0 = 1

90 = 0
180 = 1
270 = 0
360 = 1

0 = 0
90 = 1
180 = 0

270 = -1
360 = 0
30 = 60 = 1 / 2

2 = ( + ) + ( - )
2 = ( - ) + ( + )
2 = ( - ) - ( + )

60 = 30 = 3 / 2

a+b
ab
+ b = 2

2
2
a b
a+b
b = 2

2
2
a+b
a b
+ b = 2

2
2
a b
a+b
b = 2

2
2

45 = 45 = 2 / 2

= 1
2 x + 2 x = 1
2 x = 1 2 x
2 x = 1 2 x
=

1 + 2 =

1 + 2 =

2
=
1 + 2
2

& RAD

180

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( ) =
( ) =
( ) =
( ) =

(2 ) =
(2 ) =
(2 ) =
(2 ) =

( / 2 + ) =
( / 2 + ) =
( / 2 ) =
( / 2 + ) =
( / 2 ) =
( / 2 + ) =
( / 2 ) =

( / 2 ) =
( + ) =
( + ) = ( ) =
( + ) =
( ) =
( + ) =
( ) =
( ) =
(3 / 2 + ) =
(3 / 2 + ) =
(3 / 2 + ) =
(3 / 2 + ) =
(3 / 2 ) =
(3 / 2 ) =
(3 / 2 ) =
(3 / 2 ) =
(2 + ) =
(2 + ) =
(2 + ) =
(2 + ) = ,

= 2 +
=
= 2 +
= = 2
= = +
= = + ,

f ( ) =
Cf (0,0)

f ( ) =
Cf

f ( ) =
Cf (0,0)

f ( ) = & f ( ) =
, > 0

Max =
Min = -
2
=

( ) = +
( + ) =
( ) =
( + ) = +
+
( + ) =
1 +

( ) =
1 +
1
( + ) =
+
+ 1
( ) =


2

2 = 2
2 = 2 a 2 a
2 = 2 2 a 1
2 = 1 2 2 a
1 2
2
2 a =
2 =
2
1 + 2
1 a
3 = 3 4 3 a
3 = 4 3 a 3
2 =
2 a =

2
1 + 2 a

2 =

1 2 a
1 + 2 a

1 2
1 + 2
2 a =
2
2