Solution to

F.F. Chens Plasma Physics

Tao Ye
leafybillow@gmail.com

c
by
Tao Ye
All rights reserved.

Please DO NOT DISTRIBUTE this document.

Instead, link to
yetao1991.wordpress.com
Last Updated: May 2, 2015

Contents
1 Introduction
Problem 1-3 .
Problem 1-8 .
Problem 1-9 .
Problem 1-10

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5
5
6
7
7

2 Motion of Particle
Problem 2-2 . .
Problem 2-3 . .
Problem 2-7 . .
Problem 2-10 .
Problem 2-11 .
Problem 2-15 .
Problem 2-16 .
Problem 2-17 .
Problem 2-18 .
Problem 2-19 .
Problem 2-20 .
Problem 2-21 .

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9
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
14
15

3 Wave in Plasma
Problem 4-5 .
Problem 4-9 .
Problem 4-16
Problem 4-18
Problem 4-23
Problem 4-26
Problem 4-27
Problem 4-37
Problem 4-38
Problem 4-39
Problem 4-40
Problem 4-41
Problem 4-42

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17
17
17
18
18
19
20
20
20
21
22
23
24
25

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CONTENTS
Problem
Problem
Problem
Problem

4-43
4-45
4-49
4-50

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25
26
26
29

Chapter 1

Introduction
Problem 1-3

Problem 1-3
5

1e8

Debye length is constant at the line of

Nd is constant at the line of

(1)

1e6

(2.2)
1e4

log(kT)

(2.1)
100

1
(4)
0

1
(6)
(5)

-1
(3)
-2

(7)
6

1e-1 8

1e-210

1e-312

1e-414

1e-516

18

1e-720

22

24

log(n)

Figure 1.1: Label (1)(2.1)(2.2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) correspond to plasma in different

condition as the problem describes.
5

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

According to the definition of the Debye Length

D

log(D )

log(kT )

0 kTe 1/2
)
ne2
1
1
0
1
log( 2 ) + log(kTe ) log(n)
2
e
2
2
D
)
(kT in eV)
log(n) + 2 log(
7430

(1.1)
(1.2)
(1.3)

Then we can draw the solid straight line in the Figure?? with the Debye
length as parameter ranged from 101 to 107 . Points on a certain solid line,
named with equi-Debye-length line(analog to equipotential lines in electrostatic)
, share a same Debye length. Similarily, with the given equation:
ND

=
=

ND
=
2.7 106
ND
) =
log(
2.7 106

log(kT )

4 3
n
3 D
4
kT 3
(7430
)2
3
n
3
(kT ) 2

(1.4)
(kT in eV)

n2
3
1
log(kT ) log(n)
2
2
1
2
ND
log(n) + log(
)
3
3
2.7 106

(1.5)
(1.6)
(1.7)
(1.8)

The dot lines in the Fig ?? can be named with equi-ND lines, which means
they share a same value of ND in a dot lines.
As for the usage of this figure, take the point (4) for example, the point(4)
falls in the region enclosed by two solid lines and two dots ones.The two solid
lines respectively have the Debye length of 103 m and 104 m. And the dots
lines have the particle numbers ND of 104 and 106 . That is tantamount to the
fact that (4) has Debye length 104 m < D < 103 m and number of particle
104 < ND < 106 .
Recall for the criteria for plasmas, ND 1 is automatically meet since the
smallest number of particle is larger than 100.

Problem 1-8
The Debye length is
D

=
=
=

T 1
69( ) 2
(T in the unit of K)
n
5 107 1
69 (
)2
1033
1.54 1011 m

. PROBLEM 1-9

Naturally, the number of particles contained in a Debye Sphere is :

ND

4 3
n
3 D
4
(1.54)3
=
3
15
=

Problem 1-9
Since protons and antiprotons have the same inertia, both of them are fixed.
Assume that protons and antiprotons follows the Maxwellian distribution.
1

f (u) = Ae( 2 mu

+q)/kTe

where q equals to e for protons while q equals to e for antiprotons. Moreover,

Then we obtain

np ( )

np( )

n .

np = n exp( e
kT )
e
np = n exp( kT
)

The Poissons Equation is

0 2 = 0

2
= e(np np)
x2

With e/kT  1,
2
2n e2
=
x2
kT
r
0 kT
=
= 0.4879m
2n e2

0
D

Problem 1-10
Regrad it as an isotropic space, which means that has no components of or
.

r
2
r2

ekr
r
1 2
2 2
=
(r
) =
+
2
r r
r
r r
r2
kr + 1 kr
= A
e
r2
k 2 r2 + 2kr + 2 kr
=
Ae
r3
= A

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
2 = Ak 2
2 =

ekr
r

ne2
q0 (r a),
0 kB T

where q0 = 40 a0 .
ne2

= k2 k =
0 kB T

ne2
1
D = =
kB T
k

0 kB T
ne2

Consider the boundary condition :

A

eka
0 a
= 0 A = ka
a
e

So,
0 , r (0, a]

(
=

0 a e

a
e D

r
D

, r (r, +)

(1.9)

Chapter 2

Motion of Particle
Problem 2-2
Since A=2, for deuterium ion,
m
q

2mp = 3.34 1027 kg

= |e| = 1.60 1019 Coulomb.

Assume that energy can be entirely converted to kinetic energy, then the momentum can be derived
E = Ek =

p
p2
p = 2mEk = 1.46 1020 kg m/s
2m

The Larmour radius

rL =

mv
1.46 1020
=
= 0.018m  a = 0.6m
|q|B
5 1.60 1019

So the Larmour radius satisfies the confined-ion condition.

Problem 2-3
To keep a equibrillium in the y direction, the electric force
should conteract the Lorentz force
Eq = qvB
E = vB = 106 V/m

Problem 2-7
Apply the Gauss Law to obtain the magnitude of electric field at r=a
9

10

CHAPTER 2. MOTION OF PARTICLE

E l 2a = ne l a2 /0
E=

ene a
= 9.04 103 V /m
2

vE =

E
= 4.52 103 m/s
B

(Direction:See in the figure)

Problem 2-10
The mass of a deutron is
md = 1875MeV/c2
The kinetic energy
Ek =

1
md v 2 v = 1.386 106 m/s
2

v = v cos 45 = 9.8 105 m/s

rL

md v
= 0.03m
qB

Problem 2-11
Rm = 4

1
2

sin m

1
2

= 4 sin m =

6
Since the velocity is isotropic distribution, the direction of velocity should distribute uniformly
m =

d = sin dd
The total solid angle for a sphere is
total = 4
The solid angle for loss cone is
Z
loss = 2
the fraction of the trapped is

3
2 .

d = (1

sin d
0

3
)4
2

. PROBLEM 2-15

11

Problem 2-15
Define the displacement in polarization direction is xp .
So the work done by the electric field is
~ x~P
W = qE
The energy gain rate is
dxp
dW
= qE
= qEvp .
dt
dt
The change of kinetic energy
d 1
dEk
dvE
=
( mv 2 ) = mvE
dt
dt 2 E
dt
Without loss of generality, let the vE in the same direction of E
vE
dvE
dt
dEk

dt

vp
Replace 1c =

m
qB

=
=
=
=

E
B
1 dE

B dt

1 dE
) = qEvp
B dt
m 1 dE
qB B dt

mvE (

Thus,
vp =

1 dE
c B dt

Problem 2-16
a) The Larmor frequency of electron is
e =

eB
1.6 1019 1
=
= 1.76 1011 rad/sec
m
9.109 1031

b) the Larmor frequency of ion is

i =

eB
1.6 1019 1
=
= 9.58 107 rad/sec
mi
1.67 1027

Since 0 = 109 rad/sec, e  0  i . The motion of electron is adiabatic,

while that of ion not.

12

CHAPTER 2. MOTION OF PARTICLE

Problem 2-17
Since =

2
mv
2B

is conservative under this condition, it is easy to derive:

2
02
mv
mv
=
2B
2B 0

2
where 12 mv
= 1keV, B = 0.1T, B 0 = 1T , so

1
mv 02 = 10keV.
2
When collision happens, the direction of motion distorts, so v = vk . Then the
kinetic energy is
1
mv 002 = 5keV
2
Implement the adiabatic characteristic of , we know that
002
0002
mv
mv
1
0002
=
mv
= 0.5keV
2B 0
2B 0
2

Finally, the energy is

E = E + Ek =

1
1
mv 0002 + mvk002 = 5.5keV
2
2

Problem 2-18
a) At a certain moment, we calculate the motion in one periodic circular motion
to certify the invariance of . In this period, we assume that the Larmour radius
does not change with minor deviation of magnetic field-B. So
2
s = rL
=

2
m2 v
2
q B2

dB
m2 v 2 dB
d
=
S = 2
= (induced potential)
dt
dt
q B 2 dt
So the change of the energy of the particle in one period is
W = q =

2
m 2 v
dB
qB 2 dt

Within this period of gyration, the change of magnetic field is

B =

dB
dB 2m
=
dt
dt qB

. PROBLEM 2-19

13

So after a period, the energy is

Ek0

B0

1
2m dB 1
mv 2 + W = (1 +
) mv 2
2
qB 2 dt 2
2m dB
B + B = (1 +
)B
qB 2 dt
0 =

E0
Ek0
=
=
B0
B0

So is invariant for both ion and electron.

2
b) Assume that 12 mv
= KT, 12 mvk2 = KT at initial moment. Considering
1
2
2 mv

=
and B = 13 B 0 , so
unchanged,

1
02
2 mv

1
02
2 mv
,
B0

= 3KT . Furthermore, we assume that vk remains

1
mv 2 = KT
2 k
kT = 3Kev, kTk = 1KeV

Problem 2-19
0 I
2r ,

The magnetic field is B =

so the gradient is :

B =

B
0 I
=
r
2r2

Apply the equipartition theorem of Maxwellian gas, the total energy is

=

1 2
3
(p + p2y + p2z ) = kT
2m x
2

1 2
(p + p2y ) = kT
2m x

The perpendicular velocity is :

r
v =

2kT
m

mv
eB
1
B
kT
= v rL
=
, Upwards
2
B
eBr
rL =

vB
r
vk =

mvk2
kT
kT
vR =
=
, Upwards
m
eBr
eBr

14

CHAPTER 2. MOTION OF PARTICLE

vR+B =

2kT
eBr

Area of the top surface of the cyclinder is :

a
a
s = [(R + )2 (R )2 ] = 2Ra
2
2
The number of charged particle, which hit the surface s with in time of dt is:
N = n v s dt.
So the hit rate is

dN
= n v s.
dt
Since R  a, the drift velocity with [R a2 , R + a2 ] region can be considered as
uniform. So the accumulation rate is
Racc = n vR+B s e =

4kT na
= 20Coulomb/S
B

Problem 2-20
2
a) vk2 +v
is invariant because of the conservation of energy. At z = 0, Bz = B0 ,
2 2 2
2
v = 3 v ,vk = 13 v 2 ,
2
mv
mv 2
=
=
.
2B0
2B0
2
When the electron reflects, vk = 0, then v
= v2

3
mv 2
Bz = B0
3B0
2

2
1 + 2 z 2 z =
2
=

b)
=

2
mv
1
2
B0 (1 + 2 z 2 ) = mv
2Bz
2

0 B
20 B 2 2

z
m
m
dz
0 B
( )2 =
(1 22 z 2 )
dt
m
r
dz
0 B0 p
=
1 22 z 2
dt
m
r

2
20 B0
z=
sin(
t + )
2
m

2
vk2 = v 2 v
=

. PROBLEM 2-21

15

And this equation can describe the trajectory of

qthe particle.
0 B0
from the the equation
c) It is apparent that the gyration frequency is 2m
of motion.
q

0 B0
d) Claim: = 2m
t + , z = 22 sin
Z

vk dz

J=
a

where a = 22 , b =

2
2 .

Thus,

a = , b =
2
2
r
Z b
Z b
Z
m
1
J=
v 2 d
vk dz = vk vk dt =
2B0 a k
a
where
dt

vk2

=
=

r
1
m
d,
2B0
B0
dz
sin2 .
( )2 =
dt
m

Z 2
m
B0
sin2 d
2B0 2 m
r

B0
= constant
2 2m
1

Problem 2-21
a) According to the Ampere theorem, the magnetic field can be obtained
2r B = 0 I B =

0 I
2r

In cylinder coordinate:
B
0 I
=
r
2r2
1
B
= v rL
,
2
B

B =
vB
where rL =

mv
eB , v0

= v .
vB =

2
1
mv0 1
mv0
v0
=
2
eB r
0 Ie

16

CHAPTER 2. MOTION OF PARTICLE

Besides,
vR

=
=
=

mvk2

1
e Rc B
mvk2
1
e Rc

0 I
2RC

2mvk2
0 Ie

~v = v~R + vB
~ =

2
3mvk0

0 Ie

(vk0 = v0 )

(
z)

Chapter 3

Wave in Plasma
Problem 4-5
According to the dispersion relation
2 = p2 +

3KTe 2
k
m

Now we calculate the unknown value in the equation

p 2 n = 5.62 109 rad/sec

= 2f = 6.908 109 rad/sec
3 100 1.6E19
3kTe
=
= 5.27 1013
m
9.109 1031
k2 =

2 p2
3kTe
m

= 3.05 105 k = 552.377

2
= 1.14 102 m
k

Problem 4-9
The critical density is
n0 =

m0 2
= 1.12 1015 m3
e2
17

18

CHAPTER 3. WAVE IN PLASMA

Problem 4-16
If the motion of ion is neglected, the dispersion relation of electron is
p2 2 p2
c2 k 2
=
1

2
2 2 h2
1) The resonance of X-wave is found by setting k . So the dispersion
relation can be rewrite into
c2 k 2 = 2 p2

2 p2
2 h2

Differentiate both sides of the equation

2kc2 dk = 2d

2(p2 h2 2
p d
2 h2

So the group velocity is

vg =

dw
kc2
=
c2 p2
dk
[1 + (2
2 )2 ]
h

When k ,which implies that = h .

2 2

2 2

c p
c p
So 1 + (2
2 2 , k and 1 + ( 2 2 )2 has a higher order than k. Thus,
h)
h
vg = 0 at resonance point.
2) The cut-off X-wave is found by setting k=0, then

1
At this point, (1 +

p2 2 p2
= R or L
2 2 h2

c2 p2
2 )2 )
( 2 h

is a finite value. As a result

kc2

vg =
[1 +

c2 p2
2 )2
( 2 h

|k=0 = 0
]

Q.E.D.

Problem 4-18
For L-wave,
p2 / 2
c2 k 2
=
1

2
1 + c /
And
p2 =

n0 e2
eB
, c =
m0
m

. PROBLEM 4-23

19

The cut-off is found when k = 0. With the provided condtion f = 2.8GHz, B0 =

0.3T , the critical density is
n0

=
=

m0
eB
[(2f )2 + 2f
]
2
e
m
3.89 1017 m3

Problem 4-23
R-wave
k2 =

p2
2

c2
c2 (1 c /p )

k2 =

p2
2

c2
c2 (1 + c /p )

L-wave

Thus

kR =
c

kL =
c

p2 / 2
1 p2 / 2
1 p2
c

(1

[1

(1 + )]

c
c
2
1
c
21
c
2

p2 / 2

1 p2 / 2

1 p2
c
(1
[1
(1 )]
c
c )
1+
c
21+
c
2 2

The difference of the phase is twice of the Faraday rotation angle

=
=
=
=

And

1 180
(kL kr )
2
180 1 1
e2 e
( 2)
B(Z)n(z)
2 c 4 m0 m
90 1 1
0
e3
( 2 )( )2 2 B(z)n(z)
c 4
c m 0

3
90
e
B(z)n(z)20 (degree)
4 2 m2 0 c3

90
e3
= 1.5 1011 degree = 2.62 1013 rad
2
4 m2 0 c3

In conclusion
=

180
2

(in the unit of degree)

(kL kR )dz = 1.5 1011 0

B(z)n(z)dz
0

20

CHAPTER 3. WAVE IN PLASMA

Problem 4-26
a)
B
va =
= 2.18 108 m/s
0
b) The Alfven wave represents for phase velocity. And phase velocity did not
carry information. So it does not mean that wave can travel faster than light.

Problem 4-27
= n0 M = 1.67 1019
B
= 2.18 104 m/s
vA =
0

Problem 4-37
a) Consider the elastical collision from ion, the equation of eletrons motion
m

ve
= eE mve
t

Linearize the equation

imve = eE mve j1 = n0 eve =
The equation of the transverse wave is
( 2 c2 k 2 )E1 = ij1 /
Insert j1 into the wave equation, we get
( 2 c2 k 2 )E1 =

2 E1
+ i p

2 c2 k 2 =

p2
+ i

p2
c2 k 2
=
1

2
( + i)

Q.E.D.
b) Apply the previous result
c2 k 2 = 2

p2
1 + i

n0 e2 E1
im( + i)

. PROBLEM 4-38
When  or

21

 1,then

(1 + i )1 1 i

So the dispersion relation turns to

c2 k 2 = 2 p2 + i

p2

Assume that = a + bi, then

p2 + c2 k 2

(a2 b2 ) + 2abi + i

(a2 b2 ) +

p2
a + bi

p2 a
p2 vb
+
i(2ab
+
)
a2 + b2
a2 + b2

The image part should be zero, that is

ib =

p2 v
i = Im()i
2(a2 + b2 )

So the damping rate:

= Im() =

p2
2||2

c) With previous conclusion of a), we get

k2 =

p2
2 p2
+
i
c2
c2

Let k = e + di, then k 2 = e2 d2 + 2edi, we get

(
2 p2
e2 d2 =
c2
2ed

p2
c2

By solving the simultaneous equations, it is easy (Uh huh!)to obtain that

=

p2
1
1
2c 2
= = ( 2 )(1 2 )1/2
Im(k)
d
p

Problem 4-38
The loss part of energy will heat up the electron to oscillation. So we firstly
need to derive the vibration motion due to the microwave. The wave-length of
the microwave is = 0.3m So the frequency is
=

2c
= 6.28 109 rad/sec

22

CHAPTER 3. WAVE IN PLASMA

The collision frequency is

= nn
= 102 /sec
So the equation of motion of electron is
m

ve
= eE mve
t

Linearize the equation to be

imve = eE mve ve =

eE
im( + i)

Then the dispersion raltion is

k2 =

2 p2
p2
+
i
c2
c2

k = Re(k) + Im(k)i
And microwave in plasma is
E = E0 ei(krt) = E0 ei(Re(k)rt) eIm(k)r
The term eIm(k)r means the wave decay when penetrate the ionosphere. The
ratio of outgoing energy v.s. incident energy is
A=

2
Eout
eIm(k)R1 2
=
(
) = e2Im(k)(R1 R2 )
2
Eini
eIm(k)R2

And R1 R2 = 100km = 105 m

p2 =
Im(k) =

ne e2
= 3.17 1014
0 m

p2
1
q
2c 2
1
7

A = e2.6910

p2
2

= 1.34 1012

= 0.999999732

So the loss fraction is

1A0

Problem 4-39
a) When k , the resonance happens, which indicates:
"
#1/2
2
2

p
p
2 2 (1 2 ) c2 sin2 c c2 sin4 + 4 4 (1 2 )2 cos2
=0

. PROBLEM 4-40

23

p2 2
) cos2 ]1/2
2
p2
(2 2 2p2 c2 sin2 )2 = c4 sin4 + 4 2 c2 (1 2 )2 cos2

4 4 + 4p4 + 4c4 sin4 8 2 p2 4 2 c2 sin2 + 4p2 c2 sin2

2 2 2p2 c2 sin2 = c [c2 sin4 + 4 2 (1

p4
p2
+
) cos2
2
4
4 6 + 4p4 2 8 4 p2 4 4 c2 sin2 + 4 2 p2 c2 sin2
=

c4 sin4 + 4 2 c2 (1 2

4c2 4 cos2 8 2 c2 p2 cos2 + 4c2 p4 cos2

6 + p4 2 2 4 p2 c2 4 + 2 p2 c2 + c4 p2 cos2 c2 p4 cos2 = 0
6 2(2p2 + c ) 4 + 2 p2 (p2 + c2 + c2 cos2 ) c2 p4 cos2 = 0
( 2 p2 )( 4 h2 2 + p2 c2 cos2 ) = 0, (h2 = p2 + c2 )
q
1
2 = [h2 4 4p2 c2 cos2 ]or 2 = p2
2
b) Whenk 0 the cut-off happens, and this means that
2

2p2 (1

p2
p2
p2
2
4
2
2
2
2
)
=
2
(1

sin

[
sin

+
4
(1

cos2 ]1/2 ,
c
c
c
2
2
2

and p = meets the requirement. So the cut off frequency is p .

Problem 4-40
Plasma frequenc in the slab is
p2 =

n0 e2
m0

When B0 k E1 , it is an ordinary wave in plasma Dispersion relation is

2 = p2 + c2 k 2
(

2 2
n0 e2
) =
+ c2 k 2

m0

so the wave vector is

k = 543.72m1
Say, the nubmer of wavelength is
N=

d
d
= 2 = 8.6

24

CHAPTER 3. WAVE IN PLASMA

When B0 E1 , is is an extraordianry wave, the dispersion relation is
p2 2 p2
c2 k 2
=
1

2
2 2 h2
h2

= p2 + c2
eB
=
= 1.88 1011 rad/s
m
n0 e2
= 8.9 1021 (rad/s)2
=
m0
= 4.432 1022 (rad/s)2
2c
= 1.88 1011 rad/s
=

c
p2
h2

k = 832.2m1
d
N = = 13.2

Problem 4-41
In the equilibrium state, there is no magnetic or electric field.
B0 = 0, E0 = 0, Te = 0
For the electromagnetic wave, the relevant Maxwell Equation is
E1
2

c B1

= B1
= E1

( 2 c2 k 2 )E1 = ij1 /0
And
j1

n0+ Zev0+ n0 ev0

Zn0+ e(v0+ v0 )

The equation of motion is (Te = 0)

v0+
t
v0
M
t
M+

ZeE1
iM+
eE1
=
iM

= ZeE1 v0+ =
= eE1 v0

ZeE1
eE1
Zn0+ e2 Z
1
+
)=
(
+
)E
iM+ iM
i
M+
M
THe dispersion relation is
j1 = Zn0+ e(

2 c2 k 2 =

e2 n0
Z 2 e2 n0+
+
M+ 0
M 0

. PROBLEM 4-42

25

Problem 4-42
Boltzman relation is
ne1 = n0

e1
kTe

The plasma approximation

ZnA1 + nH1 = ne1
The equation of continuity
inA1

= nA ikvA1

inH1

= nH ikvH1

And the equation of motion

MA (i)vA1 = MA

vA1
= ZeE1 = Ze(ik1 )
t

MH (i)vH1 = MH b

vH1
= eE1 = e(ik1 )
t

Then we get
2
kTe Z 2 nA
nH
=
(
+
)
k2
n 0 MA
MH
The phase velocity is

v = =
k

kTe Z 2 nA
nH
(
+
)
n 0 MA
MH

Problem 4-43
The Poisson Equation
0 E1 = n1+ e Zn1 e
And the continuity equation
n1+

n1

k
n0 v1+

k
n0 v1

Since kT = 0, B0 = 0, there is no collision and magnetic term in the equation

of motion.
v+1
t
v1
M
t
M+

=
=

eE1
iM+
ZeE1
ZeE1 v1 =
iM
eE1 v+1 =

26

CHAPTER 3. WAVE IN PLASMA

Then we get
i0 kE1 =

k e2 E1
k Ze2 E1
n0
Z n0
iM+
iM

That is

s
=

n0+ e2
Z 2 n0 e2
+
M+ 0
M 0

Problem 4-45
Assume that the ionosphere is extremly cold, we can presume that
kTi = 0
So the sonic ion wave velocity is
r
vs =

kTe
M

vA =

B
0 M n0

And the Alfvenic velocity is

And it indicates that super sonic wave is not super-Alfvenic. That is ,

r
kTe
M v2
Te <
= 1.2 107 K.
v>
M
k
This is the upper limit of temperature.
v<

B
B
= 4.76 1011 /m3 .
n0 <
0 M v 2
0 M n0

This is the upper limit of density.

Problem 4-49
a)
2

c
p
p
2
( c 2
2 2 2 )
p2
2p
c
c
+
+
2
2
p
p
2 c2
2 2c
1 2
2 2 2
c

c p2
c 2p

)2
2 c2
2 2c
p4
4p
c2
2c
2c c p2 2p ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )
+

2 ( 2 c2 )2
2 ( 2 2c )2
2
( 2 c2 )2 ( 2 2c )2
c2 p4 ( 2 2c )2 + 2c 4p ( 2 c2 )2 2c c p2 2p ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )
2 ( 2 c2 )2 ( 2 2c )2

(
=

(3.1)

. PROBLEM 4-49

27

the denominator of 3.1 is:

(1

p2
2p

) 2 ( 2 c2 )2 ( 2 2c )2
2 c2
2 2c

= 2 ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )[( 2 c2 )( 2 2c ) p2 ( 2 2c ) 2p ( 2 c2 )]
Now lets calculate the numerator of Eq3.1
Let:

( 2 c2 )( 2 2c ) p2 ( 2 2c ) 2p ( 2 c2 )

4 2 2c 2 c2 + c2 2c p2 2 + p2 2c 2p 2 + c2 2p

After the reduction of fraction to a common denominator, the numerator induced by

p2
2 c2

is :
Term1 = p2 2 ( 2 2c ).

And the numerator from

2p
2 2c

is :

Term2 = 2p 2 ( 2 c2 )
2

p
Numerator caused by ( c 2
2
c

2
c p
2
2 2c )

is

Term3 = c2 p4 ( 2 2c )2 + 2c 4p ( 2 c2 )2 2c c p2 2p ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )
Note that

p2
2p
=
2p = p2 c
c
c
c c p2 2p = c2 4p = p4 2c

.
Term3

= c2 p4 ( 2 2c )2 + 2c 4p ( 2 c2 )2 p4 2c ( 2 c2 )( 2c ) c2 4p ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )
2c 4p 2 c2
p4 2c
c2 4p
c2 p4 2 2c
+

]
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
c
c

2
p2
= 2 ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )[ 2
],
c2
2 2c
= 2 ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )[p2 ( 2 2c 2p ) p4 2
],
c2
2p
= 2 ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )[ 2
]
2c
2 c2 4
= 2 ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )[2p ( 2 c2 p2 ) 2
],
2c p
= 2 ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )[

Term1

Term2

Term1 + 2 + 3

= 2 ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )[2p ( 2 c2 p2 ) + p2 ( 2 2c 2p )
+

2c 4p
p4 2c
c2 4p
c2 4p
c2 p4
2 2c
2 c2
+ ( 2 4p ) 2

p4 ) 2

].
2
2
2
2
2

28

CHAPTER 3. WAVE IN PLASMA

Among this ,
2
2
2
2
2c 4p
p4 2c
c2 4p
c2 4p
c2 p4
4 c
4 c

)
+
(

p
p
2
2 c2
2
2 2c
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

c 4

c 4 c 4 c
( c 2 )( 2
) + ( c 2 )( 2
)

p 4

c2 p

2c p 2 p 2
2
2
2
2
p4 + 2c p4 4p + c2 4p 2c p4 c2 4p

p4 4p .

=
=
=

Term1 + 2 + 3 = 2 ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )[2p ( 2 c2 p2 )+p2 ( 2 2c 2p )p4 4p ]

This is numerator of 3.1. So,
2

c
p
p
2
( c 2
2 2 2 )
p2
2p
c
c
+ 2
+
p2
2p
2 c2
2c
1 2
2 2 2
c

=
=

( c2 )( 2 2c )[2p 2 2p c2 2p p2 + p2 2 p2 2c p2 2p p4 4p ]
2 ( 2 c2 )( 2 2c )[ 4 2 2c 2 c2 + c2 2c p2 2 + p2 2c 2p 2 + c2 2p ]
2p 2 2p c2 2p p2 + p2 2 p2 2c p2 2p p4 4p
4 2 2c 2 c2 + c2 2c p2 2 + p2 2c 2p 2 + c2 2p
2

Let
p2 = p2 + 2p
And
p2
2 c c +
=
=

2 (c c )2
p2 2 +c c

p2 (p2 2 + c c )
( 2 c c )(p2 2 + c c ) + 2 (c c )2
(p2 + 2p )(p2 + 2p 2 + c c )
.
( 2 c c )(p2 + 2p 2 + c c ) + 2 (c c )2

Recall
2p c = p2 c
Then the numerator of Eq.3.2 is
p4 + p2 2P 2 p2 + p2 c c + 2p p2 + 4p 2 2p + 2p c c
= p4 + p2 2P 2 p2 + 2p c2 + 2p p2 + 4p 2 2p + p2 2c ,

(3.2)

. PROBLEM 4-50

29

which equals to that of Eq.3.1.

The denominator of Eq.3.2:
2 p2 + 2 2p 4 + 2 c c p2 c c + 2p c c
+ 2 c c c2 2c + 2 c2 2 2 c c + 2 2c
=

2 p2 + 2 2p 4 + 0 2p c2 + p2 2c + 0 c2 2c + 2 c2 0 + 2 2c

= 4 + 2 2c + 2 c2 c2 2c + p2 2 p2 2c + 2p 2 c2 2p ,
which equals to that of Eq.3.2.
Therefore, they are identical.
Q.E.D.
b) (Incomplete solution)For cut-off, k 0
2p 2 2p c2 2p p2 + p2 2 p2 2c p2 2p p4 4p
=

4 2 2c 2 c2 + c2 2c p2 2 + p2 2c 2p 2 + c2 2p

4 (2c + c2 + 2p2 + 22p ) 2 + c2 2c + 22p c2 + 2p2 2c + 22p p2 + p4 + 4p = 0

q
1
[(2c + c2 + 2p2 + 22p ) (2c + c2 )2 + 4(2p p2 )(2c c2 )]
2
The left hand cut off frequency is
q
1
2
L
= [(2c + c2 + 2p2 + 22p ) (2c + c2 )2 + 4(2p p2 )(2c c2 )]
2
2 =

(c)

Figure 3.1: Figure for 4-49(c)

Problem 4-50
a)

30

CHAPTER 3. WAVE IN PLASMA

b)
l2 =

c2 2p
c2 mp2
=
,
c2 + p2
M (c2 + p2 )

L =

q
1
[c + c2 + 4p2 ],
2
r c
p = (1 ) .
a 2

And
2

= c2 (r = 0) =

L (r = 0)

L (r = a)

m
c2
1 2
m 2
c =

1
2
2
M c + 4 c 4
5M c

21
c
2

0,

where l < < L lays in the evanescent layer.

r

= l (r = 0) =

l2

m
c
5M

m (1 ar )2 )c2
M 4 + (1 ar )2
1
r
[c + c (1 + (1 )1/2 )]
2
a

when > l r > 0

when < L r < 0.975a
Note
m
= 1836
M
So the evanescent layer thickness is 0.975a.

. PROBLEM 4-50

31

c)
r
(1 )2c ,
a

4m 2
m
4c2 =
,
= l2 (r = 0) =
5M c
r M
c
r
=
[1 + 1 + 16(1 )2 ],
2
a
m 16(1 ar )2
=
2 .
M 1 + 16(1 ar )2 c

L
l2

Similarly, when > l , r > 0 ; when < L , r < 0.927a .

Conclusion: the higher center density is, the thicker evanescent layer will be.