1.

1
(soft ground)

Su SPT N-Value
1.1 1.2
(Mechanically
Stabilized Earth; MSE)
1

1.2

300 . 200 .
1000 .
(Weathered clay), (Soft clay) (Stiff clay)
(AIT)
42 . 2 ., 6 . 5 .
15 .

1.1 1.4 - ( 34) 50 .

(Land subsidence) 10 . .1979-1983
Land subsidence 1.5-1.6
AIT 1.7-1.8
(Eastern Seaboard)
(Reclamation)
1.3 (Soil/Ground improvement techniques)

1.2


1.9 1.10

668

669

670

671

672

673

674

2 (Surface compaction)
2.1

2.1


2.2
Proctor (1933)
Standard Proctor Modified Proctor 2.1
ASTM AASHTO Standard
Proctor Modified Proctor
2.2
2.3

2.3 2.2
( Dry unit weight)
( Water content) 100% (Zero voids) 2.2
(Dry unit weight)

dG(w) / (1+e) = G(w)wG/Sr))

2.3 2.4

Standard Proctor Compaction

Dry Unit Weight
(Dry Unit Weight)
90%-100%
95% 2.5 2.5 12%18%
() Standard
Proctor

675

 Modified Proctor

2.4
(Dry Density, d) d = t /(1+w)
(Moisture Content, w)
-
-
-

2.6
Uniform (Poorly-graded) Sands
(uniform) 2.7
Well-graded Sands
(Packing) 2.8
2.6 Silty soil
Clayey soil Silt
Clay
2.5

flocculated structure
dry side optimum
wet side optimum
dispersed structure
2.9
2.6

2.13

676

677

678

679

680

681

682

683

3 (Deep Compaction)
3.1

Deep Compaction
Granular
Soil, Silty Clayey Sands, Silty Clay Deep
Ground Compaction

8000-10000 2

3.2 Terra-Probe
Terra-Probe

14 . 3.1a 15 Hz 760 .
9.5 .
3.1
Vibroflotation
3.3 Vibroflotation Technique
Vibroflotation Technique

3.1 b (Probe)
400 .


Vibroflotation
Vibroflotation gravel 20%
silts clay 18% 3.2
Vibro-replacement 18%
200 US. vibro-compaction (vibroflot)

3.3

684

3.3.1 (Vibroflotation)
3.4
A, B C
Zone A
Zone A:
Gravel 20%
10 .
Zone B:
(Vibroflotation)
Zone B
Zone C:
Silt Clay Vibroflotation
Vibro-replacement method
3.4 (Dynamic Compaction)
(Dynamic Compaction; DC)

(Bearing Capacity) Liquefaction
Menard .1975
10-20 150
10 . 20 . 40 . 3.27 .

3.28 3.29
3.4.1

/ 3.30 (Narumi, 1987)
75 dB 50-100
.

3.4.2 Dynamic Compaction

3.2
3.41-3.42

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

693

694

695

696

697

4 (Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD)

4.1

Primary Consolidation
(low permeability)


4.1

(Preloading)

(horizontal
permeability)

4.1
Sand Drain
Tominaga et al. (1979) Manila Bay
Reclamation Area, Philippines Choa et al. (1979) Changi Airport,
Singapore Chou et al. (1980) Taiwan
Akagi (1981),
Balasubramaniam et al. (1980), Brenner and Prebaharan (1983), Moh and Woo
(1987), Woo et al. (1989) Bangkok, Thailand Sand Drain

Takai et al. (1989) Suzuki and Yamada (1990)

Kansai International Airport Project Tanimoto et al. (1979) Kobe,
Japan

(PVD)

4.2 (Preloading)
(Preloading)

Surcharge load
immediate, primary consolidation
secondary consolidation
4.2 primary consolidation

698

 preloading primary
consolidation preloading
maximum past pressure 4.3 initial effective stress final effective stress
maximum past pressure Casagrande
method (Bergado et al. 1991) Poulos (1976) 35%
Janbu et al. (1956)

4.3 (Sand Drains)

(Displacement Type)
(Non-displacement Type)
4.4 . 1984 SBIA
4.4 (PVD)
(synthetic
filter jacket)


non-woven polyester polypropylene geotextiles
synthetic paper
1) 2)
PVD 4.5
4.6 4.7 PVD
4.33-4.47 PVD 4.61
Second Bangkok International Airport; SBIA
PVD PVD 10 .
10 . Piezometric Drawdown
Stiff Clay

699

700

701

702

703

704

705

706

707

708

709

5. (Granular Piles)
5.1

Granular Piles
(Stone Column)

bearing capacity

5.2
5.2.1 Vibro-Compaction Method 5.1 5.2
5.2.2 Vibro-Compozer Method 5.3
5.2.3 Cased-Borehole Method 5.4
Granular Pile Vibro-replacement method (Deep
Compaction)
5.3 (composite ground)

Ultimate Bearing Capacity,

Settlement, General Stability
5.5-5.24
5.5
5.6
5.23 Sand Compaction Piles
5.24 Sand Compaction Pile
Sand Compaction Method

710

711

712

713

714

715

 Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

6 (Lime/ Cement Stabilization)

6.1

(Lime) (Cement)
. 1970

subgrade base course

6.1
6.2
Tricalcium silicate (C3S), Dicalcium
silicate (C2S), Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) Tetracalcium Alumino-Ferrite (C4A)
[Lea, 1956]
Hydrated Calcium Silicates (C2SHx,
C3S2Hx) Hydrated Calcium Aluminates (C3AHx, C4AHx) Hydrated Lime (Ca(OH)2)
Hydrated
Lime

Ca(OH)2
pH

75%
Calcium Silicate Lime Tobermorite Gel

Tricalcium
Silicate (C3S)

Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

716

 Silicate Aluminate


pH <
12.6 6.10 pH
pozzolanic pozzolanic reaction

1
2 1


6.3 (Lime stabilization)

Dehydration of Soil, Ion exchange, Pozzolanic Reaction

Carbonation
Hydration Flocculation (Ion Exchange)
Cementation Carbonation

Hydration

quicklime (CaO)
(Broms, 1984)
quicklime
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + HEAT (280 Cal / gm of CaO) (6.11)

Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

717

Cacium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)

Ca( OH)2 Ca + + + 2 (OH)- (6.12)

Ion Exchange and Floculation

Ca + + + Clay Ca + + exchanged with monovalent ions (K+, Na+) ...(6.13)

Na+ < K+ < Ca+ + < Mg + +

pH
Montmorillonite Kaolinite
(Assarson et al. 1974)

Pozzolanic Reaction

pozzolanic
Ca + + + 2 (OH)- + SiO2 CSH (6.14)
Ca + + + 2 (OH)- + AlO3 CAH (6.15)
Hydration

Carbonation

(Lime) Carbon Dioxide

Calcium Carbonate Magnesium Carbonate
(Ingles and Metcalf, 1972)

6.4
6.2 6.2 (a)
6.2 (b)
6.5
6.3

Type of Cement
Cement Content
Curing Time
Soil Type
Curing Temperature
Soil Minerals
Soil pH

Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

718

 Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

719

 Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

720

6.6 Dry Jet Mixing Method

Deep mixing method

Mechanical mixing method
Slurry jet mixing method
Chida (1982) Quicklime

Dry Jet Mixing Method (DJM)

6.30

Ariake Clay DJM method

(Miura et al. 1986) Unconfined
Compression Strength 400 kPa 28
6.7 Wet Jet Mixing Method
Wet Jet Mixing (WJM) Slurry Jet Grouting method
20 MPa nozzle
(Chida, 1982)

Jet Grouting
6.31

Miura et al. (1987) Ariake clay

6.3 6.32
70%
190 .
2.3
Table 6.3 Physical Properties of Ariake Clay
Depth
Water
Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Plastic Index
(m) Content (%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
2.5
162
125
55
70
6.5
122
97
43
54
10.5
108
79
39
40

Liquidity
Index
1.57
1.46
1.73

Jet Grouting
6.33-6.34 150 .
1.11 (Cement Column)
1.6 . 1.40 . 40 .

Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

721

 Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

722

 Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

723

 Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

724

 Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

725

6.8 Deep Mixing Method (DMM)

5.0 .
DMM (Dry method) Honjo et al.
(1991) 6.35
Wall Type () Pile Type ()
Wall Type Pile Type
6.36-6.37 Wall Type
10% (100 .
1 ..)
6.38 DMM method

Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

726

 Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

727

 Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

728

 Prof. Dr. D. T. Bergado

729

7 (Mechanically Stabilized Earth; MSE)

7.1



Henry Vidal
Reinforced Earth Technique (Vidal, 1969) Vidal
7.1

(grid)
7.2 Steel grids
California (Chang et al. 1977)
grid Tensar Tenax

7.2 MSE
7.3

7.4 MSE 7.5
7.7

Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

730

 Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

731

 Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

732

 Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

733

 Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

734

 Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

735

 Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

736

 Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

737

 Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

738

 Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

739

 Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

740

 Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

741

 Prof. Dr. D.T. Bergado

742