,iaghf;fKk; xU

rPhj
; ;jplepiyAk;
 R+oy; khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g vk;ikj; jahh;gLj;jk;
nraw;ghL “,iaghf;fk;” vdg;gLk;.
 ,iaghf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s vkJ clypy; 2
gpujhd njhFjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 mitahtd euk;Gj; njhFjp> mfk;Ruf;Fk;
njhFjp.
 euk;Gj; njhFjp %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
,iaghf;fk; “euk;gpiaghf;fk;” vdg;gLk;.
 kw;iwa njhFjp %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
,iaghf;fk; “euk;gpd;wpa ,iaghf;fk;” vdg;gLk;.
 euk;gpiaghf;fk; :-:-
 euk;Gfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

 gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; ,t;tpiaghf;fj;jpy;

mlq;Fk; :-:-
1. Jhz;ly;.
2. thq;fpfs;
3. Jyq;fy;.
4. tpisTfhl;b.
 Jhz;ly; :-:-
Rw;whlypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; Jhz;ly; vdg;gLk;.
c-k;:- fhypy; Ks;Sf; Fj;Jjy;.
 thq;fpfs; :-:-
Jhz;ly;fis czUk; mq;fq;fs; thq;fpfs;
vdg;gLk;.
c-k;:- fz;>fhJ>ehf;F>Njhy;>Nghd;wit.
 Jyq;fy;fs; :- :-
Jhz;ly;fSf;Ff; vkJ clyhy; fhl;lg;gLk;
jhf;fk; Jyq;fy;fs; vdg;gLk;.
c-k;:- Ks;Fj;jpaTld; fhiyj; Jhf;Fjy;.
tpisT fhl;b :-:-
Jhz;ly;fSf;Fj; Jyq;fy;fisf; fhl;lk; mq;fq;fs;
tpisT fhl;bfs; vdg;gLk;.
c-k;:- jirfs;> ckpo;ePh;r;Rug;gp.
Note:-- vy;yhj; Jhz;ly;fSf;Fk; Jyq;fy;fisf;
Note:
fhl;Lk; Mw;wy; mq;fpfSf;Ff; fpilahJ.
c-k;:-thndhyp miyfSf;fhd Jhz;ly;.
Note:-- ve;jnthU Jhz;ly;fSk; ,opTr; nrwpTg;
Note:
ngWkjpapYk; ghh;f;f $ba ngWkjp cilajhf
,Uf;Fk; NghNj mij thq;fp ,q;fq;fshy; czu
KbAk;. ,g;ngWkjp “czh;tha;g; ngWkhdk;”
vdg;gLk;.
thq;fpfs; fzj;jhf;fk; tpisT fhl;b

 ,g;glkhdJ thq;fpfSf;Fk; tpisT fhl;bfSf;Fk;

,ilapy; nra;jpg; ghpkhw;wj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
 nra;jp flj;jg;gly; fzj;jhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

 fzj;jhf;fk; euk;Gfshy; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLk;.

 vkJ clypy; cs;s euk;gfs; vy;yhk; xd;whf

euk;Gj; njhFjp vdg;gLk;.
 ,JNt fzj;jhf;fq;fis xOq;FgLj;jfpwJ.

 euk;Gj; njhFjp ika euk;Gj; njhFjp Rw;way;

euk;Gj; njhFjp vd ,U gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ.
 euk;Gj; njhFjp

ika euk;Gj; njhFjp Rw;way; euk;Gj; njhFjp

%is ,r;ir top

Kz;zhd; ,r;irapd;wp
 ika euk;Gj; njhFjp :-:-
 thq;fpaq;fj;jpw;Fk; tpisT fhl;bf;Fk; ,ilapy;

njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; mikg;G ika euk;Gj;

njhFjpahFk;.
 mjpy; %isAk; Kz;zhDk; ,lq;Fk;.

%is :-:-
 %isahdJ kz;ilNahl;bDs; ghJfhg;ghf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,ij tpl %isiar; R+o rUknkd;rt;Tfs; 3
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ghJfhg;igAk; mjph;T
cWQ;RjiyAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wd.
 kdpj %isahdJ 3 gpujhd gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ
1. %isak;.
2. %sp.
3. ePs;tisa ikatpisak;.
%isak;

%sp
ePs;tisa ika
tpisak;.
 %isak; :-:-
 %isapd; ngUk; gFjp %isakhFk;.

 ,J tyJ ,lJ miuf;Nfhsk; vDk; gFjpfisf;

nfhz;lJ.
 tyJ miuf;Nfhsk; clypd; ,lJ gf;fj;ijAk;
tyJ miuf;Nfhsk; clypd; tyJ miuf;
Nfhsj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 %isaj;jpd; Nkw;gug;G gy kbg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

 GyZzh;Tfis czUjy;>,r;irtop ,aq;F

nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jy;>fw;wy;>Qhgfk;>Ez;zwpT
Nghd;w njhopw;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;>Nghd;w
nraw;ghLfis Mw;WfpwJ.
 %sp :-
 ,J %isaj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhy; mike;Js;s rpwpa
mikg;G.
 ,J clypd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspd; ,af;fj;jpy;
gq;F nfhs;sk; jirfis xUq;fpirf;fpd;wJ.
 mjhtJ mirTfis ,irGgLj;jy;.

 NkYk; clypd; rkepiyiag; NgZtjpYk;

cjTfpwJ.
 %sp rpijf;fg;gl;l gwitfshy; rpwFfis mirf;f
KbAk; vdpDk; gwf;f KbahJ fhuzk; rkepiyg;
gLj;jk; Mw;wy; ,d;ikahFk;.
 ePs;tisa ikatpioak; :-
 %spf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,ike;Js;s %isapd;
<w;Wg;gpd;Gwg;gFjpahFk;.
 ,J RthrtPjk;> ,jaj;Jbg;G vd;gtw;iwf;
fl;lg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ.
 jitapd; gplhpg;gFjpapy; Xq;fp mbj;jhy; kuzk;
rk;gtpf;ff;f fhuzk; ePs;sisa ikatpioak;
NrjkiltjhFk;.

%isapy; ,Ue;J 12 Nrhb euk;Gfs; Muk;gpj;J

cly;vq;Fk; gutpr; nry;fpd;wd. ,e;euk;Gfs;
kz;ilNahl;L euk;Gfs; vdg;gLk;.
 Kz;zhd; :-
 %isapd; njhlh;r;rpahf Ks;se;jz;Lf;fhy;thapDs;
fhzg;gLk; nkd;ikahd gFjp Kz;zhd; MFk;.
 Kz;zhd; Ks;se;jz;bDs; ghJfhg;ghf
itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 Kz;zhdpy; ,Ue;J 31 Nrhb euk;Gfs; Muk;gpj;J
cly; kotJk; gutpr;nry;Yk;.
 xU Kz;zhd; euk;G Kz;zhdpy; ,Ue;J 2
Nth;fspy; Muk;gpf;fpd;wd.
 mitahtd KJFg;Gw Nth;> tapw;Wg;Gw Nth;.

 KJFg;Gw Nthpy; “Nth;j;jpul;Lf;” fhuzg;gLfpwJ.

 thq;fp

tpisT
fhl;b

a - Kz;zhd; euk;G. e - eiur; rlg;nghUs;.

b - KJFg;Gw Nth;. f – ikaf; fhy;tha;.
c - ,ileuk;G. g - tapw;Wg; Gw Nth;
d - ntz;rlg;nghUs;. h - KJFg;Gw Nth;j;jpul;L
 KJFg;Gw Nth;j; jpul;by; Gyd;euk;Gfspd; fyTly;
fhzg;glfpwJ.
 Kz;zhdpd; njhopy;fs; :-

1. njwptpidr; nraw;ghl;il elhj;Jjy;.

2. rkpghL>
njwptpidfs; :-
 Jhz;ly; fpilf;fg;ngw;W FWfpa Neuj;jpDs;
Jyq;fy; fhl;lg;gLk; nraw;ghLfs; njwptpidr;
nraw;ghLfs; vdg;gLk;.
 njwptpidfs; ,uz;l tifg;gLk; :-
1. kz;ilNahl;Lj; njwptpidfs;.
2. Kz;zhd; njwptpidfs;.
 kz;ilNahl;Lj; njwptidfs; :-
 Kz;zhd; %yk; elhj;jg;gLk; njwptpidfs; ,j;
njwptpidfshFk;.
 Kd;dhy; tUk; thfdj;jpd; xspgl;lJk; rhujpapd;
fz;kzp RUq;Fjy;.
 Jk;Kjy.;
 Fkl;ly;.
 ,Uky; Kjypad kz;ilNahl;Lj; njwptpidahFk;.
Kz;zhd; njwptidfs; :-
 jd;id Nehf;fp tUk; thfdj;ijf; fz;L ghijapd;
mg;ghy; gha;jy;.
 thfdj; jLg;igg; gpuNahfpj;jy;.
 #lhd nghUspy; if gl;lTld; ifia cldbahf
vLj;jy;.
 njwptpy; :-
 njwptpidapd; NghJ fzj;jhf;fk; flj;jg;gLk;
ghij njwptpy; vdg;gLk;.

 ,jd; ghijapy; thq;fp Gyd; euk;G

,ileuk;G ,af;F euk;G tpisT
fhl;b
 Kz;zhd; njwptpidapy; %isapd; nry;thf;F
cz;L.
 thq;fpaq;fs; :-
 Rw;whlypy; eilngWk; khw;wq;fis mwpa cjTk;
cWg;Gf;fs; thq;fpfs; vdg;gLk;.
 gpd;tUk; thq;fpaq;fs; vkJ clypy; cz;L :-

1. fz;.
2. fhJ. (nrtp)
3. %f;F. (kz;Efh;r;rp cWg;G)
4. ehf;F.
5. Njhy;.
 kdpjf; fz; :-

(kdpjf; fz;zpd; mikg;G juk; 09 ,y; Muhag;gl;J)

 kdpjf; fhJ :-

 xypia thq;Fk; GyDWg;ghf fhJ fhzg;gLfpwJ.

 kdpjf; fhJ ntsp> eL> cs; vDk; gphpTfSilaJ.
 ntspf; fhJ :-:-
 ,J Gwf; fhJr; Nrhid> Gwf; fhJf; fhy;tha;
nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;lJ.
 fhJr;Nrhiz xypaiyfisf; Ftpj;Jf; fhjpDs;
mDg;Gk;.
 Gwf;fhJf; fhy;thapy; kaph;fs;> nkOFg;
gjhh;j;jq;fs; vd;gd fhzg;gL;k; ,J fhjpDs;
Jhrpfs; nry;tijj; jLf;Fk;.
 nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T Gwr;nrtpapd; ,Wjpg;gFjp
ahFk;> ,JNt xypaiyfSf;Nfw;g Kjypy; mjpUk;
gFjpahFk;.
 rpytpyq;Ffspd; nrtpr;Nrhid kpfg; nghpjhf
cs;sJ.
 eLf;fhJ :-
 ,jd; Muk;gj;jpy; Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; vDk;
mikg;G Muk;gpj;J njhz;ilapy; jpwf;Fk;.
 eLf;fhjpy; 3 nrtpr; rpw;nwd;Gfshd rk;kl;bAU>
gl;lilAU> Ve;jpAU vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,it nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; mjph;TfSf;F Vw;g
mjph;e;J xypaiyfis cl;fhij Nehf;fpf; flj;Jk;.
 Cj;Njhf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; %yk; nrtpg;giw
nkd;rt;tpd; mKf;fk; rkg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;eJ.
 vkJ clypy; cs;s rpwpa vYk;Gfs; ,e;j %d;W
nrtpr;rpw;nwd;GfshFk;.
 cl;fhJ :-
 ,jpy; ej;ijr;RUs; vDk; mikg;G fhzg;gLk;.
 ,JNt xypaiyfis fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp
%isf;F nrtp euk;G %yk; mDg;GfpwJ.
 fhjpy; xypaiyfs; gpd;tUk; ghijA+lhfr; nry;Yk;:-

Gwf;fhJr; Nrhiz Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha;

nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T nrtpr;rpw;nwd;Gfs;
ej;ijr; RUs; nrtpeuk;G %is
Note :- fhjpy; jiythapy; cgfuzk; vDk; mk;g;Gf;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J clw; rkepiy Ngz cjTfpwJ.

22