coyness?

What happens is that human categories are laid on animals by

analogy, partly as a matter of convenience of language, and then these traits
are "discovered" in animals and laid back on humans as if they had a
common origin. There is in fact not a shred of evidence that the anatomical,
physiological, and genetic basis of what is called aggression in rats has
anything in common with the German invasion of Poland in 1938.
The third kind of evidence that is presented for a genetic basis of human
social behavior is the report of heritability of human traits. Such
characteristics as introversion and extroversion, personal tempo,
psychomotor and sports activities, eroticism, dominance, depression, and
even conservatism and liberalism are said to be heritable. But the evidence
for the heritability of these traits is totally absent. We must remember that
genetics is a study of similarity and difference between relatives. We judge
things to be heritable if close relatives are more alike than distant relatives
or unrelated persons. But the problem in human genetics in particular is that
similarity between relatives arises not only for biological reasons but for
cultural reasons as well, since members of the same family share the same
environment. This has always been the problem of human genetics whether
we are talking about traits of personality or anatomy. Most reports of the
heritability of personality traits are simple observations that parents and
children resemble each other in some respect. The highest similarity
between parents and offspring for social traits in North America is for
political party and religious sect, yet no serious person believes genes
determine these attributes. The observation of similarity of parents and
offspring is not evidence of their biological similarity. There is a confusion
between the observation and the possible causes. The fact is, not a single
study of personality traits in human populations successfully disentangles
similarity because of shared family experience and similarity because of
genes. So, in fact, we know nothing about the heritability of human
temperamental and intellectual traits that are supposed to be the basis for
social organization.
There is a deeper problem. To carry out a heritability study, even a correct
one, we require differences between individuals. If everyone is identical in
some respect, that is, if everybody has exactly the same genes for some
characteristic, then there is no way to investigate its heritability, because