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    Philosophy

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Download as pdf
    14 views9 pages

    Soccio - Overview of Modern Themes

    Uploaded by

    George Derpl
    Philosophy

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Download as pdf
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    STH EDITION Figures Homer ‘Thales Anaximander Pythagoras of Samos Tackn Buddha {Siddhartha Gautama) Confucius Heraditus Anaximenes Parmenides. Empedodes Leucippos of Miletus Anaxagoras ‘Zeno of Iilea Gongins of Leontint Protagaras of Abdera Socrates Democritus ‘Antisthenes Thrayymachus, Perietione Callicles Xenophon Aristippus Acsara of Lucania Diogenes of Sinope ‘Chuang teat Aristotle ‘Mexindler the Great Epicurns ‘Zeno of Citium Aristarchus of Samos Cicer Lucretius caw Hillel Jesus Christ Senet Epictetus ARCHETYPES OF WISDOM ©, Sth centun 6255, 6 611-6 6th century 1.0 e575 ce 6 SOO-A80 C0, 6 581-479 nc, «RCE, died «. 500.n, 5th cen «Sth century wat. Bo 6 Sth century met, 500-428 ace 24040 nen, 6485-380 nce, 481-411 ace. 470-399 Re. 460-370 ae. 455-360 men, 399-295 BCE 2 358 323 nok, 31-270 nce. ¢, 334-282 BCE. TORE, 06-3 nce. 6 9B SSC SAB BCE, < Omen, ORCL WOR eda ce 50-10 EVENTS AND PUBLICATIONS Buddha's Great Deparcure < B0ncn. Founding of Rome 508 Gx. ‘Classical Era begins 500 ROR Tuo te Ching (Lao-tz) ‘rial and death af Socrates Blato founds the Acadenm Aristotle founds the 1 ‘Classical Era ends Epicurus founds the Garden Zeno lectures at the Stoa Poikile ‘The Chusang-Teve (Chnang-t7u) Rome conquers Greck world yorum Christian era begins 309 wen cS Ber, chee 338 1 ‘ 200-148 Bc ebncr, FiGuREs Ptoleny Marcus Aurelius Sextus Empiricus Diogenes Laertivs Ambrose Aorelus Augustine Boethius Anselm Abu Hamid al-Ghazali ‘Albertus Magnus ‘Thomas Aquinas Nicolaus Copernicus Martin Luther Francis Raven Galileo Galilei “thomas Liobbee (René Descartes Baruch de Spinoza, Jokn Locke "Nicolas Malebranche Istac Newlon ‘George Berkeley David Hume Adam Smith Immanuel Kant Jeremy Bentham ‘Comte de Saint-Simin ~ Thomas Malthus. GWE Hegel Arther Schopenhaner 6 90-168, 121 180, mo 6 200 339.397 354430 6480-524 1033-1109 1058-1111, 1200-1280 122-1274 1473 1543 1483-1546 1561-1626 1584 1642, 1588-1679) 1596-1650 18321677 1952-1704 1638-1715 Lod2-1727 1on5-1753 Imi-1776 123-1790 1724-1804 1788-1832, 1760-1825, 1766-1831 1770-1831 1788-1860 EVENTS AND PUBLICATIONS Domitian banishes phiosaphers (om Rome ‘GCanfessiams (Augustine) On the City of Gad (Augustine) Fall of the Roman Empire Consolation of Philosophy (Euethius) Ontological argument appears in the Prastogiave (Ariseim) Formal charter of the University of Paris Renaissance begins ia Italy Protestant Reformation begins Copernican Revolution begins Galileo tried by the Inquisition Discourse unt Mcthen® (Descartes) ‘The Enlightenment begins with the publication ‘of Descartess Meditations om First Philoseply An Essicy Concerning Human Uneierstanding (Locke) A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowteulge (Berkeley) “Tieree Dialogues between Fiylas wid Phulonous (Pretkeley) ‘Treatise of biuman Nature (Hume) An Enquiry Canscerssing human Understanding (Heme) American Revolution Dialogues Concerning Natseral Relgsom (LEunte) Industrial Revolution begins in England Critique af Prove Reason (Kant) Finundations of the Metaphysies of Morals (Kant) French Revolution Introduction to the Prinwiples of ‘Minas anud Legislation (Bentham) Reign of Terror and Defeat of Reason Kssay on the Principles of Populution (Malthus) 89 <.397-401 < 413427 76 523 1088 11s ©1300 isty 1543 1652 1637 16H 1690 1710 13 137 1748 1775-1783 1770 1780 781 1785 1789-1791 1789 1798. Archetypes of Wisdom An Introduction ta Philosophy Eighth Edition Douglas J. Soccio ¢» WADSWORTH CENGAGE Learning” ‘Acetrlin« Uasil«Jaics« Kok « Wewica Singapore - pin - United mimo = intel tates OVERVIEW OF MODERN IT ES GENERALLY AGREED that the modern era, also known as the Hrelighterment orthe Age of Reason, began in the first half of the seventeenth century with the publica- tion of wo seminal texts: Sir Francis Bacoms Novon Organum (1620) ane! René Des- cartess Discorerse on Method (1637). This does nat mean that Bacon and Descartes—by themselves —created 2 new philosophical era. Iheir ideas were, of course, ceactions and responses to the ideas of both cartier and contemporary writers and thinkers. In the realm of philusuphy, Descartes challenged and ultimately rejected the cam- bersome and complex disputations and speculations of Scholastic philasophy in favor of his own simpler, more “natural? appeals ta “eortmon reason” —written in ordinary French rather than in scholarly and obscure Latin. Along with Descartes (Chapter 9), our Took at the origins af modern philosophy indudes David Hume (Chapter 10) and. Immanuel Kant (Chapter 11). Reason, Reformation, and Revolution ‘Togetiver, what we now refer ta as the Reformation and the Coperntcant Revolution sig naled a major shift away from the medieval worldview, with its organic smphasis on 2 God-centered, earth-centered universe in which everything had an allotted place in a fixed hierarchy. The modern worldview, in stark contrast, maved the earth from the center of the universe and put the reasoning iadévidual at the forefront af philosophy. Objective and methodical ceason replaced faith as the path tn Iruth. Ta the medieval worldview, everything was understood in terms ofits place in the whole scheme of things, God ruled the universe, the pope ruled the church, the king ruled the state, and so on down through lortls, merchants, eraftemen, and serfs, In such a worldview, social ordler was transformed into 2 divine purpose that was reflected in a hierarchy of authority that permeated the entire universe, ‘Throughout the Middle ‘Ages, mast Europeans accepted that this hierarchy carne from God—and therefisre accepted the authority of God's church and pope as legitimate. The Reformation By the fourteenth century, the authority of’ the Roman Catholic Church ane of the pope had eroded. ‘The credibility of the papacy was severely damaged by a series af disputes and scandals as popes began to keep church offerings for their own use and to sell offices and exclesistical titles. These abuses led fo cries for reform, ‘Whit is known today as the Protestant Reformation began in Germany on Octo- ber 31, 1517, when Martin Luther (1483-1546), 1 Roman Catholic Augustinian monk and professor at the University af Wittenberg, nailed ninety-five theses {criticisms cof church teachings andl practices) to the church door. The papacy viewed this as a gesture of rebellion rather thai 4 call for debate and labeled Luther a heretic. Lather persisted, and in 1520 he published thme significant treatises: An Open Lever (a the ‘Christiane Nobility af the German Nation Concerning the Rejorin of the Christian Estate, The Ralyyloniaes Captivity of the Church, anal A Treatise on Chiristiatt Liberty. ‘On Apeil 18, 1521, Luther stood before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and an assembly of German nobility at the Diet al Worms, Luther refissed to recant unless he could be proven wrong by the Bible or by clear reason, Luther’ bold words of refusal HEMES 27 ‘aak advantage of the invention of the printing press to advocate that scripture be read in lees! vernacular languages like German and Crglisk rather than Latin to bow to institutional or civic authority ia matters of truth can dono other” Although Luther and formally excommunicated in 1521. Church authorities realized Luther's ideas and actions constituted a public chal age ta the entire medieval and Scholastic worldview. By asserting that the individ- ual’s channel to Cod was “justification by faith” rather than by “works” (that is, living a good life im accord wath the teachings of the church), Luther muasle the individual believer his

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