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Noise Pollution and Its Control
Noise Pollution and Its Control
INTRODUCTION
• Noise pollution :-
Any unwanted sound that penetrates the environment is noise
pollution. In general noise pollution refers to any noise
irritating one’s ear which come from an external source.
Sources of noise pollution
Types of noise :-
Noise can be studied under two heading :-
(1) Environmental noise- this type of noise is introduced into
communication system and mainly includes cosmic noise and
atmospheric absorption noise.
Noise:-
• Air-borne noise -less power, long duration and confined near
the origin.
• Structure-borne noise-more power, short duration and
propagate over long distance.
Following measures may be taken for an effective control on
noise pollution:-
• Using ear protective aids.
• Proper designing of doors and windows.
• Improving in working methods.
• Tree planting.
• Providing enclosure.
• Use of silencers.
• Town planning.
• Treatment of walls, floors and ceilings.
• Through law.
Noise pollution control in India
• Proper Design
• Proper Equipment Operation
• Equipment Maintenance
Relates to :
• Sealed Acoustic guards
• Work according to design
• Proper installations
• Proper Settings
• Good support
• Additional sound control devices
The potential maintenance activities are :
• Maintain good dynamic balance
• Consider noise specification while buying new
components
• Use gradual transitions
• Improve Lubrication
• Correct Installation
• Reduce mechanical run out
Noise Reduction Along Sound Paths
Compensation claims
Decrease in productivity
Hearing protectors
Medical surveillance
Risk of accidents
MACHINE NOISE EXPOSURE LIMITS
– Hearing conservation
– Speech communication
Personal protective equipment
• Earplugs
• Earmuffs or Helmets
• Control at Source
• Control of transmission path
• Control at the receiver
Noise Control by Planning
• Techniques:
1. Unconstrained layer damping
2. Constrained layer damping
• Limitation:The efficiency falls off for thicker sheets
Vibration isolation
• Duration of exposure
• Employing the deaf
• Purchase specifications
• Developing the quieter products
PROPERTIES OF SOUND
SOUND
Frequency
The frequency of a sound indicates the number of cycles
performed in 1 s:
f =1/T Hz
where T is the period of one full cycle. The unit for
frequency is the hertz (Hz):
1 Hz = 1 cycle/sec
1000 Hz = 1 kilohertz = 1 kHz
Wavelength
The wavelength λ is equal to the distance the oscillations have
propagated in the time period T:
λ = cT = c/f
Speed
In a free field, sound propagates with the velocity c defined by:
c = 20.05√T (m/s)
where T is the temperature in Kelvin.
A simpler formula for the velocity of sound in air sufficiently
accurate at normal temperatures, 0–30ºC, is:
c = 331+0.6 T˛ (m/s)
where T˛ is the temperature in centigrade.
Pure Tone
A sound that contains only one frequency is a pure tone.
Pitch
Pitch represents the perceived fundamental frequency of a
sound.
Timbre
Timbre is the quality of a sound or tone that distinguishes
different types of sound production.
Loudness
Loudness is the quality of a sound that is the primary
psychological correlate of physical strength.
Sound Pressure
It is the pressure generated by a sound wave.
SOUND PRESSURE
Like SPL, Sound Power Level also exists over a wide range.
It is expressed using a logarithmic scale which is based on an
internationally selected sound power as a reference:
Lw = 10 log(W/W0) dB
where W0 is 10-12 Watts.
Loudness
Loudness is the human impression of the strength of a
sound.
The unit of Loudness is phons. It is equal to the sound
pressure level (in dB) reference to 20 μPa of an equally
loud 1000-Hz tone.
MECHANISM OF HEARING