Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Problems
Problems
Urban Climate
The annual mean temperature in urban area
is (higher / lower) than rural area.
Artificial heat sources e.g. air conditioner
Concrete surface can be heated up nore
quickly
Less heat loss through latent heat in
evapotranspiration
Greenhouse effect from the concentration
of CO2 and dust particles
Urban Climate
The relative humidity in urban area is
(higher / lower) than rural area.
The higher temperature lower the relative
humidity
Concrete surface and artificial drainage
system drain out most water. Less amount
of is moisture available.
Urban Climate
The occurrence of fog is (more / less)
frequent in urban area.
More dust particles as condensation nuclei
Temperature inversion due to pollution
Lower wind speed
Urban Climate
Amount of precipitation received in urban
area is (more / less).
More dust particles as condensation nuclei
Temperature inversion due to pollution
The high temperature in urban will form a
low pressure centre which brings convection
current.
Urban Climate
The mean wind speed is (higher / lower) in
urban area.
The tall buildings form barriers.
Buildings and streets create rugged relief
which will lead to turbulence
Urban Climate
The visibility in urban area is (higher /
lower) than rural area.
The presence of fog.
Concentration of dust particles
22
24
26
28
Support
More strict control is needed
Wider scope should be
covered
The government and large
companies should do more.
Green
Group
Businessman
Hydrograph
Discharge
Peak flow
Lag time
Time
Impact of urbanization on
hydrograph
Before
After
Urbanization Urbanization
Peak Flow
Lag Time
Major causes
Improper and insufficient land use and
transport planning
Mismanagement of transport facilities
Improper and insufficient land use control
Sudden surge of traffic demand due to inmigration
Lack of an inductive business environment
to promote transport improvement
Poverty and lack of fiscal ability for
transport improvement
Suggested Solution
build more roads to accommodate the
growing number of cars
increase the flow capacity of existing
roads by better management (e.g. 'tidal
flow' scheme that was once used by Lion
Rock Tunnel, or build flyovers that
separate pedestrians and cars);
improve public transport or give priority
to public transport(bus lane) so that
fewer people feel the need to drive
Suggested Solution
restrict the inefficient road users (e.g.
Singapore's policy to charge private cars
with less than 4 people inside when they
entre the C.B. D. during the rush hour);
control the number of private cars by
imposing high tax on owning a car;
reduce the number of parking space so as
to discourage people from driving into
some area (e.g. the beaches of Hong Kong
Island in summer);
Suggested Solution
encourage major employers to modify
their working hours;
land use control in newly developed area,
so that people need not travel long
distance to work or to school.
Ranking
A
1
2
3
4
5
Housing shortage
Overcrowding conditions
Poor sanitation
Environmental pollution
Fire hazard
Unaffordable rent / value
Social problems (family conflicts, mental
distresses, theft, crime, etc.)
Solutions
Developed Countries
Slum clearance
Developing Countries
Squatter clearance
Renewal/redevelopment
Birth control and family
planning
Rehabilitation