countable and uncountable ‘© most nouns add -s to form the plural © there are irregular nouns like man / men, knife | knives, life / lives, loaf / loaves, person / people, child / children, mouse | mice © some nouns like sheep, fish, aircraft do not normally add plural -s © some nouns are always plural and have no singular form: clothes (cloth is a material), belongings, congratulations, goods, stairs, surroundings, thanks ‘© many nouns are uncountable, and do not have plural -s, or have a different meaning when countable or uncountable. Uncountable nouns normally use a singular verb. countable trees uncountable electricity countable woods (small forests) uncountable wood (material) ‘@ many nouns have an uncountable general meaning, and a countable particular meaning which can have plural -s general Fev people are in favour of war. particular There have been several wars between the two countries. ‘® most uncountable nouns are things which we clearly cannot count. We use zero article, or some, Gas, liquid, material air water iron paper Grains ete rice sugar flour coffee Abstract ideas health time fun peace Feelings anger pity courage boredom Activit research Other common nouns which do not normally have plural -s, and use a singular verb: accommodation, advice, cash, clothing, equipment, experience, furniture, hair, information, knowledge, luggage, money, rubbish, scenery, traffic, weather, work ‘® note changes of meaning when uncountable nouns are used as countables with a / an (see Unit 31), and can have plurals The doctor had many years of experience (knowledge of life) Helen had a bad experience at lier lst school. (Something that happens to you) Many people here are looking for work. (jobs) This is @ work of 1926. (a work of art: a painting etc) Cam you buy a paper? (a newspaper) We had a good time lest night. (when you do something) There isa hae in my soup! (a single one) ‘Other countables with specific meaning: an iron ‘an object used to make clothes smooth a coffee, a beer ete a cup or glass etc of a liquid ‘© some uncountable nouns have a different countable word bread~a loaf luggage ~ a bag, 2 case ‘money ~ a note, a coin work - a job travel~a journey, a trip accommodation - a room, a flat etc ‘© many uncountable nouns have a scientific or technical use In countable form. Always use your dictionary to check which meaning is being used. ‘Sugars are also classitied by the number of carbons they contain, singular nouns ending in -s plural Some nouns end In a plural -s but have no singular, and have a singular verb, thenews mains elecrcity mathematics / physics / economics1 Underline the correct form. a There are more than a thousand sheep / sheeps on this farm. b Please accept my thunk / thanks for your beaut present. © Helen Is the only person / people 1 know with three cars. There are two knife / knives in the top drawer Alan hurt his leg when he fell down the stair / stairs, 2. Complete the sentence with a word from the li information iron travel wine advice hair Knowledge sale a Some doctors say that it is dangerous to put too uch Salt b Ifyou want to be an explorer, you have to enjoy «That's obvious. © Until the 19th century, ships were buill using different kinds of . 4 The body of an armaditio Is completely covered ‘on our toad. in e There organizations that give school leavers about careers. 3 Rewrite each sentence so it contains a word from the list. reece rubbish, thing scenery equipment weather 2 The students’ rooms were of a very high standard The students’ accommodation was of a very higa standard. b The rain and snow and high winds have been very bad this year. ‘The chairs and tables and cupboards are arrivi tomorrow. d ‘There are a tot of bottles aud bits of paper at the edge of the sports fleld. f Kate decided to change her style and bought new cloth / clothes 9) Paul found his belonging / belongings outside in the street. hh Would you like to try a chocolate mouse / mice? i World Airways has bought 20 new aircrajt / alrcrapts J We have already sent the good / goods you ordered, in either singular or plural form as necessary. You can use a word more than once. One word is not used. journey wood £ The first ctectric in the late 19th ure control. century, bad no temper ¢ In chemistry, solutions of are called electrolytes, h The throughout the world. | Discoveries made In physics in the 20th century have given us new in water of France are famous of the universe. j The Internet is a goud source of , though not all of It ts accurate. furniture work fe The new things we use cost a lot of money, so look after them. £ ‘The jobs in the factory were very difficult. 4g The mountains and lakes and rivers in country are very beautiful. fh Most of the coats and shirts and trousers were destroyed in the fire. @© countable and uncountable4 Choose the correct form, A or 8, to complete the sentence 2. Martin had some very strange. 8 _ when he stayed in the old castle. A experience B experiences b I've always enjoyed which is why I have worked abroad a tot A travel B jounuy © The teacher was upset at the children’s A behaviour B behaviours d_ Some people think that if they don't eat , they will lose weight. A bread 8 loaf The computer printer has run out of A paper B papers {In this part of the country, it isn’t easy to finn a A work B job 9. Can you take my A luggage 8 lnggages Kate i earning 4 lot of In her new job. A money B moneys upstairs, please? 5 Complete the sentence with a singular or a plural form of be. he news, is on Channel b These loaves really fresh. ¢ Ithink that maths the most difficult subject. The coffees you ordered on the table over there, € ‘The works of Shakespeare still popular. # Everyone says that money hard to come by these days. 9. The people | know all on holiday at the moment h The traffic ly terrible this evening,. 6 Answer the questions about the text below. Letters in the questions refer to the nouns lettered in the text. Energy is never created or destroyed you turn off a. light a the switch, b the room goes dark immedianely € Ui t doesn stay as light for ve long aftr Ieaving d the lamp, so the light in the room has to be continually replaced. What happens to the energy that leaves the lamp? The hot lannp loses energy to the SUFROUHGR fair — tht The light and infra-red h radiation ate abS@rbéd by the walls and other surfaces, All the encrgy from the lamp spreads out into the room, causing a very small I Almost all the energy that we take (vom SOURS such as j electricity, gas, CO and petrol ends up as k heat inthe in our surroundings buildings that we live in, the afr and the URGE. We cannot get this energy back very easily iis much easier 10 obiain more: energy from a fuel or electricity than to extract the energy from the air and the b grein tse Circle the correct answer. 2 alight (a) means Aight in general B.a lamp, something that m b light (©) means. A light in general 8 w lamp, something that m © Which of these nouns can we make plural? Atheroom(b) — Blight(©) —C the is carnied away hy a g Convection ewrrent, ‘causing them to warm up. mperature rise, wakes lighe makes light np (a) —_D the energy (e) Complete these sentences with a singular or plural form of one of the nouns in the text. 4 lover the country will fall rapidly tomorrow, the demand for ‘may cause power cuts In some places. e 1s made up of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and a number of other £ People in London reported seeing numbers of unusual believed they were UFOs, Make a list of nouns from this unit that are uncountable in English, but plural in your language. 2 Correct the errors in these sentences. Jane had her hairs cut last week. She looks fantastic: 'm looking for an accommodation near the college. Il give you an advice. If were you, | wouldn't take that job. ‘Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192. in the shy, and many g § ay, @ countable and uncountable1 Underline the correct word. [don’t like that coat. The / A colour is horrible, He doesn’t like going to see the / a dentist. She asked for the / a cup of coffee, hut she got tea instead. The / A laboratory is a place where scientific experhnents are done. I don't believe he’s the / a policeman, he looks too young! She is a / an intelligent woman, Twent to the / a bank today and they said 1 didn’t have any money! Who left the / a door open? A/ Anhotel is more expensive than a / an youth hostel. The / A filo starts at half past seven. oe Choose the correct form, A, B or C, to complete the sentence. a Ityou want to be healthier, think carefully about. @._ you eat. A food B the food Ca food b ifyoudon’t enjoy _, do something else. A the exenise Ban exercise Cerercise ¢ Try learning Aa new sport B new sport C the new sport d_ Sometimes the food you eat is less important than A fot you don't eat Ba foul you dow't eat ——C the fowl you don't eat Do you eat enough ? ‘A fruit and vegetables B the frult and vegerables C fruit and the vegetables? f There is a saying,‘ _a day keeps the doctor away.’ A The upple BA apple CAnapple 9 chocolate cake should only be eaten occasionally. A The piece of BPlece of CA piece of hh Stress also makes __ unhealthy. A the people B people Ca people i Ifyou've had ___, try and do something nice for yourself, A the bad day 8 bad day Cabadday You could visita friend or go to A cinema 8 the cinenna Cacinena @ articles (1)3 > Complete the text with a/ an or the. Hoaoa ooG o Business letter checklist Memo checklist 2 language used in p business letter tends to be formal eg'We regret a Tae word memo is short for memorondum 10 inform you araaree, note to help as a letterhead includes é reminder. {ull address and telephone number of s Ieis only used within d business and business. so there is no need for © ful external t adéress of u reclent —_ person you are sending it is also included in fll on v lefchand to, However. you might need to show side above w cate, ° internal office address. eg roe" Everything is left justified (stares at x ‘number and building. left-hand edge) except y letterhead. “There are usually just spaces for fy Lerters starting Dear Sir’ end in Yours fachflly’ names of the person sending and the person you stare with » name of the person rooehing | memo. However, coples MME | you are writing to,for example ‘Dear Mr Brown’ be sent to other people in | company you end | lester with "Yours sincerely’ Fe eaiencs: ne 2. dave and any reference umber ‘The subject Is clear from Ic heading are shown at 3 top of 4 an ext is brief fetear, “There is no format signature. Sometimes ‘originator will sign their name I eee ————— bottom. m freehand at 9 Energy = waves are sibratioHs that transfer energy from place to place without b “ARAKEER (soli, liquid or gats) being RBTASERRED. For example, think of < #, Mexican wave in d crowd ate football match, wave moves around g stadium, vhile each spectator stays in their seat, only moving up then down when its thei 8, Some waves must travel rough hy substance, This substance t known as i ‘medium, and it ean be solid, liquid or gas. j sound waves and “Se1SHHE waves are like this. As the waves travel through it, Ke medium vibrates Other waves do tot need (6 travel trough | substaare. They may be able 10 travel through m medium, but they do not have to. visible light, iBIFRFER cays, and ABRGROWARES are like this. They can travel through © emp SPE: ay Qs,