Mech-Intro 13.0 AppA Buckling

Customer Training Material
A
Appendix
di A
Linear Buckling
g Analysis
y
Introduction to ANSYS
Mechanical
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
AA-1
Release 13.0
November 2010
Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical
Chapter Overview
In this chapter, performing linear buckling analyses in Mechanical

will be covered.
Contents:
A. Background On Buckling
B. Buckling
g Analysis
y
Procedure
C. Workshop 7-1
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to

ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above.
Some options discussed in this chapter may require more advanced

licenses, but these are noted accordingly.

AA-2
Release 13.0
November 2010
A. Background on Buckling
Many structures require an evaluation of their structural stability.

Thin columns, compression members, and vacuum tanks are all
examples of structures where stability considerations are important.
At the onset of instability (buckling) a structure will have a very large
change in displacement {x} under essentially no change in the load
(beyond a small load perturbation).
F
Stable

Unstable
AA-3
Release 13.0
November 2010
Background on Buckling
Eigenvalue or linear buckling analysis predicts the theoretical

buckling strength of an ideal linear elastic structure.
Thi
This method
th d corresponds
d to
t the
th textbook
t tb k approach
h off linear
li
elastic
l ti
buckling analysis.
The eigenvalue buckling solution of a Euler column will match the
classical Euler solution.
Imperfections and nonlinear behaviors prevent most real world

structures from achieving their theoretical elastic buckling strength
strength.
Linear buckling generally yields unconservative results by not
accounting for these effects.
Although unconservative,
unconservative linear buckling has the advantage of being
computationally cheap compared to nonlinear buckling solutions.

AA-4
Release 13.0
November 2010
Basics of Linear Buckling
For a linear buckling analysis, the eigenvalue problem below is

solved to get the buckling load multiplier i and buckling modes i:
([K ] + i [S ]){ i } = 0
Assumptions:
[K] and [S] are constant:
Linear elastic material behavior is assumed
Small deflection theory is used, and no nonlinearities included
It is important to remember these assumptions related to performing

linear buckling analyses in Mechanical.

AA-5
Release 13.0
November 2010
B. Buckling Analysis Procedure
A Static Structural analysis will need to be performed prior to (or in

conjunction with) a buckling analysis. The steps in italics are specific
to buckling analyses.
analyses
Attach Geometry
Assign Material Properties
D fi C
Define
Contact
t tR
Regions
i
(if applicable)
li bl )
Define Mesh Controls (optional)
Include Loads and Supports
S l Static
Solve
St ti Structural
St
t
l Analysis
A l i
Link a Linear Buckling Analysis
Set Initial Conditions
R
Request
tR
Results
lt
Solve the Model
Review Results

AA-6
Release 13.0
November 2010
Geometry and Material Properties
Any type of geometry supported by Mechanical may be used in

buckling analyses:
Solid bodies
Surface bodies (with appropriate thickness defined)
Line bodies (with appropriate cross-sections defined)
Only buckling modes and displacement results are available for line bodies.
Although Point Masses may be included in the model, only inertial loads
affect point masses, so the applicability of this feature may be limited in
buckling analyses
For material properties, Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio are

required
q
as a minimum

AA-7
Release 13.0
November 2010
Contact Regions
Contact regions are available in free vibration analyses,

however,, contact behavior will differ for the nonlinear
contact types exactly as with modal analyses.
Discussed earlier (see chapter 5).
Contact Type
Bonded
No Separation
Rough
Frictionless

Initially Touching
Bonded
No Separation
Bonded
No Separation
Linear Buckling Analysis

Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region
Bonded
Free
No Separation
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
AA-8
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November 2010
Loads and Supports
At least one structural load, which causes buckling, should be

applied to the model:
All structural loads will be multiplied by the load multiplier () to
determine the buckling load (see below).
Compression-only supports are not recommended.
The structure should be fully constrained to prevent rigid-body motion.
F x = Buckling Load
In a buckling analysis all applied
loads (F) are scaled by a
multiplication factor () until the
critical (buckling) load is reached
AA-9
Release 13.0
November 2010
Loads and Supports
Special considerations must be given if constant and proportional

loads are present.
The user may iterate on the buckling solution
solution, adjusting the variable
loads until the load multiplier becomes 1.0 or nearly 1.0.
Consider the example of a column with self weight WO and an externally
applied force A.
A solution can be reached by iterating while adjusting the value of A until
= 1.0. This insures the self weight = actual weight or WO * = WO .

AA-10
Release 13.0
November 2010
Buckling Setup
Buckling analyses are always coupled to a structural analysis within

the project schematic.
The Pre-Stress object in the tree contains the results from a structural
analysis.
The Details view of the Analysis Settings under the Linear Buckling
branch allows the user to specify the number of buckling modes to find.

AA-11
Release 13.0
November 2010
Solving the Model
After setting up the model the buckling analysis can be solved along
with the static structural analysis.
A linear buckling analysis is more computationally expensive than a
static analysis on the same model.
The Solution Information branch provides detailed solution output.

AA-12
Release 13.0
November 2010
Reviewing Results
After the solution is complete, the buckling modes can be reviewed:

The Load Multiplier for each buckling mode is shown in the Details view
as well as the graph and chart areas. The load multiplier times the
applied
li d loads
l d representt the
th predicted
di t d buckling
b kli load.
l d
Fbuckle = (Fapplied x )

AA-13
Release 13.0
November 2010
Reviewing Results
Interpreting the Load Multiplier ():

The tower model below has been solved twice. In the first case a unit
load is applied. In the second an expected load applied (see next page)

AA-14
Release 13.0
November 2010
Reviewing Results
Interpreting the Load Multiplier ():
BucklingLo ad = *Unit _ Load

BucklingLoad =
BucklingLo ad = * Actual _ Load

BucklingLoad
= = Safety _ Factor
Actual _ Load
AA-15
Release 13.0
November 2010
Reviewing Results
The buckling load multipliers can be reviewed in the Timeline

section of the results under the Linear Buckling analysis branch
It is g
good practice
p
to request
q
more than one buckling
g mode to see if the
structure may be able to buckle in more than one way under a given
applied load.

AA-16
Release 13.0
November 2010
C. Workshop AA.1 Linear Buckling
Workshop WSAA.1 Linear Buckling

Goal:
Verify linear buckling results in Mechanical for the pipe model
shown below. Results will be compared to closed form
calculations from a handbook.

AA-17
Release 13.0
November 2010
Goals
The goal in this workshop is to verify linear buckling results in

ANSYS Mechanical. Results will be compared to closed form
calculations from a handbook.
Next we will apply an expected load of 10,000 lbf to the model and
determine its factor of safety.
Finally we will verify that the structures material will not fail before
buckling occurs.

AA-18
Release 13.0
November 2010
Assumptions
The model is a steel pipe that is assumed to be fixed at one

end and free at the other with a purely compressive load
applied to the free end. Dimensions and properties of the
pipe are:
OD = 4.5 in ID = 3.5 in. E = 30e6 psi, I = 12.7 in^4, L = 120 in.
In this case we assume the p
pipe
p conforms to the following
g
handbook formula where P is the critical load:
EI
P' = K
2
L
For the case of a fixed / free beam the parameter K = 0.25.

AA-19
Release 13.0
November 2010
Assumptions
Using the formula and data from the previous page we can
predict the buckling load will be:
2 30e6 12.771
P' = 0.25
= 65648.3lbf
2
(120)

AA-20
Release 13.0
November 2010
Project Schematic
1. Double click Static Structural in

the Toolbox to create a new
system.
1.
2. Drag/drop a Linear Buckling

system onto the Solution cell of
the static structural system.
2.

AA-21
Release 13.0
November 2010
Project Schematic
When the schematic is correctly set up it should appear as shown

here.
Drop Target
The drop target from the previous page indicates the outcome of
the drag and drop operation. Cells A2 thru A4 from system (A) are
shared by system (B). Similarly the solution cell A6 is transferred to
the system B setup. In fact, the structural solution drives the
b kli
buckling
analysis.
l i
AA-22
Release 13.0
November 2010
Project Schematic
Verify that the Project units are set to US Customary (lbm, in, s, F, A,
lbf, V).
Verify units are set to Display Values in Project Units.

AA-23
Release 13.0
November 2010
. . . Project Schematic
3. From the static structural system (A),

double click the Engineering Data
cell.
3.
4. To match the hand calculations

referenced earlier, change the
Youngs modulus of the structural
steel.
a. Highlight Structural Steel.
a.
b. Expand Isotropic Elasticity and
modify
dif Youngs
Y
Modulus
M d l to
t 3.0E7
3 0E7 psi.
i
Note : changing this property here does not affect
the stored value for Structural Steel in the
General Material library.
library To save a material for
future use we would Export the properties as a
new material to the material library.
b.
AA-24
Release 13.0
November 2010
. . . Project Schematic
5. From the static structural

system (A), RMB the Geometry
cell and Import Geometry.
Browse to the file
f Pipe.stp.
5.
6 Double click the Model cell to

6.
start Mechanical.
6.
When the Mechanical application opens the tree

will reflect the setup from the project schematic.
AA-25
Release 13.0
November 2010
Preprocessing
7. Set the working unit system to the U.S.

customary system:
a. U.S. Customary (in, lbm, psi, F, s, V, A).
8. Apply constraints to the pipe:

a. Highlight the Static Structural branch (A5).
b. Select the surface on one end of the pipe.
c. RMB > Insert > Fixed Support.
a.
b.
c.
a.

AA-26
Release 13.0
November 2010
Environment
9. Add buckling loads:
a.
a. Select the surface on the opposite end of the pipe
from the fixed support.
b. RMB > Insert > Force.
c. In the force detail change the Define by field to
Components.
d In
d.
I the
h force
f
detail
d il enter 1 iin the
h Magnitude
M
i d field
fi ld
for the Z Component.
b.
c.
d.

AA-27
Release 13.0
November 2010
. . . Environment
10. Solve the model:

a. Highlight the Solution branch for the Linear
Buckling analysis (B6) and Solve.
Note, this will automatically trigger a solve for the

static structural analysis above it.
11. When the solution completes:

a. Highlight
Hi hli ht the
th buckling
b kli Solution
S l ti branch
b
h (B6).
(B6)
The Timeline graph and the Tabular Data will
display the 1st buckling mode (more modes can be
requested).
a.
b. RMB in the Timeline and choose Select All.

c. RMB > Create Mode Shape Results (this will add
a Total Deformation branch to the tree).
c.
a.
b.
AA-28
Release 13.0
November 2010
Results
Click Solve to view the first mode
Recall that we applied a unit (1) force thus the result compares well with our
closed form calculation of 65648 lbf.
AA-29
Release 13.0
November 2010
. . . Results
12. Change the force value to the expected load

(10000 lbf):
a. Highlight the Force under the Static
Structural (A5) branch
b. In the details, change the Z Component of
the force to 10000.
11a.
13 Solve:
13.
S l
a. Highlight the Linear Buckling Solution branch
(B6), RMB and Solve.
12a.

AA-30
11b
11b.
Release 13.0
November 2010
. . . Results
When the solution completes note the Load Multiplier field now
shows a value of 6.56. Since we now have a real world load
applied, the load multiplier is interpreted as the buckling factor of
safety
f
ffor the applied load.
Gi
Given that
th t we have
h
already
l
d calculated
l l t d a buckling
b kli
lload
d off 65600 lbf,
lbf
the result is obviously trivial (65600 / 10000). It is shown here only for
completeness.

AA-31
Release 13.0
November 2010
Verification
A final step in the buckling analysis is added here as a best

practices exercise.
We have already predicted the expected buckling load and calculated
the factor of safety for our expected load. The results so far ONLY
indicate results as they relate to buckling failure. To this point we
can say nothing about how our expected load will affect the stresses
and deflections in the structure.
As a final check we will verify that the expected load (10000 lbf) will
not cause excessive stresses or deflections before it is reached.

AA-32
Release 13.0
November 2010
. . . Verification
14. Review Stresses for 10,000lbf load:

a. Highlight the Solution branch under the
Static Structural environment (A6).
b. RMB > Insert > Stress > Equivalent Von Mises
Stress.
c. RMB > Insert > Deformation > Total.
d Solve.
d.
S l
a.
b.
c.
AA-33
Release 13.0
November 2010
. . . Verification
A quick check of the stress results shows the model as loaded is well
within the mechanical limits of the material being used (Engineering
Data shows compressive yield = 36,259 psi).
As stated, this is not a required step in a buckling analysis but
should be regarded as good engineering practice.

AA-34
Release 13.0
November 2010

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Customer Training Material

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

In this chapter, performing linear buckling analyses in Mechanical

The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to

Some options discussed in this chapter may require more advanced

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Many structures require an evaluation of their structural stability.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Eigenvalue or linear buckling analysis predicts the theoretical

Imperfections and nonlinear behaviors prevent most real world

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Basics of Linear Buckling

Customer Training Material

For a linear buckling analysis, the eigenvalue problem below is

It is important to remember these assumptions related to performing

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

B. Buckling Analysis Procedure

Customer Training Material

A Static Structural analysis will need to be performed prior to (or in

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Geometry and Material Properties

Customer Training Material

Any type of geometry supported by Mechanical may be used in

For material properties, Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio are

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Contact regions are available in free vibration analyses,

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Linear Buckling Analysis

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Loads and Supports

Customer Training Material

At least one structural load, which causes buckling, should be

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Loads and Supports

Customer Training Material

Special considerations must be given if constant and proportional

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Buckling analyses are always coupled to a structural analysis within

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Solving the Model

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

After the solution is complete, the buckling modes can be reviewed:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Interpreting the Load Multiplier ():

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical