Gramatika

engleskog
jezika

- sadraj 1.
2.
3.
4.

Alfabet
Brojevi
lan
Glagoli
4.1.
Pomoni glagoli
Glagol "to be"
Glagol "to do"
Glagol "to have"
4.2.
Bezlini glagoli
4.3.
Direktni i indirektni govor
4.4.
Frazalni glagoli
4.5.
Frazalni prijedloni glagoli
4.6.
Klauze
4.7.
Kondicionali
4.8.
Nepotpuni glagoli
4.9.
Pasiv
4.10. Povratni glagoli
4.11. Pravilni i nepravilni glagoli
4.12. Prelazni i neprelazni glagoli
4.13. Prijedloni glagoli
4.14. Slaganje vremena
4.15. "-ing" oblici
4.16. Present Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous
4.17. Past Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous
4.18. Future Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous
5. Imenice
5.1.
Mnoina imenica
5.2.
Pade imenica
5.3.
Rod imenica
6. Pisanje velikih slova
7. Pridjevi
8. Prijedlozi
9. Prilozi
10. Prefiksi
11. Sufiksi
12. Uzvici
13. Veznici
14. Zamjenice
15. Znaci interpunkcije
16. Znaaj i historija engleskog jezika

1. ALFABET
A, a
B, b
C, c
D, d
E, e
F, f
G, g
H, h
I, i
J, j
K, k
L, l
M, m

(ei:)
(bi:)
(si:)
(di:)
(i:)
(ef)
(di:)
(ei)
(ai)
(dei)
(kei)
(el)
(em)

N, n
O, o
P, p
Q, q
R, r
S, s
T, t
U, u
V, v
W, w
X, x
Y, y
Z, z

(en)
(o:)
(pi:)
(kju:)
(a:)
(es:)
(ti:)
(ju:)
(vi:)
(dabl ju)
(eks)
(uai)
(zi, zed)

2. BROJEVI
Brojevi mogu biti:
glavni (cardinals)
redni (ordinals)
diobni (fractional numerals)
brojevi za ponavljanje (repeating numerals)
brojevi za umnoavanje (multiplicatives)
broj nula (zero)
Glavni brojevi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen

19
20
21
22
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
101
200
1000
2000
1.000.000
2.000.000

nineteen
twenty
twenty one
twenty two etc.
thirty
fourty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
a hundred
a hundred and one
two hundred
a thousand
two thousand
a million
two million

Kao to se vidi, brojevi izmeu 13 i 20 obrazuju se kada se broju prve desetine doda sufiks "teen",
izuzev nekih manjih izuzetaka (thirteen umjesto threeteen i fifteen umjesto fiveteen). Brojevi
desetica obrazuju se na slian nain, dodavanjem sufiksa "ty".
Brojevi koji imaju desetice i jedinice prave se kao i u naem jeziku:
25 - twenty five, 71 - seventy one.
Mogu se i jedinice, ali samo za brojeve ispod 40, staviti na prvo mjesto i vezati pomou "and" sa
deseticama:
24 - four and twenty.
Rijei hundred i thousand poslije kojih dolazi manji broj od stotinu, vezuju se veznikom "and":
328 - three hundred and twenty eight
3.020 - three thousand and twenty.
Hundred i thousand dobijaju "s" u mnoini kada se javljaju kao imenice:
hundreds of men, thousands of insects. (stotine ljudi, hiljade insekata)
"One" ima mnoinu koja glasi "ones" i upotrebljava se kao imenica, najee da bi se izbjeglo
ponavljanje imenice u reenici:
Black gloves are stronger than white ones. (crne rukavice su jae od bijelih)
Redni brojevi
Prva tri redna broja se tvore nepravilno:
first (prvi), second (drugi) i third (trei). Svi ostali redni brojevi prave se dodavanjem
nastavka "th" na glavne brojeve:
seventh (sedmi), tenth (deseti), sixteenth (esnaesti), ninetieth (devedeseti), thousandth (hiljaditi)
etc.
Slova "ve" kod five postaju slovo "f" kod fifth (peti), fifteenth (petnaesti) i fiftieth (pedeseti). Isto
tako kod twelve se mijenja u twelfth.
Nine u rednom broju gubi krajnje "-e": nine - ninth.
Kod desetica krajnje "y" mijenja se u "ie" pred nastavkom "th": thirtieth (trideseti).
Kod sastavljenih rijei nastavak dobijaju samo jedinice: twenty-fourth (dvadeset etvrti).
Redni brojevi se upotrebljavaju umjesto glavnih za oznaavanje:
datuma mjeseca: the nineteenth of May (devetnaesti Maj);
rodoslovlje vladara: Henry the Sixth (Henry VI)
poglavlja u knjizi: chapter the tenth (glava deseta);
poslije rijei every, kao to su izrazi: every third day (svakog desetog mjeseca).
Razlomci u nazivniku imaju redni broj:
4/5 - four fifths
3/10 - three tenths
Razlika je jedino kod 1/2 - one half i 1/4 - one quarter ili a quarter,
3/4 - three quarters.
Redni brojevi dobijaju odreeni lan the.
the first class (prvi razred).

Diobni brojevi
Izuzev broja half (pola) svi diobni brojevi jednaki su sa rednim brojevima.
U mnoini dobijaju nastavak "s": four sevenths (etiri sedmice).
Iza half dolazi "a" ispred imenice: half a loaf (polovina hljeba).
Poslije broja, izraza i po (i polovina) prevodi se sa "and a half":
two leagues and a half (dvije i po milje).
Brojevi za ponavljanje
Brojevi za ponavljanje prave se pomou rijei "times": four times (etiri puta),
twenty times (dvadeset puta). Izuzetak: once (jedanput), twice (dva puta),
thrice (tri puta) zadrali su se jo u poeziji, inae su zastarjeli.
Brojevi za umnoavanje
Brojevi za umnoavanje prave se dodavanjem nastavka "fold" na glavne brojeve:
fourfold (etverostruk).
Izuzetak je broj "twofold" koji se moe izraziti jo rijeju double (dvostruk).
Broj nula
Nula se u engleskom jeziku kae naught ili zero:
seven degrees below zero (sedam stepeni ispod nule)
206 - two naught six
U telefonskim brojevima nula se izgovara kao glas "o" (ou):
32-049 - three two o four nine.

3. ODREENI I NEODREENI LAN

U engleskom jeziku postoje odreeni i neodreeni lan.
Odreeni lan je the. On je nepromjenljiv: the man, the woman, the house.
Neodreeni lan je a ili an,
a koristimo ispred suglasnika: a chair, a university, a year;
an koristimo ispred samoglasnika: an hour, an apple, an elephant itd.
Da bi ste odredili koji, i da li upotrijebiti lan postavite sebi nekoliko pitanja:
1. Da li va italac zna o kome ili o emu govorite?
da
ne
preite na sledee
koristite the
pitanje
2. Da li je imenica u jednini ili mnoini?
jednini
preite na sledee
pitanje
3. Moe li imenica biti u mnoini, tj. da li je brojiva?
Da
preite na sledee
pitanje

mnoini
izostavite lan
Ne
izostavite lan
5

4. Da li govorite o pojedinanoj stvari ili openitoj ideji?

pojedinano
openito
preite na sledee
izostavite lan
pitanje
5. Da li imenica poinje vokalima (a, e, i, o, u)?
Da
Ne
koristite an
koristite a
ODREENI LAN
Odreeni lan se upotrebljava:
- kada se govori o odreenom licu, stvari ili pojmu:
send me the book (poalji mi knjigu)
- kada je rije o imenici koja je blie odreena ili poznata licu koje slua ili ita:
I saw the teacher (vidio sam uitelja),
she gave the letter to her mother (dala je pismo svojoj majci);
- ispred imenica koje po naem shvatanju postoje u samo jednom primjerku:
the Earth moves round the sun (Zemlja se okree oko Sunca);
- ako imenica u jednini odreuje cijelu vrstu, a ne samo pojedinu stvar koja pripada toj vrsti:
the Earth-satellite is faster then the aeroplane (Zemljin satelit je bri od aviona);
- pred superlativima:
this is the best thing you can do (to je najbolja stvar koju moe uiniti);
- ispred rednih brojeva:
it is the second day of my arrival here (drugi je dan otkako sam stigao ovamo);
- ispred "same": the same to you (isto i vama);
- ispred imena zgrada, ustanova, brodova i sl: The Houses of Parliament (parlament),
The Ministry of Defence (ministarstvo odbrane), The Majestic (hotel) itd;
- ispred imena listova, asopisa, magazina: the Times;
- ispred osobnih imena koja se sastoje od pridjeva i imenice:
The Black Sea (Crno more), The Pacific Ocean (Tihi okean);
- ispred imena naroda u mnoini: the English (Englezi);
- ispred imena poslije kojih dolazi "of": we signed the treaty of Locarno
(potpisali smo sporazum u Lokarnu);
- ispred imena rijeka, plananskih lanaca, jezera i mora:
we climbed the Alps (popeli smo se na Alpe);
- ispred pridjeva koji su upotrebljeni kao imenice:
the poor of London (sirotinja Londona);
6

- u nekim stalnim izrazima i frazama:

he made a joke at the expense of this old woman (naalio se na raun ove starice)
I don't want to run the risk (ne elim da rizikujem).
Odreeni lan se ne upotrebljava:
- ispred osobnih imenica:
Jack gave me an apple (Jack mi je dao jabuku);
- bez lana su imenice koje oznaavaju porodine odnose, a lanovi su porodice:
mother called me back (majka me je pozvala da se vratim);
- imena dana, mjeseci i godinjih doba: I shall come by Monday (doi u do ponedjeljka);
- imena vrhova planina: Magli is the highest mountain in Bosnia
(Magli je najvea planina u Bosni);
- man i woman se upotrebljavaju bez lana kada oznaavaju cijelu vrstu, tj. ljudski rod:
man is mortal (ovjek je smrtan);
- gradivne imenice su bez lana: the table is made of wood (sto je napravljen od drveta);
- misaone imenice su bez lana: I prefer music to poetry (vie volim muziku nego poeziju);
- imena obroka su bez lana:
children, come, dinner is ready (djeco, doite, ruak je spreman);
- imenice kao to su: school, college, market, court, prison itd, idu bez lana ako oznaavaju rad
koji se tamo obavlja:
after school children go home (poslije kole djeca se vraaju kui),
he was put in prison (stavljen je u zatvor);
- uz superlativ priloga lan se ne upotrebljava:
he runs best (on najbolje tri),
she writes quickest (ona pie najbre);
- lan se nikad ne upotrebljava u nekim izrazima:
to be at work (biti u poslu)
to catch fire (zapaliti se)
to take breath (odahnuti)
to set sail (isploviti)
to shake hands (rukovati se)
to lose courage (izgubiti hrabrost)
by land (kopnom)
hand in hand (ruku pod ruku)
by heart (napamet)
on board (na brodu)

NEODREENI LAN
Neodreeni lan "a" upotrebljava se ispred rijei koje poinju suglasnikom, a oblik "an" se
upotrebljava ispred rijei koje poinju samoglasnikom ili muklim "h":
a man (ovjek), an open window (otvoren prozor), an hour (as).
Neodreeni lan upotrebljava se samo sa imenicama koje imaju mnoinu.
Misaone i gradivne imenice koje nemaju mnoine i koje se ne mogu brojati, nemaju neodreeni
lan:
I have a book (imam knjigu), ali I have time (imam vremena).
Neodreeni lan nema mnoinu i ne moe se upotrijebiti ispred imenice u mnoini:
a house (kua), houses (kue).
Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava uz imenicu koja je izdvojena iz cijeline ili mnotva
ali koja nije posebno odreena:
the boy saw a bird in the tree (djeak je vidjeo pticu na drvetu).
Neodreeni lan moe odrediti itavu vrstu: a cat is an animal (maka je ivotinja);
Neodreeni lan se stavlja uz razlomke: a half (polovina), a third (treina).
Neodreeni lan se stavlja ispred rijei koje oznaavaju vrijeme, broj, teinu i mjeru:
I see him two times a week (viam ga dvaput sedmino).
Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava sa rijeima: many, such, quite, rather, what,
no less, so, too, as - ako je imenica u jednini:
we have seen him many a time (vidjeli smo ga mnogo puta),
he is quite a good doctor (on je poprilino dobar doktor).
Neodreeni lan se stavlja ispred rijei: dozen (tuce), gross (dvanaest tuceta),
score (dvadeset), hundred, thousand, million: a hundred balls (stotinu lopti).
Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava s imenskim predikatom:
he is a school-teacher (on je uitelj u koli).
Neodreeni lan se moe upotrijebiti uz apoziciju koja se dodaje nazivima knjievnih dijela:
"Rivals", a comedy by Sheridan ("Suparnici", eridanova komedija).
Neodreeni lan upotrebljen iza "not" pojaava negaciju: I have not a single penny
(nemam niti jedan jedini peni).
Neodreeni lan se upotrebljava u mnogim idiomatskim izrazima, dok se u nekim isputa:
to have a pain (imati bolove)
to be in hurry (uriti se)
to be at loss (biti u neprilici)
as a rule (po pravilu)
on an average (prosjeno).

Neodreeni lan se izostavlja:

- kad se neto nabraja:
my brother is a runner, swimmer and jumper (moj brat je trka, pliva i skaka);
- uz misaone i gradivne imenice koje se ne mogu brojati:
he put wood on fire (stavio je drva na vatru), we have confidence in you (imamo povjerenja u
vas);
- u sluaju kada neku titulu moe imati samo jedno lice u isto vrijeme:
he is President of the Republic (on je predsjednik republike);
- poslije izraza kao to su: the title of, the post of, the office of, the rank of:
he holds the post of secretary (on zauzima poloaj sekretara);
- poslije glagola to turn (kada znai stati):
he was unable to obtain a civil post he turned soldier (poto nije mogao da dobije mjesto u civilu,
postao je vojnik);
- kada je predikat dio objekta u aktivnoj konstrukciji, i dio subjekta u pasivnoj
konstrukciji:
the called him fool, madman (nazvali su ga ludim, ludakom),
he was made prisoner (zarobili su ga);
- kada je rije "part" upotrebljena u smislu "partly":
part of the ceiling came down on people (dio tavanice je pao na ljude);
- kada poslije rijei "what" koja je upotrebljena kao uzvik, dolazi imenica koja se obino ne
upotrebljava u mnoini:
what wisdom in so young boy
(kakva mudrost u tako mladog djeaka).

4. GLAGOLI
4.1 Pomoni glagoli - Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs)
- glagol "to be" - biti
- glagol "to have" - imati
- glagol "to do" - raditi
Glagoli be, have i do mogu biti pomoni glagoli i glagoli punog znaenja.
Glagol "to be" - biti
Pomoni glagoli slue za gradjenje sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta, futura itd.)
Glavni dijelovi glagola be su:
be, was, been
Be kao pomoni glagol se upotrebljava:
- za gradjenje trajnih vremena:
I am surfing. (ja surfam);
- za gradjenje pasivnih vremena:
The bridge was built. (most je izgraen).
Be kao glagol punog znaenja znai postojati, ivjeti, stii itd.
To be, or not to be. (biti ili ne biti)
I was in Spain last year. (bio sam u paniji prole godine)
Be se vrlo esto upotrebljava kao dio imenskog predikata.
He is ill. (on je bolestan)
His brother was a sailor. (njegov brat je bio mornar).
Be se upotrebljava za dob, udaljenost i cijenu.
It is ten miles. (ima deset milja)
She is twenty. (njoj je dvadeset)
This building is twenty years old. (ova zgrada je stara dvadeset godina)
Kada govorimo o osobi kaemo samo broj (She is twenty.) ali kada govorimo o stvari
years i old se ne mogu izostaviti.

I am - I'm (ja sam)

you are - you're
he is - he's, she's, it's
we were - we're
you were - you're
they were - they're

I was (ja sam bio)

you was
he was

Present Simple - Prezent

I'm not (ja nisam)
am I? (je sam li)
you're not
are you?
he's, she's, it's not
is he, she, it?
we're not
are we?
you're not
are you?
they're not
are they?
Past Simple - Preterit
I wasn't
you weren't
he wasn't

was I?
were you?
was he?

Present Perfect - Perfekt

10

I have been (ja sam bio)

you have been
he have been

I haven't been
you haven't been
he haven't been

have I been?
have you been?
has he been?

Past Perfect - Pluskvamperfekt (Pluperfekt)

I had been (ja bejah bio)
you had been
he had been

I had not been

you had not been
he had not been

had I been?
had you been?
had he been?

Futur Simple - Futur

I shall be (ja u biti)
you will be
he will be

I shall not be
you will not be
he will not be

shall I be?
will you be?
will he be?

Futur Perfect - Svreni futur

I shall have been (ja u biti) I shall not have been
shall I have been?
you will have been
you will not have been
will you have been?
he will have been
he will not have been
will he have been?
Present Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji
I should be (ja bih bio)
you would be
he would be

I should not be
you would not be
he would not be

should I be?
would you be?
would he be)

Past Conditional - Pogodbeni nain proli

I should have been (bio bih bio)
you would have been
he would have been
Imperativ
Infinitiv prezenta
Infinitiv perfekta
Particip prezenta
Particip perfekta
Gerund prezenta
Gerund perfekta

I should not have been

you would not have been
he would not have been

should I have been?

would you have been?
would he have been?

be
to be
to have been
being
been - having been
being
having been

Glagol "to have" - imati

Have kao pomoni glagol:
S pomonim glagolom have tvore se sledei glagolski oblici:
perfekt (I have spoken)
pluskvamperfekt (I had spoken)
infinitiv perfekta (to have spoken)
particip perfekta (to have spoken)
particip perfekta i gerund proli (having spoken).
11

Have kao glagol punog znaenja:

Have iza kojeg slijedi infinitiv izraava obavezu.
Npr: They had to leave. (morali su otii)
I have to buy some chocolate for her girl. (moram kupiti okolade za njezinu djevojicu)
- U toj se konstrukciji moe upitni oblik tvoriti s pomou do ili inverzijom, a odrini pomou do
ili dodavanjem not, npr:
Did they have to leave?
Had they have to leave?
They did not have to leave.
They had not to leave.

Jesu li morali otii?

Nisu morali otii.

- Osnovno znaenje glagola have kao glagola punog znaenja jest posjedovati, imati.
Npr:
Her brother has a motor-boat. (njezin brat ima motorni amac)
The baby has a blue eyes. (djetece ima plave oi)
- U govornom se jeziku uz have koje znai posjedovati esto stavlja got.
I have got znai isto znaenje kao i have.
He has got a TV set. (on ima televizor)
Kada have znai posjedovati, ne upotrebljava se u nesvrenim vremenima.
- Have se upotrebljava u nekim stalnim izrazima:
to have breakfast (dorukovati)
to have tea (popiti aj)
to have a good time (dobro se zabavljati)
CAUSATIVE HAVE
Have iza kojeg slijedi objekt i particip perfekta oznauje da neko drugi vri radnju reenice
po elji ili zapovijedi subjekta. Takvo have se u gramatikama obino zove CAUSATIVE HAVE.
Last week I had a new suit made. (prole sedmice dao sam napraviti novo odijelo)
You must have your invitation cards printed. (morate dati tampati pozivnice).
Iz tih prijevoda vidimo da se takvo have prevodi na na jezik glagolom 'dati'.
U ovim reenicama osobito je vaan poredak rijei:
HAVE + OBJEKT + PARTICIP PERFEKTA
Ako izmijenimo poredak rijei, izmijenit emo i znaenje reenice:
I have weeded my garden. (oplijevio sam svoj vrt)
I have my garden weeded. (dajem plijeviti vrt)

Simple Present Tense - Prezent

12

I have - I've (ja imam)

you have - you've
he has - he's

I haven't
you haven't
he hasn't

Past Simple Tense - Preterit

I hadn't
had I?
you hadn't
had you?
he hadn't
had he?

I had (ja sam imao)

you had
he had

I have had (ja sam imao)

you have had
he has had

have I?
have you?
has he?

Present Perfect Tense - Perfekt

I have not had
have I had?
you have not had
have you had?
he has not had
has he had?

The Past Perfect Tense - Pluskavamperfekt

I had had (ja bejah imao)
I had not had
had I had?
you had had
you had not had
had you had?
he had had
he had not had
had he had?
Futur Simple - Futur
I shall have (ja u imati)
you will have
he will have

I shall not have

you will not have
he will not have

shall I have?
will you have?
will he have?

Futur Perfect - Svreni futur

I shall have had (ja u imati)
you will have had
he will have had

I shall not have had

you will not have had
he will not have had

shall I have had?

will you have had?
will he have had?

Present Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji

I should have (ja bih imao)
I should not have
you would have
you would not have
he would have
he would not have

should I have?
would you have?
would he have?

Past Conditional - Pogodbeni nain proli

I should have had (bio bih
I should not have had
should I have had?
imao)
you would have had
you would not have had
would you have had?
he would have had
he wuold not have had
would he have had?
Imperativ
Infinitiv prezenta
Infinitiv perfekta
Particip prezenta
Particip perfekta
Gerund prezenta
Gerund perfekta

have
to have
to have had
having
had - having had
having
having had
13

DO
Pomoni glagoli slue za gradjenje sloenih glagolskih vremena (perfekta, futura itd.)
Pomoni glagoli su:
be, have, do, shall, will
Glavni dijelovi glagola do jesu:
do, did, done
Do kao pomoni glagol
- S pomonim glagolom do tvori se upitni i odrini oblik prezenta i preterita glagola punog
znaenja.
Do he drive a car? (vozi li on auto)
You do not understand me. (vi me ne razumijete)
They did not arrive in time. (nisu stigli na vrijeme)
- U imperativu, prezentu i preteritu upotrebljava se pomoni glagol do i u potvrdnim reenicama
ako elimo istaknuti glagol. Takvo do se zove emfatino do (Emphatic do).
Do sit down! (ta sjedi!)
I do like this cakes. (zaista volim ove kolae)
Do se esto upotrebljava da bi se izbjeglo ponavljanje glavnog glagola, i to:
-u kratkim odgovorima:
Do you read? -Yes, I do. (itate li, itam)
-uz so, iza kojeg slijedi pomoni glagol, a onda subjekt.
He swims well, and so does his sister. (on dobro pliva, a isto tako i njegova sestra)
-u dodatnom pitanju:
You know what I mean, don't you? (znate na ta mislim, zar ne)
Do kao glagol punog znaenja
-Do se upotrebljava u znaenju initi, raditi. Npr:
They did their job very well. (oni su vrlo dobro obavili svoj posao)
He did not do what he had promised. (nije uinio to je obeao)
When does she do the room? (kada ona sprema sobu)

Simple Present Tense - Prezent

I do (ja inim)
you do
he, she, it does
we do
you do
they do

I do not - I don't
you do not - you don't
he do not - he don't
we do not - we don't
you do not - you don't
they do not - they don't

do I?
do you?
does he?
do we?
do you?
do they?

Past Simple Tense - Preterit

I did (ja uinih)
you did

I did not - I didn't

you did not - you didn't

did I?
did you?
14

he did
we did
you did
they did

he did not - he didn't

we did not - we didn't
you didnot - you didn't
they did not - they didn't

Imperativ

do

did he?
did we?
did you?
did they?

4.2 BEZLI^NI GLAGOLI

Bezlini glagoli imaju u svim vremenima samo tree lice jednine sa zamjenicom srednjeg roda.
U ovu grupu spadaju:
Infinitiv
to rain (pada kia)
to hail (pada grad)
to freeze (mrznuti se)
to snow (pada snijeg)
to thunder (grmjeti)

Present Simple
it rains
it hails
it freezes
it snows
it thunders

Neki glagoli u treem licu jednine u engleskom jeziku mogu imati bezlino znaenje.
To su sledei glagoli:
- to seem (izgledati): it seems to be true (izgleda da je istina)
- to appear (izgledati): it appears as if it would be a change in weather
(izgleda kao da e se vrijeme promijeniti)
- to look (izgledati): it looks like rain (izgleda kao da e kia)
- to feel (osjeati): it feels cold (osjea se hladnoa)
- to make (initi): it makes me afraid (to me plai).

4.3 DIREKTAN I INDIREKTAN GOVOR

Ako ponavljamo neije rijei tano onako kako ih je neko rekao to je direktni govor (upravni
govor, Direct speech), npr:
On mi je rekao: "Poalji mi knjigu".
A ako izvjetavamo ono to je neko rekao onda koristimo indirektni govor (neupravni govor,
Indirect Speech or Reported Speech), npr:
On mi je rekao da mu donesem knjigu.
Indirektan govor se uvodi rijeima kao to su:
he said (on ree)
he asked (un upita)
we enquired (zapitali smo)
she ordered (ona zapovijedi)
we believed (vjerovasmo)
I replied (odgovorih)
I answered (odgovorih) i sl.
Pri pretvaranju direktnog u indirektan govor treba potivati pravila o slaganju vremena:
sva vremena u indirektnom obliku se moraju zamijeniti odgovarajuim prolim oblicima - prema
pravilima o slaganju vremena:
15

Direktni govor

Indirektni govor

Present Simple
Past Simple
Present Perfect
Futur Simple

Past Simple

Imperativ

Infinitiv

Past Perfect
Future Perfect

sve rijei koje oznaavaju blizinu moraju se zamijeniti rijeima koja oznaavaju udaljenost;
Prema ovim pravilima:
am
do
shall
will
have, has
can
may
must
this
these
here
now
today
tomorrow
yesterday
last night

postaje
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

was
did
should
would
had
could
might
had to
that
those
there
then
that day
the next day
the day before
the night before

D: He said: "I do not understand this letter." (On ree: "Ja ne razumijem ovo pismo")
I: He said that he didn't understand this letter. (on ree da ne razumije to pismo)
D: She said: "I am going to come soon again." (Ona ree: "Doi u uskoro ponovo".)
I: She said that she was going to come soon again. (ona ree da e uskoro ponovo doi)
ako se u indirektnom govoru saopava tue pitanje, onda je potrebno pored pomenutih
pravila obratiti panju jo i na sledee:
-umjesto glagola "say" upotrijebiemo glagol "ask";
-ako pitanje ne sadri nikakvu upitnu rije (kao to su what, how, when itd.),
onda pitanje u indirektnom govoru mora poeti sa "if" ili "whether".
Primjeri:
D: She said to her brother: "What are you doing?" (ona ree svom bratu: "ta radi?")
I: She asked her brother what he was doing. (ona upita svog brata ta radi)
D: They asked me: "Do you speak Spanish." (zapitali su me: "Da li govorite panski?")
I: They asked me whether I speak Spanish. (zapitali su me da li govorim panski)
da bi se u indirektnom govoru izrazila zapovijed, upotrebljava se infinitiv i uvodi glagol "tell":
D: Father said to his son: "Be careful of yourself." (otac ree sinu: "Pazi se").
I: Father told his son to be careful of himself. (otac ree svom sinu da se pazi).
16

VIERIJENI GLAGOLI - MULTI-WORD VERBS

- Frazalni glagoli - Phrasal Verbs
- Prijedloni glagoli - Prepositional Verbs
- Frazalni prijedloni glagoli - Phrasal-prepositional Verbs

4.4. FRAZALNI GLAGOLI - PHRASAL VERBS

Frazalni glagoli spadaju u grupu vierijenih glagola, tj. glagola koji se prave od glagola i jo neke
rijei ili vie njih. Frazalni glagoli se tvore od:
glagol + prilog
Oni mogu biti:
neprelazni (bez direktnog objekta)
prelazni (sa direktnim objektom)
Primjeri nekih frazalnih glagola:
Frazalni
glagol

Primjeri
Znaenje

Direktni
objekat

ustati iz kreveta
neprelazni get up
frazalni
glagol
break down prestati sa radom
prelazni
frazalni
glagol

I don't like to get up.

He was late because his car
broke down.

put off

odgoditi

We will have to put off

the
meeting.

turn down

odbiti

They turned down

my offer.

Kada su frazalni glagoli prelazni (tj. kada imaju direktni objekat), obino ih moemo rastaviti na
dva dijela. Npr:
They turned down my offer.
They turned my offer down. (obje reenice su tane)
Meutim, ako je direktni objekat zamjenica, nemamo izbora, moramo razdvojiti frazalni glagol i
ubaciti zamjenicu. U tabeli je dat primjer sa frazalnim glagolom "switch on":
Tano:
Tano:
Tano:
Netano:

John
John
John
John

switched
switched
switched
switched

the radio
it

on
on
on
on

the radio.
it.

17

4.13 PRIJEDLONI GLAGOLI - PREPOSITIONAL VERBS

se tvore na sledei nain:
glagol + prijedlog
Iz razloga to prijedlozi uvijek imaju direktni objekat, svi prijedloni glagoli imaju direktne
objekte.
Primjeri:
Prijedloni
glagoli
believe in
look after
talk about
wait for

Primjeri

Znaenje
vjerovati u postojanje
brinuti se o
razgovarati o
ekati

I believe in
He is looking after
Did you talk about
John is waiting for

Direktni objekat
God.
the dog
me?
Mary.

Prijedloni glagoli se ne mogu razdvajati, to znai da ne moemo umetnuti direktni objekat

izmeu. Na primjer, moramo rei: "look after the baby" a ne smijemo rei: "look the baby after".

4.5 FRAZALNI PRIJEDLONI GLAGOLI

Phrasal-prepositional Verbs
se tvore na sledei nain:
glagol + prilog + prijedlog
Primjeri frazalnih prijedlonih glagola:
Primjeri

Frazalni prijedloni
Znaenje
glagoli
get on with
put up with
look forward to
run out of

imati prijateljski odnos sa

tolerisati
oekivati sa zadovoljstvom
iscrpiti

He doesn't get on with

I won't put up with
I look forward to
We have run out of

Direktni
objekat
his wife.
your attitude.
seeing you.
eggs.

Poto se frazalni prijedloni glagoli tvore sa prijedlozima, uvijek imamo direktni objekat, i poput
prijedlonih glagola ne smiju se razdvajati.
We run out of fuel.
We run out of it.

4.6 KLAUZA
Klauza je grupa rijei koja sadri vezu subjekat-glagol (za razliku od fraza koje ne sadre
vezu subjekat-glagol).
Klauze se dijele na:
18

nezavisne (independent clauses)

zavisne (dependent or subordinate clauses).
Takoer, dijele se i na:
neophodne (restrictive or essential clauses)
nebitne (nonrestrictive or nonessential clauses).
Neophodne klauze su kljune za znaenje reenice i ne mogu se izbaciti, jer bi u tom sluaju
znaenje reenice bilo promijenjeno.
All students who do their work should pass easily.
Nebitne klauze nisu neophodne za znaenje reenice i mogu se izbaciti iz nje. Obino se odvajaju
zarezima (ako se nalaze u sredini):
Professor Villa, who used to be a secretary for the President, can type 132 words a minute.
Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be removed.
(neophodna i nebitna klauza)
Nezavisne i zavisne klauze
Nezavisne klauze mogu stajati samostalno, kao reenica, dok zavisne moraju biti udruene sa
nezavisnom klauzom.
Dvije nezavisne klauze mogu biti povezane sa:
dopunskim veznikom (coordinating conjunction):
Today is Tuesday and our papers are due Wednesday.
veznim prilogom (conjunctive adverb):
I need to study for my test; in fact I am going to the library now.
(u ovom sluaju, koritena je i oznaka taka-zarez (;) da se razdvoje dvije klauze)
odnosnim veznikom (correlative conjunction):
George not only finished his paper on time, but he also got an A+.
oznakom taka-zarez (;):
This is one of English classes; Shakespeare is my other.
dvotakom (ponekad):
She received the assignment: it is to be turned in next Friday.
Zavisne klauze mogu biti:
pridjevske (adjective clauses)
priloke (adverb clauses)
imenike (noun clauses)
-Pridjevske klauze opisuju imenice ili zamjenice, i skoro uvijek dolaze poslije imenica ili
zamjenica. Veina pridjevskih klauza poinje sa: who, whom, which ili that. Ponekad se ove rijei
ne moraju nalaziti u reenici ali se podrazumijevaju.
The book that is on the floor should be returned to the library. (knjiga koja je na podu bi se trebala
vratiti u biblioteku)
The bridge that collapsed in the winter storm will cost millions to replace. (most koji se sruio u
zimskoj oluji e kotati milione za popravak)
My brother, who is an engineer, figured it out for me. (moj brat, koji je ininjer, je shvatio to za
mene)
-Priloke klauze obino dopunjuju glagole i mogu se pojaviti bilo gdje u reenici. Oni kau zato,
gdje ili pod kojim uslovima se radnja odvijala.
Za razliku od pridjevskih klauza, priloke klauze se esto mogu pomjerati u reenici. Npr:
When the timer rings, we know the cake is done.
We know the cake is done when the timer rings.
19

Priloke klauze uvijek poinju sa zavisnim veznikom, koji uvodi klauzu i izraava njenu vezu sa
ostatkom reenice.
When the movie is over, we'll go downtown.
John wanted to write a book because he had so much to say about the subject.
-Imenike klauze nisu rijei koje dopunjuju druge rijei za razliku od pridjeva i priloga. U
reenici funkcioniraju kao subjekat, direktni objekat ili prijedloki objekat.
Imenika klauza obino poinje sa: that, which, who, whoever, whomever, whose, what i
whatsoever. Takoer, mogu poinjati i sa zavisnim veznicima: how, when, where, whether, why.
What he knows [subjekat] is no concern of mine.
Do you know what he knows [objekat]?
In fact, he wrote a book about what he had done over the years [objekat prijedloga].
Whoever wins the game will play in the tournament.
Relativne klauze
Relativne klauze (relative clauses) se zavisne klauze koje dopunjuju (mijenjaju) imenice ili
zamjenice.
Uvode se relativnim zamjenicama: who, whom, which, that, whose. Mogu biti neophodne
(restrictive or essential) ili nebitne (nonrestrictive or nonessential) klauze.
U relativnoj klauzi, relativna zamjenica je subjekat glagola i odnosi se na neto s im je klauza u
vezi.
Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be removed.
(U ovoj reenici podvuene rijei ine neophodnu klauzu, s toga nee biti odvojene zarezima.
Nakoena (italic) slova ine relativnu nebitnu klauzu, zbog ega su odvojene zarezima od ostatka
reenice, a u ovom sluaju dopunjuje rije "wart")
Ponekad relativne klauze mogu da se donose na vie od jedne rijei u tekstu, tj. mogu da
dopunjuju, opisuju cijelu klauzu ili ak vie njih.
Charlie didn't get the job in administration, which really surprised his friends.
Charlie didn't get the job in administration, and he didn't even apply for the Dean's position, which
really surprised his friends.
Relativna klauza koja dopunjuje cijelu klauzu ili vie njih se naziva reenina klauza (sentential
clause).
Eliptine klauze
Eliptine klauze (elliptical clauses) su gramatiki nepotpune, u smislu da im nedostaje relativna
zamjenica (zavisna rije) koja inae uvodi takvu klauzu. Rijei eliptine klauze koje nedostaju se
mogu naslutiti iz konteksta i veina italaca ne osjea da neto nedostaje. U stvari, eliptine
klauze su tane ali i korisne, jer su esto elegantne i efikasne u izrazu.
Coach Espinoza knew [that] this team would be the best [that] she had coached in recent years.
Though [they were] sometimes nervous on the court, her recruits proved to be hard workers.
Sometimes the veterans knew the recruits could play better than they [could play].

4.7 KONDICIONAL
Kondicional se tvori od pomonog glagola "should" i "would", i infinitiva bez "to" glagola
kojeg mijenjamo.

20

Sadanji kondicional se tvori sa should i would i infinitivom prezenta, a proli kondicional se

tvori sa should i would i infinitivom perfekta glagola kojeg mijenjamo.
Sadanji kondicional

Proli kondicional

I should take - uzeo bih

you should take - ti bi uzeo itd.
I should have taken - bio bih uzeo
you should have taken - ti bio uzeo itd.

Odrini oblik se tvori tako to se iza should i would stavi "not":

I should not take. (ne bih uzeo)
I should not have taken. (ne bih bio uzeo).
Upitni oblik se tvori inverzijom:
should I take? (da li bih uzeo?)
should I have taken? (da li bih bio uzeo?)
Sadanji i proli kondicional se koriste pri tvorbi pogodbenih reenica.
Struktura veine pogodbenih reenica je veoma jednostavna, i izgleda ovako:

if

uvjet posledica

If

y=10 2y=20

posledica

if

uvjet

2y=20

if

y=10

ili

To znai ako (if) je odreeni uslov zadovoljen, onda (then) e doi do neke posledice.
Pogodbene reenice se takoer zovu i kondicionalima, a ponekad ih nazivamo "if
reenicama", jer esto (ali ne i uvijek) u njima se upotrebljava rije "if".
Ovdje e biti obraene tri osnovna tipa kondicionala i tzv. nulti-kondicional.
Prvi kondicional (First Conditional)
Drugi kondicional (Second Conditional)
Trei kondicional (Third Conditional)
Nulti-kondicional (Zero Conditional)

Prvi kondicional - realna mogunost (First conditional: real possibility)

Govorimo o budunosti. Razmiljamo o nekom uvjetu ili situaciji u budunosti, i njenoj posledici.
Postoji stvarna mogunost da e se uvjet ispuniti. Na primjer, jutro je, kod kue ste i planirate
igrati tenis popodne. Meutim na nebu se javljaju oblaci, zamislite da pone padati kia. ta ete
uraditi?
21

If it rains, I will stay at home.

If

it rains

I will stay at home.

present simple

futur

Treba primjetiti da kia jo nije pala, meutim nebo je oblano i postoji realna mogunost
(real possibility) da e kia pasti. Kao to vidite da bi izrazili mogui uvjet koristili smo
sadanje prosto vrijeme (Present Simple Tense). Za izraavanje mogue posledice koristili smo
futur.
Najvanije je zapamtiti da kod prvog kondicionala postoji realna mogunost da e se uvjet
ispuniti.
posledica
futur
I will tell Mary
What will you do
Their teacher will be sad

if
if
if
if
if

uvjet
present simple
I see her.
it rains tomorrow.
they do not pass the exam.

Ponekad moemo koristiti: shall, can ili may umjesto will, na primjer:
If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight.
Drugi kondicional - nevjerovatna mogunost (Second conditional - unreal possibility or
dream)
Kod drugog kondicionala, kao i kod prvog, razmiljamo o nekom uvjetu u budunosti, i rezultatu
tog uvjeta, meutim, za raziliku od prvog kondicionala, ovdje ne postoji realna mogunost da e
se uvjet ispuniti.
Na primjer: veeras je izvlaenje brojeva lota, niste kupili loto listi, i ne postoji nikakva
ansa da ete dobiti novac. Ali moda ete kupiti listi do veeras, i onda postoji ansa, ali je to
nevjerovatna mogunost, jer su izgledi opet jako mali da izvuku va listi.
If
If
If
If
If
If

uvjet
present participle
I married Mary
it snowed next July
Ram became rich
I won the lottery

posledica
kondicional sadanji
I would be happy.
would you be suprised?
she would marry him.
I would by a car.

Primjetite, da kod drugog kondicionala koristimo past simple za izraavanje uvjeta, a sadanji
kondicional za izraavanje eventualne posledice.
Bitna stvar kod drugog kondicionala je da ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uvjet ispuniti, tj.
anse su jako male da e se uvjet ispuniti.
Ponekad, umjesto glagola would koristimo should, could or might:
If I won a million dollars, I could stop working.
22

Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti (Third conditional - no possibility)

Kod prvog i drugog kondicionala govorimo o budunosti, meutim kod treeg govorimo o
prolosti, govorimo o uvjetu u prolosti koji se nije dogodio. Zbog toga ne postoji mogunost da
se uvjet ispuni. Prole sedmice ste kupili loto listi ali niste dobili :-(.
If
If
If
If
If
If

uvjet
past perfect (pluperfekt)
I had won the lottery
I had seen Mary
it had rained yesterday
Tara had been free yesterday

posledica
kondicional proli
I would have bought a car.
I would have told her.
what would you have done?
I would have invited her.

If they had not passed their exam, their teacher would have been sad.
Da bi smo izrazili uvjet u prolosti koji se nije ostvario koristili smo past perfect, dok za
izraavanje posledice koja se nee dogoditi smo koristili kondicional proli.
Bitna stvar kod treeg kondicionala je da ne postoji sada nikakva ansa da e se uvjet i posledica
dogoditi.
Ponekad umjesto would have koristimo should have, could have, might have:
If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won.
Nulti kondicional - tanost (Zero conditional - certainty)
Tzv. nulti kondicional koristimo kada je uvjet uvijek taan, poput neke opepoznate injenice. Na
primjer, ako zagrijavamo led iznad 0 stepeni on e se poeti otapati.
If

uvjet

posledica

If

present simple

present simple

If

you heat ice

it melts.

Vano je napomenuti da kod nultog kondicionala ne govorimo ni o prolosti, ni o sadanjosti ni o

budunosti, ve jednostavno priamo o nekoj opepoznatoj injenici.
Da bi izrazili uvjet i posledicu koristimo obini prezent. Najvanije kod nultog kondicionala je
zapamtiti da uvjet ima uvijek istu posledicu.
If

uvjet

posledica

If

present simple

present simple

If

I miss the 8 o'clock bus

I am late for work.

If

I am late for work

my boss gets angry.

If

people don't eat

they get hungry.

Takoer, umjesto if moemo koristiti when:

When I get up late I miss by bus.
Kondicionali - ukratko
23

Tip kondicionala
Prvi kondicional
Drugi kondicional
Trei kondicional
Nulti kondicional

glavna reenica
futur
kondicional sadanji
kondicional proli
prezent

"if" reenica
prezent
preterit
pluperfekt
prezent

Sledea tabela daje prikaz kondicionala po vjerovatnosti ispunjenja uslova, procente ne shvatajte
bukvalno, oni su tu samo da vam pomognu.
vjerovatnost

kondicional

primjer

vrijeme

100%

nulti

If you heat ice, it melts.

50%

prvi

5%

drugi

0%

trei

If it rains, I will stay at

home.
If I won the lottery, I
would buy a car.
If I had won a lottery, I
would have bought a car

budunost
budunost
prolost

4.8 NEPOTPUNI GLAGOLI

Nepotpuni glagoli su: can (moi), may (moi, smjeti), ought (trebati) i must (morati).
Zajedniko za nepotpune glagole je da:
- da nemaju sve oblike i vremena,
- u sadanjem vremenu u treem licu nemaju nastavak "s";
- upitni im se oblik pravi inverzijom, odrini oblik obrazuju sa rjeicom "not";
- trae infinitiv bez "to" (izuzev glagola "ought").
Nepotpuni glagol "can" (moi, umjeti, znati) oznaava fiziku ili umnu sposobnost. Ima
oblik "could" za prolo vrijeme (Past Tense) i za pogodbeni nain sadanji (Present
Conditional):
I can swim (umijem, znam da plivam),
I could swim (umio sam da plivam),
Could you show me the way, please? (da li biste mogli da mi pokaete put, molim?)
Glagol "can" se ne moe upotrijebiti s etvrtim padeom bez nekog drugog glagola, tako ne
moemo rei:
I can that - ve I can do that (ja to umijem).
Odrini oblik glasi "can not" ili skraeno (saeto, contracted) "can't" i "could not" ili "couldn't".
Umjesto glagola "can" u vremenima koje on nema upotrebljava se izraz "to be able" (moi,
biti u stanju):
I shall be able to this for you. (moi u to da uinim za vas).
24

Nepotpuni glagol "may" (moi, smjeti) oznaava odobravanje, doputanje, vjerovatnost,

mogunost i elju:
he may come tomorrow (moda e on sutra doi)
may I go in? (smijem li ui?)
may he join us? (smije li da nam se pridrui?)
may he rest in peace! (neka poiva u miru!).
U prolom vremenu "may" ima svoj drugi oblik "might":
He might have arrived earlier. (mogao je ranije da stigne)
He might be present. (mogao bi biti prisutan).
Might izraava takoer i pogodbu.
Odrini oblik glasi "may not" ili "mayn't" i "might not" ili "mightn't".
Nepotpuni glagol must (morati) ima samo taj jedan oblik. Izraava moranje, dunost,
nunost.
I must take leave now. (sada se moram pozdraviti, moram otii),
The soldiers knew that they must die. (vojnici su znali da moraju umrijeti)
U vremenima koje glagol must nema upotrebljava se glagol to have sa infinitivom bilo kog
glagola sa obaveznim "to":
I had to go at once. (morao sam smjesta otii)
We shall have to work hard. (moraemo mnogo raditi)
U odreenom obliku "must not" ne prevodimo sa "ne morati" ve "ne smjeti":
You must not to do this. (ne smijete to uiniti)
"Ne morati" kaemo pomou glagola "need not".
Skraeni oblik od "must not" je "mustn't".
Nepotpuni glagol "ought" (trebati) je jedini koji se upotrebljava u infinitivu sa "to":
You ought to learn more seriously. (treba da ui ozbiljnije),
You ought to know this. (treba to da zna)
Glagol "ought" izraava obavezu, dunost (prevodi se sa "treba", "mora" i sl.).
Odrini oblik glasi "ought not", skraeno "oughtn't".
Kako ovaj glagol nema prolog vremena, misao o onome to je trebalo da se dogodi izraavamo
sa "ought" i infinitivom prolim (infinitiv proli glasi: "to have said", "to have left" itd.):

4.9 PASIV
Pasivni oblici se tvore tako to se uzme ono vrijeme glagola "to be" koje nam je potrebno i doda
se particip perfekta glagola kojeg mijenjamo. To znai, da se pasivni prezent tvori od prezenta
glagola "to be" i participa perfekta glagola koji mijenjamo.
subjekat + pomoni glagol "to be" + past particip glavnog glagola

25

Trpno stanje mogu imati samo prelazni glagoli, tj. takvi koji uza se mogu imati objekat.
Trpno stanje pokazuje da subjekat ne vri radnju, ve da se radnja vri na subjektu:
The road has been repaired. (put je popravljen)
Aktivnu reenicu moemo pretvoriti u pasivnu ako se glagol stavi u trpno stanje, subjekat aktivne
reenice postaje objekat pasivne, i ispred njega se stavlja prijedlog "by":
A: Everybody drinks water. (svi piju vodu)
P: Water is drunk by everybody. (voda se pije od sviju)
aktiv
pasiv

subjekat
Everybody
Water

glagol
drinks
is drunk

objekat
water
by everybody.

A: I wrote this letter. (ja sam napisao ovo pismo)

P: This letter was written by me. (pismo je napisano od mene)
Neprijelazni glagoli mogu postati prijelazni ako im se doda prijedlog.
Trpno stanje se upotrebljava:
kada subjekat koji vri radnju nije poznat:
My car has been stollen. (ukradeno mi je auto)
She was given a nice birthday present. (dobila je lijep poklon za roendan)
ako se ne eli pomenuti vrilac radnje:
I have been told that you are engaged. (reeno mi je da ste se vjerili)
She was said to have left her husband. (pria se da je ostavila svog mua)
ako nije potrebno pomenuti vrioca radnje jer to proizilazi iz konteksta (smisla)
reenice ili nije bitno za smisao da mora biti pomenut:
Mistakes are always made. (greke se uvijek prave)
ako je subjekat koji trpi radnju vaniji od vrioca radnje:
President Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Osvald. (Predsjednik Kennedy je
ubijen odstrane Lee-a Osvalda)
The boy was punished by his father. (deko je kanjen od svog oca)
Peter was attended by his sister during his illness. (Petera je njegova sestra njegovala za vrijeme
bolesti)
Bezlini oblici u naem jeziku kao to su "kae se", "razumije se", "podrazumijeva se" u
engleskom jeziku se iskazuju u treem licu jednine srednjeg roda:
it is understood (razumije se, podrazumijeva se)
that is known (to se zna)
it is said (pria se)
Konjugacija pasiva u veini moguih vremena:
infinitiv
to be called
present
it is called
past
it was called
simple
future
it will be called
conditional
it would be called
26

continous

perfect simple

perfect continous

present
past
future
conditional
present
past
future
conditional
present
past
future
conditional

it is being called
it was being called
it will be being called
it would be being called
it has been called
it has been called
it will have been called
it would have been called
it has been being called
it had been being called
it will have been being called
it would have been being called

10. POVRATNI GLAGOLI

Povratnih glagola u engleskom jeziku nema mnogo. Najei su:
-

to dress oneself
to help oneself
to hurt oneself
to improve oneself
to tire oneself
to excuse oneself
to flatter oneself
to amuse oneself
to warm oneself
to take care of oneself

(obui se)
(pomoi se)
(povrijediti se)
(popraviti se)
(umoriti se)
(izviniti se)
(hvaliti se)
(zabaviti se)
(utopliti se)
(obui se)

Povratni glagoli se mijenjaju ovako:

infinitiv glasi: "to dress oneself"

Present Simple Tense glasi:

I dress myself
you dress yourself
he, she, it dresses himself, herself, itself

we dress ourselves
you dress yourselves
thes dress themselves

Upitni oblik: Do I dress myself?

Odrini oblik: I do not dress myself
27

Upitno-odrini oblik: Do I not dress myself?

4.11 PRAVILNI I NEPRAVILNI GLAGOLI

Pravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak "-ed".
Npr:
play - played, open - opened itd.
Ako se glagol u infinitivu zavrava na "-e" dodaje se samo "-d". Npr:
smile - smiled, hope - hoped itd.
Nepravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta na razne naine.
Preterit i particip perfekta imaju isti oblik:
stand - stood - stood
think - thought - thought
Sva tri oblika su razliita:
sing - sang - sung
drive - drove - driven.
Sva tri oblika jednaka
put - put - put
hit - hit - hit.
Lista najeih nepravilnih glagola
Base Form
awake
be
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bid
bite
blow
break
bring
broadcast
build
burn
buy
catch
choose

Past Simple
awoke
was, were
beat
became
began
bent
bet
bid
bit
blew
broke
brought
broadcast
built
burned/burnt
bought
caught
chose

Past Participle
awoken
been
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet
bid
bitten
blown
broken
brought
broadcast
built
burned/burnt
bought
caught
chosen
28

come
cost
cut
dig
do
draw
dream
drive
drink
eat
fall
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
forgive
freeze
get
give
go
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
lay
lead
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put

came
cost
cut
dug
did
drew
dreamed/dreamt
drove
drunk
ate
fell
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
learned/learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put

come
cost
cut
dug
done
drawn
dreamed/dreamt
driven
drunk
eaten
fallen
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
gotten
given
gone
grown
hung
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
learned/learnt
left
lent
let
lain
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
29

read
ride
ring
rise
run
say
see
sell
send
show
shut
sing
sit
sleep
speak
spend
stand
swim
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
understand
wake
wear
win
write

read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
showed
shut
sang
sat
slept
spoke
spent
stood
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
won
wrote

read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
showed/shown
shut
sung
sat
slept
spoken
spent
stood
swum
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken
worn
won
written

4.12 PRELAZNI I NEPRELAZNI GLAGOLI

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Prelazni glagoli su oni uz koje moe stajati objekt u akuzativu tj. direktni objekt (subject + verb
+ object):
He speaks English. (on govori engleski)
We are watching TV. (mi gledamo TV)
I saw an elephant. (vidio sam slona)
Neprelazni glagoli su oni uz koje ne moe stajati direktni objekt (subject + verb [+indirect
object]).
He has arrived. (on je stigao)
30

She speaks fast. (ona govori brzo)

John goes to school. (John ide u kolu)

4.14 SLAGANJE VREMENA - SEQUENCE OF TENSES

Slaganje glagolskih vremena
Tabele ispod pokazuju ispravno slaganje vremena u reenicama kod kojih je vrijeme od vitalnog
znaaja.
Vrijeme u glavnoj
reenici
Sadanje prosto
(Simple Present)

Vrijeme u zavisnoj reenici

Da se izrazi istovremena radnja,
koristite sadanje prosto vrijeme.
Da se izrazi prola radnja,
koristite prosto prolo vrijeme.

Primjer
I am eager to go to the concert
because I love the
Wallflowers.
I know that I made the right
choice.
31

Da se izrazi radnja koja je poela

u trenu u prolosti i traje do danas,
koristite present perfect.
Da izrazite radnju koja e se
desiti, koristite prosto budue
vrijeme.

They believe that they have

elected the right candidate.

Da izrazite drugu zavrenu radnju,

koristite prosto prolo vrijeme.
Da izrazite radnju koja se desila
prije druge radnje koristite past
perfect.
Da izrazite ope poznatu injenicu
koristite sadanje vrijeme.

I wanted to go home because I

missed my parents.
She knew she had made the
right choice.

Prezent perfekt ili

past perfekt
(Present Perfect
or Past Perfect)

U svakom sluaju koristite prolo

vrijeme.

She has grown a foot since she

turned nine.
The crowd had turned nasty
before the sheriff returned.

Budue vrijeme
(Futur)

Da izrazite istovremenu radnju

koristite sadanje vrijeme.
Da izrazite radnju koja se desila
ranije, koristite prolo vrijeme.
Da se izrazi radnja u budunosti
koja e se desiti prije radnje u
nezavisnoj reenici, koristite
prezent perfekt.

I will be so happy if they fix

my car today.
You will surely pass this exam
if you studied hard.
The college will probably
close its doors next summer if
enrollments have not
increased.

Predbudue
vrijeme, svreni
futur
(Future Perfect
Tense)

U svakom sluaju koristite

sadanje vrijeme ili prezent
perfekt.

Most students will have taken

sixty credits by the time they
graduate.
Most students will have taken
sixty credits by the time they
have graduated.

Prosto prolo
vrijeme
(Simple Past)

The President says that he will

veto the bill.

The Deists believed that the

universe is like a giant clock.

Slaganje vremena sa infinitivima i participima

Infinitiv
Vrijeme
infinitiva
Infinitiv
sadanji
(Present
Infinitive, to
see)

Uloga infinitiva
Da se izrazi istovremena
radnja ili radnja poslije
glagola.

Primjer
Coach Espinoza is eager to try out her
new drills. ["eagerness" je sada; "to try
out" e se desiti poslije.]
She would have liked to see more
veterans returning. [Infinitiv prezenta "to
see" je u istom trenutku kao i prolo
vrijeme "would have liked".]
32

Infnitiv
perfekta
(Perfect
Infinitive, to
have seen)

Da se izrazi radnja koja se

desila prije glagola.

The fans would like to have seen some

improvement this year. ["Would like"
opisuje stanje u sadanjosti; "to have
seen" opisuje neto prije tog vremena.]
They consider the team to have been
coached very well.
[Infinitiv perfekta to have been coached
ukazuje na radnju prije glagola consider.]

Participi
Vrijeme
participa
Prezent
participa
(Present of
Participle,
seeing)

Uloga participa

Primjeri

Da se izrazi radnja koja se

deava u isto vrijeme kada
i glagol.

Working on the fundamentals, the team

slowly began to improve. [Unaprijeujui
osnove, tim je poeo polahko
napredovati, radnja se deava u paralelno,
u isto vrijeme]

Particip proli Da se izrazi radnja koja se

ili particip
deava prije glagola.
prezent
perfekta
(Past
Participle or
Present Perfect
Participle

Having experimented with several game

plans, the coaching staff devised a master
strategy.
[Particip prezent perfekta "having
experimented", ukazuje na vrijeme prije
glagola u prolom vremenu "devised".]
Prepared by last year's experience, the
coach knows not to expect too much.
[Radnja izraena pomou glagola u
prezentu "knows", je posledica glagola u
prolom vremenu "prepared".]

4.15 ING" OBLICI - THE "-ING" FORMS

"-ing" oblici se tvore od infinitiva i nastavka -ing, i mogu biti:
gerund: Hunting lions is dangerous. (lov na lavove je opasan)
particip prezenta: I am surfing. (ja surfam)
imenica: This building is our school. (ova zgrada je naa kola)
Gerund - The Gerund
Gerund je glagolski oblik koji ima osobine glagola i imenice.
Glagolske osobine gerunda su:
iza njega moe stajati prilog:
He is fond of walking quickly. (on voli brzo hodati);
iza njega moe stajati objekt:
I don't like reading books. (ne volim itati knjige);
33

moe stajati u raznim vremenima, imamo:

gerund sadanji (surfing), gerund proli (having read), a kod prijelaznih glagola postoje i pasivni
oblici gerunda: sadanji (being taught) i proli (having been taught).
Imenike osobine gerunda su:
pred njim moe stajati prijedlog:
She's good at painting. (ona dobro slika);
pred njim moe stajati atribut:
His being nervous is due to his illness. (njegova nervoza je posledica njegove bolesti);
pred njim moe stajati genitiv:
John's being lazy makes me nervous. (Johnova ljenost me ini nervoznim).
Iako izgleda kao glagol, gerund ima istu funkciju kao imenica, i koristi se:
kao subjekat reenice:
Eating people is wrong. (jedenje ljudi je pogreno);
Flying is dangerous. (letenje je opasno);
kao atribut glagola "to be":
One of his duties is attending meetings. (jedna od njegovih dunosti je prisustvovanje
sastancima);
One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed. (jedna od ivotnih ugodnosti je dorukovanje u
krevetu);
poslije prijedloga. Ako poslije prijedloga treba doi glagol moramo koristiti gerund:
She is good at painting. (ona dobro slika);
Can you sneeze without opening your mouth? (moe li kihnuti a da ne otvori usta);
iza frazalnih glagola koji su stvoreni po principu "glagol + prijedlog/prilog":
(to look forward, to give up, to be for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep on):
She always puts off going to dentist. (ona uvijek odlae odlazak zubaru);
When you are going to give up smoking? (kada e prestati puiti);
u sloenim imenicama: a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting;
poslije izraza: can't help, can't stand, it's no use/good, do you mind, would you mind i pridjeva
"worth" i "busy".
It's no use trying to escape. (nema koristi pokuavati pobjei)
I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams. (ne mogu podnijeti kad se zaglavim u saobraaju)
This site is worth visiting. (ovu stranicu vrijedi posjetiti)

Particip prezenta - The Present Participle

Prezent particip veine glagola ima oblik osnova+ing, i koristi se u sledeim sluajevima:
kao dio trajnog oblika glagola:
I am working (ja radim)
he was singing (on je pjevao)
they have been walking (oni su etali);
nakon glagola pokreta/pozicije po principu: glagol+particip prezenta:
She was shopping. (ona je bila u kupovini)
He came running towards me. (doao je trei prema meni)
She lay looking up at the clouds. (leala je gledajui u oblake)
Ova tvorba je naroito korisna sa glagolom "to go", kao u sledeim primjerima:
to go shopping to go walking
to go ski-ing to go swimming
34

to go fishing to go running
to go surfing to go dancing
nakon glagola percepcije (ula) po principu glagol + objekat + particip prezenta:
I heard someone singing. (uo sam nekoga kako pjeva)
I can smell something burning! (osjetim da neto gori);
kao pridjev:
It was an amazing film. (bio je to nevjerovatan film)
He was trapped inside the burning house. (bio je zatoen unutar kue u plamenu);
sa glagolima catch (uhvatiti) i find (nai) po principu:
glagol + izraz za vrijeme + prezent particip.
Glagol "catch" sa participom prezenta izraava neku ljutnju ili prijetnju:
Don't let him catch you reading his letters. (ne dozvoli da te uhvati kako ita njegova pisma)
If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble! (uhvatim li te jo jednom kako krade
moje jabuke, bie problema)
Ovo nije sluaj sa glagolom find koji ne izraava emocije:
We found some money lying on the ground. (nali smo novca na zemlji)
They found their mother sitting in the garden. (nali su majku kako sjedi u bati);
da zamijeni reenicu ili dio reenice. Kada se dvije radnje deavaju u isto vrijeme, od strane iste
osobe ili stvari, koristimo particip prezenta da ih opiemo:
They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went.
They went laughing into the snow.
He whistled to himself. He walked down on the road.
Whistling to himself, he walked down on the road.
Kada jedna radnja slijedi odmah iza druge, od strane iste osobe, moemo prvu radnju izraziti
participom prezenta:
He put on his coat and left the house.
Putting on his coat, he left the house.
She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air.
Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air.
Particip prezenta se moe koristiti umjesto poetnih as, since, because, i izraava razlog radnje:
Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
(= because he felt hungry...)
Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes.
Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.

4.16 SADANJE PROSTO VRIJEME - SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

35

Sadanje vrijeme svih glagola obrazuje se tako da se uz glagolska vremena uvijek

stavljaju line zamjenice.
Jedino se tree lice jednine prezenta razlikuje od ostalih lica, jer dobija nastavak "-s" ili "-es",
osim glagola:
to be - biti,
to have - imati, can,
may - moi,
must - morati,
ought - trebati.
Nastavak "-s" za sadanje vrijeme izgovara se kao "s" ako dolazi iza bezvunog suglasnika, ili "z"
ako dolazi iza zvunog suglasnika ili samoglasnika:
he speaks (hi spi:ks), he reads (hi ri:dz).
Glagoli koji se zavravaju na s, x, z, sh i ch obrazuju tree lice nastavkom jednine nastavkom "es":
he dresses, he teaches.
Glagoli koji se u infinitivu zavravaju na "-y", kad pred tim "y" stoji suglasnik, mijenjaju "y" u
"i", u treem licu jednine:
to cry (he cries), to try (to tries).
Odrini oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vrijeme pomonog
glagola "to do", pa se zatim doda negacija "not" i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez
prijedloga "to":
I write (ja piem) - I do not write, I don't write
Upitni oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vrijeme
pomonog glagola "to do" u inverziji i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez prijedloga "to".
You write (ti pie) - Do you write? (pie li?)
Simple Present se upotrebljava:
da oznai radnju ije trajanje nije odreeno: I write (ja piem), I work (ja radim);
da potvrdi jednu poznatu istinu: fish live in water (ribe ive u vodi);
da oznai radnju koja se vri po navici: I always rise early (uvijek ustajem rano);
da oznai radnju koja se ponavlja: I have an English lesson three times a week (imam as
engleskog tri puta sedmino).
The sun rises.
past

present

future

Sunce izlazi svaki dan, prije, sada i poslije.

past

Jenny is not here.

present
Jenny trenutno nije prisutna.

future

to call - zvati
I call

ja zovem
36

you call
he, she, it calls
we call
you call
they call

ti zove
on, ona , ono zove
mi zovemo
vi zovete
oni, one, ona zovu

I do not call
you do not call
he, she, it does not call
we do not call
you do not call
they do not call
do I call?
do you call?
does, he ,she, it call?
do we call?
do you call?
do they call?

SADANJE TRAJNO VRIJEME

- PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
prezent glagola "to be" + prezent particip glavnog glagola
I am speaking (ja govorim)
you are speaking
he, she, it is speaking

we are speaking
you are speaking
they are speaking

Present participle se pravi dodavanjem glagolu nastavka "-ing". Meutim, ponekad moramo malo
promijeniti rije, vjerovatno udvostruiti ili izostaviti jedno slovo.
Izuzetak 1

Ako se glagol zavrava na: suglasnik - naglaeni vokalsuglasnik zadnje slovo se udvostruava:
run
>
running
stop

>

stopping

>
begin
beginning
Ovo pravilo ne vai kada naglasak nije na zadnjem slogu
glagola:
open
>
opening
Izuzetak 2

Ako glagol zavrava na ie, mijenjamo ie u y:

lie
die

>
>

lying
dying

37

Izuzetak 3

Ako glagol zavrava na vokal + suglasnik + e,

izostavljamo e:
come
>
coming
mistake
>
mistaking

Present Continuous Tense (sadanje trajno vrijeme) se upotrebljava:

da oznai radnju koja se vri u vremenu kada o njoj govorimo:
I am learning English now. (sada uim engleski)

past

...the pages are turning.

You are reading this now. (sada ovo itate)

present
future
Radnja se dogaa sada.
...the candle is burning.

...the girl is dancing.

Meutim, radnja se ne mora odvijati tano sada, ali se deavala neto ranije i moda e se deavati
poslije trenutka kada o njoj govorimo:
past

She is reading a book.

present

future

Ona moda ne ita knjigu tano sada.

da oznai radnju ije je trajanje neprekidno, i tada se obino upotrebljavaju prilozi always,
constantly, forever itd:
The Sun is rising constantly. (Sunce izlazi svaki dan)
You are always complaining about your mother-in-law. (uvijek se alite na svoju punicu)
da se izrazi radnja koja je ve isplanirana i desit e se u budunosti:
I'm meeting my girlfriend tonight. (veeras u se nai sa djevojkom)

Glagoli koji oznaavaju neko stanje, a ne radnju, obino se ne koriste u trajnom obliku.
Lista glagola koji se veinom koriste u "simple" formi:
osjetila (percepcije)
miljenje
mentalna stanja
emocije/elje
mjerenja
ostali

feel*, hear, see*, smell, taste

assume, feel, consider, doubt, feel (misliti), find (misliti), suppose, think*
forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognise, remember, understand
envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, want, wish
contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh
look (biti slian), seem, be (u veini sluajeva), have (kada znai
posjedovati)

- glagoli osjetila (feel, see, hear, taste,smell) se esto koriste sa glagolom 'can':
I can see... (mogu vidjeti) itd.
- * Ovi glagoli mogu se koristiti u trajnoj formi ali sa drugim znaenjem, npr:
38

This coat feels nice and warm. (ovaj brod je lijep i udoban, to je naa percepcija, osjeaj kvaliteta
broda)
John's feeling much better now. (Don se osjea mnogo bolje sada, njegovo zdravlje se
poboljava);
She has three dogs and a cat. (ona ima tri psa i maku, posjedovanje)
She's having supper. (ona veera, ona jede);
I can see Anthony in the garden. (vidim Anthony-a u bati, percepcija)
I'm seeing Anthony later. (susrest' u Anthony-a kasnije, planiramo se susresti)
to call - zvati
I'm calling
you're calling
he, she, it's calling
we're calling
you're calling
they're calling

I'm not calling

you aren't calling
he, she, it isn't calling
we aren't calling
you aren't calling
you aren't calling

am I calling?
are you calling?
is he, she, it calling?
are we calling?
are you calling?
are they calling?

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE

pomoni glagol "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola
Present perfectom se izraava povezanost izmeu prolosti i sadanjosti, tano vrijeme deavanja
radnje nije naznaeno, to znai da smo vie zainteresirani za rezultat radnje nego za samu radnju.
Kada bi smo rekli kada se radnja odvija morali bismo upotrijebiti preterit (past simple tense).
Present perfect se koristi:
da se opie radnja ili stanje koje je poelo u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti:
This website has been in existence for 1 year and 9 months, and 6 days. (ova stranica postoji
ve...);
I have lived in Sarajevo since 1970. (ivim u Sarajevu od 1970-te, i jo uvijek ivim);
da se izrazi radnja koja je zavrena u vremenskom periodu koji jo traje:
I have been to Zagreb this week. (ove nedjelje sam putovao u Zagreb, sedmica jo nije zavrena);
da se oznai radnja koja je zavrena nekad u prolosti, ali je rezultat radnje vaan:
I have buoght a car. (kupio sam auto, vano je da je auto kupljen, nije bitno kada);
uz priloge koji oznaavaju neprekidan razmak vremena: ever, never, yet, already, since, for:
Have you ever been to Bosnia? (jeste li ikada bili u Bosni?);
da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just'' ili ''just now''):
The guests have just entered the hall. (gosti su upravo uli u dvoranu).
Amerikanci ne koriste present perfect toliko kao Britanci. Amerikanci ee
upotrebljavaju past tense umjesto present perfect-a. Amerikanac bi rekao:
"Did you have lunch?", dok bi Britanac rekao: "Have you had lunch?".
to call - zvati
I have called (ja sam zvao)
you have called
he, she, it has called
we have called
you have called
they have called

I haven't called
you haven't called
he, she, it hasn't called
we haven't called
you haven't called
they haven't called

have I called?
have you called?
have he, she, it called?
have we called?
have you called?
have they called?
39

NESVRENI PERFEKT
- PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
prezent perfekt glagola "to be" (have/has been) + prezent particip glavnog glagola
I have been playing
You have been working
Upitni oblik se pravi konverzijom: Have I been playing?
Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rijei "not": I have not been playing.
Kada piemo present continous, esto se upotrebljavaju skraenice:
I have been - I've been itd.
Present Perfect Continous Tense koristimo:
da izrazimo radnju koja je nedavno ili upravo zavrila. I obino imamo sada imamo neku
posledicu:
I'm tired because I've been running.
past
present
radnja koja se desila
sada imamo posledicu
nedavno
umoran sam (sada) jer sam trao

future

I'm tired because I've running. (umoran sam (sada) jer sam trao)
Why is the grass wet? Has it been raining? (zato je trava vlana (sada)? je li padala kia?)
You don't understand because you haven't been listening. (ne razumijete (sada), jer niste sluali).
da izrazimo radnju radnju koja je poela u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti, u ovom sluaju
esto se koriste for i since:

past
radnja poela u
prolosti

I've been reading for two hours.

present

future

nastavlja se u sadanjosti
itam ve dva sata, i jo uvijek itam

I've been reading for two hours. (itam ve dva sata, i jo uvijek itam)
How long have you been learning English? (koliko dugo ui engleski? a jo ga ui)
We have not been smoking. (nismo puili, a ni sada ne puimo).
Kako je ranije napomenuto uz present perfect continuous esto koristimo "for" i "since".
For koristimo kada priamo o razdoblju vremena: 5 minuta, 7 sedmica, 20 godina.
Ako to razdoblje see do sadanjeg trenutka upotrebljavamo uz for perfekt, a ako je to razdoblje
zavreno moramo upotrijebiti past simple (preterit).
40

Tara hasn't been feeling well for two weeks. (Tara se ne osjea dobro ve dvije sedmice)
ali
Tara didn't feel well for two weeks, and now she feels well. (Tara se nije dobro osjeala ve dvije
sedmice, a sada se osjea dobro).
Since koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske take se odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara,
u petak.
for

since

period vremena
20 minutes
three days
six months
a long time
ever
itd.

od vremenske take
6.15 am
Monday
January
I left school
the beginning of time
itd.

I've been studying for three hours. (uim ve tri sata)

I've been watching TV since 7pm. (gledam TV od 7 sati poslije podne)
Tara hasn't been visiting us since March. (Tara nas nije posjetila od Marta)
For se moe koristiti u svim vremenima, since se obino koristi samo sa perfect vremenima.
to call - zvati
I have been calling
you have been calling
he, she, it has been calling
we have been calling
you have been calling
they have been calling

I have not been calling

have I been calling?
you have not been calling
have you been calling?
he, she, it has not been callinghas he, she, it been calling?
we have not been calling
have we been calling?
you have not been calling
have you been calling?
they have not been calling
have they been calling?

4.17 PROLO SVRENO VRIJEME - PAST SIMPLE TENSE

Da bi napravili prolo svreno vrijeme koristimo infinitiv i proli oblik (preterit) glagola.
pravilni
glagoli
nepravilni
glagoli

infinitiv
work
explode
like
go
see
sing

preterit
worked
exploded
liked
went
saw
sang

past particip
worked
exploded
liked
gone
seen
sung

Proli oblik svih

glagola zavrava
na -ed.
Proli oblik
nepravilnih
glagola se ne tvori po
nekom pravilu i ui
se
41

napamet.
Past particip nam
nije potreban pri
tvorbi prolog
vremena.
Tvorba prolog svrenog vremena:
a) potvrdna reenica:
subjekat + glavni glagol u prolom obliku (preteritu)
I lived in that house when I was young. (ivio sam u toj kui kada sam bio mlad)
She played basketball last week. (ona je igrala koarku prole sedmice)
b) odrina reenica:
subjekat + preterit od "do" + not + infinitiv glavnog glagola
He didn't like the movie. (nije mu se dopao film)
Mary did not go to work last Monday. (Mary nije otila na posao prolog ponedjeljka)
c) upitna reenica:
preterit od "do"+ subjekat + infinitiv glavnog glagola
Did you play tennis last week. (je si li igrao tenis prole sedmice)
Did he watch TV last night. (je li gledao TV prole sedmice)
Glagol did (preterit od "do") u svim licima ima isti oblik.
I did not go to London. (nisam bio u Londonu)
You did not go to London.
He did not go to London. itd.

Glagol be nema u svim licima isti oblik, upitnu reenicu pravimo zamjenom subjekta
i glagola.
I, he, she, it was here.
You were here.

Was I, he, she, it here?

were you here?

Ako glagol zavrava na suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak naglaen vokal, krajnji
samoglasnik se udvostruava:
plan - planned
skip - skipped
Krajnje "l" se uvijek udvostruava:
level - levelled
call - called
Ako glagol zavrava na "-y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, taj se "y" mijenja u "i":
42

worry - worried
cry - cried
Past Simple Tense (Preterite Tense) koristimo:
a) da se izrazi radnja koja se desila u prolosti i potpuno zavrila pa nema nikakve veze sa
sadanjou:
I was in Liverpool last year. (bio sam u Liverpulu prole godine);
b) da se izrazi radnja koja je trajala neko vrijeme u prolosti bez ikakve veze sa sadanjou:
We went to school when we were children. (ili smo u kolu kada smo bili djeca);
c) kada govorimo o stvarima koje elimo da se dogode ili bi trebalo da se dogode:
It's time they were back. (vrijeme je da se vrate)
I wish I had a new computer. (volio bi da imam novo auto)
d) u zavisnoj reenici ako je u glavnoj preterit (slaganje vremena):
The policeman told me I drived to much. (policajac mi je rekao da sam previe vozio)
Kada kaemo kada ili gdje se radnja dogodila, moramo koristiti past simple,
a ne present perfect.
to call - zvati
I called (ja sam zvao)
you called
he, she, it called
we called
you called
they called

I didn't call
you didn't call
he, she, it didn't call
we didn't call
you didn't call
they didn't call

did I call?
did you call?
did he, she, it call?
did we call?
did you call?
did they call?

PRO[LO TRAJNO VRIJEME - THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

prolo vrijeme glagola "to be" + particip prezenta glavnog glagola
She was reading. (ona je itala)
We were playing. (mi smo igrali)
Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rjeice not:
She was not reading - She wasn't reading.
Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom:
Was she playing?
Were we playing?
Nesvreni preterit se upotrebljava:
da se opie pozadina, odnosno da se pred itaoce postavi scena prie pisana u
prolom vremenu. Obino pria poinje nesvrenim preteritom, a zatim se nastavlja prolim
vremenom, npr:
43

"James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was
walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a
telephone box...";
da se opie radnja koja je trajala do trenutka kada ju je prekinula neka druga
prola radnja:
I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang. (divno sam sanjao
kada se alarm oglasio);
I was watching TV when you telephoned. (gledao sam TV kada si nazvao)
da se izrazi promjena miljenja:
I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead. (mislio
sam provesti dan na plai ali sam odluio otii na ekskurziju)
za dvije radnje koje se deavaju istovremeno:
The children were playing whil their mothers were chatting. (djeca su se igrala
dok njihove majke avrljale)
u zavisnoj reenici umjesto nescrenog prezenta ako je u glavnoj reenici preterit:
I knew that he was talking to her about her daughter. (znao sam da se sa njom razgovara o njenoj
keri).
Kod glagola koji se ne koriste u trajnom obliku upotrebljava se obini preterit >>.
to call - zvati
I was calling.
you was calling.
he, she, it was calling
we were calling
you were calling
they were calling

I was not calling

you were not calling
he, she, it wasn't calling
we weren't calling
you weren't calling
they weren't calling

was I calling?
were you calling?
was he, she, it calling?
were we calling?
were you callingg?
were they calling?

PLUSKVAMPERFEKAT (DAVNO PROLO VRIJEME) THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola
U odrinim reenicama ubacujemo rjeicu not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola, a upitnu
reenicu pravimo zamjenom subjekta i pomonog glagola.
Past Perfect Tense (pluperfekt) se upotrebljava:
a) da bi se izrazila radnja u prolosti koja se desila prije neke druge radnje u prolosti, takoer
izraava radnju za koje se pretpostavljalo da je trebalo da se dogodi u prolosti - prije neke druge
radnje:
We had left home before he came. (bili smo otili prije nego to je on doao)
The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. The train had left when we arrived.
(voz je krenuo u 9 sati. Mi smo stigli u 9 i 15. Voz je bio otiao kada smo mi stigli.)

44

past

The train had left when we arrived.

present

future

Voz je bio otiao kada smo mi stigli

I was not hungry. I had just eaten. (nisam bio gladan, upravo sam bio jeo)
I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before. (nisam znao ko je on,
nisam ga nikad bio vidio)
He said that he had seen him at the theatre. (rekao je da ga je bio vidio
kod pozorita).
U ovom primjeru past perfect je upotrebljen u indirektnom govoru umjesto past simple u
direktnom.
b) u zavisnim reenicama uz after:
He got a headache after he had washed his hair. (dobio je glavobolju nakon to je oprao kosu);
c) iza izraza: as if (kao da), if only (kad bi barem), I wish (kamo sree da), past perfectom se
izraava neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti:
I wish I had met you before. (kamo sree da sam te ranije sreo)
If only you had sent me the SMS. (da si mi barem poslala SMS)
He played the basketball as if he had played in NBA. (igrao je koarku kao da je igrao u NBA)
to call - zvati
I had called
you had called
he, she, it had called
we had called
you had called
they had called

I had not called

you had not called
he, she, it had called
we had called
you had called
they had called

had I called?
had you called?
had he, she, it called?
had we called?
had you called?
had they called?

NESVRENI PLUSKVAMPERFEKT - THE PAST PERFECT

CONTINUOUS TENSE
subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip od "to be" + present particip gl. glagola
Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem rjeice not, a upitni oblik inverzijom subjekta i glagola "to
have".
Past Perfect Continuous upotrebljava se da bi se oznaila radnja koja je trajala u prolosti
prije neke druge prole radnje:
Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am.
When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours.
John was very tired. he had been running. (John je bio veoma umoran, trao je cijele veeri)
I could smell cigarettes. somebody had been smoking. (osjetio sam cigarete, neko je puio).
Past Perfect Continous se takoer upotrebljava u indirektnom govoru umjesto trajnog
oblika prolog vremena (past continous tense) u direktnom govoru.
45

D: Peter said: "Some of my friends have playing at cards all night."

(Peter ree: "Neki moji prijatelji su igrali karte cijele veeri".)
I: Peter said that some of his friends had been playing at cards all night.
to call - zvati
I had been calling
you had been calling

I had not been calling

you had not been calling

he, she, it had been calling he, she, it had not been calling
we had been calling
you had been calling
they had been calling

we had not been calling

you had not been calling
they had not been calling

had I been calling?

had you been calling?
had he, she, it had been
calling?
had we been calling?
had you been calling?
had they been calling?

4.18 PROSTO BUDUE VRIJEME - FUTUR SIMPLE TENSE

subjekat + pomoni glagol will + infinitiv glavnog glagola
Odrine reenice se prave umetanjem rjeice not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola,
a upitne reenice inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola.
U prvom licu jednine i mnoine umjesto glagola will, moe se koristiti glagol shall,
meutim u modernom engleskom will se vie koristi od shall:
I shall call - we shall call (ja u zvati - mi emo zvati).
Prosto budue vrijeme se upotrebljava da bi oznaila radnja koja e se desiti u budunosti.
Prosto budue vrijeme se naroito esto upotrebljava poslije glagola koji oznaavaju
oekivanje, nadu itd.
Takoer se koristi da bi se izrazila namjera, odluka, prijetnja ili obeanje.
I hope we will have better luck next day. (nadam se da emo imati vie sree drugi put)
I expect that he will come tomorrow. (oekujem da e on doi sutra)
I will help her because she is beautiful. (pomoi u joj jer je lijepa)
to call - zvati
I will call (ja u zvati)
you will call
he, she, it will call
we will call
you will call
they will call

I will not call

you will not call
he, she, it will not call
we will not call
you will not call
they will not call

will I call?
will you call?
will he, she, it call?
will we call?
will you call?
will they call?

BUDUE TRAJNO VRIJEME - FUTUR CONTINUOUS TENSE

subjekat + pomoni g. will + pomoni g. be + present participle glavnog glagola
Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem rjeice not izmeu glagola will i be, a upitni oblik inverzijom
subjekta i glagola will.
Trajno budue vrijeme oznaava radnju koja e trajati izvjesno vrijeme u budunosti.
46

past

At 4 pm tomorrow, I will be working.

present
U 4 sata biu usred posla.

future

Kada koristimo budue trajno vrijeme, na slualac obino zna ili razumije u koje vrijeme se
radnja odvija.
I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow. (igrat u tenis sutra u 10 sati)
We'll be having dinner when film starts. (veerat emo kada film pone)
Take your umbrella, it will be raining when you return. (uzmi kiobran, padat e kia kada se
bude vraao)
to call - zvati
I will be calling (ja u zvati)
you will be calling
he, she, it will be calling
we will be calling
you will be calling
they will be calling

I won't be calling
you won't be calling
he, she, it won't be calling
we won't be calling
you won't be calling
they won't be calling

will I be calling?
will you be calling?
will he, she, it be calling?
will we be calling?
will you be calling?
will they be calling?

SLOENO BUDUE VRIJEME - FUTUR PERFECT TENSE

subjekat + pomoni g. will + pomoni g. have + past particip glavnog glagola
Predbudue vrijeme izraava radnju koja e se desiti prije neke druge radnje u budunosti:
The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am.
When you arrive the rain will have left.
(Voz dolazi u stanicu u 9 sati. Vi stiete u stanicu u 9 i 15. Voz e otii
kada vi stignete.)
Ovo vrijeme takoer izraava i radnju koja e se desiti i zavriti do odreenog vremena u
budunosti:
They will have left the Parlament by 12 o'clock. (Oni e napustiti parlament do 12 sati.)
to call - zvati
I will have called (budem bio
zvao)

I will not have called

will I have called?

you will have called

you will not have called

will you have called?

he, she, it will have called

he, she, it will not have called

will he, she, it have

called?

we will have called

we will not have called

will we have called?

you will have called

you will not have called

will you have called?

they will have called

they will not have called

will they have called?

47

FUTUR PERFECT CONTINUOUS

subjekat + pomoni g. will + pomoni g. "have" + past particip od "be" + present particip
glavnog glagola
Odrine reenice se prave umetanjem rjeice not izmeu will i have, a upitne reenice
inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola will.
Kada koristimo predbudue trajno vrijeme obino saimamo (contract) subjekat i pomoni glagol
will:
I will - I'll
you will - you'll itd.
Kod odrinih reenica saimamo glagol will i rjeicu not:
I will not - I won't
you will not - you won't itd.
Predbudue trajno vrijeme izraava radnju koja traje odreeni period vremena do jedne
druge budue radnje ili oznake budueg vremena kada ova prva radnja jo traje.
Drugim rijeima izraava radnju koja e trajati do odreenog budueg vremena ili trenutka u
budunosti, a ne u nekom odreenom trenutku u budunosti:
At 20 o'clock in the evening, I will have been working ten hours. (do 20 sati uveer ja u imati za
sobom ve 10 sati rada).
Znai radnja poinje u 10 sati prije podne, traje deset sati, sve do 20 sati uveer kada jo traje.
He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours.
(Bit e umoran kada stigne. Putovat e ve 24 sata.)

to call - zvati
I will have been calling
you will have been calling
he, she, it will have been
calling
we will have been calling
you will have been calling
they will have been calling

I will not have been calling will I have been calling?

you will not have been
calling
he, she, it will not have
been calling
we will not have been
calling
you will not have been
calling
they will not have been
calling

will you have been calling?

will he, she, it have been calling?
will we have been calling?
will you have been calling?
will they have been calling?

48

5. IMENICE - NOUNS
Imenice su rijei kojima neto imenujemo.
Npr:
man (ovjek),
town (grad),
happiness (srea),
love (ljubav) itd.
Imenice dijelmo na nekoliko vrsta. One mogu biti:
op{te imenice (common nouns), slue za imenovanje svih bia ili stvari iste vrste.
boy (djeak), computer (raunar), eye (oko) itd;
vlastite imenice (proper nouns), slue za imenovanje pojedinanih bia, mjesta itd.
Mary, London, Edinburgh, Bosnia, Dreamweaver itd;
zbirne imenice (collective nouns), slue za oznaavanje skupa ili mnotva u jednini.
team (momad), sugar (eer), flock (jato), army (vojska) itd;
gradivne imenice (material nouns), slue oznaavanje tvari ili materija.
lead (olovo), milk (mlijeko), air (zrak), ice (led) itd.
49

apstraktne imenice (abstract nouns), oznauju neto nestvarno, neko svojstvo ili stanje. fear

(strah), health (zdravlje), thirst (e) itd.

Takoer, imenice dijelimo i na:
brojive i nebrojive (Countable and Uncountable nouns).
Mnoinu tvore samo ope imenice. One obino oznaavaju neto to se moe brojati, te ih
zovemo brojivim imenicama:
two girls (dvije djevojke), three months (tri mjeseca) itd.
Gradivne i apstraktne imenice, uzete u opem smislu, se ne mogu brojati. One su nebrojive i ne
mogu se upotrebljavati u mnoini:
silver (srebro), thirst (e), air (zrak) itd.
Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns
Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns
Padei imenica - Cases of Nouns
Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns
Ope pravilo:
U engleskom jeziku rod imenica nije gramatiki ve se odreuje prema polu, tj. prirodan je. Imena
mukih bia mukog su roda (masculine), imena enskih lica enskog su roda
(feminine) i imena ivih bia gdje rod nije izriito podvuen srednjeg su roda (neuter).
Kod ivih bia rod razlikujemo na vie naina:
- postoje razliiti izrazi za muki i enski rod:
boy
father
brother
son
uncle
nephew
king
monk
horse
cock
drake
gander

- girl
- mother
- sister
- daughter
- aunt
- niece
- queen
- nun
- mare
- hen
- duck
- goose

djeak
otac
brat
sin
ujak
neak
kralj
kaluer
konj
pijetao
patak
gusak

- djevojica
- majka
- sestra
- ki
- tetka
- neaka
- kraljica
- kaluerica
- kobila
- kokoka
- patka
- guska

- dodajemo nastavke:
abbot
actor
count
duke
emperor
poet
prince

opat
glumac
grof
vojvoda
car
pjesnik
princ

- abbess
- actress
- countess
- duchess
- empress
- poetess
- princess

- opatica
- glumica
- grofica
- vojvotkinja
- carica
- pjesnikinja
- princeza
50

negro
heir
sorcerer
lion
hero

crnac
naslednik
arobnjak
lav
heroj

- negress
- heiress
- sorceress
- lioness
- heroine

- crnkinja
- naslednica
- arobnica
- lavica
- heroina

sluga
vrabac
junac
slon
gazda

- maid-servant
- hen-sparrow
- cow-calf
- female-elephant
- landlady

- slukinja
- vrabica
- junica
- slonica
- gazdarica

obrazuju se sloenice:
man-servant
cock-sparrow
bull-calf
male-elephant
landlord

Mnoge imenice imaju isti oblik i u enskom i u mukom rodu:

pupil
friend
teacher
cousin

(uenik, uenica)
(prijatelj, prijateljica)
(uitelj, uiteljica)
(roak, rodica)

Ponekad da bismo oznaili rod ovih imenica dodajemo ove rijei:

gentleman, lady, male, female, man, woman:
lady-teacher

(uiteljica).

Od opeg pravila postoje sledei izuzeci:

"horse" i "dog" nisu sredneg ve mukog roda;
"cat" je enskog roda;
"child" moe biti sva tri roda;
imenice: boat, ship, streamer, man-of-war, vessel nisu srednjeg ve enskog roda i oznaavaju se
sa she;
enskog roda su:
imena drava i zemalja;
neki apstraktni pojmovi (misaone imenice) kao: victory, liberty, mercy grace, virtue;
enskog roda su i nature, earth i moon;
imenice koje izraavaju jaka osjeanja mukog su roda: love, anger, despair, fear;
mukog roda su takoer i: sun, death, time;
ptice, ribe, insekti su obino srednjeg roda;
U basnama ivotinje su personificirane pa su uvijek enskog ili mukog roda.
MNOINA IMENICA - PLURAL OF NOUNS
Opa pravila:
mnoina imenica obrazuje se dodavanjem nastavka "-s".
Ovo se "s" izgovarakao nae "z" izuzev kada dolazi poslije tvrdih suglasnika.
Primjeri:
book - books
face - faces

(knjiga - knjige)
(lice - lica)

51

Imenice koje se zavavaju na: -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -tch dobijaju nastavak "-es",
koji se izgovara iz:
class
bush
bench

- classes
- bushes
- benches

razred
grm
klupa

- razredi
- grmlje
- klupe

Imenice na "-o" dobijaju nastavak "-es" ako se "o" nalazi poslije suglasnika:
hero
potato
negro

- heroes
- potatoes
- negroes

heroj
krompiri
crnac

- heroji
- krompiri
- crnci

klavir
spjev
oktava

- klaviri
- spjevovi
- oktave

Izuzeci od ovog pravila su:

piano
canto
octavo

- pianos
- cantos
- octavos

Imenice na "o" poslije samoglasnika dobijaju u mnoini samo nastavak "-e":

cuckoo

- cuckoos

kukavica

- kukavice

Imenice na "y" poslije suglasnika mijenjaju "y" u "i" i dobijaju nastavak "-es":
country
lady
story

- countries
- ladies
- stories

zemlja
dama
pria

- zemlje
- dame
- prie

day
boy
toy

- days
- boys
- toys

dan
djeak
igraka

- dani
- djeaci
- igrake

ali:

Imenice na "f" i "fe" mijenjaju "f" u "v" i dobijaju u mnoini nastavak "-es":
half
calf
knife
wife

- halves
- calves
- knives
- wives

polovina
tele
no
supruga

- polovine
- telad
- noevi
- supruge

borba
svirala
tab

- borbe
- svirale
- tabovi

Izuzeci od ovog pravila su:

strife
fife
staff

- strifes
- fifes
- staffs

52

gulf

- gulfs

struja

- struje

Imenice koje zavavaju na "-oof", "-ief", "-ff" ne mijenjaju u "f" i dobijaju nastavak "-s":
roof
dwarf
chief
cliff

- roofs
- dwarfs
- chiefs
- cliffs

krov
patuljak
poglavica
greben

- krovovi
- patuljci
- poglavice
- grebeni

vo
dijete

- volovi
- dijeca

Neke imenice imaju u mnoini nastavak "-en":

ox
child

- oxen
- children

Neke imenice obrazuju mnoinu promjenom osnovnog samoglasnika:

man
woman
tooth
Englishman
sportsman

- men
- women
- teeth
- Englishmen
- sportsmen

Roman
Norman
German

- Romans
- Normans
- Germans

ovjek
ena
zub
Englez
sportista

- ljudi
- ene
- zubi
- Englezi
- sportisti

ali:
Rimljanin
Norman
Njemac

- Rimljani
- Normani
- Njemci

Neke imenice imaju dva oblika u mnoini sa razliitim znaenjem:

brother

- brothers
- brethren

(braa po krvi)
(braa u crkvenoj organizaciji, drutvu)

cloth

- cloths
- clothes

(tof)
(odijelo)

Latinske imenice na "-us" i "-um" te grke na "-on" i "-is" imaju u mnoini obino svoj
latinski odnosno grki nastavak:
radius
oasis

- radii
- oases

(poluprenik, poluprenici)
(oaza, oaze)

Sloenice obrazuju mnoinu tako da se nastavak za mnoinu doda glavnoj rijei od koje
je sloenica sastavljena, tj. od rijei koja nosi smisao. Ako je sloenica sastavljena bez
imenica, onda nastavak za mnoiniu dobija poslednja rije:
looker-on
pick-pocket
forget-me-not

- lookers-on
- pick-pockets
- forget-me-nots

(gledalac, gledaoci)
(deparo, deparoi)
(nezaboravak (cvijee), nezaboravci)
53

Neke sloenice dobijaju obiljeje mnoine uz oba dijela rijei:

manservant
- menservants
(sluga, sluge)
Neke se imenice upotrebljavaju samo u jednini:
advice
(savjet)
furniture
(namjetaj)
information
(obavjetenje)
progress
(napredak)
Ako je potrebno izraziti mnoinu, onda se upotrijebi neka rije u mnoini:
two pieces of furniture

(dva komada namjetaja)

Neke su imenice po svom obliku u jednini, a imaju znaenje mnoine:

people
(ljudi)
mankind
(ovjeanstvo)
cattle
(stoka)
Imenica "news" (vijest) i "means" (sredstvo) imaju oblik mnoini ali su u jednini:
what is the news
by the means

(kakve su vijesti)
(na ovaj nain)

Mnoge imenice se upotrebljavaju samo u mnoini:

cards
(karte)
contents
(sadrina)
poltics
(politika)
mathematics
(matematika)
Neke imenice imaju u mnoini drugaije znaenje nego u jednini:
arm
letter
compass
drawer

(ruka)
(slovo)
(kompas)
(fijoka)

arms
letters
compasses
drawers

(ruke, oruje)
(knjievnost)
(estar)
(donje gae)

PADEI IMENICA - CASES OF NOUNS

U engleskom jeziku mogu se izraziti svih sedam padea kao i u naem jeziku:
Primjer:
Jednina:
1. pad. A teacher had a book. (neki uitelj je imao knjigu)
54

2. pad. The book of the teacher was big. (knjiga tog uitelja bila je velika)
3. pad. We went to the teacher. (otili smo uitelju)
4. pad. And we asked the teacher. (i zapitali smo uitelja)
5. pad. Teacher, is your book big? (uitelju, je li vaa knjiga velika?)
6. pad. After our conversation with the teacher. (poslije naeg razgovora sa uiteljem)
7. pad. We know more about the teacher. (znamo vie o uitelju)
mnoina:
1. pad. Some teachers had books. (neki uitelji imali su knjige)
2. pad. The books of the techers were big. (knjige tih uitelja su bile velike)
The teacher's books are always big. (knjige uitelja su uvijek velike)
3. pad. We went to the teachers. (otili smo uiteljima)
4. pad. And we asked the teachers. (i zapitali smo uitelje)
5. pad. Teachers, are your books big. (uitelji, jesu li vae knjige velike)
6. pad. After the conversation with the teachers. (poslije razgovora sa uiteljima)
7. pad. We know more about the teachers. (znamo vie o uiteljima)
Prema tome, padei se odreuju prema mjestu u reenici (prvi i etvrti), pomou prijedloga (drugi
pade pomou prijedloga "of" ili nastavkom kad imamo prisvojni genitiv, trei pade pomou
prijedloga "to", esti pomou prijedloga "with", sedmi pade pomoi prijedloga "about"). Peti
pade izraava se imenicom bez lana.
Drugi pade - Genitive
U engleskom jeziku drugi pade se moe izraziti na vie naina:
Normanskim genitivom (Norman genitive) koji se obrazuje pomou prijedloga "of":
the book of the teacher (uiteljeva knjiga).
Saksonskim genitivom (Saxon genitive), koji se jo zove "prisvojni genitiv"
(Possessive case). Ovaj pade se obrazuje tako da se imenici doda nastavak -'s.
teacher's book (uiteljeva knjiga).
Saksonski genitiv se obrazuje nastavkom -'s na imenicu koji se izgovara "z" iza zvunih
suglasnika i samoglasnika, a "s" iza bezvunih suglasnika.
U jednini se dodaje -'s
teacher's book (uiteljeva knjiga)
Peter's toy (Peterova igraka)
boy's eyes (djeakove oi)
Ako se osobna imenica zavrava na -s, onda dodajemo samo apostrof, a nastavak
se izgovara kao "z":
Burn's works (Burnsova djela)
Ako se imenica zavrava na -s ili -ce kao i ispred rijei "sake", dodaje se samo
apostrof:
for goodness' sake (za Boju volju)
for conscience' sake (radi smirenja savjesti).
Osobne imenice mogu se zavravati na -s, pa da ipak dobijaju nastavak -'s:
St. James's Square (trg Sv. Dejmsa)
55

for Doris's sake (radi Doris)

my boss's sister (sestra mog gazde).
Sloenice dobijaju nastavak -'s na kraju:
after my mother-in-law's leaving (poslije odlaska moje punice).
U mnoini koja se zavrava na -s dodaje se samo apostrof:
my brothers' wives (ene moje brae).
Ako se imenica ne zavrava na -s u mnoini, onda ona ima nastavak -'s:
the children's toys (djeije igrake)
the mice's legs (miije noge)
woman's right (enska prava).

6. PISANJE VELIKIH SLOVA - WRITING OF CAPITAL

LETTERS
U engleskom jeziku koristimo velika slova da bi istaknuli vane rijei. Velika slova su dio
gramatike koji uvijek slijedi svoja pravila, ne postoji lista izuzetaka koju treba zapamtiti, to
olakava uenje ovog jezika.
Sve to trebate je:
- nauiti pravila
- slijediti pravila
Meutim, kod internet korisnika, na raznim reklama, grafitima itd. vidjet ete odstupanja od ovih
pravila, to svakako ne znai mijenjanje istih. Veoma je bitno ispravno pisati ako elite da italac
ima visoko miljenje o vama.
Prvo slovo reenica se pie velikim slovom.
We saw the accident from the distance.
The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
Lina zamjenica I (ja) se uvijek pie velikom slovom, na bilo kojem mjestu u reenici.
I like horror films.
Mary and I went to the beach together.
Pored ovih sluajeva, velikim slovom piemo:
- imena ljudi i mjesta:
Peter
Susan
Bosnia
Jupiter
- titule:
Mr Finnegan
Mrs Edgeware
Ms Johnson
Dr Jacobs
Major Fingleton
the Director General
- dani, mjeseci, praznici:
Monday
Friday
July
56

December
Ramadan
Christmas
- nacije i regioni, jezici, religije i etnike skupine:
a German car
the Scandinavian countries
She speaks Russian and Chinese
a Muslim cleric
the Aboriginal people
- nazivi knjiga, magazina, filmova, pjesama itd.
War and Peace
Rolling Stone
the New Statesman
Citizen Kane
Stairway to Heaven
the Mouse Trap
- prvo slovo indirektnog (neupravnog) govora mora poeti velikim slovom:
The president said: "Ask not what your country can do for you."
"Who's been sleeping in my bed?" Pappa Bear cried.
Na internetu, u mailovima, pisanje cijelog teksta velikim slovima se smatra kao vikanje.
Meutim, izbjegavajte pisanje velikim slovima, jer je takav tekst jako teko itati. Zato?
Nae oi su prilagoene da itaju i raspoznavaju rijei prema njihovom obliku. Taj oblik odreuje
broj slova (duina rijei) i visina slova u rijeima. Kada itamo, ne pogledamo ustvari svako
slovo, ve prepoznamo oblik rijei. Ali, ako je itav tekst pisan velikim slovima teko je i naporno
ga itati jer sve rijei imaju isti oblik, oblik pravougaonika.

7. PRIDJEVI ADJECTIVES
Pridjev je u engleskom jeziku nepromjenljiva rije, pa se prema tome pridjevom ne moe izraziti
ni rod, ni broj ni pade. Pridjev obino stoji ispred imenice.
Pridjevi se dijele na:
line (proper), koji se piu velikim slovom: Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, English, German, Italian;
opisne (descriptive): young, beautiful, green;
koliinske (quantitative): some, few, much, all, enough;
pokazne (demonstrative): the this, that, these, those, such, younder, the same, the order;
neodreene (indefinite): a, an, any, one, certain, another;
diobne (distributive): each, every, either, neither;
prisvojne (possessive): my, your, his, her, its, our, their;
upitne (interrogative): what, which.
Poreenje pridjeva - Comparasion

57

Pridjevi imaju tri stupnja poreenja:

prvi stupanj - jednakost - positive
drugi stupanj - nejednakost - comparative
trei stupanj - nadmonost - superlative.
Jednakost se izraava pomou rijei "as...as" i pozitiva pridjeva.
He is as rich as his friend. (on je isto toliko bogat kao njegov prijatelj).
He is as strong as a horse. (jak je kao konj)
Komparativ, kojim se izraava umanjenost, obrazuje se pomou rijei "less...then":
He is less rich than his brother. (on je manje bogat od svog brata)
Komparativom se izraava uveanost, i obrazuje se:
- kod jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih pridjeva dodavanjem nastavka "er":
He is richer than his friend. (on je bogatiji od svog brata);
- kod vieslonih pridjeva dodavanjem nastavka "more" ispred pridjeva:
He is more independent than his brother. (on je samostalniji od svog brata);
- "sve vie i vie" se prevodi svezom "and" koja prethodi i dolazi poslije komparativa za
uveanje: stronger and stronger (sve jai i jai).
Ako je pridjev viesloan, ponavlja se samo prilog "more":
more and more contemptible (sve vie omrznutiji).
Trei stupanj superlativ moe biti:
relativni, kada je poreenje izraeno pridjevom na najviem ili najniem stepenu.
On se pravi kod:
-jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih pridjeva kojima prethodi lan the i dodaje im se nastavak "-est":
he is the richest (on je najbogatiji);
-vieslonih pridjeva kojima prethode rijei "the most":
he is the most intelligent (on je najpametniji);
apsolutni superlativ se pravi kada se ispred pridjeva stavi prilog most ili very:
It is most true. (to je veoma tano, to je ponajvie tano).
Ako umjesto pridjeva stoji prilog vremena sadanjeg koji ima ulogu pridjeva, umjesto very
upotrebljava se much ili very much:
I am much obliged to you. (veoma sam vam zahvalan).
Pravopisna pravila pri poreenju
Ako se pridjev zavrava kratkim samoglasnikom iza kojeg dolazi suglasnik, taj se suglasnik
udvostruuje:
fat- fatter- the fattest (debeo),
big- bigger- the biggest (velik).
Ako se pridjev zavrava muklim "e", na komparativ i superlativ dodaju se nastavci "-r", odnosno
"-st": fine- finer- the finest (lijep).
Ako se pridjev zavrava sa slovom "y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik ono se mijenja u "i":
pretty- prettier- the prettiest (drag),
ali gray- grayer- the grayest (jer "y" dolazi poslije samoglasnika, a ne suglasnika).

58

Poreenje pridjeva pomou nastavka "-er" za komparativ i "-est" za superlativ naziva se

Germansko Poreenje. Na ovaj nain porede se svi jednosloni predjevi - sa izuzetkom sledeih:
just, more just, the more just
right, more right, the most right.
Germanskim nainom poreenja porede se jo i dvosloni pridjevi koji se zavravaju na "-y", "ow", "-er" ili na silabino "l", kao i pridjev koji imaju naglasak na drugom slogu:
pretty, prettier, the prettiest;
narrow, narrower, the narrowest;
clever, cleverer, the cleverest
simple, simplier, the simpliest;
polite, politer, the politest.
Poreenje koje se dobiva dodavanjem rijei "more" za komparativ i "the most" za superlativ
ispred pridjeva naziva se romansko poreenje. Ovim nainom porede se svi viesloni pridjevi
koji imaju naglasak na prvom slogu, kao i pridjevi koji se zavavaju na "-ed" i "-ing":
famous, more famous, the most famous;
learned, more learned, the most learned;
beautiful, more beautiful, the most beautiful.
mnogi dvosloni pridjevi mogu se porediti na oba naina. Takvi su pridjevi:
common, cruel, pleasant, quiet, cheerful, handsome itd.
Nepravilna komparacija pridjeva - Irregular comparasion
Nepravilno se porede sledei pridjevi:
Positive

Comparative

Superlative

good (dobar)
bad (lo)
evil (zao)
ill (bolestan)
much (mnogo)
many (mnogo)
little (malen)
late (kasan)

better

the best

worse

the worst

more
less
later (kasniji)
latter (dalji po redu)
nearer

the most
the least
the latest (najnoviji)
the last (poslednji)
the nearest (najblii)
the next (sledei, do)
the oldest
the eldest
the farthest
the furthest

pnear (blizak)
pold (star)
far (daleko)

older
elder
farther (prostorno dalji)
further (dalji po redu)

Komparativ i superlativ sloenih pridjeva:

kada sloeni pridjevi poinju jednosloni pridjevom onda nastavke za komparativ i superlativ
dobija jednosloni pridjev:
59

I never saw a faster sailing ship. (nikad nisam vidio breg jedrenjaka)
I never saw a worse looking man. (nikad nisam vidio ovjeka koji loije izgleda)

8. PRIJEDLOZI - PREPOSITIONS
Prijedlozi u engleskom jeziku imaju posebnu vanost jer padei nemaju svoje nastavke.
Prijedlozi se dijele na:
a) prijedloge za mjesto: at (u, na, kod, pri), to (u, ka, prema), in (u), into (u), on (na),
between (izmeu), in front of (ispred), before (ispred), above (iznad), behind (iza),
under (ispod) i dr;
b) prijedlozi za vrijeme: before (prije), after (poslije), since (od), on (u) i dr;
c) prijedlozi za ouvanje porijekla, uzroka, cilja: from (od), by (od), through (pomou),
towards (prema);
d) prijedlozi za sredstva: by (od, pomou), in (u), with (s, sa), without (bez).
Prijedlozi mogu biti sloeni, tj. sastavljeni su od vie rijei: into (u), upon (na), within (u),
outside (napulju), throughout (skroz).
Poslije prijedloga uvijek slijedi "imenica", a nikad glagol. Pod "imenica" mislimo na:
imenice (dog, money, house, love);
line imenice (Sarajevo, Zagreb, Beograd, Edin, Mary);
zamjenice (you, him, us);
grupne imenice (my first job, your blue book);
gerund (swimming).

Poto poslije prijedloga ne moe ii glagol, a ako to elimo onda moramo koristiti "-ing" oblik
koji je ustvari gerund ili glagolska imenica.
subjekat + glagol
The food is
She lives
Mary is looking
The letter is
Pascal is used
She isn't used
I ate

prijedlog
on
in
for
under
to
to
before

"imenica"
the table.
Japan.
you.
your blue book.
English people.
working.
coming.

Upotreba nekih glavnih prijedloga:

of - he is a friend of mine (on je moj prijatelj)
what are you thinking of? (o emu mislite?)
60

from - where did you came from? (odakle ste?)

whom did you get this book from? (od koga ste dobili ovu knjigu)
I translated this from English into Bosnian (preveo sam to sa engleskog na bosanski)
to - I get into my office every morning (svako jutro idem u kancelariju)
we went to see him (poli smo da ga posjetimo)
I want to tell you the truth (elim da vam kaem istinu)
at - the family is at dinner (porodica rua)
she is at the dressmaker's (ona je kod krojaice)
he is standing at the door (on stoji kod vrata)
in - I live in Visoko (ivim u Visokom)
my money is in my pocket (moj novac je u depu)
I'll be back in a minute (vraam se za minut)
into - he came into the room (uao je u sobu)
I put the money into my pocket (stavio sam novac u dep)
about - what are you talking about? (o emu priate)
she walked about the house (hodala je po kui)
it's about seven o'clock (oko sedam je sati)
I was about to go home when she came (upravo sam htio da odem kad je ona dola)
since - I haven't seen you since last Friday (nisam vas vidjeo od prolog petka)
for - I haven't seen you for ages (nisam vas vidjeo od odavno)
I waited for an hour (ekao sam jedan sat)
I did it for you (to sam za vas uinio)
except - there was no one at the conference except the president (niko sem predsjednika nije bio
na konferenciji)
between - what is between you and her (ta je izmeu tebe i nje)
there is great difference between words and deeds (velika je razlika izmeu rijei i djela)
among - you will find some interesting girls among this students (nai ete interesantne djevojke
meu ovim studenticama)
before - she stood before the door waiting (stajala je pred vratima i ekala)
came before eight o'clock (doi prije osam)
beyond - this is beyond my understanding (to ne mogu da shvatim)
his house stands beyond that road (njegova kua se nalazi iznad ovog puta)
without - I shall be lonely without you (bit u usamljen bez vas)
she left without saying good-bye (otila je bez zbogom)
towards - they came to the house (prili su kui)
until - I shall wait until day come (ekat u dok oni dou)
61

till - I have been waiting for you till now (sve do sada sam vas ekao)
with - will you take me with you (hoete li me povesti sa sobom)
the proposal was approved with great majority (prijedlog je prihvaen velikom veinom)
I cannot remain with him any longer (ne mogu vie ostati s njim)
he cut himself with a knife (posjekao se noem)
regarding - what have you done regarding this report? (ta ste uinili u vezi sa ovim izvjetajem)
Pored ovih prijedloga u engleskom jeziku imamo i tzv. prijedlone fraze (prepositional
frases):
in spite of (uprkos)
in front of (ispred)
according to (prema)
because of (zbog)
on account of (radi)
by means of (pomou)
There was a pool in front of his house. (pred njegovom kuom se nalazio bazen)
This is not truth in spite of what he has said. (to nije istina uprkos tome to je on rekao)

9. PRILOZI - ADVERBS
Prilozi su rijei koje poblie oznauju glagole, pridjeve ili druge priloge:
uz glagol:
John speaks loudly. (John pria glasno)
She never smokes. (ona nikad ne pui)
uz pridjev:
He is really handsome. (on je stvarno zgodan)
She is less beautifull than her sister. (ona je manje lijepa nego njena sestra)
uz prilog:
She drives incredibly slowly. (ona vozi nevjerovatno sporo)
There is truly quietly. (tamo je zaista tiho)
Meutim, pred ovih funkcija prilozi imaju i druge funkcije, oni mogu:
izmjeniti smisao reenice: Obviously, I can't know everything. (oito, ne mogu sve znati)
izmjeniti prijedlonu frazu: It's immediately inside the door. (to je odmah iza vrata)
Po svom sastavu prilozi se u engleskom jeziku dijele na: proste, izvedene i sloene.
Prosti prilozi su: now (sada), then (tada), fast (brzo), loud (glasno), right (pravo) i dr.
Izvedeni prilozi su oni koji se obrazuju od pridjeva nastavkom "ly":
beautiful - beautifully (lijep - lijepo)
bad - badly (lo - loe) itd.
Sloeni prilozi su: a great deal (mnogo), at least (bar), at present (sada), at last (najzad) itd.
Po svom znaenju prilozi se dijele na:
priloge za vrijeme: always (uvijek), ever (ikad), never (nikad), seldom (rijetko), often (esto),
soon (uskoro), sometimes (ponekad), early (rano), late (kasno) i dr.
priloge za mjesto: here (ovdje), there (tamo), in (u), out (iz), near (blizu), far (daleko), down
(dole), up (gore) i dr.
priloge za koliinu: more (vie), no more (ne vie), most (najvie), little (malo), many (mnogi),
less (manje) i dr.
62

priloge za nain: how (kako), as (kao), so (tako), quickly (brzo), why (zato), truly (zaista),
quietly (mirno), hardly (jedva), usefully (korisno), happily (sretno) i dr. Prilozi za nain se obino
tvore dodavanjem nastavka "-ly" na pridjev.
prilozi stupnja: very (vrlo), too (previe), enough (dovoljno), quite (sasvim) i dr.
Poreenje priloga
Prilozi obrazuju prvi i drugi stupanj poreenja na sledee naine:
dvosloni i viesloni prilozi, kao i prilozi sa nastavkom "ly" porede se na taj nain
to se za komparativ ispred priloga dodaje rije "more", a za superlativ rije "most".
beautifully - more beautifully - most beautifully (lijepo - ljepe...);
jednosloni prilozi (kao i prilozi often i early) obrazuju komparativ nastavkom "er",
a superlativ nastavkom "est":
long - longer - longest (dugo - due...);
Nepravilno se porede sledei prilozi:
well (dobro)
badly (loe)
much (mnogo)
little (malo)
near (blizu)
far (daleko)
late (kasno)

- better
- worse
- more
- less
- nearer
- farther, further
- later

- best
- worst
- most
- least
- nearest, next
- farthest, furthest
- latest, last

Inae, u poreenju priloga vae sva ostala pravila koja se primjenjuju i na pridjeve.
U engleskom jeziku ima vie pridjeva koji se upotrebljavaju i kao prilozi:
cheap (jeftin)
dear (drag, skup)
fair (lijep, pravilan)
false (laan)
hard (teak)
high (visok)
loud (glasan)
low (nizak)
near (blizak)
right (prav)
short (kratak)
wide (irok)

- to sell cheap
- to buy dear
- to copy fair
- to play false
- to work hard
- to charge high
- to speak loud
- to speak loud
- to draw near
- to sing right
- to stop short
- wide open

(prodavati jeftino)
(kupiti skupo)
(prepisati isto)
(varati u igri)
(naporno raditi)
(propisati visoke cijene)
(govoriti glasno)
(govoriti tiho)
(pribliiti se)
(raditi kako treba)
(iznenada stati)
(iroko otvoren)

Napomena: kada ovi prilozi dobiju priloki nastavak "ly", oni esto mijenjaju smisao:
hard (teak, naporan) - hardly (jedva),
near (blizak) - nearly (skoro).
Prilog moe imati tri poloaja u reenici:
na poetku (prije subjekta):
Now we will study adverbs. (sada emo uiti priloge)
u sredini (izmeu subjekta i glavnog glagola):
We often study adverbs. (mi esto uimo priloge)
63

na kraju (iza glavnog glagola ili objekta):

We study adverbs carefully. (mi paljivo uimo priloge)

10. PREFIKSI - PREFIXES

Prefiksi koji se najee upotrebljavaju:
un
dis
ill
im
in
ir
non

- unwise, unwell
- disagree, disbelive
- illiterate
- impossible
- indirect
- irrational
- non-stop

Ostali prefiksi:
a
- ashore
be
- beloved
de
- defend
dis
- disarm
en
- enlarge
ex
- explain
fore
- foreground
out
- outline
inter
- international
mis
- misundrerstood
post
- post-ware
pre
- prepare
pro
- protect
re
- reform
over
- overload
sub
- submarine

11. SUFIKSI SUFIXES

Sufiksi za obrazovanje imenica:
sufiksi koji oznaavaju nacionalnost, pripadnost odreenoj grupi ljudi ili predmeta, koji vre
radnju ili koji su predmet radnje:
-ian
-ician, -arian, -orian
-er, -or, -ist
-ant, -ent

(Bosnian)
(optician, librarian, historian)
(reader, conductor, dentist)
(assistant, student)

sufiksi koji oznaavaju apstraktnost, kvalitet, uslov, stanje, procese, nauke,

predmete, deminutive, mjesto:
-ance, -ence
-hood

(distance, sentence)
(neighborhood)
64

-ia
-ic, -ics
-age
-ion
-ing
-tion
-ssion
-sion
-ism
-ment
-ness
-ship
-sure
-ture
-ity
-y

(Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia)

(statistics)
(village)
(union)
(fighting)
(construction)
(session)
(division)
(racism)
(document)
(happiness)
(friendship)
(measure)
(furniture)
(rapidity)
(country)

Sufiksi za obrazovanje pridjeva:

-able, -ible
-al
-cial
-ic, -ical
-ant, -ent
-ate
-ian
-ive
-ful
-less
-ly
-ous, -ious
-y
-some
-like
-th, -d
-ish
-en
-ern
-ward

(considerable, flexible)
(equal, final)
(social)
(economic, physical)
(distant, independent)
(immediate)
(Bosnian)
(effective)
(hopeful)
(helpless)
(friendly)
(famous, various)
(ready, gloomy)
(tiresome)
(childlike)
(sixth, third)
(girlish)
(golden)
(southern)
(northward)

Sufiksi za obrazovanje glagola:

-ate
-ed
-en
-fy, -ify
-y
-ply
-ize
-ing
-er

(dictate)
(trained)
(darken)
(magnify)
(occupy)
(supply)
(mechanize)
(living)
(glitter)
65

-ish
-el
-le

(furnish)
(snivel)
(crackle)

Sufiksi za obrazovanje priloga:

-ly
-side
-wards
-wise
-ward

(slowly)
(inside)
(inwards)
(likewise)
(forward)

12. UZVICI - INTERJECTIONS

Uzvici mogu izraavati:
uenje:
bol:
radost:
odobravanje:
obraanje
panje:
prijetnju:
pozdrav:

ah! eh! what! strange! impossible! heavens! indeed! (zaista)

ah! oh! o! alas! alack! ah me! woe to me! (jao meni) mercy to me! (nek mi se
nebo smiluje)
ah! o joy! ha,ha! hurra! huzza!
right! bravo! cheer up! (hrabro) well done!
behold! lo! see! holla! help! hark! (uj) hold! I say! attention!
wait! come on! hear, hear! what's the matter!
go away! get away! (gubite se) beware! (pazite) off! off! (gubite se)
good-morning! (dobro jutro), good-afternoon! (dobar dan) good-evening! goodnight! welcome! farewell! (zbogom) hail! (zdravo)

13. VEZNICI - CONJUNCTIONS

Prema funkciji u reenici veznici se dijele na:
dopunske (coordinative): and (i), but (ali), or (ili), yet (ipak) i dr.
zavisne (subordinative): that (da), if (ako), when (kada), though (iako) i dr.
Glavni veznici i njihova upotreba:
before since until, till as soon as as well as as long as -

We saw him before he left his office. (vidjeli smo ga prije nego to je napustio
ured)
It was a long time since we met. (odavno se nismo vidjeli)
We all waited until the rain stopped. (svi smo ekali dok kia nije prestala)
As soon as he came we called his father. (im je doao pozvali smo njegovog oca)
He did it as well as he could. (on je to uinio onako kako je on mogao)
You may keep this book as long as you want. (moete zadrati ovu knjigu koliko
god elite)
66

either...or -

in order to as much as though

(although) -

Either you or your brother must go. (ili vi ili va brat morate ii)
Neither he or his sister knew this lesson. (ni on ni njegova sestra nisu znali ovu
lekciju)
Both you and I think so. (oboje mislimo tako)
I am not going to do this unless it is necessary. (neu to da uradim ako nije
potrebno)
He came in order to hear news. (doao je da bi uo vijest)
I have read as much I had time. (itao sam onoliko koliko sam imao vremena)
He knows that I was right, although he wouldn't admit it.
(on zna da sam bio u pravu iako on to ne bi priznao)

whether because -

I don't know whether to go or not. (ne znam da li da idem ili ne)

I don't like it because it's too tiresome. (ne volim to jer je isuvie zamorno)

neither...nor both...and unless -

14. ZAMJENICE PRONOUNS

U engleskom jeziku zamjenice se dijele na:
- Line zamjenice - Personal pronouns
- Prisvojne zamjenice - Possessive pronouns
- Povratne zamjenice - Reflexive pronouns
- Pokazne zamjenice - Demonstrative pronouns
- Upitne zamjenice - Interrogative pronouns
- Relativne zamjenice - Relative pronouns
- Diobne zamjenice - Distributive pronouns
- Neodreene zamjenice - Indefinite pronouns
LINE ZAMJENICE - PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Line zamjenice imaju dva oblika:
a) u prvom padeu: I (ja), you (ti), he- she- it (on-ona-ono) u jednini,
we (mi), you (vi) i they (oni-one-ona) u mnoini;
67

b) u etvrtom padeu: me (mene), you (tebe), him- her- it (njega-nju-njega) u jednini, i us (nas),
you (vas), them (njih) u mnoini.
Drugi pade kod linih imenica pravi se pomou prijedloga "of", trei pomou "to" i esti pomou
with s oblikom etvrtog padea: of me, to me, with me, of you, to you, with you.
Poslije glagola: to tell (kazati), to give (dati), to bring (donijeti), to throw (baciti), to send
(poslati), to sell (prodati), to write (pisati), to read (itati) i jo nekih, prijedlog "to" se izostavlja
ako dolazi prije objekta, ali ako dolazi poslije objekta prijedlog "to" se ne izostavlja:
I gave him the book (dao sam mu knjigu)
I gave the book to him ( dao sam mu knjigu).
Kod glagola "to say" (rei) prijedlog "to" se mora pisati, bilo da stoji ispred ili iza objekta:
I said nothing to him. (nisam mu nita rekao)
I said to him nothing. (nisam mu nita rekao)
etvrti pade line zamjenice za prvo lice upotrebljava se umjesto prvog padea u obinom
svakodnevnom engleskom:
Who is there? -Me. (ko je tamo? -Ja)
Who is speaking? - Me (ko govori?)
etvrti pade line zamjenice se takoer upotrebljava umjesto prvog padea u poreenju iza rijei
"than":
He is taller than me. (vii je od mene)
Zamjenica "it" moe se upotrijebiti i kao bezlina zamjenica, koja se ne odnosi ni na lice ni na
stvar:
It is a cold day, isn't it? (hladan je dan, zar ne)
It seems to me that we shall have rain. (izgleda mi da emo imati kiu)
Zamjenica "it" se takoer moe upotrijebiti da se uvede subjekat reenice:
It was not difficult to understand him. (nije bilo teko razumjeti ga)
It is only my brother who is here in time. (samo je moj brat doao na vrijeme)
Zamjenice "we" i "they" se esto upotrebljavaju kao neodreene zamjenice i imaju
znaenje neodreene zamjenice "one". U tom sluaju prevode se sa ljudi (uope). Kad
upotrijebimo zamjenicu "we", ukljuujemo lice koje govori, a kad upotrijebimo zamjenicu "they",
onda ne ukljuujemo:
We are not going to ask you to go. (neemo traiti od vas da idete)
They say that the accident was inevitable. (kau da je nesretan sluaj bio neizbjean)
U obinom govoru se u ovakvim sluajevima moe upotrijebiti i zamjenica "you":
You are not supposed to know everything. (ne moe se pretpostaviti da sve znate)
Prisvojne zamjenice - Possessive Pronouns
PRISVOJNE ZAMJENICE SU:
mine (moj,a,e), yours (tvoj,a,e), his (njegov), hers (njen), its (njegov) u jednini;
ours (na,a,e), yours (va,a,e), theirs (njihov,a,e) u mnoini.
Prisvojne zamjenice slue za odgovor na pitanje iji, ija, ije:
Whose hat is this? It is mine. (iji je ovo eir? moj je)
Prisvojne zamjenice upotrebljavaju se takoer u naroitim izrazima koji prave dvostruki pade:
a friend of mine (moj prijatelj)
Kad se zamjenica eli naglasiti, moe se umjesto prisvojne zamjenice "mine", upotrijebiti "my
own":
This book is my own. (ovo je moja vlastita knjiga)
68

Dok se prisvojni pridjevi upotrebljavaju samo uz imenice, prisvojne zamjenice

upotrebljavaju se samostalno:
this book is my own (ovo je moja knjiga) - pris. pridjev;
and where is yours (a gdje je vaa) - prisv. zamjenica.
POVRATNE ZAMJENICE - REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Povratne zamjenice su:
za jedninu myself (ja sam, lino ja), yourself (ti sam, ti lino),himself (on sam), herself (ona
sama), itself (ono samo),
za mnoinu ourselves (mi sami), yourselves (vi sami), themselves (oni sami).
"One's self" ili "oneself" je neodreeni oblik i upotrebljava se kad je objekat u reenici "one"
ili kad je glagol u reenici bezlian:
to wash one's face (oprati neije lice), to dress one's self (obui se)
Povratna zamjenica moe se upotrijebiti i u izrazima kao: "by myself" (sam):
I did it by myself (sam sam to uinio, bez iije pomoi), ili u izrazu:
as for myself (to se mene tie).
Zamjenice za isticanje (emphasizing pronouns) imaju isti oblik kao i povratne zamjenice i
upotrebljavaju se da se u reenici istakne predmet ili objekt:
He himself did this heroic deed. (lino on je uinio to herojsko djelo).
Pokazne zamjenice - Demonstrative pronouns
POKAZNE ZAMJENICE SU:
Pokazne zamjenice su:
this (ovaj, ova, ovo) za blie predmete ili lica u jednini;
these (ovi, ove, ova) za blie predmete ili lica u mnoini;
that (onaj, ona, ono) za dalje predmete u mnoini;
zatim
such (takav, a, o) i the same (isti);
the former (preanji, raniji), the latter (zadnji, dalji po redu);
one i ones.
Pokazne zamjenice this i that mogu biti samostalne samo u apstraktnom znaenju:
This is not true. (to nije istina).
Such i the same imaju isti oblik u mnoini:
Such is my opinion, such are his words. (takvo je moje miljenje, takve su njegove rijei)
the same to you (takoer i vama).
Zamjenica "the same" moe se pojaati sa "the very same" (ba taj isti).
UPITNE ZAMJENICE - INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
Upitne zamjenice su: who, what i which.

69

Promjena zamjenice "who":

1. pad. who (ko)
2. pad. whose (iji, kojega)
3. pad. to whom (kome)
4. pad. whom (koga)
5. pad. with whom (s kim)
Promjena zamjenice "what":
1. pad. what (ta)
2. pad. of what (ega)
3. pad. to what (emu)
4. pad. what (ta)
5. pad. with what (ime)
Promjena zamjenice "which":
1. pad. which (koji)
2. pad. of which (kojega)
3. pad. to which (kojemu)
4. pad. which (kojega)
5. pad. with which (s kojim)
"What" se upotrebljava samo za stvari :
what do you want (ta hoete), what is this made of (od ega je ovo napravljeno).
"Who" se upotrebljava samo za lica:
who lives in your house (ko ivi u vaoj kui),
whom do you see (koga vidite).
"Which" se upotrebljava i za lica i stvari kada je u pitanju izbor:
which of these two books is yours (koja od ove dvije knjige je vaa),
which of these girls is your sister (koja od ovih djevojaka je vaa sestra).
Ako se iza "which" i "what" nalazi imenica, onda su to pridjevi (which - koji; what - kakav):
which man is your brother (koji od ovih ljudi je va brat),
what colour is your bag (koje je boje vaa torba).

Upitne se zamjenice mogu kombinovati sa "ever" ili "soever" radi isticanja:

whoever, whatever, whichever;
whosoever, whatsoever, whichsoever.
Ako su "who" i "what" predmeti u reenici, onda glagol nije u upitnom obliku:
who speaks here (ko ovdje govori)
what comes after spring (ta dolazi poslije proljea).
RELATIVNE ZAMJENICE - RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Relativne zamjenice su: who, what, which, that, as, but.
"Who" se upotrebljava za lica:
she lives with her daughter who is a teacher (ona ivi sa svojom kerkom koja je uiteljica),
I saw the man to whom you were talking (vidjeo sam ovjeka sa kojim ste razgovarali);

70

"Whom" se moe izostaviti:

the journalist I met at the conference left for Italy (novinar koga sam sreo na konferenciji
otputovao je za Italiju).
"Whose" se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari:
this is the woman in whose house we live (to je ena u ijoj kui mi ivimo),
I saw the dog whose leg was broken (vidjeo sam psa ija noga je bila slomljena).
"Of whom" i "of which" dolaze poslije rijei na koje se odnose:
a writer the fame of whom is great has died (jedan pisac, ija je slava velika, umro je).
"Which" se odnosi na stvari i na ivotinje:
the house in which I live is in small street (kua u kojoj ivim nalazi se u maloj ulici).
"Which" se moe odnositi i na cijelu reenicu:
we came home by car which was great fun (vratili smo se kolima to je bilo vrlo zabavno).
"Which" se moe izostaviti kad je objekt u etvrtom padeu:
Peter lost the watch his wife had given him (Peter je izgubio sat koji mu je poklonila supruga).
"That" se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari:
the boy that showed you the way is my brother (djeak koji vam je pokazao put je moj brat),
the book that you are reading is interesting (knjiga koju itate je zanimljiva).
Kad je "that" predmet odnosne reenice moe se izostaviti:
the man you met is my father (ovjek koga ste sreli je moj otac).
"That" se upotrebljava umjesto "who" ili "which" i to:
poslije superlativa pridjeva: this is most beautiful picture that I have ever seen (to je najljepa
slika koju sam ikad vidjeo);
poslije rednih brojeva: this is the first book that I have read with real interest (to je prva knjiga
koju sam proitao sa stvarnim zanimanjem);
- poslije rijei: all, everything, anything, nothing, something, some, any, none, much,
little, only, very:
there is much that must be done (ima mnogo toga to se mora uraditi).
"What" kao odnosna zamjenica znai "ono to":
tell me what you want to know (kaite mi ta elite znati),
I know what you mean (znam ta mislite).
Relativna zamjenica "as" upotrebljava se za lica, ivotinje i stvari, i dolazi poslije "same" i
"such":
bread was given to such as were most hungry (hljeb je dat onima koji su bili najgladniji).
"But" kao relativna zamjenica odnosi se na imena lica, ivotinja i stvari, a upotrebljava se
samo iza negacije:
there is no man here but loves his country (nema ovdje ovjeka koji ne voli svoju zemlju).
Relativne zamjenice se mogu pojaati rijeima "ever" ili "soever":
whatever they do, they are not right (ta bilo da ine, nisu u pravu).
DIOBNE ZAMJENICE - DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS
71

Diobne zamjenice su: each, each other, either, neither.

Each se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari. Znai svaki od dvojice ili vie njih uzeti posebno.
Glagol je uvijek u jednini: each shows his own card (svaki pokazuje svoju kartu).
Each other ima uzajamno znaenje (jedan drugoga, jedan drugome itd.):
good friends always help each other (dobri prijatelji uvijek pomau jedan drugoga).
Umjesto "each other" moe se upotrijebiti "one another":
they help one another (oni pomau jedan drugoga).
"Either" i "neither" upotrebljavaju se za lica, ivotinje i stvari, a znae jedan ili drugi
(ni jedan ni drugi) od dvojice:
either of these two pupils will read the story properly (i jedan i drugi uenik proitat e priu kako
treba).
"Either" i "neither" su takoer i veznici, i u tom sluaju upotrebljavaju se sa "or" ili
"nor":
either you or your father should pay this money (ili vi ili va otac morat e platiti taj novac).
NEODREENE ZAMJENICE - INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Samostalno i pridjevski upotrebljavaju se sledee neodreene zamjenice:
all
few
a few
little
a little
many, much
some, any
other
another
one
several
both

cio, svi
malo
neto, nekoliko
malo
neto malo
mnogo
neki, neto, nekoliko
drugi
(jedan) drugi
oba, i ovaj i onaj
neki
nekoliko

Samo pridjevski upotrebljavaju se:

every
no
many a

svaki (ako znai cjelinu)

niko
mnogi

Samo samostalno se upotrebljavaju:

others
something, anything
somebody
someone
anybody
anyone

drugi
neto
neko
neko
neko, bilo ko
neko, bilo ko
72

everybody
everyone
everything
nobody
no one
none
nothing

svako
svako
sve
niko
niko
niko
nita

Neodreena zamjenica "all" upotrebljava se:

a) samostalno: all will come (sve e doi), all is lost (sve je izgubljeno);
b) pridjevski: all hope was lost (sva je nada bila izgubljena).
"All" znai cjelinu. Glagol stoji u jednini ili mnoini:
all is correct (sve je tano),
the house is empty, all have gone (kua je prazna, svi su otili).
"Some" i "any" upotrebljavaju se za lica, ivotinje i stvari. Mogu se upotrijebiti u jednini
ili mnoini.
"Some" oznaava dio koji je uzet iz cjeline, izvjestan broj, koliinu ili stepen. "Any" ima
neodreeno znaenje, dok je "some" ipak ogranien:
I am short of money but I think I can spare some (nemam novaca ali mislim da mogu neto
odvojiti);
there are many interesting books here, I am going to take some (ovdje ima mnogo zanimljivih
knjiga, uzet u neke);
many people are said to have arrived but I still cannot see any (kau da je mnogo svijeta stiglo, ali
ja jo uvijek nikog ne vidim).
"Both" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari. Glagol je uvijek u mnoini:
both came to see me (oboje su doli da me vide);
two artists have exhibited their paintings; works of both are of great value (dva slikara su izlagali
svoje slike, radovi obojice su od velike vrijednosti).
"Much" se upotrebljava kada je u pitanju velika koliina. Upotrebljava se samo u jednini
(kolektivno):
much has been said, but in vain (mnogo je bilo reeno, ali uzalud).
"Many" se upotrebljava za neodreeni broj lica, ivotinja i stvari. Glagol je samo u mnoini:
many will come, and still more will leave (mnogi e doi, ali jo vie njih e otii).
Sve to je reeno za "much" i "many" vai za njihove komparative i superlative (more i most).
"Nobody" i "no one" znae isto i upotrebljavaju se samo u jednini u smislu: niko, nijedna osoba,
nijedno lice:
nobody has come at all (niko nije dolazio uope),
in this work I had nobody's assistance (u ovom poslu niko mi nije pomogao).
"Nothing" se upotrebljava samo u jednini u smislu "no thing" (nita):
nothing has been said about this (nita nije reeno o tome).
"One" se upotrebljava za lica u jednini. Znai neko neodreeno lice:
one never knows what will happen to one (nikad se ne zna, ta e se ovjeku dogoditi).
"Others" je zamjenica koja se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u mnoini:
73

I suggested to go, others said I should stay (predloio sam da odem, drugi su rekli da ostanem).
"Another" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u jednini:
one came at once, another after some minutes (jedan je stigao odmah, drugi poslije nekoliko
minuta).

15. ZNACI INTERPUNKCIJE PUNCTUATION

Taka - The full stop or period
Zarez - The comma
Dvotaka - The colon
Taka-zarez - The semicolon
Upitnik - The question mark
Taka - The full stop or period
- Taku stavljamo na kraj reenice:
She is sleeping. (ona spava)
I was in England. (bio sam u Engleskoj)
- Taku koristimo u skraenicama, ako zadnje slovo skraenice nije isto kao i kod skraene rijei:
Co. (company - kompanija)
etc. (et cetera - i tako dalje)
- Taku ne koristimo kod skraenica kod kojih je zadnje slovo isto kao kod skraene rijei:
Ltd (Limited)
Manchester Utd (United)
St (Saint)
Ova pravila o skraenicama ne slijede svi, i ponekad predstavlja pitanje stila. Meutim,
preporuuje se da budete doslijedni, ako odluite pisati taku poslije Ltd. i slinih primjera, piite
je u cijelom tekstu.
Zarez - The comma
Zarez se koristi da pri izdvajanju pojedinih rijei, fraza i klauza u reenici.
- Koristimo ga da razdvojimo tri ili vie rijei pri nabrajanju. Zarez prije zadnje rijei se ne mora
pisati.
John played handball, hockey, and football in high school. (John je igrao u rukomet, hokej, i
nogomet u koli)
- Zarez razdvaja dva ili vie pridjeva, koji dolaze jedan za drugim, ako oni mogu zamijeniti mjesta
a da se ne promijeni znaenje reenice:
The sunny, cool day was perfect for lying in the dark green grass. (sunano, toplo vrijeme je bilo
odlino za izleavanje na tamno-zelenoj travi)
Primjetite, da izmeu "dark" i "green" nema zareza, jer ovi pridjevi ne mogu zamijeniti mjesta.
Trava nije "zelena" i "tamna", ona je "tamno zelena".
- Zarez razdvaja uvodni pozdrav (greeting or salutation) od poruke, te se koristi u potpisu poslije
rijei: Yours truly, Yours sincerly, Best wishes itd.
Dear Jane,
message
message
message

74

Best wishes,
Jack Brown
- Zarez razdvaja pitanje (question tag) od ostatka reenice:
You locked the car, didn't you? (zakljuao si auto, zar ne?)
- Zarez iza kojeg dolazi dopunski veznik (coordinative conjunction: and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so)
razdvaja dvije nezavisne klauze:
Ron wore cowboy boots, and Jeff wore tennis shoes. (Ron je nosio kaubojske izme, a Jeff je
nosio tenisice)
- Kada zavisna dolazi ispred nezavisne klauze odvajamo je zarezom:
When the meeting was over, the refreshment committee served coffee and cake before everyone
went home. (kada je sastanak bio zavren, osoblje je posluilo kafu i kola prije nego su svi otili
doma)
Primjetite da nema zareza izmeu "coffee" i "cake", zato to zavisna klauza dolazi poslije
nezavisne klauze.
- Zarezom se odvaja uvodna fraza, te izraz ubaen u reenicu koji ne donosi neku presudnu
informaciju:
On my way to school, I met three of my classmates coming out of the subway. (na putu prema
koli, izlazei iz podzemne sreo sam troje kolskih kolega)
Texans, as you know, are often the subject of jokes. (teksaani, kao to znate, su esto predmetom
ale)
Eddie will, in spite of my wishes, travel to Russia. (Eddie e, uprkos mojim eljama, putovati u
Rusiju)
Dvotaka - The colon
Dvotaka se koristi:
- prije uvoenja liste pri nabrajanju:
They must have: books, papers and pens. (Oni moraju imati: knjige, papire i olovke)
- prije formalnog pitanja u reenici:
The question is: what are we doing? (pitanje je: ta radimo?)
He opened the meeting with the words: "War is upon us!" (poeo je sastanak rijeima: "rat je pred
nama!")
- prije klauze koja dolazi poslije reenice i daje njeno objanjenje:
His motives are clear: he intends to become a dictator. (njegovi motivi su jasni, on nastoji postati
diktator)
- da se posebno naznai vana rije u reenici:
King Midas cared for only one thing: gold. (kralj Midas je brinuo samo za jednu stvar: zlato)
- poslije uvodnog pozdrava u poslovnom pismu:
Dear Ms. Weiner:
- pri pisanju podataka:
Title: Principles of Mathematics: An Introduction
Reference: Luke 3:4-13
Numerals: 8:15 P.M.

75

Taka-zarez - The semicolon

Taku-zarez koristimo:
- izmeu dvije nezavisne klauze (reenice) koje nisu povezane dopunskim veznikom (and, but, or,
nor, for, so, yet):
People are usually willing to give advice; they are much less inclined to take it. (ljudi obino rado
daju savjete; mnogo su manje zainteresirani da ih prime)
- izmeu dvije nezavisne klauze (reenice) koje su povezane sa veznim prilogom (however,
nevertheless, furthermore, then, therefore, moreover, thus, etc.):
Today people can buy what they want from supermarkets, department stores, and discount stores;
but in Colonial days, when such conveniences did not exist, people depended on general stores
and peddlers.
- izmeu rijei koje nabrajamo, ako one sadre zarez:
The newly elected officers of the group are Thomas Mann, president; Emily Dickinson, vicepresident; James Joyce, secretary; and Leo Tolstoy, treasurer.
Upitnik - The question mark
Upitnik stavljamo na kraju direktnog pitanja.
Where are you? (gdje si?)
Who wrote that book? (ko je napisao tu knjigu?)
He shouldn't have quit his diet, should he? (nije trebao prekinuti svoju dijetu, zar ne?)
Pazite da ne stavite upitnik na kraju indirektnog pitanja.
The instructor asked the students what they were doing. (uitelj je pitao uenike ta e raditi)
I asked my sister if she had a date. (upitao sam sestru ima li sastanak)

76