CHAPTER

How electric power distribution process

Background of studies:
An electric power distribution system is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it
carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations
connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging
between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium
voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution
transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage of household appliances and typically
feed several customers through secondary distribution lines at this voltage. Commercial and
residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops.
Customers demanding a much larger amount of power may be connected directly to the primary
distribution level or the sub transmission level.

History

First commercial distribution of electric power

Simplified diagram of AC electricity delivery from generation stations to consumers' service drop.

In the very early days of electricity distribution (for example Thomas Edison's Pearl Street Station),
direct current (DC) generators were connected to loads at the same voltage. The generation,
transmission and loads had to be of the same voltage because there was no way of changing DC
voltage levels, other than inefficient motor-generator sets. Low DC voltages (around 100 volts) were
used since that was a practical voltage for incandescent lamps, which were the primary electrical
load. Low voltage also required less insulation for safe distribution within buildings. The loss in a
cable is proportional to the square of the current, and the resistance of the cable. A higher
transmission voltage would reduce the copper size to transmit a given quantity of power, but no
efficient method existed to change the voltage of DC power circuits. To keep losses to an
economically practical level the Edison DC system needed thick cables and local generators. Early

DC generating plants needed to be within about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the farthest customer to avoid
excessively large and expensive conductors.

Introduction of alternating current

The competition between the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) (in the U.S.
backed by Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse respectively) was known as the War of
Currents. At the conclusion of their campaigning, AC became the dominant form of transmission
of power. Power transformers, installed at power stations, could be used to raise the voltage from
the generators, and transformers at local substations could reduce voltage to supply loads.
Increasing the voltage reduced the current in the transmission and distribution lines and hence
the size of conductors and distribution losses. This made it more economical to distribute power
over long distances. Generators (such as hydroelectric sites) could be located far from the loads.

Specific objective:
What?
When?
Where?
How?

Provide rural citizens with services and the generation of more electricity
Within y years.
Urban and remote sectors.
Through indigenous resources.
Through private-sector investment

Importance of study:
1. its easy to get your first job
Electrical engineering students fairly easy find their first job because most employers in electrical field search for
fresh mind, with fresh knowledge and at the same time they get young people they can mold to their own specific
needs and make experts out of them.

2. You can work in another country

Working as electrical engineer opens you lots of opportunities in other countries. Laws of math, electricity and physics
are universal and your gained knowledge doesn't limit you to only the country you studied in. There are a lot of
international companies that need electrical engineers, also most of them are willing to employ people form other
countries, and most of them operate on international level that offers you additional options of traveling while working.
Besides, you are usually getting payed well for it!

3. Student practice can be extended to employment

Most European universities demand students of electrical engineering to get short pravtise with companies before
they graduate and usually, if you perform well you can extend your praxis into employment after graduation. The
employer already knows you already, they know your skills and work ethics and also they usually start to mold you in
their "specific needs" profile during your practice.

4. You gain a wide range of knowledge during your studies

Thinking that electrical engineering is just one dimensional is wrong. The range of knowledge gained during studies is
amazingly broad and versatile. Even just basic studies gives you wide range of skills - from programming to writing
reports; lets face it, reports are required on every step of electrical engineering studies and every employer will
demand writing reports on different fields you work on. Even though you are studying a specific part of electrical
engineering you will get basics of almost all aspects of electrical engineering and it shouldn't be a big problem to find
solutions to a problem that is not strictly in your specific field of expertise.

5. Computer skills
Modern world is run by computers. Most of the people use it on regular basis, but some still struggle with some
operations that demand knowledge, that goes just a little bit beyond "Click an icon". Electrical engineers are faced
with computer problems on every step of their studies and also every day on a job, that's why we usually gain
computer skills during studies, when we have to install different programs for our studies, run analysis and tweak
components or electrical circuits. Computers become parts of us and we know that hitting them won't make them run
faster but fixing might...
it on the testing board in the wrong way... Those events make you jump out of your chair and definitely raise your
adrenaline level. On the other hand you won't most likely do the same mistake again!

6. New stuff gets out all the time - it never gets boring
Electrical and electronic components are modified, invented and reinvented every day, so you will never be bored
because you are using same process or component for the last 10 years. New and exciting stuff is available all the
time and you will have lots of fun testing an assembling it.

7. Only few simple rules to follow

1.
2.
3.

Things work better when plugged to power

Electrical components work on smoke - when it gets out you are in trouble
If things don't work, read a manual.

Definition of terms:
An electric power distribution system is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it
carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations
connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging
between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium
voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution
transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage of household appliances and typically
feed several customers through secondary distribution lines at this voltage. Commercial and
residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops.
Customers demanding a much larger amount of power.

Scope and limitation:

Chapter II:

Instrument:
How to make use of the hot water?
The way to make use of this hot water is drilling wells. On the surface there must me (made by
companies) certain facilities to use the natural pressure in order to convert the hot water in hot steam.
The steam can be brought by pipelines to power plants. In these plants the steam is used to power
turbines, which can generate electricity.

What is 'geothermal energy?

The natural heat within the earth is the motor of
the 'geothermal energy'.
In fact, the earth serves as a hot water-boiler.
The heat of the earth warms up water (fluids)
which is trapped in rock formations thousands of
feet (3000 meter) beneath the earth's surface.

Data Gathering:
Reliability of electric power systems remains a top societal issue. While transmission
disturbances draw national attention and scrutiny, service interruptions at the distribution
level are the primary concern of end-use customers and their regulatory and governmental
representatives. Much effort has been expended in developing methods to uniformly and
consistently quantify reliability of distribution service based on electric system performance.
However, the results of a nationwide survey of recorded information used for calculating
distribution reliability indices performed in 1998 by the IEEE/PES T&D Committee
Distribution Subcommittee Working Group on system design indicated that significant
inconsistencies exist in current data collection processes used within the industry. This
paper discusses the methods and approaches utilized by the electric utility industry to
capture the data and the benefits/detriments different approaches.

CHAPTER III
Result and Discussion:

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

NAVAL STATE UNIVERSITY
CIICT
NAVL, BILIRAN
ELECTRIC POWER DISTRUTION
SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY:
JUNMAR S. MUSA
BSIT II-B
SUBMITTED TO:
MS. RUTHIEL GADOGDOG
INSTRUCTOR
DATE: FEBUARY 5, 2015