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SourcesAssignment
byLukasDuemmlerMonday,26October2015,8:56PM

Part1:ConfirmationBias
Confirmationbiascanbeeasilyoverlookedandoftennotacknowledged,butalotoftimesIliketo
beright,soIcanseewhereconfirmationbiaswouldplayaroleinmydiscussions.However,Ido
mybestinclassandoutofclasstokeepmymindopenandacceptotherpeoplesopinionsand
beliefs.Withthisbeingsaid,IfeelasthoughsometimesIlimitmyselftowhatIsay.Thiscouldbe
consideredconfirmationbiasbecausethemoreIsayIcouldstarttoopendoorsforpeopleto
criticizeandcorrectme,andasIstatedearlier,Iliketoberight.So,withmelimitingwhatIsay
andwriteandnotgivingpeoplemuchofanopportunityforotherstoarguemyopinion,Iam
alwaysgoingtoberight.Goingforward,Ineedtosaymoreandletpeoplegivemetheiropinion,
afterall,itcouldbenefitmywork.Asformytopic,Icanseehowconfirmationbiascouldbean
issueinsportsbribery.Athletesandcoachesmaynotwanttobelievethattheirteammatesand
friendsareacceptingbribestothrowgamesbecausetheytrustthem.Moreover,fansdonotwant
toadmitthattheirfavoriteplayerorteamisbeingblamedforfixinganoutcomeofagame.
However,thesourcesIhaveusedthisfararenotwrittenbyteammates,soIbelievethatthereis
littletonobiasinthesesources.Mostofmysourcesstatefactsandevidenceasexamplesof

bribery.AsmuchasIlovesports,IamdoingmybestnottobiasmyproductbecauseIwantmy
worktobesincereandIgenuinelywanttofindouthowbriberyandconspiracyinsportsthreatens
theintegrityofthesport.

Part2:Consideringwherestrongsourcescomefrom
Strongsourcescomefromauthorswhohavedoneresearchandreceivedhelpfromexpertson
thetopics.Thesesourcesaretypicallyfounddeeperintotheresearch.Justbylookingatthe
picturesoftheboat,scubadiver,andsubmarineonthefirstinfographic,onecangetagood
senseofwhereandhowtolookforsources.Theboatisarepresentationofbroadandgeneral
searchesfoundingooglesearches.Whenyoujumpinthewaterandscubadiveinthelibrary
databasesyoucanfindbetter,morescholarlysources.Andlastly,whenyouareallthewayatthe
bottomoftheoceaninasubmarine,youlookfortheprimarysourcesfoundinarchivesand
museums.Inthesecondinfographic,youseehowasourceispublished.Theinterestingpartis
thatscholarlysourcesarethemostindepth.Itseemsasthoughtheartistofthetextgetsinsight
fromanexpert,whoreceivesinformationfromknowledgeablepeers,andthenthecorrect
informationispostedinthetext.Itappearstomethatdependingonhowcredibleandtrustworthy
theauthorofthetextis,dependshowcrediblethesourceis.Thedeeperonesearchesfor
sources,chancesarethemostreliableandfruitfulsourceswillbefoundthere.Tomeitseems
thatconfirmationbiasisacomponentinhowsourcesareperceived.Thebiascouldhinderones
viewonhowcrediblethesourceactuallyis.Also,ifthesourcereiteratesinformationyouhave
previouslyseen,onemaythinkrightawayithastobecorrect,IknowIdothat.

Part3:CriticizingSources
Source1:

Maennig,Wolfgang."CorruptioninInternationalSportsandSportManagement:Form,
Tendencies,ExtentandCountermeasures."EuropeanSportManagementQuarterly02Sept.
2006:n.pag.UNCCLibrary.Web.22Oct.2015.
Asthisarticlewaswrittenin2006,whentheauthorusesthetermmodern,itreferstorecent
yearspriorto2006.ThefirstleadIfoundwasatablethatdescribesmajordocumentedcasesof
(suspectedand/orattempted)corruptioninmoderninternationalsports(Maennigsec.3).The
tablehas26rowswithexamplesandsevenrowslabeled:No.,timeperiodofcorruption,
institution/sportingdiscipline,country,typeofcorruption,penaltiesandcountermeasures
subsequentlyintroduced,andliterature.Someoftheseexamplesincludesoccergamesthathave
beenriggedthroughplayersandofficials,taekwondocommitteeofficialsacceptingbribestoplace
otherofficialsontothecommittee,Olympiceventsbeingjudgedinanunfairmanner,manipulation
ofrankingsandarrangingfightsinboxing,andseveralothers.TheTourdeFrancewas
mentionedanditmademethinkaboutLanceArmstrongandhisdopinginvestigationandthe
eventualstrippingofhisseventitles.Also,itbringsupthesubjectofillegaldrugsbeingusedinall
levelsofsportsandhowthateffectstheintegrityofthesesports.
Itcouldevenbearguedthatincertaincasescorruptioncanhaveanoveralleffectofincreasingwelfare:if
anathleteorateamarepreparedtobepaidasumofmoneytoforegovictory,theyclearlyestimatethe
utilityfromtheadditionalpecuniarywealthtobegreaterthanthatofsportingvictory.Fromtheoppositepoint
ofview,theathleteprovidingthebribeclearlyvaluestheutilitygainedfromvictoryhigherthanthelossof
utilityduetothereductioninpecuniarywealth.Hencebothpartieshaveutilitygains(Maennigsec.7)

Thissectionmakesmereallythinkabouthowtheintegrityofsportsisthreatenedbybribery.How
canplayers,officials,andcoachesjustifythatmoneyisbetterthanwinningandtheotherway
around?Bydoingthis,italmostseemsasthoughprofessionalsarespreadingthewordthat
moneyismoreimportantthanhonesty.Lastly,thisarticletalksaboutmeasurestotakeand
solutionstohelpstopcorruption,butthatisnotthedirectionIamheadingwiththisproject.
Source2:

McNamee,Mike."TheIntegrityofSport:UnregulatedGambling,MatchFixingand
Corruption."Sport,EthicsandPhilosophy2013thser.7.2(2013):n.pag.UNCCLibrary.
Web.23Oct.2015.
Thissecondjournalarticleisashortmessageontheintegrityofsports.Thefirstleadthearticle
presentedwasaquestionwhichtheauthorasked,whoisdoingthecorrupting(McNameepar.
5)?Thisledmetoaskthequestion,isitbystandersandviewerswhoarecorruptingsportsand
threateningtheintegrityofthem?Iwouldliketodigdeeperintothatquestionandseewho
initiatesmorebribes.Aninterestingpointthattheauthorbringsup,onethatdoesnotfollowwhatI
havefoundsofar,butonethatarguesagainstit,isthatmaybeitisnotbriberythreateningthe
integrityofsportsbutthepoororganizationandinstitutionsofthesportsthatiscorruptingit.Ido
notknowhowhelpfulacounterpointviewwouldbe,butitmightbeagoodadditiontohave.
Lastly,theauthorstatesthatlastmonththeglobalregulatorsoftheglobalgame(i.e.football),
FIFA,announcedthatchargeswereupheldagainst174individuals,mainlyfromItaly,buttheir
websitemakesitclearthattheproblemisglobaltoo(McNameepar.3).Itisevident,notjustin
thissourcebutallmysources,thatsoccerisoneofthemainattractionsofscandals.Therehave
beenissuesrecentlyinmanydifferentcountrieswheresoccerplayersandofficialshavebeen
investigated.Ithinkitwouldbehelpfultofindsomemorespecificdetailsabouttheexample
aboveandotherstoseehowthosescandalshave(orhavenot)affectedtheintegrityofsoccer.

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Re:SourcesAssignment
byWilliamGoodingMonday,26October2015,9:06PM

Iagreewithyouontheconfirmationbias%100.Iamstubbornaboutbeingrighttoo,luckily
mostsourcesihavefoundthatusefactsupportmyview.Idohowever,believestrongsources
cancomefromanyone,eveniftheyarehighlyopinionated.Aslongasthepersongivespoints
thatcanbebackedupbyfactandaslongastheargumentsaren'tlogicalfallacies.
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Re:SourcesAssignment
byDelanieKnightMonday,26October2015,9:41PM

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Ireallylikedhowyoupresentedyourconfirmationbiaspart.Ididnotthinkofitinthesame
way,but,likeyou,IalsoliketothinkIamright.Ioriginallyresearchedmyopinionofmytopic,
butfailedtofindmuchthathadtodowithit.Likeyou,Ifeellike,thusfar,Ihavedoneapretty
goodjobateliminatingconfirmationbiasinmyownwork.Ibelievethatscholarlyresearchwill
levelthingsoutevenmore.
Whentalkingaboutthestrengthofsources,Ilikehowyouextendedtheanalogyoftheboat,
scubadiver,andsubmarine.Ithinkitisokaytotakerisksinresearch.Somesources,suchas
simplewebsitefoundonaGooglesearchcanbereallydeepandhaveexactlywhatyouare
lookingfor.Ontheotherhand,scholarlysourcescanjustaseasilybereallybiased.Iamnot
sayingthatthesourcesarealie,justthat,sometimes,theycanbequestionable.Sometopics,
suchasextremelycontroversialones,ishardtoeliminatebias,evenonanexpertlevel.I
agreewithyourlaststatementonreiteration,andIthinkmanyotherswould,too.
Youwentsuperindepthwithcriticizingyoursources.Ithinkyourtopicisveryinteresting.
WhenIthinkaboutcompetitivesports,Igenerallydonotthinkaboutbribery,butaccordingto
yourinformation,ithappenmoreoftenthannot.Ithinkthatyourfirstsourceveryclearlytakes
astandontheissue,andthatisaveryimportantthingtomakenoteof.Ilikehowyouhave
alreadystartingmakingconnectionswithininternationalsportsandyourpreviousresearch.
Thehistoryofsportsisverylong,andIthinktherearemanypathsthatcanbetakeforyour
finalproduct!
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Re:SourcesAssignment
byBreaTalleyMonday,26October2015,11:10PM

InyourpartIabsolutelyloveyouranalogyabouttheboatandscubadiving.Itwasaperfect
waytotalkaboutthem,itallactuallymadethemmakealotmoresenseformepersonally.I
agreewithwhatyouhadtosayaboutstrongsources.Althoughitmaketakealotmoreeffort
tofindtheinformationatthebottomoftheseait'slikethetreasurewhichinallcaseswill
alwaysbeworthit.Youaremakingavalidpointwhenyousaythecredibilityofthesource
dependsonthecredibilityofthepersoncreatingthetext.Becauseeveniftheinformationis
veryaccurateitwillbeviewedaslesscreditablemerelybecauseofwhotheauthoris.and
viceversaevenifinformationisnotascreditableitappeartobemoretrustworthyifthe
personwhowrotethetextisfamiliar.
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