[DATE]

[ S t r e e t A d d r e s s ]
[ C i t y ] , [ S t a t e ] [ P o s t a l C o d e ]

Lifecycle Stage Nutrient Chart

Marguerite Girton
Fall 2014

AMDRs as a percentage of dietary intakes

Group/Age

Protein

Carbohydrates

Fats

Females/Males 1 - 3

5 -20

45-65

30 -40 (n6=5-10, n3=0.6-1.2)

Females/Males 4 - 8

10 -30

45 - 65

25 - 35 (n6=5-10, n3=0.6-1.2)

Females/Males 9 - 18

10-30

45 - 65

25-35 (n6=5-10, n3=0.6-1.2)

Females/Males 19

10 -35

45 - 65

20-35 (n6=5-10, n3=0.6-1.2)

Pregnant/Lactating

10 - 35

45 - 65

20-35 (n6=5-10, n3=0.6-1.2)

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)a is the range of intake for a particular energy source that is associated with reduced risk of chronic
disease while providing intakes of essential nutrients. If an individuals consumed in excess of the AMDR, there is a potential of increasing the risk of
chronic diseases and insufficient intakes of essential nutrients.

RDA/AI* in grams per day, set to meet the needs of 97 -98% of the population
Group/Age

Protein

Carbohydrates

Fats:* n6/n3

Fiber

Female/Male 0 - 6mo

9.1*

60*

4.4 / 0.5/ total fat: 31

Not determined

Female/ Male 7 - 12mo

11.0

95*

4.6 / 0.5/ total fat: 30

Not determined

Female/Male 1 - 3

13

130

7 / 0.7

19*

Female/Male 4 - 8

19

130

10 / 0.9

25*

Females 9 - 18

34-46

130

10 - 11 / 1.0 - 1.1

26*

Females 19 - 50

46

130

12 - 11 / 1.1

25*

Females 50+

46

130

11 / 1.1

21*

Pregnancy

71

175

13 / 1.4

28*

Lactation

71

210

13 /1.3

29*

Males 9 - 13

34

130

12 / 1.2

31*

Males 14 - 50

52-56

130

16 - 17 / 1.6

38*

56

130

14 / 1.6

30*

Males 50+

[DATE]

Stages and Ages, key points and areas of

concern

Preconception
Menstrual cycle: 28 days, Follicular:1-14, Luteal: 15-28
Hormones: GnRH, LH, FSH, estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone
Sources of disruption in fertility: adverse nutritional
exposures, severe stress, infection, tubal damage and
other structural abnormalities, chromosomal
abnormalities. Critical body fat: BMI of 20, obese may
be subfertile, underweight by 10-15% of usual weight
decreases fertility in both men and women. Alcohol can
affect fertility.
Minerals related to poor fertility: Zinc, Folate, Iron,
Lead.
Concerns:
Folate is especially important to prevent NTDs
and many pregnancies are unplanned.
Amenorrhea caused by low body fat percentile.
Conception and Pregnancy:
A weight loss of 10-15% of normal weight will
likely contribute to sub-fertility in both males and
females
A BMI>30 can also lead to a lower fertility rate
From conception to 8 weeks: embryo. From 8
weeks to delivery: fetus
Concerns:
Iron, 400 mcg folate(NTDs), zinc(men), A
10,000IU, PID, endometriosis
Lead
alcohol

Pregnancy:
1st trimester: 0-13weeks, 2nd trimester:1326weeks, 3rd trimester:26-40weeks
very preterm: <34w, preterm: <37w
1st of pregnancy is anabolic, and the 2nd is
catabolic
Extra calories needed: 1st trimester: +0, second
trimester: +340, 3rd trimester: +425
The fetus experiences 10% of growth in first of
the pregnancy
The mothers blood volume, Cholesterol, and
TAGS all increase and this is normal
Edema is common, and if it is not accompanied by
higher blood pressure then it is considered normal
Insulin resistance is normal, insulin will not cross
over the placenta to the fetus
The fetus relies on glucose for energy and growth
The fetus is not a parasite, the mother will receive
the nutrition first and the fetus will suffer if there is
an inadequate amount of nutrients.
Recommended weight gains for different groups:
Obese between 11 and 20 lbs.
overweight: between 15 and 20 lbs.
normal weight: between 25 and 35 lbs.
underweight: 28 to 40 lbs.
twins: 25 to 54 lbs.
There is no need for calcium supplementation
during pregnancy, the absorption of calcium
increases and the amount of calcium excreted in the
urine decreases.

Lactation
Breastfeeding
Colostrum: first milk produced, 1-3 days
post-partum, yellow, small quantities,
low in fat high in protein and it contains
antibodies
Transitional milk: white in color, large
volume, higher in fat and sugar
Mature milk: thin and white, large
volume, divided into foremilk and
hindmilk
Foremilk: the first milk from the breast
higher in lactose
Hindmilk: higher in fat content

A smacking sound indicates that the baby is not

latching onto the breast properly
Breast milk exclusively for the first 6 months, at
which time solids can be introduced with
breastfeeding continuing till the baby is one year
old+.
Cow milked based formula is second best
choice.
For the mother to lose weight while nursing she
needs an additional 330 kcals for the first 6
months and an additional 400 kcals for additional
months.

Content

Human milk

Cow milk formula

protein

lower

higher

carbohydrates

higher

lower

sugars

higher

lower

fats

higher

lower

zinc and iron

higher

lower

Infant
Infants need about 80 to 120 kcals per kg body weight.
Infants will self regulate if their hunger cues are not
stifled and they are allowed to eat as much as they
want when they want.
Human breast milk is best, formula made from cow
milk is second best. Cow milk should never be given
to infants.
Solid foods can be introduced at about 6 months. 1 Tbs
of each food at a time is plenty.
Immature GI tract:diarrhea, constipation, colic
Growth: head to toe
Concerns:drops and plateaus. Vit. D ,F, lead. Cows
milk lowers iron and should not be given to infants.
WHO growth chart
Small for Gestational Age:<10 percentile,
disproportionately Small for Gestational Age
:normal length/head<10 percentile in weight,
proportionally Small for Gestational age:<10
percentile with small length/head

Toddlers - pre-school
Children are ready to start solid foods when they
develops rotary chewing, and pincer grasp, food jags
are normal.
The growth rate for toddlers is slower than infants
and so they need few calories and will sometimes not
seem hungry.
A BMI rebound is experienced in middle childhood
where the child gains fat
Family is the most influential group
Concerns: Children who are >90 th percentile are
considered obese, Children who are <10th percentile
are considered underweight
Risks: choking is a risk and toddlers should
not be give small, hard foods
low Iron which can lead to poor cognitive
development. Other concerns are dieting, consuming
enough meats, fruits, and vegetables .
TV time should be limited to <2h. There is a
correlation of a 2% rise in obesity for every hour of
television time

Childhood
Middle: ages 5-10
Preadolescent : ages 9-11/10-12
Adolescent: ages 11-21
Peers are now the most influential group
Females: see a rise of 120% in body fat in adolescence.
Velocity of growth determines the energy requirements
90% skeletal mass built in this age group.
By the age of 16 young males gain about 20 lbs. a
year
Concerns: Zn,C,P,D,Fe
Dieting is also a concern along with other eating
disorders: bulimia nervosa:purging/non-purging,
anorexia nervosa: refusal to maintain normal weight

Adults
bone density peaks ~30 years of age
nutrient requirements stabilize
Concerns: poor nutrition and lack of exercise
Older adults
LBM decreases 2-3%/decade.
Sense of taste is sometimes lost
Concerns: Zn,vit.E, Mg. Ca, B12(low HCl),D Fe,(no
extra)
isolation
multi medications
the need for more whole grains, veggies

prevention of illness is the main focus for this group

Miscellaneous helpful information

1 = 12 to convert to meters = in/39.37
lbs to kg = lbs/2.2
BMI = kg/(m2)
kcal/g F =9 P =4 CHO =4
Men 19 yrs
REE = [662-(9.53 x age)]+PA x [(15.91 x kg) + (539.6 x m)]
Women 19 yrs
REE = [354- (6.91 x age)] +PA x [(9.36 x kg)+ (726 x m)]
PA: 1.0 1.0
1.11 1.12
1.25 1.27
1.48 1.45
Hamwi
Men: 106 + 6 lb for every inch over 60 in
Women: 100 + 5 lb for every inch over 60 in
Add 10% if person has large frame, subtract 10% if person
has small frame.
If frame size is unavailable, assume medium.

Vitamins and minerals of concern

Mineral/Vitamin

Reason

Group

Food source

Vitamin A, fat soluble

High Retinol is known to

preconception, pregnancy
cause birth defects. Adequate
amounts are important for
bone, skin and eye health

Carrots, sweet potatoes, dark leafy greens,

squash, apricots, romaine lettuce

Vitamin D

Bone health

all

Fatty fish link salmon and some tunas,

sunshine, fortified foods

Vitamin E

cell membranes

all

Almonds, raw seeds, chard and spinach, plant

oils

Fluoride

teeth

infants/children

grape juice, spinach, tomato products

Folate

neural tube defects

preconception and
pregnancy

dark green leafy vegetables, dried beans

Supplements are highest bioavailable source

Iron

need for red blood cells

preterm delivery

all except postmenopausal

and grown men

red meat, egg yolks, salmon, tuna, fortified

cereals

Lead

toxin

all

lead is still found in some older houses in pipes

and paint

Potassium

cellular function

all

beans, leafy greens, squash, yogurt

Zinc

conception

men

seafood, red meat, spinach

Iodine

Thyroid function

All

Seafood, iodized salt

Vitamin B

Helpful links:
http://ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/nutrientrecommendations.sec.aspx
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/
http://www.choosemyplate.gov/