ISBN 978-616-317-141-2

,
..
.
.

( )

( )


(.)

1 .

( )


......................................
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3 ...................................................................
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1
2
8
9
11
12
13
14
15

1 ........................................................................................... 1
1.1 .................................................................................. 3
1.2 ........................................................................................ 15
1.3 .............................................................................................................. 21
1.4 ....................................................................................................... 24
1.5 .................................................................................................... 33
2 .............................................................................................. 55
2.1 .................................................................................................................. 56
2.2 ................................................................................................................ 61
2.3 ......................................................................................................... 63
2.4 ........................................................................................... 68
3 ................................................................................................. 75
3.1 ............................................................................................... 76
3.2 ................................................................................................ 89
3.3 .................................................................................. 101
3.4 ..................................................................................... 104

2551

1


2


3

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
2
3
4
5
6

5 .
1

1

3

 2

2
5 3

3
5 3

2551

 4
.

2
4

31

1.5
1 5

1
5 - 6

32

33

39
7

1
1.1

1.2



2
2.1


2.2

3
3.1


3.2


4
4.1

4.2

10

5
5.1


6
6.1

7
7.1



7.2

8
8.1

11

2551

.............................................................................................

360 9
1. 1

1 1 60 1.5 (3 /)

2 2 60 1.5 (3 /)
2. 2

1 3 60 1.5 (3 /)

2 4 60 1.5 (3 /)
3. 3

1 5 60 1.5 (3 /)

2 6 60 1.5 (3 /)

12

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. ./, ./, /
. ./, ./, /
. ./, ./, ./, ./, ./
......

13


5
3
: 3 60

14

-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-

()

25

10

25

15

1. 1.1

1.2

1.3
1.4

1.5

-

-

-
-

1.


2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

5 3 1

16

2.1
2.2
2.3

2.4

2.

8.

9.




10.

1.

2.

3.

4.

17

3. 3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

-
-
1

1.

2.

3.

4.


5.

6.
220
50
7.

8.


9.

18

10.
(B3.17)
11.

1.

2.

3.

4.


5.
6.
1 - 36

7.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

8
3
3
4
3

21

1.1

1.1 1.2
1.1 1.2
1.1 1.2

1.1
1.2


1

1

1.1
4 - 6
()

1.1

/
1
1.
2. 4 - 6
1
3.
2 - 3
4.
1
5. ()
1
6.
1
*
4


1.

2. 50
1 1 50 1 501

3. 1.1

4.

C (C-clamp)
5.

6.

7.

-
8.

2
6

 (cm)
4.0
3.0
2.0

F-G

C-D
E-G

E-F

B-C
C-E

D-E

A-B
A-C

1.0

1 1
(cm)
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0

2 2


( 6
)

2
B E
B

A C
2
50

D F
2
50

B E

502
0 502
501
2 8 ( 1 )

B E
B E 503

10

8

1.1

10 /

1.5

9.8
10

8
(g) (m)

(W)

W = mg



(m/s2)
9.81
1.63
2.93
25.3

( 1 )

2

1 (

)

9.8 /
v=0

10

2
g

( 2 )

11

( x )

( x)
( x)

12



 (
1 )

( 2 )

1. 2

13

 2.
projectile motion
10

( 2 )


1.7

ac
ac

Fc

Fc

ac Fc

14



-

-

-

-
- ()

- ()
-

-

-

-

11

1.2

12

15

1.2


1.2

16

 1.2

1.

2. 1.2

3.

4.

(N)
1
2
5
5
8
8
9
9

17

2 3 4

()

()

()

1.8
-
-
1.9

18

F1
F2

F3

F4

. -

F F -

F F -

2
1

-
-

19

 1.10 1.11









- 3

20

1.3

3
15

1.3
1.3

1.3
30 cm 250 ml

21

 1.3

50

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

30 cm

250 ml

/
1
1
1
1
1

1.1.3

2.
3.

4.

22

= 4.8 N
= 4.5 N
= 4.2 N

1.
2.

1.1 1.2


16 18

(Vincent Callebant)
(Lilypad City) :
http://www.artgazine.com/shoutouts/viewtopic. php?t = 8230

23

1.4

20

1.15

1.4


1.4
24

 1.4

1.
2.
3.
*

/
3
1
1

1.
2.
3.1.4

4.

25

()
1
2
3

(N)

0 0.5 1.0
1.6
1.4
0 1.0 2.5
3.0
2.6
0 1.5 3.0
3.9
3.3

()
1
2
3

(N)

0 0.5 1.0
1.2
1.0
0 1.0 2.5
2.6
2.3
0 1.5 3.0
3.6
3.0

26


( 26)



1
1.6 ( 26 )
1

27

1.

2.

3.

1.


2.
2
(static friction; fs)
(kinetic friction; fk)

28

29

30

1.17

12 15
1

31



1.

2.

32

1.5

1.
2.

3.

25

33

1.5

1.5

1.5

1 30

1.
2.
3.
3. 30 cm
*

34

/
1
1
1
1

1.
2. 1.5

3.

1. 1 = 5.0
2. = 0.15
3. = 4.9
4. = 0.15




x = (4.9 N) x (0.15 m)

= 0.74 Nm
x
= (5.0 N) x (0.15 m)

= 0.75 Nm



1

35

(fulcrum) 1.19

(Nm)
1

1 (
5.0 ) 20 10
1 0.0
1.20
20 cm 10 cm

5.0 N
36

10.0 N

1.21

(M)

= x
M = F

F (N)
(m)
M (N m)

1.22
50 cm
25 cm

50 cm

1N
3N

2.5 N

37


1.22


(1 N x 0.50 m) + (3 N x 0.25 m) = 1.25 N m
(2.5 N x 0.50 m) = 1.25 N m
1.22










5
29
W1

W2

1.3
19 23
38

 1
1.

2.
.

3. 6.02
137
= 6.02
= 137

= ()
= (6.02 m ) 137 s
s
= 824.74 m

1 1

3939

4. 160
10.00.
12.00 .

= 160

= 160000
10.00 . 12.00 .

= 2

= 2 60 60

= 72000

=

= 160000 m
72000 s


= 2.22 m
s

= 160 km
2 h

40

 1

5. 150

30
 3

+

= 150 + 30

= 180

= (+150 ) + (-30 )

= 120

= 3

= 3 60

= 180


=

m

= 180
180 s

= 1 ms


=

= 120 m
180 s

= 0.67 /
1

41

 1

6.

7

3 10
7
3

10



= 10 m
10 s

= 1 m
s

10
m
10 m

= 10
=
1
s
s

7
3 10
7

42

10

= 10 m
= 1 m
s
10 s
4

= 104 ms
= 0.4 ms

7. 10

20 10
.

20 10

= x

=

20 N

=
10 kg

= 2


. 10

10

10 - 0

=

10 = x
= (2 m2 ) x 10 s

s

= 20 ms
1

43

 1

8. 60 12
.

= 60 m = 5 m

s
125 s
.



1000 = 1
5
5 = 1000


3600 = 1
1

1 =
3600
5

=

1000 km
1
3600 h
5
=
x 3600 km
1000
h
= 18 km
h

. 40

5 40

= () x
m
= (5 s ) x 40 s
= 200 m
44

 1

. 7.5
( )

7.5 200

200
m
m/s
7.5

= 26.7 s

9. 25

100

0.2 60
.

0 25 100

25 - 0 m/s
100
s
= 25 m2
100 s

= +0.25 m2
s
(+)

45

 1
.

25 0.2 60

=

0.2 - 25 m/s
60
s
= -24.8 m2
60 s

= -0.41 m2
s
(-)

10.

.

.


.


.

11.




46

12.

fs

fs
fs
fs

fs

47

 1
13.

()
()




14.

15.

16.




(lifejacket)
(buoyancy aid)
48

 1


17. 0.001
1000 9000

.
.
9.8

V = 0.001
F = 9000
= 1000
g = 9.8
.
FB = Vg
FB = (0.001 m3) (1000 kg/m2) (9.8 m/s2)

= 9.8 N
9.8
.
= -

W = mg - FB

W = (1000 kg 9.8 m/s2) - 9.8 N

= 88.2 N - 9.8 N

= 78.4 N
78.4

49

 1
18. 1
10 20 30

. 16
.
.

= 30 N 0.5 m
= 15 Nm


= (20 N 0.3 m) + (10 N 0.5)

= 11 Nm

16 16
4 Nm
16N
= 4 Nm

= 4 Nm = 0.25 m
16 N
16 25
25
.
20 0 10

50

 1
19. 300 5
3

F

F

=

F 3 = F 2

3 F = 2 F

F = 23 F
(1)
300

F + F = 300 N
F (1)
23 F + F = 300 N

F = 180 N

F = 120 N
300



300N = 300 N 3m

= 900 Nm
1

51

 1
F = F 5 m
F

900 Nm
= F 5 m

F
= 180 N
F
= 300N - 180 N = 120 N
20. 1

1 x
10 x
x
5 x
2

(10 x) x = (10 + 5 x) x
10 x
= 10 + 5 x

5 x
= 10

x
= 2 Kg
2

52

 1
21. 2
5

F
F

22.

. .

.
1

53

 1

=
.

F1
F2
F1 = F2

54

37 - 52

1.
2.

2.1

2
2.2


2
2.3

3
2.4
2

55

2.1

2.1

2.1

38
56

 2.1

2.1

1.2.1

2.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
5

57

1.
F

2.

3.

4.

58

5.

6.

2, 3 4

(work; W)

59

= x
W = F s

(N)
s (m)
W (N m) (J)

2.1

2, 3, 4 6

2.1

2.1

2

- 1

- 2

1
2

60



2.1
1 2


2.1 2.2
2.3
2.3

(1.5 )

1.
2.

2
43
2

61

1 1000 10 5
2 10

(power; P)

W
t
P

(J)
(s)
(J/s) (W)

2.4

(horse power)

62

2.3

46

1.
2.

63

2.2

3.2

2.2

1.
2.
3.

/
1
1
1

1.
3 - 4
64

 2. 2.2

3.

65

()

66

1.

2.

(kinetic energy)

(gravitational potential energy)

(mechanical energy)

67

2.4

2
49

2.3
2.3

2.4

2

68

 = 0

v=0

v
u

=
=

2.4

2.4

69

 2.4

70

Ek = 1 mv
2
Ek =
m =
v =

1 3

71

 2
1.

2
3
1

.

.
2
( 3 )
2.
.

72

 2
.

73

 2
3. 200 10
.

=

= (200 N) x (10 m)

= 2000 Nm J
2000
. 4

J
2000

=
s
4

= 500 J/s W

500

74

1.
2.


3.

4.

5.

6.
53 - 85

7.

8.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

5
5
3
7

20

75

3.1

1.
2.

3.

55

76

3.1 3.1
2


3.1

3.1

1.
2. 6V
3.
4.
5.

/
1
2
2
1
6 - 8
3

77

1.

2.3.1

3.
-

4.

1. 2

- -

78

3.1 2

3.2

79

 3.2

30

1.
2.
3. 6V
4.
5.

/
1
1
1
1
4

1.
3.1

80


2.

a b

3. 3.2

4.

-

5.

81

1.

-



-


2.

3.2

2
2
/ (J/C) (V)

82

 3.3

30

1.
2.
3. 6V
4.
5.

/
1
1
1
1
4

1.

2.


3.3

3.

83

 4. 3.3

5.
-
6.

7.


3.3

84








3.4

3.4

3.4

1.
2. 26 1
3.
4.
5.
6. 2
7.

/
1
1
1
1
1
2
4

85


1.

2. 3.4

3.
-
4.

()
1
2
3
4

()
1.1
2.2
3.0
4.0

()
0.12
0.24
0.33
0.44

(I) (V)

86

1.
(V) X (I) Y

87

I (A)

V (V)

2.

3. tan
I (A)

V (V)

88

tan = VI
= VI = R1
tan
= R1

3.2

1.

2.

3.

4.

62

110
220

89

 3.5

1.

2.

3.

()

3.5

90

1. 220 36

2. 220
50 98

3. 220 90

91

300
0.5 2
70oC

220
12 5

92

 3.6

1.

2.

3.

1 30

1.
2. 26 10 cm,
20 cm 30 cm
3. 30 10 cm
4. 26 10 cm
5.
6.
7.
8.

/
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1/4

1.
2.
3.
3

93


1. 3.6

2.

3.
30 26
4.
-
5.

220




3
1.

2.

3.

94


1.

2.

()
1.
2.
3.
4.

26
26
30
26
26
(10 cm)
(10 cm)
(10 cm)
(20 cm)
(30 cm)
I (A) V (V) I (A) V (V) I (A) V (V) I (A) V (V) I (A) V (V)
0.50
1.15
1.55
1.7
3.0
2.0

0.25
0.55
0.70
0.75

0.70 0.02 0.28 0.35 0.38 0.2 0.36 0.35

1.75 0.05 0.7 0.85 0.95 0.85 0.75 1.05
1.85 0.05 1.1 1.25 1.2 1.1 1.05 1.4
2.60 0.075 1.4 1.45 1.45 1.3 1.2 2.0

I (A)

1.0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

V (V)

()
26 10 cm

95

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0

I (A)
26

0.5

30

1.0

1.5

2.0

V (V)

()
26 30 10 cm
I (A)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0

26 10 cm
26 20 cm
26 30 cm

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

V (V)
2.5

()
26 10 cm 20 cm 30 cm

96

()

I (A)
3.0

2.0
1.5
1.0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.8

V (V)

V/A

97


1.
R=
A
R ( )
(m)
A (m2)


( m)

200C

( m)
1.59 10-8
1.70 10-8
2.82 10-8
11.0 10-8
1.50 10-6
3.5 10-5

2.

98

 3.7

30

1.
2. 10 cm
3. 6V
4.
5.

/
1
2
1
4
1

1.

2.

99


1.

3.7
2. 3.7

3.

3.7


100

3.3

1.

2.

3.

66

100W 220V 40W 220V 100W 40W
1 100 40
220 (V)
100W 220V 1 40W
220V 8

5
3

101

 3.8

1.
2.

1.

/
5

1. 1
2

2.

102

(electrical power)
P = W
t
W (J)
(s)

t
P
(W)

3.3

=
W = Pt

=

(kW)

(h)
(kWh) (unit)
3

103

 3.3 3.4

2

3.4

1.

2.

73

104







3.9

4


3.9

3.9

30

1. 6V
2.
3.
4. D 1.5V
5.
6.
7.
8. 100 200 300 400

/
1
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
3

105


1.

2.
3.

4.3.9

5.
-
6.

LDR

106




3.4

1
2 2 3
4

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-

3
4

1
1
1%
10
2%
102
103
104
0.5%
105
0.25%
106
0.1%
0.05%
5%
10-1
10%
10-2
20%
3

107

2
5
103
5
25 103
5 23750 26250

.
1 3 2 .

1 3
2

108

R
E S
A

3.10

25

1. 4 1.5V
2.
3. 330
4.
5. 50
6. LDR
LDR

/
1
1
1
1
1
1
3

109


1.
2.
LDR
3. 3.10

4.
-
5.

LDR
LDR

3

3.11

110

 3.11

25

1. 470
2.
3.
4.
5. 1.5V 4

/
1
1
1
1
1

1.
2.

3. 3.11

4.
-
5.

111

3.12

30

1. 4 1.5V
2.
3. 6V
4.
112

/
1
1
1
1


5.
6.
7. (LED)

/
1
1
1

1. LED

2. (LED)

3. 3.12

4.
-
5.

3.12

113

3.13

90

1. 4 1.5V
2.
3. 100
4.
5.
6. 3.3
7. 24
8. C 458

/
1
1
1
1
10
2
1
1

1. 100
3.3 24 C 458
2.

C (collector)
C B (base) E (emitter)
114

 3.

4.

5.

3.13

C E (R ) B E (R )
C
E ( ) B
E (R ) C E (R )
C E (
)

115

(potential divider)
R R ( R R potential divider)
6V R 5.46
R 0.54
1

3.3 k

6V

3.3 k

330

330

R R 6V
1

3.3 k

6V

116

500

V1

V2

100

R1 3.3 k

6V

C458

R2 330

V V 0.54 V ( I )
C E
V V 0.79 V ( I )
C E
2

BE

R1

6V

R2

BE

BE

BE

3.3 k

100

C458

V C458
0.7 V
BE

500

1
B E
V 0.7 V


( B E
( C
E)
BE

100

6V

C458

117

3
(B) (C) (E)



2
PNP A
B 2 SA, 2 SB

NPN C
D 2SC 373 C373

118




3 1
2
1.

2. (B) (
) (
)

. 2
(B) NPN
. 2
(B) PNP

119

 3. (C) (E)
. B C
E
. B
. B

B
C E


3 4
C E

120

 3.14

1.
2.

30

1.

2.

3.

121

 3
1.
2
1.1 100 4 4
1.2 1,000 1
1.3 150 4
1

= [ 4 ] 4

= 1.6

= 1000 1
1000

= 1
= 150 4
1000

= 0.6
1 = 1.6 + 1 + 0.6 = 3.2
= 3.2 30 2 = 192
192
2.

3. (R)

6V

122

()
1
2
3
4

()
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0

()
0.003
0.006
0.009
.........

3.1

3.2

VI = R
3 V = 500
R =
0.006 A
3.3 4

VI = R
I =

V = 6 V
I
= 0.012 A
500
3

123

 1
4.
15

220
15
V
I

= 220 V = 14.66
15 A
14.66
14.66 15

5.
1.


2.

3.


6.

124

125


5 3 1
1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

30 cm
20 cm.
30 cm

250 ml

/
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1

1.
2.
3.
126

/
1
1
1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

(LED)

4 1.5 V

470
100 W
200 W
300 W
330 W
400 W
500 W
3.3 kW
LDR
50 kW
D 1.5 V
C 458
10 cm
26 10 cm

/
1
1
5
1
1
1/4
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
127


24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.

128

26 1
26 10 cm
26 20 cm
26 30 cm
30 10 cm

6 V

/
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
10
1
2
1

law of conservation of energy

electrical current
projectile motion
power
electrical power
collector
base
emitter
capacitance
potential difference
resistance
acceleration
gravitational acceleration
centripetal acceleration
ticker timer
work
fulcrum
diode
light-emitting diode
capacitor
main circuit breaker
conductor
transistor
mechanical energy
kinetic energy
electrical energy
gravitational potential energy
fuse
129

130

short circuit
moment of a force
International System Unit
action force
reaction force
buoyant force
net force
centripetal force
friction
kinetic friction
static friction
close circuit
integrated circuit
volt
voltmeter
neutral
ground
live
ampere
ammeter
light dependent resistor
ohm


. . : . 2537.
. . : . 2540. ().
, . . 1. : .
, . . 2. : .
. 1. : . 2535.
, .
1. : . 2548.
______. 3. : .. 2548.
Ciccotti, F. and Kelly, D.. Physics. London: Harper Collins Publishers. 2000.
Hewitt, P.G.. Conceptual Physics. Teachers edition. California: Addison - Wesley. 1987.
Jones, M., Jones, G. & Marchington, P.. Physics. Cambridge :Cambridge University. 1997.
Weast, R.C.. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 67th edition. Boca Raton: CRC. 1998.
Zitzewitz, P.W. and Murphy, J.T.. Physics Principles & Problems. Columbus, OH: A Bell & Howell.
1990.

131


3 1

.

.

.
.

()

. .. 2556