qarTveluri memkvidreoba (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi

institutis perioduli samecniero Jurnali) tomi XII, gv., 9-14

lia axalaZe

afxazeTis epigrafikuli Zeglebis klasifikaciis

zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis

epigrafikuli Zeglebis kvlevis procesi mniSvnelovnad aris

dakavSirebuli maT mecnierul klasifikaciasa da sistematizaciasTan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom epigrafikuli Zeglebis saistorio wyarod
gamoyenebis faqtebs jer kidev antikuri epoqis istorikosebTan vxvdebiT
(Griechische epigraphic.., 1914, gv. 14), warwerebis gamovlenis, gaSifvrisa da
mecnieruli klasifikaciis problema didi xnis manZilze idga mecnierebis
winaSe. manamde mogzaurebi da moyvaruli Semgroveblebi ZiriTadad
dainteresebuli iyvnen qvaze amokveTili warwerebis SegrovebiTa da maTi
teqstebis gadmocemiT. XV saukuneSi cnobilia berZnul-laTinuri
epigrafikuli Zeglebis Semgrovebeli kiriako de picikolo, romelic,
faqtobrivad, iqca berZnul-laTinuli epigrafikis fuZemdeblad. v.
larfeldi kiriakos hainrix Slimanis Suasaukuneobriv prototips
uwodebda da mas samarTlianad Searqva epigrafikis mama (iqve). am
epoqidan moyolebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis Segroveba, Seswavla da
gamoqveyneba intensiurad mimdinareobda. miuxedavad amisa, maTi mecnieruli
klasifikaciis sakiTxi mxolod XIX saukuneSi daisva. sagulisxmoa, rom
qarTul istoriografiaSi epigrafikuli Zeglebis klasifikaciis pirveli
mcdeloba XVIII saukuneSi jer kidev vaxuSti bagrationma mogvca. Zvel
qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi igi erT-erTi pirveli iyo, romelmac
qarTuli warwerebi wyarod gamoiyena da miuTiTa kidec. am faqts Tavis
droze yuradReba miaqcia SoTa mesxiam. misi SeniSvniT, saWiro SemTxvevaSi
vaxuSti mSvenivrad iyenebda "zedwerilebs" romelime mosazrebis
dasamtkiceblad (S. mesxia, 1944, gv. 51).
Tavis SesaniSnav TxzulebaSi "aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa" vaxuSti
werda: "arian aRSenebulni (eklesiani) zogni mTavarTa da
xuroTmoZRvarTagan, viTarca zedve eklesiaTa weril aCenen". Tu Zvel
qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi vaxuStimde mxolod lapidaruli da
freskuli warwerebis wyarod gamoyenebis faqtebs vxvdebiT (v. silogava,
1980, gv. 8), man sxva saxis epigrafikuli Zeglebic, kerZod jvrebze
gakeTebuli Weduri warwerebic gamoiyena: "arasadme vixilavT didTa
SenebulTa eklesia-monasterTa anu xatTa da juarTa ZvirfasTa, romelTa
zeda iyos sxuaTa mefeTa saxelni, Tvinier: "Cuen mefeman saqarTvelosaman
anu qarTlisaman anu afxazeTisaman, romelTa zeda weril arian quaTa,
xatTa da juarTa zeda" (vaxuSti bagrationi, 1973, gv. 292). vaxuSti daviT
soslanis warmomavlobaze msjelobis dros kasrisxevis eklesiis freskul
warweras, rogorc wyaros, iSveliebs: "mowame ars misi mcire eklesia
kasris xevsa Sina, sadaca daxatul arian da dawerilni zed dimitri da Ze
misi daviT, Ze daviTisa aTon, Ze aTonisa jadaron, Ze jadaronisa soslan
daviT, romeli iyo qmari Tamarisa". da marTlac, kasrisxevis eklesiis
fragmentul warweraSi dRemde aris SemorCenili qtitorTa gamosaxulebebi
da maTi ganmartebiTi warwerebi, sadac ikiTxeba: "...aTon, jadaron, soslan"
(i. lolaSvili, 1971, gv. 31-34)., rac vaxuStis mier motanili wakiTxvis
sisworeze miuTiTebs.
saqarTvelos centralur arqivSi daculia vaxuStis erT-erTi
xelnaweri (1808 wlis #104). aRniSnuli xelnaweris Zveli "qarTlis
cxovrebis" nawilSi vkiTxulobT, rom "giorgi mefis Zis konstantinesa da
mis quemore mefeTa qmnulebaTa viuwyebT warweraT TvisT TvisTa" mixedviT
(vaxuSti bagrationi, 1973, gv. 18). motanili citata aSkarad miuTiTebs,
rom vaxuSti batoniSvili qarTvel mefeTa cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
aRwerisas ar iviwyebda maT qtitorul saqmianobasac da warwerebSi mefeTa
saqmianobis damadasturebel cnobebs wyarod iyenebda.
zemoT moyvanili informaciidan Cans, rom saxelovani mecnieri
erTmaneTisagan ganarCevda qvaze, freskaze da xatze Sesrulebul warwerebs:
"romelTa zeda weril arian quaTa, xatTa da juarTa zeda". xolo
freskuli warwerebis Sesaxeb werda: "kasrisxevsa Sina, sadac daxatul da
daweril arian".
qmulidan gamomdinare, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaxuSti
bagrationi aris erT-erT pirveli, romelmac mogvca epigrafikuli
Zeglebis klasifikaciis Semdegi saxe:
1. "qvaze dawerili"
2. "qvaze daxatul da dawerili"
3. "juarsa zeda dawerili".
aRniSnul warwerebs dRes epigrafikaSi Sesabamisad lapidaruli,
freskuli da Weduri warwerebi hqvia (l. axalaZe, 2005, gv. 9-10).
epigrafikuli mecniereba erTmaneTisagan ganarCevs lapidarul (qvaze
amokveTil), Wedur, freskul da mozaikur warwerebs. lapidarul
warwerebSi, Tavis mxriv, gamoyofen nakawr da qvaze Rrma kveTiT
Sesrulebul warwerebs. qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis klasifikaciis
TvalsazrisiT, vaxuStis Semdeg bevri ram gakeTda: dRes gamocemulia
lapidaruli warwerebis ori korpusi (1980), freskuli warwerebis erTi
korpusi (1989), svaneTis Weduri warwerebi (1987), samegreloSi daculi
jvar-xatebis warwerebi (2000), saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebis warwerebi
(javaxeTis, tao-klarjeTis, kaxeTis, raWis...). es ukanaskneli lapidaruli,
anu qvaze Sesrulebuli warwerebia. miuxedavad amisa, mTlianobaSi
qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis klasifikaciis erTiani, Semajamebeli
suraTi jer kidev ara gvaqvs.
 rac Seexeba afxazeTis warwerebs, maTi moZieba da Seswavla jer kidev
XIX saukuneSi daiwyo mari broses, dimitri baqraZis, e. TayaiSvilisa da
sxvaTa mier. XX saukuneSi saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis Seswavlis
procesSi gamovlinda mravali axali Zegli, ZiriTadad lapidaruli
warwerebi. maTi erTad Tavmoyra da teqstebis pirveli publikacia moxda
v. silogavas mier, romelmac dasavleT saqarTvelos IX_XIII saukuneebis
lapidarul warwerebTan erTad gamoaqveyna afxazeTis mxaris 23
lapidaruli warwera (1980). afxazeTis IX_XVII ss. epigrafikuli Zeglebi
(lapidaruli da freskuli warwerebi) Sevida l. axalaZis sakandidato
disertaciaSi (1998), sul 38 warwera. gacilebiT ufro nayofieri
aRmoCnda XXI saukunis dasawyisi: 2003 wels gamoqveynda webeldis sami
Weduri warweris foto, teqstis wakiTxva, grafikuli monaxazi da
wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizi (l. axalaZe, 2003); 2004 wels gamovida v.
silogavas "samegrelo- afxazeTis epigrafika" (2004), romelSic Sevida
samegrelosa da afxazeTis lapidaruli da freskuli warwerebis erTi
nawili da afxazeTis X-XI ss. 5 Weduri warwera; 2005 wels gamoqveynda
afxazeTis lapidaruli da freskuli warwerebis istoriul-
wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizi (l. axalaZe, 2005), romelSic mocemulia maTi
Rirebuleba, roli da adgili qarTuli sadamwerlobo kulturisa da
zogadad qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis istoriaSi; 2006 wels galis
raionis sof. RumuriSSi damatebiT gamovlinda kidev erTi warwera,
romelic saflavis qvis epitafias warmoadgens (l. axalaZe, 2008, gv. 208-
212).
dRes Cvens xelT arsebuli afxazeTis epigrafikuli Zeglebis
klasifikacia garegnuli niSnisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT unda moxdes da
radgan maTSi ar aris warmodgenili mozaikuri warwerebi, garegnuli
niSnis mixedviT isini sam ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba daiyos:
I. lapidaruli warwerebi, maT Soris saflavis qvis epitafiebi, 50-
mde warwera
II. freskuli warwerebi, daaxloebiT 30-mde warwera (maT Soris
zogierTi fragmentulad aris moRweuli).
III. Weduri warwerebi, daaxloebiT 20-mde warwera, romelTa Soris
gviani periodis warwerebi jer kidev ar aris Seswavlili, rogorc
epigrafikuli Zegli.
sagulisxmoa, rom aseTi suraTi gvaqvs maSin, roca afxazeTis regioni
specialuri epigrafikuli kvlevis areali arasodes gamxdara da
warwerebis ZiriTadi nawili mopovebulia saeklesio xuroTmoZRvruli
Zeglebis Seswavlis procesSi.
lapidarul warwerebSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ori jgufi: a) qvaze Rrma
kveTiT Sesrulebuli warwerebi da b) qvaze nakawri warwerebi. pirvel
jgufs miekuTvneba: ozbeg dadianis warwera Walidan (Wloudan), giorgi
basilis Zis warwera anuxvidan, giorgi gurgenis Zis warwera iloridan,
luka martinevas warwera webeldidan da a.S. qvaze nakawri warwerebi
iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba, magaliTad: webeldis miqaelis warwera.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavis droze iloris taZarze eqvsi warwera iyo, Tumca
dRes iq mxolod xuTi warwera ikiTxeba, meeqvse warwera gadaSlilia da
nakawri warweris saxiT aris SemorCenili. saerTod nakawr warwerebs adre
naklebi yuradReba eqceoda, Sesabamisad, maTi moZieba momavlis saqmea.
lapidarul warwerebSi gvxvdeba saflavis qvis epitafiebi, romelTa
umravlesoba adgilobriv didebulebs, mxaris gamgeblebsa da saeklesio
pirebs ekuTvnis.
sagangebod unda SevCerdeT freskul warwerebze. maTi didi nawili
gamosaxulebis ganmartebiTi warwerebia da warwerilia wmindanTa
gamosaxulebebTan, Tumca afxazeTis freskul warwerebSi iSviaTad, magram
mainc gvxvdeba samSeneblo xasiaTis warwerebi. am tipis warwerebs
miekuTvneba "diofal" marixisa da giorgi dadianis warwera bediis
freskaze. freskul warweraTa dazianeba da fragmentuli xasiaTi
ramdenadme amcirebs maT wyaroTmcodneobiT Rirebulebas, magram
paleografiuli TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli anbanis ganviTarebis Seswavlis
istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT.
Sinaarsis mixedviT afxazeTis epigrafikul ZeglebSi gvxvdeba
samSeneblo (qtitoruli), memorialuri da iuridiuli xasiaTis warwerebi.
mTlianad afxazeTis epigrafikul fondSi warweraTa umravlesoba
memorialuri xasiaTisaa; sakmao raodenobiTaa warmodgenili samSeneblo
warwerebi, aris ramdenime iuridiuli warwera, xolo piligrimuli
warwerebi iSviaTia.
memomorialuri warwerebi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba or nawilad daiyos:
a) savedrebeli warwerebi da b) mefeTa da didebulTa ganmadidebeli
warwerebi. memorialuri warwerebis umravlesoba savedrebeli xasiaTisaa.
mefeTa ganmadidebel warwerebs miekuTvneba: lixnis taZris mefe giorgi
kurapalatis warwera, konstantine mefeTa mefis warwera bediis taZris
samrekloze da a. S. sagulisxmoa, rom saeklesio nagebobebsa da nivTebze
amokveTil warwerebSi moxseniebis ufleba garkveuli qtitoruli
saqmianobis Semdeg eZleodaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini taZris (an sxva
saeklesio nivTis) mSeneblobis Sesaxeb ar mogviTxroben, maT mainc
samSeneblo xasiaTi aqvT.
epigrafikuli Zeglebis klasifikaciis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa
afxazeTis lapidarul da Wedur warwerebSi dafiqsirebuli xelovnebiTi
damwerlobani, kerZod, kidurwaisruli da kidurwertilovani anbanebi.
maTi Seswavlis safuZvelze gairkva, rom kidurwaisrul qvis kaligrafiul
skolas, romelic saqarTveloSi XI saukuneSi arsebobda, safuZveli
afxazeTSi Caeyara, radgan yvelaze adreuli nimuSebi swored aq gvxvdeba
(l. axalaZe, 2008, gv. 3-14).
afxazeTis epigrafikuli ZeglebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
TaviseburebaTa Soris unda aRiniSnos is, rom warweraTa umravlesoba
qarTuli asomTavruli anbaniTaa Sesrulebuli; mxedruli anbani ramdenime
warweraSi aris gamoyenebuli, xolo nusxa-xucuri iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
mxedruli anbanis erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli, XI saukunis nimuSi gvaqvs
grigol galatozTuxucesis warweraSi (galis r-ni, sof. dixazurga),
romelSic mxedruls ukve Camoyalibebuli saxe aqvs.
 afxazeTis epigrafikuli Zeglebis klasifikaciis safuZvelze naTlad
ikveTeba am regionis mdidari kulturuli tradiciebi da roli qarTuli
kulturis ganviTarebaSi. warwerebSi dadasturebulia qarTuli
epigrafikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela saxe, garda mozaikuri warwerebisa,
romlebic saerTo iSviaTobas warmoadgenen. Mmiuxedavad amisa, warwerebis
yvela tips gaaCnia Taviseburebani, rac adasturebs maT adgilobriv
warmomavlobasa da qarTuli sadamwerlobo kulturis did tradiciebze
afxazeTSi.

damowmebuli literatura

m. axalaSvili, 1987 - m. axalaSvili, X-XV ss. warwerebi svaneTis

Weduri xelovnebis Zeglebze, Tb., 1987.
l. axalaZe, 1998 - l. axalaZe, qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi
afxazeTSi IX-XVII ss. disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis
samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tb., 1998.
l. axalaZe, 2003 - l. axalaZe, webeldis Weduri warwerebi,
"saistorio Ziebani", weliwdeuli, t. VI, Tb., 2003.
l. axalaZe, 2005 - l. axalaZe, afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc
saistorio wyaro, I (lapidaruli da freskuli warwerebi), Tb., 2005.
l. axalaZe, 2006 - l. axalaZe, kidev erTi warwera afxazeTidan,
"saistorio Ziebani", weliwdeuli, t. VIII-IX, Tb., 2006.
l. axalaZe, 2008 - l. axalaZe, "xelovnebiTi damwerlobani" afxazeTis
epigrafikul ZeglebSi, akademikos qeTevan lomTaTiZes, Tb., 2008.
vaxuSti bagrationi, 1973 - vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa
saqarTvelosa, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier. wignSi: "qarTlis cxovreba", IV. Tb., 1973.
l. beraia, 2000 - l. beraia, samegreloSi daculi X-XIX saukuneebis
jvar-xatebis warwerebi, Tbilisi-zugdidi, 2000.
i. lolaSvili, 1971 - i. lolaSvili, daviT soslanis akldamis
saidumloeba, Tb., 1971.
S. mesxia, 1944 - vaxuSti da Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba, I.
Tb., 1944.
v. silogava, 1980 - v. silogava, qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, II,
dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi, nakv. I (IX-XIII ss.), Seadgina da
gamosacemad moamzada v. silogavam, Tb., 1980.
v. silogava, 2004 - v. silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika, Tb.,
2004.
qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, lapidaruli warwerebi, I, aRmosavleT
da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-X ss.) Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada n.
SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1980.
 qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis korpusi, II, dasavleT saqarTvelos
warwerebi, nakv. I (IX-XIII ss.), Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada v.
silogavam, Tb., 1980.
qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, III, freskuli warwerebi, I, atenis
sioni, gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTes g.
abramiSvilma da z. aleqsiZem, Tb., 1989.
Griechische epigraphic.., 1914 - Griechische epigraphic von Wilchelm Larfeld.
Dritte volling neubearbeitete Auflage, mit 4 Teilen, Munchen, 1914.

LIA AKHALADZE

FOR CLASSIFICATION OF SOME ISSUES OF

ABKHAZIA’S EPIGRAPHIC MONUMENTS

Research process of epigraphic monuments is connected significantly with their

scientific classification and systematization.
Epigraphic monuments of Abkhazia is classified according to two signs: according
to exterior sign and content. According to exterior sign they can be divided into three
groups: lapidary inscriptions, among them epitaphs on tombs – about 50 inscriptions;
mural inscriptions – about 30 inscriptions, (among them some are survived fragmentally);
embossed inscriptions - about 20 inscriptions.
Lapidary inscriptions may be divided into two groups: hard carved out inscriptions
and scratched inscriptions. They belong to the first group. According to the content
among the epigraphic monuments of Abkhazia we meet inscriptions with building,
memorial and juridical character.
On the basis of classification of epigraphic monuments of Abkhazia it turned out
that in this region we meet all kinds of inscriptions confirmed in Georgian epigraphy
except mosaic inscriptions which are very rarity. Every type of inscriptions has its
peculiarities that confirms their local origin and great traditions of Georgian writing
culture in Abkhazia.