( ) 34

106 79
. 3616532 - 3617784 - Fax: 3641025
e-mail : info@hms.gr
www.hms.gr

GREEK MATHEMATICAL
SOCIETY
34, Panepistimiou (leftheriou Venizelou) Street
GR. 106 79 - Athens - HELLAS
Tel. 3616532 - 3617784 - Fax: 3641025
e-mail : info@hms.gr
www.hms.gr

75

1 2014

13 74 3 3
+ :8
: =
9 9 37 4

13 74 3 3
13 74 3 4
=
+ : 8=

+ :8
9 9 37 4
9 9 37 3
13 2 16
13 2 16 : 8 13 6 2 9
=
+ :8 =
+
=
+ = = 1.
9 3 9
9 3
9
9 9 9 9
2

200 40%
. 25%
50%, ,
.

x .
25 x 125 x
200 x . x +
=
100 100
150
.
, ( 200 x )
100
140
200
, 280 .
100

125 x
150
140
+ ( 200 x )
= 200
12,5 x 15 x + 3000 = 2800
100
100
100
2,5 x= 200 x= 80.
80 200 80 =
120
.

 3
,
:
1003 1007 1009 997 1011 999 1001 1005
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
2015 2019 2021 2009 2023 2011 2013 2017

:
() - () = 1012.
:
1003
1012 1007
1012 1009
1012 997
1012
=
1
,
=
1
,
=
1
,
=
1
2015
2015 2019
2019 2021
2021 2009
2009
1011
1012 999
1012 1001
1012 1005
1012
=
1
,
=
1
,
=
1
,
=
1
2023
2023 2011
2011 2013
2013 2017
2017
,
, :
1012 1012 1012 1012 1012 1012 1012 1012
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023
:
1012
1012
1012
1012
1012
1012
1012
1012
1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
,
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
1011
,

2023
997

.
2009
4
=90

= .
.
() .
.
()

= = 45
()
,

45 .
180 ( 90 + 45
=
=
) 45 ,
= .
, : = .
,
.
()
= = , .
= 60 ,
=
+
= 60 + 90 = 150 .

:

=
= 180 150 = 15 .

2
, ,
, , :
=
= 15

1
2

x4 1
6
=

2
2
( x + 1)( x 3) 13

x4 1
6
3
, x = .
2
2
4
( x + 1)( x 3) 13

(x
(x

+ 1)( x 2 1) 6 x 2 1 6
=

,
2
2
+ 1)( x 2 3) 13 x 3 13
2

3
4 16
x =
=
= :
9
4
3
2
16
256
1
1
2
6
6 175 6 169
x 1 6 9
81
= 2
=

=
=
=
= 13.
2
x 3 13 16
13 256 3 13 13 13 13
3
81
9

2
,
:
2

3
4 16
x =
=
= , :
9
4
3
4
16
256 256 81 81
1
6
6
9
812
=

2
2
16
16
13 256 + 81 256 243 13

+ 1

81
9
81

65536 6561
58975
2
6
81
812 6 = 58975 6 = 175 6 = 169 = 13.
=
=
337 13 13 337 13 13 337 13 13 13 13 13

812
81 81

2
170 230.
1
4%

3
, ,
.

n .

4n
.
100
n
1 4n
4n
.

=
=
3 100 300 75

, n
, n = 75k , k ..
, 170 n 230 , :

170
230
20
5
k
2+
k 3+
k= 3.
75
75
75
75
n = 75 3 = 225 .
170 n= 75k 230

 3
.

2
= . ( ) ( )

, ,

( )
.
( )

3

2

=
2
2

= =

3 2 3
=
.
4
2

:
1
1 3 3 3 3 2
( )=
=

=
.
2
2 2
2
8

3
: ( ) = ( ) + ( ) .
= +

3
3 5
=
,
=
2
2
2

1 5 3 5 3 2
.

=
2 2
2
8
5
=

2
:
( )=

1
3
.
=

= 2=
=

4
3 2
2
3 3
, : = 60 =
=
.
2 2
4
:
1 5 3 5 3 2
.
( )=

=
2 2
4
16
:
5 3 2 5 3 2 15 3 2
,
( ) = ( ) + ( ) =
+
=
8
16
16

3 3 2
( )
6 3 2 2
8
= =
=
.
( ) 15 3 2 15 3 2 5
16
2
() = . () =
=

,
2

. :
()=() + () =

3
.
2

3
,
2
3
3
=
. () =
,
2
4
3
=
. :
2
3 3 15
( ) = + +
+
=
2 2
4
4

( )
3 / 2 2
= =
.
( ) 15 / 4 5

: () =

4
1 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ,
,

( 1 ) 3
= .
( 2 ) 7


1 2 .

( ) , ( 1 ) ( 2 ) , 1 2 , .

( ) ( 1 ) ( 2 )
=
=
=

2
2
2
()
( 1 )
( 2 )
( =
) ( ) , ( 1=) ( 1 ) , ( 2=) ( 2 )
2

( 1 ) + ( 2 ) ( 1 ) + ( 2 ) ( 1 ) + ( 2 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 )
=
=
=
+
2
2
2
2
()
( )
()
()
()
2

(1)

:
( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 1 ) + ( 2 ) ( )
=

= =
=
3
7
3+ 7
10
( 2 ) 7

( 1 ) 3 ( 2 ) 7
=
,
=
( ) 10 ( ) 10

(2)

(1) (2)

( 1 ) + ( 2 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 1 ) ( )
9
49 58
.
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
2
2
()
()
()
( ) ( ) 100 100 100
58%
, 100-58 = 42%.
2

2
(1)

( 1 ) + ( 2 )
()

( 1 )
( 2 )
, ,

()
()

3 ( 1 ) =
7 ( ) =
10 .
, ( 1 ) =
, 1,
( 1 ) = 32 = 9 ( 2 ) = 7 2 = 49 ( =
) 102= 100 .
100 ( 9 + 49 ) =
42 , 42%.

2
2
20153 + 20133 20163 + 20123 18 2014 4 2014 ( 2014 + 3)( 5 2014 + 1)
.
+

2
2
2
20142 + 40292
20142 + 4027 2
( 5 2014 + 1) ( 4 2014 )

,
, .

. , x = 2014, :

( x + 1) + ( x 1)
2
x 2 + ( 2 x + 1)
3

2
2
x + 2 ) + ( x 2 ) 18 x 4 x ( x + 3)( 5 x + 1)
(
+

2
2
x 2 + ( 2 x 1)
( 5x 2 + 1) ( 4 x )2

2 x ( x 2 + 3)

2 x ( x 2 + 3)

4 x ( x 2 + 3)( 5 x 2 + 1)

5 x 2 + 4 x + 1 5 x 2 4 x + 1 ( 5 x 2 + 4 x + 1)( 5 x 2 4 x + 1)

2 ( 5 x 2 + 1)
1
1

=
+ 2

2 x ( x + 3) 2
2
2
5 x + 4 x + 1 5 x 4 x + 1 ( 5 x + 4 x + 1)( 5 x 4 x + 1)
5 x 2 4 x + 1 + 5 x 2 + 4 x + 1 10 x 2 2
2 x ( x 2 + 3)=
= 2 x ( x 2 + 3)
=
0 0.
2
2

5
+
4
+
1
5

4
+
1
x
x
x
x
(
)(
)

2
2
20153 + 20133 20163 20123 18 2014 4 2014 ( 2014 + 3)( 5 2014 + 1)
=

= 0
2
20142 + 40292
20142 + 4027 2
( 5 20142 + 1) ( 4 2014 )2
2

2
2 . 100
120 4000 .
50 10% 60
20% 1680 .
.

x y .
:
(1)
100 x + 120 y= 4000 5 x + 6 y= 200
50

90 x
80 y
+ 60
= 1680 45 x + 48 y= 1680
100
100

(2)

45 x + 54 y 1800 =
6 y 120
=
5 x + 6 y 200 =

x + 48 y 1680 45
x + 48 y 1680 45
x + 48 y 1680
=
=
=
45
y = 20

y = 20
1680 48 y
.
16
x
=
x
=

45
16 20 .
3
:

(x

2
2
2 ( x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy ) + x 4 + y 4 ,
+ y 2 + xy ) =

x, y .
() x, y
x .
()
x, y .

()
=

(x

(x

+ y 2 + xy ) =
2

+ y 2 + xy )( x 2 + y 2 + xy )

= x 4 + y 4 + x 2 y 2 + 2 x 2 y 2 + 2 x 3 y + 2 xy 3
=
x 4 + 2 x 3 y + 3 x 2 y 2 + 2 xy 3 + y 4 .

(x

+ y 2 + xy )=
2

(x

+ y 2 ) + ( xy ) + 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) xy
2

= x 4 + y 4 + 2 x 2 y 2 + x 2 y 2 + 2 x 3 y + 2 xy 3
=
x 4 + 2 x3 y + 3 x 2 y 2 + 2 xy 3 + y 4 .

() , , :

(x

+ y 2 + 2 xy ) = x 4 + 4 x 3 y + 6 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy 3 + y 4 ,
2

2
= 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy ) + x 4 + y 4 = 2 x 4 + 4 x3 y + 6 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy 3 + y 4 + x 4 + y 4

= 2 2 x 4 + 4 x3 y + 6 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy 3 + 2 y 4 = 4 ( x 4 + 2 x 3 y + 3x 2 y 2 + 2 xy 3 + y 4 )

= 4 ( x 2 + y 2 + xy ) ,
2

()

B= 2 ( x 2 + xy + y 2 )= 2 ( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) ,
2

y 3y2

x, y x + xy + y = x + +
0.
2
4

 4
ABCD A = 100 D = 40. DB
.
DB = DC , CAB
CDA

, CDB

DB CDA
=
BDA
=
20
= 80
= DCB
DBC DBC

180 - (100 + 20 ) =60 . BK BL,

=
DBA

= 80 ,
, BK = BL BAK
BAK BLC , BA = BC.
= 20 .
, BAC : CAB

4

1
k x . :
xk + 1
x k +1 + 1
= k + 2
.
= k +1
x +1
x +1
(1 )
:

10

x k + 1 x k +1 + 1
=
B
=
x k +1 + 1 x k + 2 + 1
x k + 2 + x k + 1 2 x k +1 1
=
=
( x k +1 + 1)( x k +2 + 1)

(x

+ 1)( x k + 2 + 1) ( x k +1 + 1)

(x

k +1

+ 1)( x k + 2 + 1)

x k + 2 + x k 2 x k +1
=
( xk +1 + 1)( xk +2 + 1)

(x

x k ( x 1)
k +1

+ 1)( x k + 2 + 1)

, x > 0 k , :
x = 1
0, x = 1
= ,
=

.
> 0, 0 < x 1
> , 0 < x 1
2

( x k + 1)( x k + 2 + 1) x 2 k + 2 + x k + x k + 2 + 1
= =

( x k +1 + 1) 2
( x k +1 + 1) 2
x k + 2 + x k 2 x k +1
x k ( x 1) 2
=
=
1.
1+
1 + k +1
( x k +1 + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
, , , x = 1 .
:
= , x = 1 A > B , 0 < x 1 .
2
( x, y ) :

2 x 2 10 xy + 13 y 2 + 2 x y =
5

2 x 2 10 xy + 13 y 2 =
5 2 x y

(1)

:
2

25 y 2
25 y 2
5y y
2
+

+
0,
2 x 2 10 xy + 13 y 2 = 2 x 2 5 xy +
13
y
2
x

4
2
2
2

5y
, : x
= y = 0 x = y = 0.
2
(1) :
5
5 2 x y 0 x y x y {0,1, 2} ,
2
:
1. x y = 0 x = y . :
2

2 x 2 10 x 2 + 13 x 2 =
5 x 2 =
1 x=
1 x =
1,
: ( x, y ) = ( 1, 1) ( x, y ) = (1, 1) .
2.

x y = 1 x y = 1 x y = 1 x = y + 1 x = y 1 .
x= y 1 : 2 ( y 1) 10 ( y 1) y + 13 y 2 =
3
2

11

 5 y 2 6 y 1 =0 ,
=56
3.

x y = 2 x y = 2 x y = 2 x = y + 2 x = y 2 .
x= y + 2 : 2 ( y + 2 ) 10 ( y + 2 ) y + 13 y 2 =
1
2

5 y 2 12 y + 7 =,
0
=4 =
y

12 2
7
=
y 1=
y
.
10
5

( x, y ) = ( 3,1)
x= y 2 : 2 ( y 2 ) 10 ( y 2 ) y + 13 y 2 =
1
2

5 y 2 + 12 y + 7 =,
0
12 2
7
=4 y =
y=
1 y =
.
10
5
( x, y ) =( 3, 1) .

: ( 1, 1) , (1,1) , ( 3,1) , ( 3, 1) .

3
ABC ( AB < AC < BC ) ( c )
( O R ) D, E B, C ,
( ( c ) ). ( c1 ) ( A AE ),
AC K . ( c2 ) ( AD ),
AB ( ) L .
EK DL ( c ) .

DL ( c ) E,
K, M .

EAC
, EC ( c ) .
AEK ( AE, AK ( c1 ) ). :

(1)
AEK
=
AKE
=
45 .

12

BAD , BD ( c ) ,
. ADL ( AD, AL
DAL
( c2 ) ).

(2)
=
=
ADL
ALD
45 .

ADM=ADL AEM ,
,
( c ) AM
= ADL

(3)
AEM

(1), (2) (3) AEK

=
AEM
=
45 ,
, , .

4
100 x
. 100,
70. 78,
.

x 8 100 + ( x 8 ) 70 x 70 x + 240 ,

(1)

:
x 70 x + 240
240
.
(2)
.=.

= 70 +
x
x
x
78,
x < 30 , (2) :

240
240
(3)
.. = x 70 +
> 70 +
= 78,
x
x
30
78.

13

 x < 30, x 30 .
x = 30 ,
30 8 100 + ( 30 8 ) 70 30 70 + 8 30
.=.
=
=
= 70 + 8= 78 ,
30
30
30
x 30.

1
y =x 2 ( 3 5 ) x + 186, .
x
.

y =x 2 ( 3 5 ) x + 186, x
1 ( x1 , 0 ) 2 ( x2 , 0 ) , x1 , x2 :

x 2 ( 3 5 ) x + 186 = 0, .
:

x1 + x2 = 3a 5,

(1)

.
x1 x2 = 186
(2)
x1 x2 ,
, x1 < x2 , (2), x1 , x2
186 = 2 3 31 .
:
( x1 , x2 ) {(1,186 ) , ( 2,93) , ( 3, 62 ) , ( 6,31) , ( 1, 186 ) , ( 2, 93) , ( 3, 62 ) , ( 6, 31)}
x1 + x2 + 5
,
3
100 70
182
32
: 64,
, ,14,
, 30, 20, .
3 3
3
3

(1) : =

2
:
4
2 2
4
91
x + x y + y =
2

2
13
x + xy + y =
(1 )
x 2 y 2 :
x4 + 2x2 y 2 + y 4 x2 y 2 =

(x

+ y2 ) x2 y 2 =
2

(x

+ y 2 + xy )( x 2 + y 2 xy )

91
= 7 .
13
, : 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 20 x 2 + y 2 = 10 ,

, x 2 + y 2 xy =

14

xy = 3 .
:
2
2
x=
x=
+ y 2 10
+ y 2 10

,
=
xy 3=

2 xy 6
,
( x + y )2 =
16
4
x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy =
16
x + y =

2
2
2
4
4
x y =
x + y + 2 xy =
( x y ) =

4 x + y =
4 x + y =
4 x + y =
4
x + y =

2 x y =
2 x y =
2 x y =
2
x y =
( x, y ) = ( 3,1) ( x, y ) = ( 1, 3) ( x, y ) = (1, 3) ( x, y ) = ( 3, 1) .

( x 2 + y 2 )2 ( xy )2 =
x 4 + x 2 y 2 + y 4 =
91
91

,
2
2
2
13
x + xy + y =
x + xy + y =

13
2
2
, =
x + y =
xy ,

2 2 =
( + )( ) = 91
91

+ =
13
13

+ =
2
2
7 =
x + y =
10
=
10

.
=
=
xy
3
+ 13=
3

, .
3
( < < C( O , R ) .
C( O , R ) , Z .
. C( O , R ) .
. ,
. ,
.

1 C( O , R ) .
:

1 = +

1 . :

1 = + = + .
2

15

1 ,
1 =

.
: 1 = 1 ,
1 ,
1 =
.
: 2 = 1 . :

1 = 1 . : 2 = 1 .
.
4
n ,
d1 < d 2 < d3 < d 4 :
d1 + d 2 + d3 + d 4 =
640 .

n.
d1 = 1 , d 4 = n d 2 d3 =
,
d1 + d 2 + d3 + d 4 = 640 1 + d 2 + d3 + d 2 d3 = 640

(1 + d 2 )(1 + d3 ) = 640 (1 + d 2 )(1 + d3 ) = 27 5

1 = d1 < d 2 < d3 < d 4 2 < 1 + d 2 < 1 + d3 d2 d3
, :
1 + d 2 = 4,1 + d3 = 160 d 2 = 3, d3 = 159 = 3 53 , , n= 3 159
.

16

1 + d 2 = 5,1 + d3 = 128 d 2 = 4, d3 = 127 , , n= 4 127

.
1 + d 2 = 8,1 + d3 = 80 d 2 = 7, d3 = 79 , n =7 79 =553
1 + d 2 = 10,1 + d3 = 64 d 2 = 9, d3 = 63, , n= 9 63
.
1 + d 2 = 16,1 + d3 = 40 d 2 = 15, d3 = 39, , n= 15 39
.
1 + d 2 = 20,1 + d3 = 32 d 2 = 19, d3 = 31, n = 19 31 = 589
, 553 589.

17