Transient Heat Conduction

TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION
Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Delhi
E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in
p
1.Lumped System Analysis

2 Transient heat conduction in large plane walls,
2.Transient
walls
long cylinders, and spheres with spatial effects
3. Transient heat conduction in semi-infinite solids
Lumped System
Cooling of a hot metal forging

P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
Energy balance
Heat transfer into
the body during dt
The increase in
the energy of the
body during dt
h.A s (T T)dt = mC p dT
m = V
dT = d (T T )
T = cons tan t
d (T T )
h.A s
=
dt
VC p
T T
ln
h.A s
T ( t ) T
=
t
Ti T
VC p
T ( t ) T
= e bt
Ti T
b=
h.A s 1
(s )
VC p
Effect of b
b=
h.A s 1
(s )
VC p
b has the unit of 1/s.

Reciprocal of b is the time constant
T( t ) T
= e btb
Ti T
This equation enables us to determine the
temperature T(t) of a body at time t, or
alternatively, the time t required for the
t
temperature
t
to
t reachh a specified
ifi d value
l T(t).
T(t)
Effect of b
The temperature of a body approaches the
ambient temperature T exponentially.
The temperature of the body changes rapidly at
the beginning, but rather slowly later on.
A large
l
value
l off b indicates
i di
that
h the
h body
b d will
ill
approach the environment temperature in a short
time.
The larger the value of the exponent b,
b the
higher the rate of decay in temperature.
Note that b is proportional to the surface area,
but inversely proportional to the mass and the
specific heat of the body. This is not surprising
since it takes longer to heat or cool a larger
mass,, especially
p
y when it has a large
g specific
p
heat.
h.A s 1
b=
(s )
VC p
Heat Transfer
Rate of convection heat transfer between the body and its environment
at that time
& ( t ) = hA [T( t ) T ]
Q
s
Watt
The total amount of heat transfer between the body and the surrounding medium
over the time interval t = 0 to t is simply the change in the energy content of the
body:
Q = mC p [T( t ) Ti ]
kJ
Q max = mC p [T Ti ]
kJ
Criterion for lumped

system
V
Lc =
Bi =
As
hL c
k
When the convection

coefficient h is high and k is
low, large temperature
differences occur between the
inner and outer regions of a
large solid.
Plane wall (thickness 2 L) Lc =
2L A
=L
2A
Transient
temperature
distribution
Fourier Number
h.A s
T ( t ) T
=
ln
t
VC p
Ti T
h.A s
T ( t ) T
= exp
VC
Ti T
p
h.A s t
= Bi
VC p
(Fourier number,
a dimensionless time)
t
L2c
h.A s t
hL c k t
hL c t
ht
=
=
=
= Bi
2
2
VC p C p L c
k C p L c
k Lc
T T
=
= exp( Bi. )
i Ti T
Fourier Number ()
The specified surface temperature corresponds

t th
to
the case off convection
ti tto an environment
i
t att T
with a convection coefficient h that is infinite
Transient heat conduction in large plane

walls, long cylinders, and spheres with
spatial
i l effects
ff
2 T 1 T
=
2
x
t
1 T 1 T
r
=
r r r t
Schematic of the simple geometries in which heat transfer is 1-D

Plane Wall
Governing equation
2 T 1 T
=
2
x
t
Transient temperature profiles in a plane wall

exposed to convection from its surfaces for Ti > T
Governing equation along with boundary conditions

shows that T is a function of x, t, k, , h, Ti and T
Non-dimensional
Non
dimensional Eq.
Eq
=
T T
Ti T
Governing equation (Non-dimensional form)
2
=
2
X
Initial condition
(X,0) = 1
Boundary conditions
At X=0 and >0
=0
X
At X=L and >0
= Bi.
X
X
The non-dimensionalization enables us to present the

temperature in terms of three parameters only: X, Bi, and
Solution
2
=
2
X
X
Solution takes the form of an

infinite series
= A n exp(2n ) cos( n X)
n=1
4 sin n
An =
2 n + sin 2 n
n tan n = Bi
The solution of 1D transient heat conduction

involves infinite series, which are difficult to deal
with. However, the terms in the solutions
converge rapidly with increasing time
time, and for
> 0.2, keeping the first term and neglecting all
the remaining terms in the series results in an
error under 2 percent. We are usually interested
in the solution for times with > 0.2, and thus it
is very convenient to express the solution using
an one term approximation.
See next slide for this expressions
Plane wall
Cylinder
Sphere
( x , t ) wall
T ( x , t ) T
x
21
=
= A1e cos 1
Ti T
L
(r, t ) cyl
1r
T(r, t ) T
21
=
= A1e J 0
Ti T
r0
(r, t ) sph
1r
sin
r0
T (r, t ) T
21
=
= A1e
1r
Ti T
r0
Center of Plane wall (x=0)
Center of cylinder (r=0)

Center of sphere (r=0)
(r 0)
0, wall
T0 T
21
=
= A1e
Ti T
T0 T
21
0,cyl =
= A1e
Ti T
T0 T
21
0,sphh =
= A1e
Ti T
> 0. 2
> 0. 2
> 0. 2
= 1 0, wall
sin 1
1
= 1 20,cyl
cyl
J 1 ( 1 )
1
= 1 30,sph
sph
sin 1 1 cos 1
31
Plane wall Q
Q max
C li d
Cylinder
Sphere
Q
Q max
Q
Q max
wall
There are three charts associated with each geometry:

The first chart is to determine the temperature To at the center of
the geometry at a given time t.
The second chart is to determine the temperature at other locations
at the same time in terms of To.
The third chart is to determine the total amount of heat transfer up
to the time t.
These plots are valid for > 0.2.
Transient mid-plane temperature chart for a

plane wall of thickness 2L initially at a uniform
t
temperature
t
Ti subjected
bj t d tto convection
ti ffrom b
both
th
sides to an environment at temperature T with a
convection coefficient of h.
Transient temperature
p
chart for a plane wall of thickness
2L initially at a uniform
temperature Ti subjected to
convection from both sides to an
environment at temperature T
with a convection coefficient of h.
Q max = m.C p [T Ti ] = VC p [T Ti ] kJ
Transient heat transfer

chart for a plane wall of thickness
2L initially at a uniform
temperature Ti subjected to
convection from both sides to an
environment at temperature T
with a convection coefficient of h.
Transient Conduction in Semi-Infinite Solid

Consider a semi-infinite solid (extends to infinity in all
but one direction with a single identifiable surface)
Case 1
T(x,0) = Ti
T(0,t) = Ts
Ts
Case 2
T(x,0) = Ti
k
T
x
Qo
x
Ts
Ti
x =0
&
=Q
x =0
T(x ) = Ti
Case 3
T(x,0) = Ti
k
T
= h[T T(0, t )]
x x =0
T, h
x
x
t
T( t)
T(x,t)
t
Ti
T
Ti
Case 1 Constant Surface Temperature: T(0,t) = Ts

T(x, t ) Ts
x
= erf
Ti Ts
2 t
and
& (t ) = k (Ts Ti )
Q
s
t
Case 2 Constant Surface Heat Flux: Qs = Qo

T(x , t ) Ti =
( )
2q o t
k
x2
exp
4 t
&
Q
x
o x erfc
k
2 t
T
= h[T T(0, t )]
C
Case
3 Surface
S f
Convection:
C
i k
x x =0
hx h2t
x
T(x, t ) Ti
h t
x
= erfc
f
f
+
exp + 2 erfc
k
T Ti
2 t
k
2 t
k
The Gaussian error function,, erf (w),
( ), is a standard
2 w v2
erf (w ) =
e dv
mathematical function (see Table B.2 for values)
Complementary Error Function, erfc(w) = 1 erf(w)
Ts between 2 solids
Ts =
m A TA,i + mB TB,i
m A + mB
m = kCp

Transient Heat Conduction

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TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION

1.Lumped System Analysis

Cooling of a hot metal forging

b has the unit of 1/s.

Criterion for lumped

When the convection

Plane wall (thickness 2 L) Lc =

The specified surface temperature corresponds

Transient heat conduction in large plane

Schematic of the simple geometries in which heat transfer is 1-D

Transient temperature profiles in a plane wall

Governing equation along with boundary conditions

Governing equation (Non-dimensional form)

At X=L and >0

The non-dimensionalization enables us to present the

Solution takes the form of an

The solution of 1D transient heat conduction

Center of Plane wall (x=0)

Center of cylinder (r=0)

There are three charts associated with each geometry:

Transient mid-plane temperature chart for a

Transient heat transfer

Transient Conduction in Semi-Infinite Solid

Case 1 Constant Surface Temperature: T(0,t) = Ts

Case 2 Constant Surface Heat Flux: Qs = Qo

Complementary Error Function, erfc(w) = 1 erf(w)

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