MTH376: Algebra

For
Master

of Mathematics
By

Dr. M. Fazeel Anwar

Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics, CIIT Islamabad

Lecture 02

Recap
Set
Some important number sets
Function
A function is a rule that assigns to each
element in a unique element in .
Mathematically is a function if
i. for all
ii. implies .
3

Binary Operation
A
binary operation on a set is a rule
which assigns to every ordered pair of
elements of an element is
More precisely is a binary operation if
is a function.

Examples
Let denotes the operation of addition on
the set of integers Then is a binary
operation. Similarly addition is a binary
operation on and

Examples(continued)
Let denotes the operation of multiplication
on the set of integers Then is a binary
operation. Similarly multiplication is a
binary operation on and

More examples
Let

be the set of real valued functions

defined for all real numbers, then the
usual sum and product of functions are
binary operations on

Some non examples

Subtraction

is not a binary operation on

Also division is not a binary operation of .

The operation defined by is not a binary

operation. Also is not a binary operation.

Motivation for defining groups

Solution

of linear equations

10

Motivation (continued)
Solve

the following equation:

11

Group
A group is a set together with a binary
operation on such that the following
axioms are satisfied:
1. The binary operation is associative.
2. There is an element such that for all
3. For each there is an element such that
for all

12

Discussion and remarks

13

Summary

14

Thank You

15