Worked Examples For Eurocode 2

Worked Examples for Eurocode 2
Draft Version
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Readers should note that this is a draft version of a document and will be subject to
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latest version.
Analysis, actions and load arrangements
2.1
Methods of analysis
<5.1.1(7)>
At the ultimate limit state (ULS) the type of analysis should be appropriate to
the problem being considered. The following are commonly used:
Linear elastic analysis.

Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution.
Plastic analysis.
At the serviceability limit state (SLS) linear elastic analysis may be used.
Linear elastic analysis may be carried out assuming:
Cross-sections are uncracked and remain plane (i.e. may be based on concrete
gross sections).
Linear stressstrain relationships.

The use of mean values of elastic modulus.
For ULS, the moments derived from elastic analysis may be redistributed provided
that the resulting distribution of moments remains in equilibrium with the applied
actions. In continuous beams or slabs with fck 50 MPa the minimum ratio of the
redistributed moment to the moment in the linear analysis, , is 0.70 where Class
B or Class C reinforcement is used or 0.80 where Class A reinforcement is used.
Within the limits set, coefficients for moment and shear derived from elastic
analysis may be used to determine forces in regular structures (see Appendix B).
The design of columns should be based on elastic moments without redistribution.
Plastic analysis may be used for design at ULS provided that the required ductility
can be assured, for example, by:
<5.2.7>
<5.6.2>
Limiting xu / d (to 0.25 for concrete strength classes C50/60).

Using Class B or C reinforcement.
Ensuring the ratio of moments at intermediate supports to moments in spans is
between 0.5 and 2.0.
2.2
Actions
Actions refer to loads applied to the structure as defined below:
Permanent actions refer to actions for which the variation in magnitude with
time is negligible.
Variable actions are actions for which the variation in magnitude with time is
not negligible.
Accidental actions are actions of short duration but of significant magnitude
that are unlikely to occur on a given structure during the design working life.
Imposed deformations are not considered in this publication.
2.3
Characteristic values of actions

The characteristic value of an action is defined by one of the following three alternatives:
Its mean value generally used for permanent actions.

An upper value with an intended probability of not being exceeded or lower
value with an intended probability of being achieved normally used for
variable actions with known statistical distributions, such as wind or snow.
WE 2 Basis v7c 17 Sep 07.doc
17-Sep-07
Page 2 of 26
A nominal value used for some variable and accidental actions.

The values of actions given in the various parts of BS EN 1991: Actions on
structures[14] are taken as characteristic values.
2.4
Variable actions: imposed loads
2.4.1 General
Imposed loads are divided into categories. Those most used in concrete design are
shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1
Variable actions: categories
Category
<BS 1991-1-1 Tables 6.1,

6.7, 6.9 & NA>
Description
Areas for domestic and residential activities
Office areas
Areas of congregation
Shopping areas
Storage areas and industrial use (including access areas)
Traffic and parking areas (vehicles < 30 kN)
Traffic and parking areas (vehicles > 30 kN)
Roofs (inaccessible except for maintenance and repair)
Roofs (accessible with occupancy categories A D)
K
Roofs (accessible for special services, e.g. for helicopter landing areas)
Notes
1 Category J is not used.
2 For forklift loading refer to BS EN 199111 Cl. 6.2.3.
2.4.2 Characteristic values

Characteristic values for commonly used imposed loads are given in Tables 2.2a to 2.2g
<BS 1991-1-1 Tables 6.1,
6.2 & NA.3>
Table 2.2a
Variable actions, category A: domestic and residential
Imposed loads
qk (kN/m2)
Qk (kN)
Subcategory
Example
Areas for domestic and residential activities
A1
All usages within self-contained dwelling units
1.5
2.0
Communal areas (including kitchens) in smalla blocks of flats
A2
Bedrooms and dormitories, except those in self-contained single family

dwelling units and in hotels and motels
1.5
2.0
A3
Bedrooms in hotels and motels; hospital wards; toilet areas
2.0
2.0
A4
Billiard/snooker rooms
2.0
2.7
A5
Balconies in single-family dwelling units and communal areas in smalla

blocks of flats
2.5
2.0
A6
Balconies in hostels, guest houses, residential clubs. Communal areas in

largera blocks of flats
Min.b 3.0
2.0c
A7
Balconies in hotels and motels
Min.b 4.0
2.0c
Key
a Small blocks of flats are those with 3 storeys and 4 flats per floor/staircase. Otherwise they are considered to
be larger blocks of flats
b Same as the rooms to which they give access, but with a minimum of 3.0 kN/m2 or 4.0 kN/m2
c Concentrated at the outer edge
17-Sep-07
Page 3 of 26
Table 2.2b
Variable actions, category B: offices
Subcategory
Example
Office areas
B1
B2
<BS 1991-1-1 Tables

6.1, 6.2 & NA.3>
Imposed loads
qk (kN/m2)
Qk (kN)
General use other than in B2
2.5
2.7
At or below ground floor level
3.0
2.7
Table 2.2c
Variable actions, category C: areas of congregation
Subcategory
Example
Areas of congregation
C1
<BS 1991-1-1 Tables

6.1, 6.2 & NA.3>
Imposed loads
qk (kN/m2)
Qk (kN)
Areas with tables
C11
Public, institutional and communal dining rooms and lounges, cafes

and restaurants (Note: use C4 or C5 if appropriate)
2.0
3.0
C12
Reading rooms with no book storage
2.5
4.0
C13
Classrooms
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.6
3.0
2.7
C2
Areas with fixed seats
C21
Assembly areas with fixed seating
C22
Places of worship
C3
Areas without obstacles for moving people
C31
Corridors, hallways, aisles in institutional type buildings, hostels,

guest houses, residential clubs and communal areas in largerb
blocks of flats
3.0
4.5
C32
Stairs, landings in institutional type buildings, hostels, guest houses,

residential clubs and communal areas in largerb blocks of flats
3.0
4.0
C33
Corridors, hallways, aisles in otherc buildings
4.0
4.5
C34
Corridors, hallways, aisles in otherc buildings subjected to wheeled

vehicles, including trolleys.
5.0
4.5
C35
Stairs, landings in otherc buildings subjected to crowds
4.0
4.0
C36
Walkways Light duty (access suitable for one person, walkway

width approx 600 mm)
3.0
2.0
C37
Walkways General duty (regular two-way pedestrian traffic)
5.0
3.6
C38
Walkways Heavy duty (high-density pedestrian traffic including

escape routes)
7.5
4.5
Museum floors and art galleries for exhibition purposes
4.0
4.5
C39
Areas with possible physical activities
C4
C41
Dance halls and studios, gymnasia, stagesd
5.0
3.6
C42
Drill halls and drill roomsd
5.0
7.0
C5
Areas subjected to large crowds
C51
Assembly areas without fixed seating, concert halls, bars and places
of worshipd,e.
5.0
3.6
C52
Stages in public assembly areasd
7.5
4.5
Key
a Fixed seating is seating where its removal and the use of the space for other purposes is improbable
b Small blocks of flats are those with 3 storeys and 4 flats per floor/staircase. Otherwise they are considered to
be larger blocks of flats
c Other buildings include those not covered by C31 and C32, and include hotels and motels and institutional
buildings subjected to crowds
d For structures that might be susceptible to resonance effects, reference should be made to NA.2.1
e For grandstands and stadia, reference should be made to the requirements of the appropriate certifying
authority.
17-Sep-07
Page 4 of 26
Table 2.2d
Variable actions, category D: shopping areas
Subcategory
Example
Shopping areas
<BS 1991-1-1 Tables

6.1, 6.2 & NA.3>
Imposed loads
qk (kN/m2)
Qk (kN)
D1
Areas in general retail shops
4.0
3.6
D2
Areas in department stores
4.0
3.6
Table 2.2e
Variable actions, category E: storage areas and industrial use (including access areas)
Subcategory
Example
Storage areas (including access areas)
E1
<BS 1991-1-1
Tables 6.3, 6.4,
NA.4 & NA.5>
Imposed loads
qk (kN/m2)
Qk (kN)
Areas susceptible to accumulation of goods including access areas
E11
General areas for static equipment not specified elsewhere

(institutional and public buildings)
2.0
1.8
E12
Reading rooms with book storage, e.g. libraries
4.0
4.5
E13
General storage other than those specifieda
2.4/m
7.0
E14
File rooms, filing and storage space (offices)
5.0
4.5
E15
Stack rooms (books)
2.4/m
(min. 6.5)
7.0
E16
Paper storage and stationery stores
4.0/m
9.0
E17
Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trolleys in public and

institutional buildings
4.8/m
(min. 9.6)
7.0
E18
Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trucks in warehouses
4.8/m
(min. 15.0)
7.0
E19
Cold storage
5.0/m
(min. 15.0)
9.0
E2
See PD 6688[22]
Industrial use
See BS 199111
Tables 6.5 and 6.6
Forklifts Classes FL1 to FL6
Key
a Lower bound value given. More specific load values should be agreed with client
Table 2.2f
Variable actions, categories F and G: traffic and parking areas
Subcategory
<BS 1991-1-1 Tables

6.7, 6.8 & NA.6>
Example
Imposed loads

17-Sep-07
qk (kN/m2)
Qk (kN)
2.5
5.0
5.0
To be determined
for specific use
Page 5 of 26
2.4.2.1 Roofs
Roofs are categorized according to their accessibility.. Imposed loads for roofs
that are normally accessible are generally the same as for the specific use and
category of the adjacent area. Imposed loads for roofs without access are given
in Table 2.2g.
Table 2.2g
Variable actions, category H, I and J: roofs
Subcategory
<BS 1991-1-1 6.3.4.1(2)

Tables 6.9, 6.10, 6.11 & NA.7>
Example
Imposed loads
qk
(kN/m2)
Roofs (inaccessible except for maintenance and repair)

Roof slope,
< 30
30 < < 60
< 60
0.6
0.6(60 ) / 30
0
Qk
(kN)
0.9
Roofs (accessible with occupancy categories A D)

As Tables 2.2a to 2.2d
according to specific use
Categories A
K
<BS EN 1991-1-1
6.3.4 & NA>
Roofs (accessible for special services, e.g. for helicopter

landing areas)
Helicopter class HC1 (< 20 kN) (subject to dynamic factor = 1.4)
20
Helicopter class HC2 (< 60 kN)
60
2.4.2.2 Movable partitions

The self-weight of movable partitions may be taken into account by a uniformly
distributed load qk which should be added to the imposed loads of floors as follows:
<BS 1991-1-1
6.3.1.2(8)>
For movable partitions with a self-weight of 1.0 kN/m wall length: qk = 0.5
kN/m2.
kN/m2.
kN/m2.
Heavier partitions should be considered separately.
2.4.3 Reduction factors

2.4.3.1 General
Roofs do not qualify for load reductions. The method given below complies with the
UK National Annex but differs from that given the Eurocode.
< BS EN 1991-1-1,
6.3.1.2 (10),
6.3.1.2 (10) & NA>
2.4.3.2 Area
A reduction factor for imposed loads for area A may be used and should be
determined using
A = 1.0 A / 1000 0.75 (NA.1)

where
A is the area (m2) supported with loads qualifying for reduction (i.e. categories
A to E as listed in Table 2.1).
17-Sep-07
< BS EN 1991-1-1
6.3.1.2 (10) &
NA>
Page 6 of 26
2.4.3.3 Number of storeys

A reduction factor for number of storeys n, may be used and should be
determined using
for 1 n 5
n = 1.1 n / 10
for 5 < n 10
n = 0.6
for n > 10
n = 0.5
where
n = number of storeys with loads qualifying for reduction (i.e. categories A to D as
listed in Table 2.1).
< BS EN 19911-1 6.3.1.2

(11) & NA>
2.4.3.4 Use
According to the UK NA, A and n may not be used together.
2.5
< BS EN 1991-1-1
6.3.1.2 (11) & NA>
Variable actions: snow loads

In persistent or transient situations, snow load on a roof, s, is defined as being:
s = i Ce Cts k
where
=
i
<BS EN 1991-1-3 5.2(3)>
snow load shape factor

1 = undrifted snow shape factor
2 = drifted snow shape factor
For flat roofs, 0 = (with no higher structures close or abutting),
1 = 2 = 0.8
For shallow monopitch roofs, 0< < 30 (with no higher
structures close or abutting), 1 = 0.8, 2 = 0.8 (1 + / 30)
For other forms of roof and local effects refer to BS EN 199113
Sections 5.3 and 6
<BS EN 1991-1-3 5.3.1 ,

5.3.2 & NA>
Ce
exposure coefficient
For windswept topography Ce = 0.8
For normal topography Ce = 1.0
For sheltered topography Ce = 1.2
<BS EN 1991-1-3 5.2(7),

Table 5.1>
Ct
thermal coefficient, Ct = 1.0 other than for some glass-covered

roofs, or similar
<BS EN 1991-1-3 5.2(8)>
sk
=
=
where
Z
characteristic ground snow load kN/m2

0.15(0.1Z + 0.05) + (A+100) / 525
= zone number obtained from the map in BS EN 199113 NA

Figure NA.1
A = site altitude, m
Figure NA.1 of the NA to BS EN 199113 also gives figures for sk at
100 m a.m.s.l. associated with the zones. For the majority of the
South East, the Midlands, Northern Ireland and the north of England
apart from high ground, sk = 0.50 kN/m2. For the West Country, West
Wales and Ireland the figure is less. For most of Scotland and parts of
the east coast of England, the figure is more. See Figure 2.1
Snow load is classified as a variable fixed action. Exceptional circumstances
may be treated as accidental actions in which case reference should be made
to BS EN 199113
17-Sep-07
<BS EN 1991-1-3 NA 2.8>
<BS EN 1991-1-3 2(1)

5.2(3)>
Page 7 of 26
<Figure NA.1 NA to BS EN 199113>
Figure 2.1
Characteristic ground snow load map
(Ground snow load at 100 m a.m.s.l. (kN/m2)
2.6
Variable actions: wind loads

The procedure for determining wind load to BS EN 199114 is presented below.
This presentation is a very simple interpretation of the Code intended to provide a
basic understanding of the Code with respect to rectangular-plan buildings with flat
roofs. In general maximum values are given: with more information a lower value might
be used. The user should be careful to ensure that any information used is within the
scope of the application envisaged. The user is referred to more specialist guidance [22]
or the Code[23] and UK National Annex[23a]. Note that at the time of writing the UK
National Annex had not been published: the information is taken from the DCLG
document and a 2006 draft of the Annex.
Determine the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity, vb,0, from Expression NA.1.
vb,0 = vb,mapcalt
where
vb,map = fundamental basic wind velocity from Figure 2.2
calt
= altitude factor
= conservatively 1 + 0.001A
<BS EN 1991-1-4 4.2(1) Note 2

NA 2.4 Exp. (NA.1)>
<BS EN 1991-1-4 4.2(1) Note 2
NA 2.4 (Fig. NA.1)>
<BS EN 1991-1-4 4.2(1) Note 2,

where
NA 2.4, NA 2.5>
A = altitude of the site in metres above mean sea level a.m.s.l.
Calculate basic wind velocity, vb
vb = cdircseasoncprobvb,0
where
cdir = directional factor. Conservatively, cdir = 1.0 (cdir is a minimum
of 0.73 or 0.74 for wind in an easterly direction 30 to 120)
cseason = season factor
For a 6 month return period, including winter, or greater,
cseason = 1.00
<BS EN 1991-1-4 4.2(1) Note 4,
cprob = probability factor
Note 5 NA 2.8>
= 1.00 for return period of 50 years
17-Sep-07
Page 8 of 26
Calculate basic wind pressure, qb

qb = 0.5 vb2
where
= density of air
=1.226 kg/m3 (= 12.0 N/m3) for UK
<BS EN 1991-1-4 4.5(1) Note 2,

NA 2.18>
Calculate peak wind pressure, qp

qp = ce,flat(z) qb for z 50 m
where
ce,flat = exposure factor
ce,flat is obtained directly from Figure NA.7 then
modified by applying a factor from Figure NA.8 for sites
in town terrain. Dependent on distance from shoreline
and town perimeter, respectively, and on z hdis
where z and hdis are explained below
When orography or dynamic effects are significant (i.e.
the structure is on a hill or at the top of an escarpment)
refer to BS EN 199114
z
= reference height
For windward wall,
z = ze
when h b,
Figure 2.2 Map of fundamental

basic wind velocity, vb,map, (m/s)
ze = h
<BS EN 1991-1-4 4.5(1) Note 1,

NA 2.17>
<BS EN 1991-1-4 4.5(1) Note 1,
NA 2.17, Figs NA.7 & NA.8>
<BS EN 1991-1-4 4.5(1) Note 1,

NA 2.17>
<BS EN 1991-1-4 7.2.2(1), Note,
NA 2.26>
<BS EN 1991-1-4 7.2.2(1)( Fig.
7.4), NA.2.26>
Figure 2.3 Exposure factor

ce,flat(z) for sites in country or
town terrain
Figure 2.4 Multiplier for

exposure correction for sites in
town terrain
<BS EN 1991-1-4 4.5(1) Note 1, NA

2.17 (Fig. NA.7)>
<BS EN 1991-1-4 4.5(1) Note 1,

NA 2.17 (Fig. NA.8)>
Note
Subject to altitude correction.
<BS EN 1991-1-4 4.2(1) Note 2,
NA 2.4 (Fig. NA.1)>
17-Sep-07
Page 9 of 26
when b < h 2b,

when h > 2b,
b high ze = b
> b high ze = h
b high ze = b
> 2b high ze = h
> b high < 2b high, the area may
be divided into horizontal strips
with ze = height above ground
where
h = height of building
b = breadth of building
For leeward and side walls,
z = height of building
hdis = displacement height
For country sites hdis = 0
<BS EN 1991-1-4 4.3.2 (1) Note,

NA 2.11 (Fig. NA.3)>
For town sites:

If x 2have
hdis = min[0.8 have; 0.6 h]
<BS EN 1991-1-4 A.5>
If 2have< x
hdis = min[1.2 have 0.2 x; 0.6h]
6have
If x >6have
hdis = 0
where
x = distance between buildings
have = obstruction height.
<BS EN 1991-1-4 (Fig. A.5)>
In the absence of more accurate information the
obstruction height may be taken as have = 15 m for
terrain category IV (town centres)
Calculate peak external wind load, We
We = q p(z) c pe
where
cpe = (external) pressure coefficient dependent on size of area
considered and zone. For 1 m2 and above cpe,10 should be used
For the walls of rectangular-plan buildings, cpe,10 is
determined from Table NA.4a and Table NA.4b.
See Table 2.3.
For flat roofs, cpe,10 is determined from BS EN 199114
Table 7.2. See Table 2.4.
For other forms of roof refer to BS EN 199111 and the UK NA.
Table 2.3
External pressure coefficient, cpe,10 ,for walls of rectangular-plan
buildings
Zone
Description
Zone A
For walls parallel to the wind direction, areas

within 0.2min[b; 2h] of windward edge
within 0.2min[b; 2h] of windward edge
from 0.2min[b; 2h] to min[b; 2h] of windward
edge
Windward wall
Leeward wall
Net
Zone B
Zone C
<BS EN 1991-1-4 7.2.2(2) Note 1,

NA 2.27, Tables NA.4a & NA.4b >
cpe,10
max.
Zone D
Zone E
Zones D and E
Notes
<BS EN 1991-1-4 7.2.1(1) Note 2,

NA. 2.25>
<BS EN 1991-1-4 7.2.2(1) Note 1,
NA.2.27 (Tables NA.4a & NA.4b) >
17-Sep-07
min.
1.6
0.9
0.9
+ 0.8
0.5
+ 1.3
Page 10 of 26
Table 2.4
External pressure coefficient, cpe,10 min, for flat roofs
Zone
Zone F
Zone G
Zone H
Zone I
<BS EN 1991-1-4 7.2 (Table 7.2) & NA >
cpe,10 min
Sharp edge
With
at eaves
parapet
Within 0.1min[b; 2h] of windward edge and within 1.8
1.6
0.2min[b; 2h] of return edge (parallel to wind
direction)
Within 0.1min[b; 2h] of windward edge and
1.2
1.1
outwith 0.2min[b; 2h] of return edge (parallel to
wind direction)
Roof between 0.1min[b; 2h] and 0.5min[b; 2h]
0.7
0.7
from windward edge
Remainder between 0.5min[b; 2h] and leeward
0.2
0.2
edge
Description
Notes
Where necessary, calculate pressure coefficient, cpi
cpi = internal pressure coefficient dependent on size of
openings.
For no dominant openings cpi may be taken as the
more onerous of +0.2 and 0.3
<BS EN 1991-1-4 7.2.9(6) Note 2

& NA>
Calculate resultant wind force, Fw

<BS EN 1991-1-4 5.3.2, Exp. (5.4) & NA >
Fw = cscdWAref
where
cscd= structural factor, conservatively
<BS EN 1991-1-4 6.1(1) Note & NA.2.20 >
<BS EN 1991-1-4 6.2(1) a), 6.2(1) c) & NA>
= 1.0
<BS EN 1991-1-4 6.2(1) e) & NA.2.20 >
or may be derived
where
cs = size factor
cs may be derived from Exp. (6.2) or Table NA.3.
<BS EN 1991-1-4 6.3(1),
Exp. (6.2), NA.2.20
Depending on values of (b + h) and (z hdis) and
(Table NA3) >
dividing into Zone A, B or C, a value of cs (a factor
< 1.00) may be found
cd = dynamic factor
cd may be derived from Exp. (6.3) or Figure NA.9.
<BS EN 1991-1-4 6.3(1),
Dependent on values of s (logarithmic decrement of
Exp. (6.3), NA.2.20(Fig.
structural damping) and h / b, a value of cd (a factor >
NA9) >
1.00) may be found.
cd may be taken as 1.0 for framed buildings with
structural walls and masonry internal walls and for
cladding panels and elements
W = c f q p ( z e )
where
cf
= force coefficient for the structure or structural
element (as described above)
qp(ze) = peak velocity pressure at reference height ze
(as described above)
Aref = reference area of the structure or structural element
17-Sep-07
<BS EN 1991-1-4 7, 8 & NA >

<BS EN 1991-1-4 7, 8 & NA >
<BS EN 1991-1-4 5.3.2, Exp.
(5.4) & NA >
Page 11 of 26
2.7
Permanent actions
The densities and weights of commonly used materials, sheet materials and forms of construction are
given in Table 2.5.
Table 2.5 Typical permanent actions [24]
Table 2.5 a) Bulk densities for soils and materials
Bulk densities
Soils
Clay stiff
Clay soft
Granular loose
Granular dense
Silty clay, sandy clay
Materials
Asphalt
Blocks aerated concrete (min.)
Blocks aerated concrete (max.)
Blocks dense aggregate
Blocks lightweight
Books bulk storage
Brickwork blue
Brickwork engineering
Brickwork fletton
Brickwork London stock
Brickwork sand lime
Chipboard
Concrete aerated
Concrete lightweight
kN/m3
19 22
16 19
16 18
19 21
16 20
22.5
5.0
9.0
20.0
14.0
8 11
24.0
22.0
18.0
19.0
21.0
6.9
10.0
18.0
kN/m
Bulk densities
Concrete plain
Concrete reinforced
Concrete wet reinforced
Glass
Granite
Hardcore
Limestone (Portland stone med. weight)
Limestone (Marble heavyweight)
Macadam paving
MDF
Plaster
Plywood
Sandstone
Screed sand/cement
Steel/iron
Terracotta
Timber Douglas fir
Timber European beech/oak
Timber Grade C16
Timber Grade C24
Timber Iroko teak
24.0
25.0
26.0
25.6
27.3
19.0
22.0
26.7
21.0
8.0
14.1
6.3
23.5
22.0
77.0
20.7
5.2
7.1
3.6
4.1
6.4
Table 2.5 b) Typical area loads for concrete slabs and sheet materials
Typical area loads
kN/m3
Concrete slabs
P. C. solid units (100 mm)
P. C. hollowcore unitsa (150 mm)
Ribbed slabb (250 mm)
Waffle slabc standard moulds (325 mm)
Sheet materials
Asphalt (20 mm)
Carpet and underlay
Chipboard (18 mm)
Dry lining on stud (20 mm)
False ceiling steel framing
Felt (3 layer) and chippings
Glass double glazing
Glass single glazing
Insulation glass fibre (150 mm)
0.46
0.05
0.12
0.15
0.10
0.35
0.52
0.30
0.03
Linoleum (3.2 mm)
0.05
Paving stones (50 mm)

Plaster two coat gypsum (12 mm)
Plaster skim coat
1.20
0.21
0.05
17-Sep-07
2.50
2.40
2.87
4.07
4.84
4.00
4.30
4.70
6.00
7.30
8.60
Typical area loads
kN/m
Plasterboard (12.5 mm)

Plasterboard (19 mm)
Plywood (12.5 mm)
Plywood (19 mm)
Quarry tiles including mortar bedding
Raised floor heavy duty
Raised floor medium weight
Raised floor lightweight
Render (13 mm)
Screed 50 mm
Screed lightweight (25 mm)
Stainless steel roofing (0.4 mm)
Suspended ceiling steel
Suspended fibreboard tiles
T&G boards (15.5 mm)
T&G boards (22 mm)
Tiles ceramic floor on bed
Battens for slating and tiling
Tiles clay roof (max)
Tiles natural slate (thick)
Tiles interlocking concrete
Tiles plain concrete
0.09
0.15
0.08
0.12
0.32
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.30
1.15
0.45
0.05
0.10
0.05
0.09
0.12
1.00
0.03
0.67
0.65
0.55
0.75
Key
a Hollowcore figures assume no topping
b Ribbed slabs: 150 web @ 750 centres with 100 mm thick
flange/slab. Web slope 1:10
c Waffle slabs: 150 ribs @ 900 centres with 100 mm thick
flange/slab. Web slope 1:10
Page 12 of 26
Table 2.5 c) Loads for typical forms of construction

kN/m2
Loads for typical forms of

construction
Cavity wall
102.5 mm brickwork
50 mm insulation
100 mm blockwork
Plaster
Total
2.40
0.02
1.40
0.21
4.0
Total
0.20
0.05
0.15
0.40
Lightweight cladding
Insulated panel
Purlins
Dry lining on stud
Curtain walling
Allow
Precast concrete cladding
Facing
Precast panel (100 mm)
Insulation
Dry lining on stud
Residential floor
Carpet
Floating floor
Self-weight of 250 mm solid slab
Suspended ceiling
Services
Total
1.00
2.40
0.05
0.15
3.60
Total
0.05
0.40
0.45
Timber stud wall

Timber studs
Plasterboard and skim 2
0.10
0.40
Total
0.50
Total
0.03
0.30
6.25
0.15
0.30
7.03
Office floor
Carpet
Raised floor
Self weight of 250 mm solid slab
Suspended ceiling
Services
Office core area
Tiles and bedding (allow)
Screed
Suspended ceiling
Services
Total
Stairs
150 mm waist ( 175 @ 25 kN/m3)
Treads 0.15 0.25 4/2 @ 25 kN/m3
Screed 0.05 @ 22 kN/m3
Plaster
Finish: tiles & bedding
Total
1.00
2.20
6.25
0.15
0.30
9.90
4.40
1.88
1.10
0.21
1.00
8.60
17-Sep-07
Total
0.05
0.15
6.25
0.20
0.10
6.75
Total
0.05
6.25
0.15
0.20
6.60
Total
0.05
6.25
2.20
0.15
0.05
9.15
School floor
Carpet/flooring
Suspended ceiling
Services
1.00
Dry lining
Metal studs
Plasterboard and skim 2
kN/m2
x Loads for typical forms of

construction
Hospital floor
Flooring
Screed
Suspended ceiling
Services (but can be greater)
Flat roof/ external terrace
Paving or gravel (allow)
Waterproofing
Insulation
ceiling
Suspended ceiling
Services
2.20
0.50
0.10
6.25
Total
0.15
0.30
9.50
Timber pitched roof

Tiles (range 0.500.75)
Battens
Felt
Rafters
Insulation
Plasterboard & skim
Services
Ceiling joists
Total perpendicular to roof
Total on plan assuming 30 pitch
0.75
0.05
0.05
0.15
0.05
0.15
0.10
0.15
1.45
1.60
Metal decking roof

Insulated panel
Purlins
Steelwork
Services
Total
Page 13 of 26
0.20
0.10
0.30
0.10
0.70
2.8
Design values of actions
2.8.1 General case

The design value of an action Fd that occurs in a load case is
Fd = FFk
<BS EN 1990 6.3.1 >
where
F
= partial factor for the action according to the limit state under
consideration. Table 2.6 indicates the partial factors to be used in the
UK for the combinations of representative actions in building structures.
Fk may be considered as the representative action, Frep, appropriate to the
limit state being considered
where
= a factor that converts the characteristic value of an action into a
representative value. It adjusts the value of the action to account
for the nature of the limit state under consideration and the joint
probability of the actions occurring simultaneously. It can assume
the value of 1.0 for a permanent action or 0 or 1 or 2 for a
variable action. Table 2.7 shows how characteristic values of
variable actions are converted into representative values. This
table is derived from BS EN 1990[13] and its National Annex[13a].
Fk = characteristic value of an action as defined in Sections 2.2 and 2.3.
17-Sep-07
Page 14 of 26
Table 2.6
Partial factors (F) for use in verification of limit states in persistent and transient
design situations
Limit state
<BS EN 1990
Table A1.4 & NA
>
Permanent actions
(Gk)
Leading variable
action (Qk,1)
Accompanying variable
actions (Qk,i)d
1.10 (0.9)a
1.50 (0.0)a
0,i 1.50 (0.0)a
a) Equilibrium (EQU)
b) Strength at ULS (STR/GEO) not involving geotechnical actions
Either
Exp. (6.10)
1.5
1.35 (1.0)a
or worst case of
Exp. (6.10a)
1.35 (1.0)a
0 1.5
and
Exp. (6.10b)
1.25 (1.0)a
1.5
01.5
01.5
01.5
c) Strength at ULS with geotechnical actions (STR/GEO)

Worst case of
Set B
1.35 (1.0)a
1.5 (0.0)a
and
Set C
1.0
1.3
d) Serviceability
Characteristic
Frequent
Quasi-permanent
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1,1 1.00
2,1 1.00
0,i 1.00
2,i 1.00
2,i 1.00
1.0
Ad b
1.1 (main) 2,1 (others)
1.0
AEdc
2,i
e) Accidental design situations

Exp. (6.11a)
f) Seismic
Exp. (6.12a/b)
Key
a Value if favourable (shown in brackets)
b Leading accidental action, Ad, is unfactored
c Seismic action, AEd
d Refer to BS EN 1990 A1.2.2 & NA
Notes
1 The values of are given in Table 2.7.
2 Geotechnical actions given in the table are based on Design Approach 1 in Clause A1.3.1(5) of BS EN 1990, which
is recommended in its National Annex.
2.8.2 Design values at ULS

For the ULS of strength (STR), the designer may choose between using Exp. (6.10) or the
less favourable of Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b).
< BS EN 1990
6.4.3.2(3) >
2.8.2.1 Single variable action

At ULS, the design value of actions is
Either
Exp. 6.10
or the worst case of:

Exp. 6.10a
and
Exp. 6.10b
1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk,1

1.35 Gk + 0,I 1.5 Qk,1
1.25 Gk + 1.5 Qk,1
17-Sep-07
Page 15 of 26
Table 2.7
Values of factors
Action
Imposed loads in buildings
Category A: domestic,
residential areas
Category B: office areas
Category C: congregation areas
Category D: shopping areas
Category E: storage areas
Category F: traffic (area vehicle
weight 30 kN)
Category G: traffic area (30 kN <
vehicle weight 160 kN)
Category H: roofsa
Snow loads where altitude
1000 m a.m.s.l.a
Wind loadsa
Temperature effects (non-fire)a
< BS EN 1990 A1.2.2 & NA>

0
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.7
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.0
0.0
Notes
1 The numerical values given above are in accordance with BS EN 1990 and its UK National
Annex.
2 Categories K and L are assumed to be as for Category H
Key
a On roofs, imposed loads, snow loads and wind loads should not be applied together. < BS
EN 1991111 3.3.2>
Expression (6.10) leads to the use of F = G = 1.35 for permanent actions and F =
Q = 1.50 for variable actions (G for permanent actions is intended to be constant
across all spans).
Expression (6.10) is always equal to or more conservative than the less favourable
of Expressions (6.10a) and (6.10b). Expression (6.10b) will normally apply when
the permanent actions are not greater than 4.5 times the variable actions (except
for storage loads, category E in Table 2.7, where Exp. (6.10a) always applies).
Note
Assuming
0 = 0.7 i.e. applicable to all areas except storage.
Figure 2.5
When to use Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b)
Therefore, except in the case of concrete structures supporting storage loads
where 0 = 1.0, or for mixed use, Exp. (6.10b) will usually apply. Thus, for
17-Sep-07
Page 16 of 26
members supporting vertical actions at ULS, 1.25Gk + 1.5Qk will be appropriate

for most situations and applicable to most concrete structures. See Figure 2.5
Compared with the use of Exp. (6.10), the use of either Exp. (6.10a) or (6.10b)
leads to a more consistent reliability index across lightweight and heavyweight
materials.
2.8.2.2 Accompanying variable actions

Again the designer may choose between using Exp. (6.10) or the less favourable of Exp.
(6.10a) or (6.10b).
< BS EN 1990
6.4.3.2(3) >
Either:
Exp. (6.10)
or the worst case of:
Exp. (6.10a)
and
Exp. (6.10b)
1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk,1 + 0,i 1.5 Qk,i

1.35 Gk + 0,I 1.5 Qk,1 + 0,i 1.5 Qk,i
1.25 Gk 1.5 Qk,1 + 0,I 1.5 Qk,i
In the above, Qk,1 refers to the leading variable action and Qk,i refers to accompanying
independent variable actions. In general the distinction between the two types of
actions will be obvious (see Figure 2.6); where it is not, each load should in turn be
treated as the leading action. Also the numerical values for partial factors given in the
UK National Annex[13a] are used in the equations above. The value of 0 depends on the
use of the building and should be obtained from the UK National Annex for BS EN 1990
(see Table 2.7).
<BS EN 1990
A1.2.2, A1.3.1
& NA>
Generally the variable actions on a

typical office block would be
considered as being three sets of
independent variable actions:
1. Imposed office loads on the
office floors
2. Roof imposed load
3. Wind load
Figure 2.6 Independent variable actions

The expressions take into account the probability of joint occurrence of loads by
applying the 0,i factor to the accompanying variable action. The probability that
these combined actions will be exceeded is deemed to be similar to the
probability of a single action being exceeded.
If the two independent variable actions Qk,1 and Qk,2 are associated with different
spans and the use of Exp. (6.10b) is appropriate, then in one set of analyses
1.25Gk + 1.5Qk,1 should be applied to the Qk,1 spans with 1.25Gk + 0,i 1.5Qk,2
applied to the Qk,2 spans. In associated analyses, 1.25Gk + 0,i 1.5Qk,1 should be
applied to the Qk,1 spans and 1.25Gk + 1.5Qk,2 to the Qk,2 spans. See Example
2.11.2 (2 variable actions).
17-Sep-07
Page 17 of 26
2.8.3 Design values at SLS

There are three combinations of actions at SLS (or Load combination at SLS).
These are given in Table 2.8. The combination and value to be used depends on
the nature of the limit state being checked. Quasi-permanent combinations are
associated with deformation, crack widths and crack control. Frequent
combinations may be used to determine whether a section is cracked or not.
The numeric values of 0, 1 and 2 are given in Table 2.7.
<BS EN 1990 6.5, Table

A1.4>
Table 2.8
Partial factors to be applied in the verification of the SLS
Combination
Permanent actions Gk
Variable actions Qk
Unfavourablea
Leadingb
Favourablea
Othersb
Characteristic
Gk,sup
Gk,inf
Qk,1
0,iQk,i
Frequent
Gk,sup
Gk,inf
1,1Qk,1
2,iQk,i
Quasi-permanent
Gk,sup
Gk,inf
2,1Qk,1
2,iQk,i
Key
a Generally Gk,sup and Gk,inf may be taken as Gk. See Section 2.4
b factors are given in Table 2.7
2.8.4 Design values for other limit states

Load combinations are given in Table 2.6 for a) Equilibrium (EQU), b) Strength at
ULS with geotechnical actions (GEO), e) Accidental and f) Seismic design
situations.
2.8.5 Variations in permanent actions

When the variation of a permanent action is not small then the upper (Gkj,sup)
and the (Gkj,inf) characteristic values (the 95 and 5 percentile values
respectively) should be established. This procedure is only necessary when the
coefficient of variation (= 100 standard deviation/mean) is greater than 10. In
terms of permanent actions, variations in the self-weight of concrete in
concrete frames are considered small.
<BS EN 1990 4.1.2>

<BS EN 1990 4.1.2 (3)>
At ULS where the variation is not small, Gk,sup should be used with Gkj,sup and
Gk,inf with Gkj,inf. Similarly, where the variation is not small, at SLS Gkj,sup should
be used where actions are unfavourable and Gkj,inf used where favourable.
Where checks, notably checks on static equilibrium (EQU), are very sensitive to
variation of the magnitude of a permanent action from one place to another the
favourable and unfavourable parts of this action should be considered as
individual actions. G,sup and G,inf should be used in such very sensitive
verifications.
2.9
<BS EN 1990 6.4.3 (4)>
Load arrangements of actions: introduction

The process of designing concrete structures involves identifying relevant design
situations and limit states. These include persistent, transient or accidental
situations. In each design situation the structure should be verified at the
relevant limit states.
17-Sep-07
< BS EN 1990 3.2 >
Page 18 of 26
In the analysis of the structure at the limit state being considered, the maximum
effect of actions should be obtained using a realistic arrangement of loads.
Generally variable actions should be arranged to produce the most unfavourable
effect, for example to produce maximum overturning moments or maximum
bending moments in spans and supports respectively.
For building structures, design concentrates mainly on the ULS, the ultimate
limit state of strength (STR), and SLS, the serviceability limit state. However, it
is essential that all limit states are considered. The limit states of equilibrium
(EQU), strength at ULS with geotechnical actions (STR/GEO) and accidental
situations must be taken into account as appropriate.
<BS EN 1990 3.3, 3.4,

6.5>.
<BS EN 1990 6.4>.
2.10 Load arrangements according to the UK National Annex

In building structures, any of the following sets of simplified load arrangements
may be used at ULS and SLS (See Figure 2.7).
< 5.1.3 & NA>
The more critical of:
a) alternate spans carrying GGk + QQk with other spans loaded with GGk; and
b) any two adjacent spans carrying GGk + QQk with other spans loaded with GGk.
Or the more critical of:
a) alternate spans carrying GGk + QQk; with other spans loaded with GGk; and
b) all spans carrying GGk + QQk.
Or, for slabs only, all spans carrying GGk + GGk, provided the following
conditions are met:
In a one-way spanning slab the area of each bay exceeds 30 m2 (a bay is
defined as a strip across the full width of a structure bonded on the other
sides by lines of support).
Ratio of the variable action, Qk, to the permanent action, Gk, does not
exceed 1.25.
Magnitude of the variable action excluding partitions does not exceed 5 kN/m2.
Where analysis is carried out for the single load case of all spans loaded, the
resulting moments, except those at cantilevers, should be reduced by 20%,
with a consequential increase in the span moments.
Note
Whilst the use of Exp. (6.10) is indicated, these arrangements may equally be used with Exp. (6.10a) or
(6.10b).
Figure 2.7
Load arrangements for beams and slabs according to UK NA
17-Sep-07
Page 19 of 26
2.11 Examples
Example 2.11.1 Continuous beam in a domestic structure
Determine the appropriate load combination for a continuous beam in a domestic
structure supporting a 175 mm slab at 6 m centres. gk = 51 kN/m and gk = 9.0
kN/m.
Figure 2.8
Continuous beam in a domestic structure
kN/m
Actions:
Permanent action, gk
Self weight, 175 mm thick slabs
= 26.3
E/o self weight downstand 800 225
= 4.5
50 mm screed @ 22 kN/m3
= 6.6
Finishes and services
= 3.0
Dividing wall 2.40 4.42 (200 mm dense blockwork with plaster

both sides)
= 51.0
= 10.6
Total
Variable action, qk
Imposed, dwelling @ 1.5 kN/m2
= 9.0
Ultimate load, n
Assuming use of Exp. 6.10, n = 1.35 51 + 1.5 9.0 =
= 82.4
Assuming use of worst case of Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b)

Exp. (6.10a): n = 1.35 51 + 0.7 1.5 9.0 =
= 78.3
Exp. (6.10b): n = 1.25 51 + 1.5 9.0 =
= 77.3
In this case Exp. (6.10a) would be critical1 and n = 78.3
Example 2.11.2 Continuous beam in mixed use structure

Determine the various arrangements of actions and magnitude of actions for ULS
verification of a continuous beam supporting a 175 mm slab @ 6 m centres. Note
that the variable actions are from two sources:
Office use: 2.5 kN/m2, 0 = 0.7;shopping use: 4.0 kN/m2, 0 = 0.7
<BS EN 1991-1-1
6.3.1.1 & NA>
< BS EN 1990
A.1.2.2. & NA>
This could also be determined from Figure 2.1 or by determining that gk > 4.5qk
17-Sep-07
Page 20 of 26
Figure 2.9
Continuous beam in mixed use structure
a) Load combination
Load combination Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b) will be used, as either will produce a smaller
total load than Exp. (6.10). It is necessary to decide which expression governs.
kN/m
Actions:
Permanent action
As before, Example 2.8.1
= 51.0
Variable action
Office @ 2.5 kN/m2
= 15.0
Shopping @ 4.0 kN/m2
= 24.0
Ultimate load, n
For office use:
Exp. (6.10a): n = 1.35 51 + 0.7 1.5 15.0
= 84.6
Exp. (6.10b): n = 1.25 51 + 1.5 15.0
= 86.3
For shopping use:

Exp. (6.10a): n = 1.35 51 + 1.5 0.7 24.0
Exp. (6.10b): n = 1.25 51 + 1.5 24.0
= 94.1
= 99.8
By inspection Exp. (6.10b) governs in both cases

b) Arrangement of actions
i) Actions
As the variable actions arise from different sources, one is a leading variable action and
the other is an accompanying variable action. The unit loads to be used in the various
arrangements are:
kN/m
Actions:
Permanent
= 63.8
1.25 51.0
Variable
Office use
as leading action, QQk = 1.5 15 =
as accompanying action, 0QQk = 0.7 1.5 15 =
= 22.5
= 15.75
This could also be determined from Figure 2.1 or by determining that gk < 4.5qk
17-Sep-07
Page 21 of 26
Shopping use
as leading action, QQk = 1.5 24 =
as accompanying action, 0QQk = 0.7 1.5 24 =
Total variable actions
= 36.0
= 25.2
=163.25
ii) For maximum bending moment in span AB

The arrangement and magnitude of actions of loads are shown in Figure 2.10. The variable
load in span AB assumes the value as leading action and that in span CD takes the value
as an accompanying action.
Figure 2.10
For maximum bending moment in span AB
iii) For maximum bending moment in span CD
The load arrangement is similar to that in Figure 2.10, but now the variable load in span AB
takes its value as an accompanying action (i.e. 15.75 kN/m) and that in span CD assumes
the value as leading action (36 kN/m).
Figure 2.11
For maximum bending moment in span CD
iv) For maximum bending moment at support B
The arrangement of loads is shown in Figure 2.12. As both spans AB and BC receive load
from the same source, no reduction is possible (other than that for large area2).
< BS EN 1991 6.3.1.1 (10)

& NA>
Figure 2.12
For maximum bending moment at support B
2
Variable actions may be subjected to reduction factors: A, according to A area

supported (m2), A = 1.0 A / 1000 0.75. < BS EN 1991-1-1 6.3.1.2 (10) & NA>
17-Sep-07
Page 22 of 26
v) For maximum bending moment at support D

The relevant arrangement of loads is shown in Figure 2.13. Comments made in iv) also apply
here.
Figure 2.13
For maximum bending moment at support D
vi) For critical curtailment and hogging in span CD
The relevant arrangement of loads is shown in Figure 2.14.
Figure 2.14
For curtailment and hogging in span CD
Eurocode 2 requires that all spans should be loaded with either G,supp or G,inf (as per Table
2.6). As illustrated in Figure 2.14, using G,inf, = 1.0 might be critical for curtailment and
hogging in spans.
<2.4.3(2)>
Example 2.11.3 Propped cantilever

Determine the Equilibrium, ULS and SLS (deformation) load combinations for the
propped cantilever shown in Figure 2.15. The action P at the end of the
cantilever arises from the permanent action of a wall.
Figure 2.15
Propped cantilever beam and loading
For the purposes of this example, the permanent action P is considered to be

from a separate source than the self-weight of the structure so both G,sup and
G,inf need to be considered.
17-Sep-07
<BS EN 1990 Table

1.2(B), Note 3>
Page 23 of 26
a) Equilibrium limit state (EQU)

For maximum uplift at A
Figure 2.16
EQU: maximum uplift at A
b) Ultimate limit state (ULS)
i) For maximum moment at B and anchorage of top reinforcement BA.
Note
Gk,inf gk = 1.0 gk may be critical in terms of curtailment of top bars BA.
Figure 2.17
ULS: maximum moment at B
ii) For maximum sagging moment AB
Notes
1 Depending on the magnitude of gk, qk length AB and BC, Gkinf gk (= 1.0 gk) may be more critical
for span moment.
2 The magnitude of the load combination indicated are those for Exp. (6.10) of BS EN 1990. The
worse case of Exp (6.10a) and Exp (6.10b) may also have been used.
3: Presuming supports A and B were columns then the critical load combination for Column A
would be as Figure 2.18. For column B the critical load combination might be either as
Figure 2.17 or 2.18.
Figure 2.18
ULS: maximum span moment AB
17-Sep-07
Page 24 of 26
c) Serviceability limit state (SLS) of deformation: (quasi-permanent Loads)

i) For maximum deformation at C
Figure 2.19
SLS: maximum deformation at C
ii) For maximum deformation AB
Note
Quasi-permanent load combinations may also be used for calculations of crack widths
or controlling cracking, i.e. the same load combinations as shown in Figures 2.19 and
2.20 may be used to determine SLS moment to determine stress in reinforcement. The
characteristic and/or frequent combinations may be appropriate for other SLS limit
states: for example, it is recommended that the frequent combination is used to
determine whether a member has cracked or not.
Figure 2.20
SLS maximum deformation AB
Example 2.11.4 Overall stability (EQU)

For the frame shown in Figure 2.21 identify the various load arrangements to
check overall stability (EQU) against overturning. Assume that the structure is an
office block and that the loads qk2 and qk3 may be treated as arising from one
source.
Figure 2.21
Frame configuration
17-Sep-07
Page 25 of 26
Figure 2.22
Frame with floor variable action as leading variable action
b) Treating the roof load as the leading variable action (EQU)
Figure 2.23
Frame with roof variable action as leading variable action
c) Treating wind as the leading variable action (EQU)
Figure 2.24
Frame with wind as lead variable action
17-Sep-07
Page 26 of 26

Worked Examples For Eurocode 2 - Sep07

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Analysis, actions and load arrangements

Linear elastic analysis.

Linear stressstrain relationships.

Limiting xu / d (to 0.25 for concrete strength classes C50/60).

Accidental actions are actions of short duration but of significant magnitude

Imposed deformations are not considered in this publication.

Characteristic values of actions

Its mean value generally used for permanent actions.

WE 2 Basis v7c 17 Sep 07.doc

A nominal value used for some variable and accidental actions.

Variable actions: imposed loads

<BS 1991-1-1 Tables 6.1,

Areas for domestic and residential activities

Storage areas and industrial use (including access areas)

Traffic and parking areas (vehicles < 30 kN)

Traffic and parking areas (vehicles > 30 kN)

Roofs (inaccessible except for maintenance and repair)

Roofs (accessible with occupancy categories A D)

2.4.2 Characteristic values

Areas for domestic and residential activities

All usages within self-contained dwelling units

Communal areas (including kitchens) in smalla blocks of flats

Bedrooms and dormitories, except those in self-contained single family

Bedrooms in hotels and motels; hospital wards; toilet areas

Balconies in single-family dwelling units and communal areas in smalla

Balconies in hostels, guest houses, residential clubs. Communal areas in

Balconies in hotels and motels

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General use other than in B2

At or below ground floor level

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Areas with tables

Public, institutional and communal dining rooms and lounges, cafes

Reading rooms with no book storage

Areas with fixed seats

Assembly areas with fixed seating

Areas without obstacles for moving people

Corridors, hallways, aisles in institutional type buildings, hostels,

Stairs, landings in institutional type buildings, hostels, guest houses,

Corridors, hallways, aisles in otherc buildings

Corridors, hallways, aisles in otherc buildings subjected to wheeled

Stairs, landings in otherc buildings subjected to crowds

Walkways Light duty (access suitable for one person, walkway

Walkways General duty (regular two-way pedestrian traffic)

Walkways Heavy duty (high-density pedestrian traffic including

Museum floors and art galleries for exhibition purposes

Areas with possible physical activities

Dance halls and studios, gymnasia, stagesd

Drill halls and drill roomsd

Areas subjected to large crowds

Stages in public assembly areasd

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Areas in general retail shops

Areas in department stores

Storage areas (including access areas)

Areas susceptible to accumulation of goods including access areas

General areas for static equipment not specified elsewhere

Reading rooms with book storage, e.g. libraries

General storage other than those specifieda

File rooms, filing and storage space (offices)