Scientific Method

What is the scientific method? It is a process that is used to find

answers to questions about the world around us.
Is there only one Scientific Method? No, there are several
versions of the scientific method. Some versions have more steps,
while others may only have a few. However, they all begin with the
identification of problem or a question to be answered based on
observations of the world around us and provide an organized
method for conducting and analyzing an experiment.

What is a hypotheses? It is a(n) possible explanation based on

observations and your knowledge of the topic.
What is data? It is information gathered during an experiment.

Problem

Steps

Organized

Process

Possible

Question

Answers

Information

Explanation

The Structure of an Atom

The Parts of an Atom
Atoms are made of several tiny particles.
A Center region with a positive charge
Two kinds of particles make up the nucleus
-Protons and Neutrons
Electrons close to the nucleus are strongly
attracted to it and have less energy
Electrons farther from the nucleus are less
attracted to it and have more energy

The Size of Atoms

Every solid, liquid, and gas is made of millions and millions of atoms.
If you could multiply the width of an atom by 100 million, it would be the size of an
orange

Differences in Atoms

Every element in the periodic table has a different atomic number

You can identify an element if you either its atomic number or the number or the number
of protons it s atoms have

Subscript:
BaF2
the 2 in this formula is called the subscript. It refers only to the element preceding it. In
this case F (fluorine)

Parentheses:

AI(No3)3
in some chemical formulas it is necessary to use parentheses. The subscript outside the
parentheses refers to all the elements inside the parentheses. In this example there are:
one Al (aluminum), three N (nitrogen), and nine O (oxygen).

Coefficients:
3H20
The 3 in this formula is called the coefficient. it refers to each molecule that follows. In
this case there would be 6 H (hydrogen) and 3 O (oxygen)

Nonmetals/Metalloids
The Elements of Life

How are nonmetals different from metals?

Many nonmetals are gases

Those that are solid have a dull surface and no luster.
They are poor conductors of electricity and thermal energy.
They make good insulators

Nonmetals in Groups 14-16

Groups 14-16 contain metals and nonmetals
Elements of the same group would have the same chemical but different physical
properties
Carbon is the only nonmetal in group 14.

The Halogens
Group 17
Halogens react with metals to form salts
Halogens react readily with other elements and for compounds.
They only occur in nature as compound.
They even form compounds with other nonmetals
They become less reactive as you move down the group.
Noble Gases
Group 18
They only react with other elements under special conditions.
Hydrogen
The smallest atomic mass
The most common element in the universe
Hydrogen is usually classified as a nonmetal
Hydrogen in liquid form conducts electricity
In some reactions hydrogen can act like a Alkali Metal
Under normal conditions on earth hydrogen act like

Metalloids
These exist between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.
These have chemical and physical properties of both metals and nonmetals
Silicon is the most abundant metalloid in the universe.
Semiconductors
Metalloids can act as semiconductors
Semiconductors conduct electricity at high temperatures
Semiconductors act as insulators at low temperatures.
Semiconductors are used in devices such as computers, televisions, and solar cells.

Periodic Table a chart of the elements arranged into rows and columns according to their physical and
chemical properties.
Group A column on the periodic table.
Period This is a row on the periodic table.
*Alkali Metal elements in group 1 which include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and
francium
*Alkaline Earth Metals - The elements in group 2 on the periodic table react quickly with other
elements. Examples are magnesium and calcium.
*Transition Elements Elements in group 3 12 include a wide array of elements such as iron, titanium,
and gold
*Metal An element generally shiny good conductor, easily hammered into shape.
*Nonmetal Elements that have no metallic properties.
*Metalloid - An element that has both physical and chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals.
*Halogens - Elements in group 17 that reacts readily with other elements and can form a salt when
combined with a metal
*Noble gases - elements in group 18 are very stable, generally not reactive (helium, krypton, neon..)

Noble GasesNeon

Name: Neon

Symbol: Ne

Group: 18

Period: 2

Atomic Number: 10

Atomic Mass: 20.1797 u 0.0006 u

Transition ElementsIron

Name: Iron

Symbol: Fe

Atomic Number: 26

Atomic Mass: 55.845 u 0.002 u

Group: 8

Period: 4

Metals:

What is a metal?
Most of the elements on the periodic table are metals.
all of the elements in groups 1-12 are metals.
Some of the elements in groups 13-15 are metals.
Properties of metals are:
An element that is generally shiny
Easily pulled into wires or hammered into thin sheets
Good conductors
Physical Properties of Metals
Ductility is the ability to be pulled into thin wires
Malleability is the ability of a substance or to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets.
Luster is the ability to reflect light.

Alkali Metals:
Group 1
Because they are in the same group they all have similar properties.
Alkali Metals react quickly with other elements such as oxygen.
Alkali Metals occur only in compounds in nature.
Alkali metals also have similar physical properties
Alkali Metals look silvery.

Alkaline Earth Metals:

Group 2
Because they are in the same group they have similar chemical properties
They also react quickly, but not as quickly as Alkaline metals
They are also only found in compounds in nature.
They are soft and silvery
They have low densities, but not as low as the Alkali metals
Their physical properties
Transition Metals:
Groups 3-12
All of the transition elements are metals.
They have higher melting points , greater strength, and higher densities than group 1
and 2.
They also react less quickly with oxygen
Some transition elements can exist in nature as free elements.
Lanthanide and Actinide Series:
Some lanthanide and actinide series elements have valuable properties.
Lanthanide series elements are used to make strong magnets.
Plutonium is used as fuel in some nuclear reactors.

Patterns in Properties of Metal:

Metallic properties increase as you move from right to left on
the periodic table.
Metallic properties also increase as you move down the
periodic table

Find 5 metals
For Each metal list:

Gold

Iron

its name
what kind of metal
What Group it belongs to
Add a picture of one use of that metal.
Transition metals
Group 11

Transition Metals
Group 8