-

*
**
,

UDC 726.591.033(497.11 Studenica)

94(497.11)653
DOI 10.2298/ZOG1236047R

.
,

,

.
a
(1208/1209), ,

-.


.
: , , , ,
, , ,
This paper deals with the bearings of the structure preserved
in the floor beside the southwestern support of the dome in
the Studenica katholikon, and on the dado rail of that pilaster. From the appearance of the bearings, their position
in the space, and the writer Theodosius account describing the place where the grand upan Stefan Nemanji stood
during the liturgy, the author concludes that this refers to
the bearings of the rulers throne, which had a loggia-like
form. A series of features indicates that the installation was
prepared before the painting of the main church and then
installed afterwards. The text on the scroll of Saint Sabas
the Sanctified testifies that it influenced the concept of the
neighbouring fresco-ornament. Written sources (from the
thirteenth and fourteenth century) maintain that the idea in
the fresco painters mind was the role of the principle of
ascetism in medieval images of the ideal monarch.
Key words: rulers throne, thrones of the heugomenos,
throne programme, ruler and asceticism, grand upan
Stefan Nemanji, Sabas Nemanji, Middle Ages, monastery
Studenica

, :
, IV

.

,
.1
, .
, ,

, , ,
,
,
.2 ,

.3 ,
.4 ,
, . ,
,
*
(: 177036),
,
** milanradujko@yahoo.com
1

cf. F. Dvornik, Early Christian and Byzantine political philosophy: origins and background, Washington 1966, 610850. G. Dagron, Empereur et
prtre. tude sur le csaropapisme byzantin, Paris 1995, 106140, 290
315. , ,
P. E. Schramm, Herrschaftszeichen und Staatssymbolik I, Stuttgart 1954,
316369; III, 1956, 928939.
2

: Dagron, op. cit., 106140.

G. P. Mjeska, The
Emperor in his Church: Imperial Ritual in the Church of St. Sophia, in:
Byzantine Court Culture from 829 to 1204, ed. H. Maguire, Washington
1997, 111, C. Jolivet-Lvy, Prsence et figures du souverain SainteSophie de Constantinople et lglise de la Sainte-Croix dAghtamar, in:
ibid., 231246 ( ).
3
cf. . . ,
BYZANTINA: , , . II:
. IXX .,
1893; . III:
, 1906, s. v.
4
Schramm, loc. cit.

47

 36 (2012) [4764]

. 1. , ,

( . )
Fig. 1. Studenica, main church, domed bay, plan of the southwest
corner with holes cut in the floor (drawing by G. Toli)

( , , .),5

.6
,
III
.7
, .
III
, ,


.8
.
IV,
,9
, ,
.
.
IV,
,
, ,
,
, .
, 48 ,

. 2. , ,

Fig. 2. Studenica, main church, floor around the southwest domesupporting pilaster

- .
, ,
, , . .10 ,
, , ( ), ( )
( ).11
, ,
(. 1). , , . , ,12 5
. , ,
12 (1988) 1323; eadem, ,
, , 5354 (19871988) 2130; eadem, , ,
44 (1998) 7787; eadem,
. , 6 (2005) 914.
6
. , , in: , ed. . . ,
1995, 301306; idem, , 28 (2000
2001) 5588; idem,
, 11 (2010) 6784.
7
. . . , , 1976,
135136 ( cf. , 1987, 342).
8
cf. ,
. v. n. 5.
9
Ibid.
10
. -, . ,
I. , 1986,
109, . 18.
11
Ibid.; . -,
, in: .
, 1986, 167168; . , , in: ibid., 162163; eadem,
, 1993, 31.
12
, ,
, ( 1 2). , ,
, , je ,

 .: -

. 3. , ,

Fig. 3a. Studenica, main church, infill in the east hole next
to the southwest dome-supporting pilaster

. 3. , ,

Fig. 3b. Studenica, main church, infill in the hole next
to the southwest dome-supporting pilaster

. 3. , ,

Fig. 3v. Studenica, main church, north hole for fixing the
construction abutting the southwest dome-supporting pilaster

. 3. , ,

Fig. 3g. Studenica, main church, west hole next
to the southwest dome-supporting pilaster

,
(74 65, 5 cm).
, ,
, ,
, , ,
(1208/1209)

,13
. , , ,

.14

-

.
,
.
13
, : .
(. , . -, . , . , . ,
, 1986, 222, n. 80a) (
); . ,
, 302 (
); . . , , -

455/3 (1995) 491498 (

); .
, y y , 29 (1997) 3545 ( , ); . ,
, 2008 ( )
295296 (
).
14
.

49

 36 (2012) [4764]

. 4.
( . )
Fig. 4. Presumed method of fixing the construction abutting
the southwest pilaster to the church floor (drawing by G. Toli)

(. 1 2). ,
,15 , ,
. , . :

,
.
(2,8 cm), ,
(. 2). , 77 cm
89 cm , (. 2),
(6 7 cm)
.
(6 8 cm)
, 80 cm .
, (. 2), . , , .16
, .
XIX ,
.17
. , ,
. , ,
,
, .18
,
, ;

, ,
,
. (. 2)
:
, 46 cm , (9 6 cm)
, , ,
.19
? , ,
.
50 , -

.
, , ,
, .
(. 4)
,
. : , , (. 5),

.20 , ,
,
, , .
.21
,
,

.
,
. ,
. ,
.22
,
( 1, 2 4).
. , .
, -
, 1113 cm.
15
.
(v. infra) ,
.
16
,
. . .
, .
, .
.
17
.
18
,
.
19
, , :
.
20
, .
, , 45%.
21
, , P. Eames, Furniture in
England, France and the Netherlands from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, London 1977, 181214 ( ).
22
, . ,
. Cf. . -,
XIII II. , 1995, . 121.

 .: -

. 5. , , :
) , )
Fig. 5. Studenica, main church, southwest dome-supporting pilaster, dado facing:
) view from above; b) view from below

.23
, (1415 cm).24 ,
, . ,
. , .25
,
, , , .26

(. 6),
, (1551),
(. 7).27
.

.28
,
. .
.
,

.
,
, .


,
(. 6). ,

.
23

, , 7375.

cf. n. 27.
Ibid., 73.
Idem, , 123147.
26
, ,
. , ,
, ,
, .
27
v. -, loc. cit.
. ,
. , 2728
(19951996) 95121. : , , 142. (
: ,
in: e. , ed. .
, . , 2011, 125141) . cf. . . , .
500- , 1979,
30, . 17.
28
,
: , , 138142.
24
25

51

 36 (2012) [4764]

:
, .
,
, .34 35
, , , . , ,
. ,

.36
, , , ,
,

, , .37

. , ,

.38 , Ibid., 137138 .
(. 6) (.
7) (, loc. cit.).
31

, , ,
. , 49 cm ,
.
, ,
,
, .

,
, .
32
. , op. cit., 95120, . 911 20.
33
, . ,
, (, loc. cit.),
, , ,
, .
34
, .
,
; ,
, , .
35
.
,
. , , - ,
, , .
36
, ,
302; idem, , 7282.
37
cf. idem, , 7179.
.
38
, , 7577.
, ,
(ibid., 7677)
,
.

, ,
29
30

. 6. ,
, ( . )
Fig. 6. Bishops throne at the Holy Apostles, Patriarchate of Pe,
detail (photo S. Vulovi)

, , ,
,29
. , ,
,
. 30 ,
.
,31
. ,
, 160 cm, (125 cm)
. ,
97 cm.32
, , (. 7),
.33 , , ,
:
( 75 cm), (1 m), .

, ,
,
. 52 ,

 .: -

. , ,
, , (
),42
( ) 43
:
, , ()

. .44 , ,

IV.45 :

,
?
, .46 ,



( 8, 15 16).

. 7. ,
( . )
Fig. 7. Moscow Kremlin, Cathedral of the Ascension,
Sviatitelskoe mesto (after: I. M. Sokolova)

, , , XIII ,
.
,
(1210),39
:
(blizq prypodobnago wtqca groba prydqstoe), ,
, ,
,
1217/1218,
,
, , , samodrq/cou sQnou
ou groba wtq;a prydqstoe[ta.40 ,
,
, . , ,

, .
,
.41
13. -

. ,

XIV ,
.
39
1210. ,
: . ,
, 2008, 129.
40
, , ed. . ,
. . , 1973, 87 122. v. , , . . , red. .
, 1984, 88 119.
41
V. n. 13. o infra.
42
: . , .
y , in: , 185189, . -, , in: ibid., n. 25, 191195.
: , -, , , ,
, loc. cit. (. ); 13.
,

.
: , ,
8586.
43
J. Thomas, A. Constantinides Hero, Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents III, Washington 2001, 1211, 1219, 1259, 1267.
cf. , op. cit., 8384, n. 215.
44
. ,
ed. . , 1994, 7375. :
privodit ego kq pr(y)s(ve)tiyi .. i vqzem stapu Iako i otq rouke same prysvetiyi
.. i ved postavitq ego na igoumenskomq mysty.
45
, , 72 (
IV ), 77. ,
, ,
(Mjeska, loc. cit.; Jolivet-Lvy, loc.
cit.; , loc. cit.).
46

. ,
,
, , cf. , , 7282. . . (

53

 36 (2012) [4764]

. 8.
,
( . )
Fig. 8. Isometric view of the liturgical furniture in the southwest
corner of the domed bay, ideal reconstruction
(drawing by G. Toli)

54

,
, ,
,
.47 , , .48
, ,
,
.
, .
.49 (. 8) , ,
.
.50
, ,
.

, ,

. , , ,
( 9 10) (7,4 4,6 cm).
; (r 4,6 cm),

(. 11). (28,7)
(2,3 cm), ,
( 12 12).
, , (8,7
cm)
(. 13), .

. .51
. . ,
, , . ,
, .
. ,
, .
, -
(46,6 cm 41 cm ),
(. 14),
, , (
12 12).

, (68 cm),
.

(. 8).52
, in: . , ed. . .
, 1979, 248, n. 17) , , ,
, .
47
V. infra.
48
, ,
. , , .
49

,
, ,
.
,
, ,
II (,
, 147150).
50

: ,
.
51
. -, . .
A, 2007, 6970.
52
H. Michaelis, Der Thronbaldachin (Zum Verstndnis eines
Herrschersymbols), Berliner Byzantinische Arbeiten 5 (1957) 110119;
A. Alfldi, Die Geschichte des Throntabernakls, La nouvelle Clio 12
(19491950) 537566.
.

 .: -

. 9. , ,

Fig. 9. Studenica, main church, southwest dome-supporting
pilaster, dado rail

. 10. , , ,

Fig. 10. Studenica, main church, southwest dome-supporting
pilaster, socket in the dado rail

. , , .
,
,
.53
.

54
.

. ,
,
.
-

, po inihq crqkvahq
55 .
IV 1334. 1343,
1335. ,
, , .56
,
, ,
, 1210. ,
. .
, , ,
, .
,
IV ,57 ( 1183)

, (v. n.
27). .
53
V. supra.
54
. , , . , ,
,
.
. , ,
. , , ,
,
20 m. , , .
, ,
(. 13) , ,
, .
55
Cf. n. 7.
56
V. supra, n. 28.

57
, , 7981.
.
(n. 40)
, XIII ,
,
. ,
, ,
, (1208/1209). ,
, (
) , (v. infra).

(v. n. 28).
,
,
,
XIII .

, ,
.

IV

55

 36 (2012) [4764]

. 11.

( . )
Fig. 11. Section through the dado rail and southwest pilaster with
the connection of the presumed console and the wall
(drawing by G. Toli)

1335. .58 ,

, , ,
.59 ,
. -
, ,
.60 ,
,
,
,

(1208/1209). ,
, .
. ,
, ,
( 1183. 1196)
(12021204), .

,
( 1207). ,
, 56 , ,

. 61 ,
,
,
,
.62

,

( 1209):
, ,
, .63
,
, .

1207. 1209.
.
,
,
,
.

, .
XIII ,
64

, X
( , )
,
. ,

.
, ,
,
. , ,
IV.
58
cf. . , . , .
, , 1986, 1013 (. ), 24 (. );
: , loc. cit.
59
(1314) . ,
, .
,
(v. infra).
60
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
- .

,
, ,
.
61

, XIII .
,
, .
62
, op. cit., 113114, 129130.
63
V. n. 41 infra ( ).
64
, , 5588.

 .: -

. 12a. , ,
,
Fig. 12a. Studenica, main church, dado rail of the southwest
dome-supporting pilaster, east corner

. 12. , ,
,
Fig. 12b. Studenica, main church, dado rail of the southwest
dome-supporting pilaster, east corner

,
XVI , ,65
. ,
. ,
,
66
.

,
, ,
,
,
, , .67
, , ,
, , ,
.68 ,69 ,
,
.70 , ,
(1196),
.71
,
, , ,

.
,72

,

.73 ,

1221. 1208/1209. ,

.74

65
: W. Djobadze, The Donor Reliefs and the Date of
the Church at Oki, BZ 69/1 (1976) 3962;
: . . ,
. , 2001, 67 et passim, . . 8.
66
P. E. Schramm, Lo stato post-carolingo e i suoi simboli del potere, Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sullalto medioevo 2
(Spoleto 1955) 163168; J. M. Bak, Medieval Symbology of the State: Percy E. Schramms Contribution, Viator 4 (1973) 3363; ,
, passim.
: idem, ,
147150 ( e ).
67
:
Lj. Maksimovi, Lidologie du souverain dans lEtat serbe et la construction
de Studenica, in: 1200. ,
ed. . , 1988, 4445 (. ,
y ,
, in: idem, , 2009, 113131),
. . , , in:
, ed. . . , 1988, 1519.
68

cf. . , ,
XLII ( 1933) 7489, ,
, 2130; . -,
XIII XV , 1994, 99186.
69
, op. cit., passim; , op. cit., passim.
70

: , op. cit., 2224, , op. cit., 5562, n. 9
( e ).
71
, op. cit., 5659; idem,
: , , - , in:
II, ed. . , . , . , 2012, 252283.
72
, op. cit., 133.
73
-, op. cit., 96; ,
, 6162.
74
12. 13. (7375),

. Cf. , op. cit., 123124. ,
: , op. cit., 114, n. 356.

57

 36 (2012) [4764]

. 13. , ,

Fig. 13. Studenica, main church, dado rail of the southwest
dome-supporting pilaster

: II, ,

,
. ,
, ,
.75 , , ,


, . , ,
.

, , , , , ,
( 15 16).76
,

, .77


, ,
,
. ,78
, , .
, II
,79

58 ,

. 14. , ,
,
Fig. 14. Studenica, main church, domed bay, southwest pilaster,
dado rail on the north face of the east corner support

.80
. ,

II
, ,
:
,

75
H. Beumann, Grab und Thron Karls des Groen zu Aachen, in:
Karl der Grosse. Lebenswerk und Nachleben IV. Das Nachleben, ed. W.
Braunfels, P. E. Schramm, Dsseldorf 1967, 2831.
76

: ,
, 493496. :
, , 41, n. 44 45.
77
.
, y 1209. , 2 (1967) 67.
, (, op. cit., 39, n. 24 25). V. ,
loc. cit. : . , , in:
idem, , 1975, 8386, n. 3; idem,
, in: idem,
, 1990, 257, 4957.
78

, .
C. Jolivet-Lvy, op. cit., 231236.
cf. , , 295298. , ,

(Jolivet-Lvy, loc. cit.).
79
: Jolivet-Lvy, loc. cit.
: .
, .
, 2 (1951) 81 86.
80

,
: V. J. Djuri, Le nouveau Joasaph, C 33 (1985)
99109. cf. . . , , 33 (1993)
159166.
: . , , 2006, 238240.

 .: -

. 15.
,
( . )
Fig. 15. Front view of the liturgical furniture in the southwest
corner of the domed bay, ideal reconstruction
(drawing by G. Toli)

. 16.
,
( . )
Fig. 16. Side view of the liturgical furniture in the southwest
corner of the domed bay, ideal reconstruction
(drawing by G. Toli)

-.81

, , , : ,
,

.
, (. 16) ,
, ,
.82 ,
,
, .
: vxistinM soueta vsa;xska] /itie bo
synq i sonq ni;to\e metetx se vsakx zamxlnQ i egda i vsx mirx
priwb<rytem>x togda i vx grobx vcselimx se (. 17).83
,
, ,
.84 .

85 :

, 9. 1207.
.86

81
II,
. , red. . , . , 1988,
142143.
,
, , , ,

.
82
. . ,
, in:
, 1987, 171182 [= idem,
, 2008, 171182 ( )].
83
Idem, , in: , 197200,
T. I, 3.
84
Idem, , 173, 177178 et
passim ( v. n. 63).
85
Ibid., 178 sq.
86
:
, , 2631.
, 19.
. Cf.

59

 36 (2012) [4764]

(. 1, 2,
. 5, 7, . 6, 12),
(
)
. ,
,
ithron, , IV
.89
( ),
, :
,
,
(tob),
.90
,
.

.

, , . ,
, (1199. 1208. ) ,
: ,

, .91
, ,
,
.

. 17. ,

Fig. 17. Scroll of St Sabas the Sanctified, north face
of the southwest dome-supporting pilaster

,
, .87
, , . ,
, 88
,
60 .

. , ,
in: , 175. :
. , y ,
2425 (1986) 437442.
87
, op. cit., 187 sq.
88
Ibid., 172, 182.
89
: . , ,
, 1894 (repr.
2002), 30, 7377; D. Rudman, A contextual reading of Ecclesiastes 4:13
16, Journal of Biblical Literature 116/1 (1997) 5773.
cf. M. V. Fox, What Happens in Qohelet 4:1316, Journal
of Hebrew Scriptures 1 (1997), .
90
V. . ,

cf. . . , , 1998, 70 sq.
91
, , red. . ,
1998, 3132, 85; , , red. . , . , 1999, 67, 49; ,
, . . , red. .
, 1988, 8081; , op. cit., 34, 36.
(v. )
cf. . , . ,
37 (1998) (= eadem, .
, 2006, 2740). Cf.
, op. cit., 187 sq.

 .: -

.92

. ,
.93 ,
, . , ,

,
, 25. 1196. ,
: ,
.94
, , .95
, ithron
tob, ,

1196. . , , ,
,
,
.96

, ,
.97 XII , , ,
.98

, . , ,
:
,
tob
. , , -

, ,
, ,
.
. ,

,
.


. .
,99 ,
.
.
,
,
,
.100
.
, ( 25, 113) , ,
.
: , , ,
,
, ,
.101 ,
.102
( 25, 6),

92
, ,
:
;edo iwasafe wstavi tlynoe c(a)r(q)stvo i preimx krstx posledMi h(ri)s(t)M i (se)
vsa wstavitx i vxl(a)dxstvou} vl(a)d(Q)cy h(ri)s(t). Cf. , , . II.
. ,
, 180, n. 69.
cf. n. 80.
93
(op.
cit., 37, 159)
: , ,
. , , ;
.
94
, . , 1983, 162, 182, 225.
95
,
e n. 80 91, cf. . -,
, 1997, 274286; , op. cit., 5458
( ); , , loc. cit. ( ).


.
. , ,

, , . (1, 12
1,1), , . ,
( ),
(cf. n. 89). ,
, , a (= )
.
, ,
( ) ,
.
96
, op. cit., 139.
97
:
-, loc. cit.; cf. ,
loc. cit.
98
V. supra, n. 89 91.
99
G. W. Bowersock, From Emperor
to Bishop: the Self-Conscious Transformation of Political Power in the
Fourth Century A.D., Classical Philology 81 (1986) 298307, H. Hunger,
Prooimion. Elemente der byzantinischen Kaiseridee in den Arengen der
Urkunden, Wien 1964, 49 ff.
100
, , 247263, 295298.
101
. . , . , II,
1941, 102103, . XIV (. . ); ,
, 305306; . , . -, , 2005, 380, 384, 424 (. ).
102
B. Brenk, Tradition und Neuerung in der christlichen Kunst des
ersten Jahrtausends. Studien zur Geschichte des Weltgerichsbildes, Graz
WienKln 1966, 5154.

61

 36 (2012) [4764]

, .103

, ,

:
( 25, 6) .
.104
.
,
. ,
, , ,
, .
.

,
, , , .
,
.
, .

- .

,
, , , , ,
,
.


.
,
1207.
,
,
, .



, ,
.
103
Romanos le Mlode, Hymnes, III, ed. J. Grosdidier de Matons,
Paris 1965, 335;
: Z. Gavrilovi, Divine Wisdom as Part of Byzantine Imperial
Ideology, 11 (1980) 5052.
104
, , 49.

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(19491950) 537566.
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, red. . , . , 1988 (Arhiepiskop Danilo II, ivoti kraljeva i arhiepiskopa srpskih. Slube, red. G.
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., 1893; . III: ,
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Traces of the throne of grand upan Stefan Nemanji and the fresco
decoration of the main church of the monastery of Studenica
Milan Radujko

The subjects of this paper are the bases of a structure

which are preserved in the floor next to the south-western support of the dome of the katholikon in the monastery of Studenica and on the garland of skirting on this same pilaster. The
first group consists of four indentations, approximately square
or rectangular in shape, cut into the floor slabs so that they form
a rectangle oriented towards the east, and the other two cuts,
one in the form of a base (in the middle) and the other in the
form of a notch (eastern half), made on the garland of the northern side of the pilaster. Proceeding from the positions of the
bases and a line by Theodosius, in which the author of the Life
of St. Sava of Serbia, when describing two events in connection
with the miracle of myrrh flowing out of the grave of the venerable Simeon (Nemanja), wrote that the grand upan Stefan
Nemanji stood close to the grave of his venerable father in
other words in the front near his fathers grave, the author
concluded that these were the bases of the rulers throne. The
appearance of the bases and their position served as the starting
point for the reconstruction of the rulers place in the form of
a lodge, which was confirmed in medieval Serbia in the equipment of the throne of the arch-hierarchs (Holy Apostles in Pe,
St. Barbara at Reljina Gradina near Novi Pazar, and probably
Djurdjevi Stupovi near Berane). The relation of the bases in the
floor and of those on the garland permitted the designing of a
special structure above the rulers throne, as well as above the
seat of the heugomen of Studenica. A series of details collected
by observing the garland of the marble plating and fresco mortar above it tells us that the installation was prepared before the
painting of the main church (1208/1209) and put in place after
it. In Serbia, church thrones of church and state dignitaries stood
in front (to the east) of the western pair of pilasters (Patriarchate
of Pe, Deani). Thus, special attention was paid to the quest
for the reasons why the rulers throne in Studenica was located
in a position in which it is not found elsewhere, to the side of the

64

seat of the hegoumenos of Studenica, located in literature next

to the eastern side of the pilaster, especially because the pilaster
is in the place where it is usually found. The author is prone to
interpreting the unusual positioning of the thrones of the ruler
and of the hegoumenos one next to the other, in light of the
conviction that the superior of Studenica, at the time when the
throne of the grand upan Stefan was carved, was his brother,
Archimandrite Sava Nemanji, and of the testimonies of that
time about the relation of the sons of Stefan Nemanja as the
relation of the state and church, in light of the theory of diarchy.
An additional reason was found in the circumstance that Stefan
and Sava were referred to as co-rulers.
The other half of the paper is dedicated to the text on
the scroll of St. Sabas the Sanctified, depicted on the northern side of the pilaster, directly above the throne. Unlike the
interpretations so far, which placed emphasis on the close
proximity between the figure of St. Sabas and the grave of
Simeon Nemanja (neighbouring, western bay), the author of
the paper believes that the decisions of the author, besides
the grave, were influenced by the proximity of the throne.
The author of the paper has found grounds for this, on the
one hand, in the place the funeral stichera and the ideas incorporated into it at the end of the twelfth and the start of the
thirteenth century occupied in the ideology of the Serbian
rulers, in the notion of the monk ruler as the ideal ruler and,
on the other, in the fact that this notion had a very important
place in Studenica also in the programme next to the throne
of Archimandrite Sava. Bearing in mind the latter, the author, finally, concluded that the throne programme from
the first zone of the south-western pilaster beneath the dome
(Mother of God of Studenica and St. Barlaam, Joasaph and
Sabas the Sanctified) did not refer only to the seat of Archimandrite Sava, as is believed, but also to the thrones of the
heugomenos and of the ruler.