Split Up
Maximum gyroscopic couple
Maximum angular acceleration of the ship during pitching,
Direction

4 marks
4 marks
4 marks

27) 12 MARKS
Based on the completion of the derivation, mark will be awarded
28) 12 MARKS
Step Mark Split Up
Maximum fluctuation of energy
Mass of the flywheel

6 marks
6 marks