Nghin cu, iu tra, kho st v nh gi cc h thng pht

in kt hp cc dng nng lng ti to cho cm dn c

vng ngoi li in quc gia
Phm Hng Vn - K s, nghin cu vin chnh
Vin Nng lng, B Cng Thng
Tm tt
Vic ng dng cng ngh nng lng ti to (NLTT)Baiba p ng nhu cu s dng nng lng
vi quy m nh nhng khu vc khng th kt ni c vi li in nhiu nc trn th gii pht
trin mnh v t c hiu qu rt cao. Vit Nam, c nhiu n v tham gia nghin cu trong lnh vc
ny nhng hu ht cc d n ng dng u cha mang li kt qu mong mun. Tnh cht bin i tht
thng ca cc ngun NLTT dn n vic cung cp nng lng khng n nh trong h thng NLTT, h
thng kt hp cc ngun NLTT c th khc phc c phn no nhc im ny. Chnh v vy, vic nghin
cu, iu tra, kho st v nh gi hin trng, tnh hiu qu, tnh hp l ca cc h thng pht in kt hp
cc dng NLTT cho cm dn c vng ngoi li in quc gia, t rt ra c cc yu t thnh cng
quan trng cho cc ng dng ca h thng kt hp v nhn nhn li cch thc hin trin khai ng dng h
thng kt hp cc dng NLTT cp in cho cm dn c ngoi li in quc gia.

1. t vn
Theo t chc Lin Hp quc (UNDP) pht ng, khng th pht trin m khng c in v
khng th gii quyt c vn ngho i mt cch bn vng nu khng quan tm ch ng
mc ti cc dch v nng lng. Cc ngun NLTT l mt la chn thun li cho cung cp nng
lng nng thn vng su, vng xa.
Cc dng cng ngh NLTT thng c p dng: in mt tri thng qua s dng pin mt
tri (PV) quy m h gia nh v quy m cm h gia nh, tua bin gi pht in c nh, hm kh
sinh hc (KSH) quy m trang tri c lp t thm my pht in cung cp in t dng cho
trang tri (cng trnh c th tch t 50 200m3).
Vit Nam hin nay, m hnh qun l vn hnh nhng d n in NLTT ngoi li
c nghin cu xy dng mt cch hon thin trong bo co M hnh th ch i vi cc dch
v NL cng ng, c son tho bi nhm chuyn gia t vn vo thng 3/2007 ca chng trnh
NL nng thn Vit Nam - Thu in.
Mc d c nhiu d n ng dng h thng kt hp cc dng NLTT cp in cho cm
dn c ngoi li in quc gia, nhng cha c n no tng kt phn tch nh gi tnh ph hp
vic ng dng cc h thng kt hp ny i vi tng vng Vit Nam. Cn vic thc hin chuyn
giao cc d n h thng kt hp cho c s chu trch nhim vn hnh v vic qun l d n trong
sut tui i ca n c xc nh v m t r trong M hnh th ch, vi s cn nhc mt
cch nghim tc mi kha cnh lin quan n h thng lut php hin hnh ca Vit Nam, cng
cha c tng kt nh gi tnh ng n v ph hp V vy, cn thit phi thc hin iu tra,
kho st v nh gi cc h thng kt hp NLTT p dng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua.
2. Thc trng hot ng v hiu qu ca cc d n NLTT

Tm tt thc trng hot ng ca mt s d n NLTT ng dng Vit Nam

TT

Tn h thng

Quy m cng sut

Tnh trng hot ng

H thng Pin mt
tri + my pht
diesel xm
Mng (Ho Bnh)
H thng Pin mt
tri x Thng
Trch (Qung
Bnh)

-Tr 1: PV 6,48kWp +
diesel 8,5kVA
-Tr 2: PV 2,16kWp +
diesel 2,0kVA

Bt u vn hnh t ngy 01/09/2011 n

cui nm 2012 bt u hng b Inverter,
sau n c quy. n thng 3/2013 th
ngng hot ng.
Bt u vn hnh t ngy 16/12/2010. Hin
ti, h thng vn ang hot ng nhng
mi ti ch s dng c mt gi l c quy
cn kit.
- T nm 1999 - 2004, cng trnh vn hnh
c lp, khng ha li quc gia.
- Nm 2004, ho li in, n nm 2009
hng b Inverter, c sa cha nhng
khng c kt qu. Hin ti h thng ngng
hot ng.
Thng 10/2000 bt u vn hnh. Sau
khong 3 nm h thng bt u hot ng
khng hiu qu sau ngng cp in.
Nm 2011, thit b trm in c chuyn
giao cho Trng HBK Nng phc v
cng tc nghin cu, ging dy.
Thng 12/2004, h thng a vo vn hnh.
Thng 6/2006, h thng iu khin ca
trm b hng, tua bin gi khng hot ng.
n thng 10/2009, cn bo s 10 trn qua
o v qut tua bin gi, hin ti cha
c khi phc li.
Thng 01/2010, h thng a vo vn hnh,
c 3 thng th c quy b trc trc v c
thay th nhng bnh hng v h thng li
vn hnh. Sau mt thi gian ngn, h c
quy b hng hon ton, v vy ban ngy h
thng cp in bng PV khng c c quy
tch tr, bui ti chy my pht diesel.
Thng 8/2012, h thng ngng hot ng
hon ton.

PV 11,07kWp +
diesel 11kVA

H thng pin mt
tri + thu in
nh x Trang
huyn k oa
(Gia Lai)

H thng Pin mt
tri + tua bin gi
lng Kongu 2
(Kon Tum)

PV 6,75kWp + Gi
1,8kW

H thng tua bin

gi + my pht
diesel huyn
o Bch Long V
(Hi Phng)

Gi 800kWp + diesel
800kW

H thng Pin mt
tri + my pht
diesel Bi
Hng (Qung
Nam)

PV 28,8 kWp +
diesel 5,5kW v
15kW

H thng Pin mt
tri + Tua bin gi
+ Hm KSH ti
o M Tnh Gia
(Thanh Ho)

PV 4,9 kWp + gi
1kW+ biogas 20m3
v my pht biogas
2kW

H thng Pin mt
tri + Tua bin gi
ti Bi Lng
(Qung Nam)

H thng tua bin

gi + Diesel ti
o Ph Qu
(Bnh Thun)

PV 100kWp + TN
25kW

C quan qun l
vn hnh
05 ngi dn a
phng c o
to qun l vn
hnh.
n bin phng
593 C Rong.

05 cng nhn
in lc Gia Lai

H thng vn
hnh t ng
khng c cn b
chuyn trch
trng nom

Tng i Thanh
nin xung phong
Hi Phng

05 ngi (ngi
a phng)
c o to
trong thi gian 3
thng

Thng 10/2012, h thng a vo vn hnh,

ch c PV v tua bin gi hot ng, cn
biogas khng hot ng do khng d
nguyn liu v nc

n v b i o
Hn M

PV 1,16 kWp + gi
1,5kW

u nm 2012, h thng a vo vn hnh,

v hin nay vn ang hot ng.

H thng vn
hnh t ng
khng c cn b
chuyn trch
trng nom

Gi 6MW + Diesel:
3MW; ph ti:
Pmax: ~ 2MW, Pmin:
~ 0,76MW.

Thng 5/2012, in gi u ni vo li
in trn o. H thng hn hp Diesel Gi chnh thc vn hnh thng mi t
ngy 24/08/2012.
K t khi i vo hot ng cui thng
8/2012 n u nm 2013, tng xy ra s
c trn di 20 ln gy nguy c r li.

in lc Ph Qu
+ Cng ty TNHH
mt thnh vin
NLTT in lc
Du kh Vit
Nam.

Tnh trng cc d n ng dng cc h thng kt hp cc ngun NLTT cp in cho vng

ngoi li c th c nh gi nh sau:

- Hu ht l cc d n ti tr, mt s d n c ngun i ng ca a phng vi t l phn

trm 20%.
- Hu ht cc d n u khng c ngun kinh ph vn hnh bo dng.
- Khng c cn b k thut c o to theo di d n. Cn b qun l, vn hnh v bo
dng ch c o to trong thi gian ngn bit cch ng m h thng v h khng c
hng lng.
- Khng c vt t, ph kin sa cha, dng c phc v cho cng vic thay th v khc
phc cc li nh.
- Hu ht cc h thng c tnh ton thit k c quy m cng sut thng khng p ng
nhu cu s dng in ca cc h tiu th.
- Mt s d n khi thit k, la chn thit b cha ng b, cha ph hp, tin cy khng
cao hoc cha cc thit b ph tr bo v, dn n tnh n nh ca h thng khng m bo.
- Mt s d n khi thit k u c ngun my pht diesel d phng, nhng khi cc ngun
NLTT c s c khng pht in th ngun diesel cng khng chy b s thiu ht v khng c
kinh ph mua nhin liu du diesel. Cc d n u khng thu tin in ca cc h tiu th, cc
my pht diesel c u t nhng li khng s dng vn hnh, rt lng ph.
- Mt s d n la chn a im m ch hai ba nm sau in li ko n, gy nn tn
tht u t rt lng ph.
- thc ca ngi s dng khng tun th theo quy nh c hng dn ra.
- n v xy dng v pht trin d n khng c trch nhim sau khi d n i vo hot ng
v s lm ng ca chnh quyn a phng ni hng li ca d n.
- Trong qu trnh hot ng, Ban qun l khng thc hin ng, khng tun th ng
theo quy trnh k thut gy nn cc s c v khng hiu qu ca cc h thng.

3. nh gi tc ng ca cc h thng kt hp
Tiu ch v cc ch s nh gi cc cng ngh nng lng
Kha cnh

Tiu ch
Bo v mi trng

Sinh thi

Bo v ti nguyn
Gim ting n

Cc vn kinh t Cc vn x hi tng th
Kinh t - x
hi
Cc li ch ring
v kinh t- x hi
Chi ph v biu gi
thp
Bo dng
Cc vn
Kinh t c lp v kinh t
Tim nng tng lai

Cc ch s
T trng
Pht thi kh nh knh mi kWh
0,3
Pht thi cc cht nhim khng kh cho mi kWh
0,3
Tiu th cc ngun khng bn vng
0,3
nhim ting n
0,1
Kh nng thch ng v s ng thun
0,2
Kh nng tham gia v trao quyn
0,1
Tim nng pht trin kinh t
0,4
Tc dng vic lm
0,2
Tc ng n sc khe
0,1
Chi ph u t cho mt W
0,2
Chi ph cho sn xut cho mt kWh
0,3
Cc yu cu bo dng
0,25
Mc ph thuc nhp khu v mc t cung cp ca khu vc
0,1
An ninh cung cp
0,1
Mc ci thin kin thc
0,05

Vic nh gi h thng kt hp so vi cc gii php khc c thc hin vi mt b ch s

c th hin trong bng trn, c th so snh theo ba kha cnh ca pht trin bn vng, l: cc
vn sinh thi, kinh t-x hi v kinh t. B ch s ny c s dng tng hp cc thng tin

lin quan n nhau v mc bn vng ca h thng cho c ngi ra quyt nh v ngi c

hng li.
Vic phn tch tc ng h thng kt hp c thc hin trong iu kin tng i chung
chung. ng dng h thng kt hp trong thc t, cc tc ng v sinh thi v kinh t-x hi cn
phi c iu tra c th. T cc phn tch cho thy, kh nng cnh tranh v ti chnh vi cc gii
php in kh ha nng thn khng tp trung l mt vn ln, v liu h thng kt hp c thc
s tc ng tch cc n kha cnh sinh thi v kinh t - x hi hay khng, vic cn bng cc vn
ny t c mt h thng kt hp ti u l rt quan trng.
Nhng vn cn t ra l: H thng kt hp c phi l mt gii php bn vng cho in
kh ha nng thn? Nhng g thch hp cho cc h thng kt hp v trong trng hp no th
chng c thc hin?
Gii p cc vn ny, c hai kh nng khc nhau c th hin:
1 . Th nht, li th quan trng nht ca h thng kt hp so vi cc h thng khc l cung
cp mt tim nng pht trin kinh t. i vi khu vc tim nng c th pht trin sn xut, th mi
nn ng dng h thng kt hp cp in. Cn nhng khu vc nng thn, ni khng c nhu
cu pht trin sn xut v khng yu cu cp in lin tc, th h thng kt hp khng thc s
thch hp p dng v khng khai thc c trit tim nng ca h thng.
Tng mc u t cho h thng kt hp l kh cao v h thng kh phc tp, v vy h thng
kt hp c coi l khng ph hp cho xa i gim ngho cho nhng ngi ngho nht nh cc
h thng khc.
2 . Th hai, h thng kt hp quy m nh p dng cp in cho tng cm ph ti nh l
trm y t nng thn, cc trm bu chnh vin thng, khch sn, i vi mc ch ny, cht
lng in v n nh lin tc l li th ca h thng kt hp lm cn bng chi ph u t tng
i cao ca h thng.
Tnh bn vng l mt qu trnh ng, v th h thng kt hp c th khng m bo l
mt la chn bn vng cho in kh ha nng thn. Tnh bn vng phi c m bo bi vn
hnh h thng theo phng thc hot ng khp kn bn vng sau khi thc hin d n. t
c iu ny, cc yu t thnh cng quan trng trong vic tip cn mt d n in kh ha bn
vng vi h thng kt hp l: t chc ti chnh, s hu, vn hnh v bo dng, nh gi v qun
l nhu cu, xy dng nng lc.

4. Nhng xut ng dng

* i vi cc huyn o
i vi cc huyn o khu vc Bin ng c tim nng gi tt, dn c thng sng tp
trung th h thng kt hp tua bin gi + pin mt tri + my pht diesel + c quy cp in lin tc
24 gi/ngy c th c ng dng cp in cho cc o ln. V d nh cc o ln: Ph Qu
(Bnh Thun), L Sn (Qung Ngi), Bch Long V (Hi Phng), Cn C (Qung Tr).

i vi cc o nh, s dn t, dn c sng tp trung, khng c tim nng pht trin sn

xut, th h thng kt hp tua bin gi + pin mt tri + my pht diesel + c quy c th c ng
dng cp in khng lin tc theo cc gi cao im s dng in trong ngy.
i vi cc o nh nm khu vc vnh Thi Lan khng c tim nng gi, nhng c tim
nng NLMT cao, th h thng kt hp pin mt tri + my pht diesel + c quy c th c ng
dng cp in khng lin tc theo cc gi cao im s dng in trong ngy.
* i vi khu vc min ni
i vi khu vc min ni thng c tim nng v thu in nh, c tim nng pht trin
sn xut, dn c sng tp trung, th h thng kt hp pin mt tri + TN + c quy + my pht
diesel c ng dng cung cp in lin tc 24 gi/ngy p ng nhu cu sinh hot v sn xut
ca khu vc.
i vi khu vc min ni c tim nng v thu in nh, khng c tim nng pht trin
sn xut, dn c sng tp trung, nhu cu ph ti khng ln lm, d dng qun l vic cung cp
in, th h thng kt hp pin mt tri + TN + c quy cung cp in tp trung v ch cung cp
mt s gi cao m trong ngy.
i vi mt s khu vc c bit min ni c tim nng gi a hnh th c th khai thc h
thng kt hp tua bin gi + pin mt tri cp in cho khu dn c vng .
i vi khu vc khng c tim nng pht trin sn xut, dn c sng ri rc khng tp
trung, th gii php cp in NLTT quy m h gia nh c p dng (SHS, WHS, Biogas) tu
theo iu kin c th ca tng a phng.

6. Kt lun v kin ngh

T kt qu nghin cu iu tra, kho st v nh gi xc nh c cc nguyn nhn gy
ra s hot ng khng bn vng ca cc d n cp in bng cc ngun NLTT ng dng Vit
Nam. Cng t xc nh c cc yu t quan trng p dng thnh cng h thng kt hp
cc khu vc khng th ko li in nc ta, l cc vn v t chc vi quyt nh la chn
m hnh t chc qun l vn hnh ph hp v thc hin cc chng trnh bo dng bn vng; cc
vn v ti chnh nh vic iu tra s sn sng v kh nng chi tr cho cc dch v in, hoc
thc hin mt h thng biu gi ph hp vn ; Xy dng nng lc l iu kin cn thit to ra
cc c cu t chc ph hp cho s pht trin kinh t v s dng ng tim nng ca h thng kt
hp; nh gi nhu cu in hin nay v d bo tng lai, v kh nng p ng nhu cu vi tim
nng ca cc ngun NLTT thit k h thng cp in thch hp; cc yu t chnh tr, con ngi
v mt s kha cnh v k thut.
Trn c s nghin cu iu tra ny, chng ta cn nhn nhn li cch thc hin trin khai ng
dng h thng kt hp cc dng NLTT cp in cho cm dn c ngoi li in quc gia. Cn
phi nghin cu iu tra k lng a ra cc gii php ng nh: La chn cu hnh pht in,
m hnh qun l vn hnh bo dng, xy dng nng lc, vn ti chnh, k thut, nhn thc ca
ngi thc hin qun l d n v ngi hng li t d n..., v lp k hoch thc hin cc bc
cng vic xy dng v thc hin d n thnh cng.