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UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG
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APPM2007
MECHANICS
NOVEMBER 2009
BSc BCom and Bachelor of Economic Science
SCIENCE AND CLM
DRAWELTE 76107 |
PROFESSOR C VILLET
i
‘THEY ARE ALLOWED TO BRING THE BLUE NOTEBOOK |
ee
Course No.(s) | APPM2007 | HOURS rerwoy |
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.
Internal Examiners or Heads of Department are requested to sign the
declaration overleafCAM2. Lagrangian Mechanics. Final Exam 2009
Answer all questions. The number of marks allocated is indicated in brackets.
‘Total marks (37).
You may (and where possible, probably should) give answers to later questions in terms of symbols (like
c, k and d) defined in previous questions.
Explanations should be clear, but need never be lengthy.
It is your responsibility to write legibly - unclear words and eq(fations will be considered incorrect.
Make sketches large enough so that legible labels may easily be inserted.
May the generalised components of the force be with you !
Key Formulas
(These formulas need to be used correctly - which you should know how to do.)—
The picture above shows a wedge of mass My that slides freely on a horizontal surface. A cylinder of
mass Mz and radius 2 is rolling without slipping on the upper surface of the wedge, which is at an
angle 8 from the horizontal, The cylinder has a moment of inertia I= kiMyR? about its primary axis.
1. (16 Marks)
(2) (5 marks) Make a clear large sketch of this system indicating clearly the following:
‘+ The items in the sketch above
‘+ A conventional cartesian coordinate system which has its origin somewhere on the hor-
izontal surface on which the wedge is sliding
+ A generalised coordinate X which indicates how far the right tip of the wedge is from
the origin of the cartesian coordinate system
‘A generalised coordinate A which shows how far the cylinder is from the bottom of the
slope
‘A reference radius on the cylinder which makes an angle a relative to a direction per-
pendicular to the slope on which the cylinder is rolling.
(b) (2 marks) The rotation of the cylinder is linked to its position on the slope, as it rolls
without slipping. It doesn’t matter for which value of A you set a = 0, as a will not enter
the Lagrangian. You do however need to relate & to A. Write down this relationship,
(c) (2 marks) Write down the gravitational potential U, of the system in terms of the generalised
coordinates.
(@) (4 marks) Write down the kinetic energy of the system in terms of the generalised coordinates
and their derivatives
(e) (3 marks) Insert everything that is needed into the Lagrange equation of motion, and perform
the required integrals to obtain two equations of motion, involving the two generalised
coordinates,
2, (3 Marks) Write down a solution (ie. a function Z(t)) for the equation of motion Z =
A+ Bos(wt), with the property that when t = 0, Z = 0. The solution is not unique. Explain
the meaning of the undetermined parameter in the solution.
3. (3 Marks) Write down a solution (i.e. a function Z(t) for the equation of motion Z =
A+ Beos(ut), with the property that when t = 0, Z = 0. The solution is not unique. Explain
the meaning of the undetermined parameter in the solution.NN
4, (7 Marks) A paper cone has a base of radius b and a height h. The base is open - so that the
sheet of paper just forms the conical walls - like a party hat. You are to calculate what area of
paper is required to make such a cone. Do this by two methods. You should obtain the same
answer for the two methods, but if you do not, you can receive some extra marks for any real
attempt to resolve the problem.
(a) (4 Marks) Cut the cone into horizontal slivers, which, seen from the side, have a vertical
thickness dz. You can then add up all the infinitesimal areas dA of all the slivers which lie
ina range 2 € [0,h]. User R to denote the distance from the apex to the base, measured
‘along the paper. Note that R= Vi2-402. Pay attention to the fact that vertical distance
fon the cone is not the same as distance measured along the paper of the walls of the cone
This is reflected in the fact that h, and the fact that the width of paper making up the
infinitesimal strips is not dz.
(b) (3 Marks) Cut the cone open with a single cut form the base to the apex, along the dashed
line in the picture, When you lie the sheet of paper flat, it makes a piece of a circle. By
determining the radius of this circle, and the fraction of the circle thus obtained, you can
obtain an expression for the area of the sheet of paper which makes up the cone.5, (8 Marks) Below is a picture of a circular hoop of wire, of radius r, which is spinning about
it's vertical diameter, which lies on the Z axis, with angular velocity » = 4. The picture shows
the circle as an ellipse in order to highlight that it is not confined to the plane of the page, but
will, at various time, appear to an observer as various ellipses. Use the usual 3-D spherical polar
coordinates to locate a bead which is sliding on the circular wire without friction. As the bead is
constrained to move on the wire, the only degree of freedom can easily be captured by the polar
angle 8. The equation of motion is given by:
=?sindeos0 + 2sino
(2) ¢
(b) ¢
(c) (2 Marks) Analytically show, and explain why it makes sense, that the limit g — 0 is
equivalent to the limit w —» 90
'3 Marks) Explain how the equation of motion makes sense in the limit w — 0.
3 Marks) Explain how the equation of motion makes sense in the limit g —+ 0