INFRA RED SPECTROMETRY

IR


INFRA RED SPECTROMETRY
IR

 R
100

80

60

%T
40

20

0
4000

2000

1000

Wavenumber[cm-1]

400

 &

( m)

(10-12)

X
(10-10)

Mssbauer

(10-8)

XRD

(10-6)

UV-VIS

(10-2)
(10-5)

FT-IR

NMR

(103)


:
IR

12.500 4.000 cm-1

IR
IR

4.000 400 cm-1 [2.5-25]

400 10 cm-1

IR
!

: !




= ( +1/2 ) h
= 0,1,2..

 IR


(R-active)
(CO, HCl, NO)

: HCI, CO

Infrared active

O2, H2, N2, and Cl2

Infrared inactive

1
2c

f(m+m)
mm

f
m m

.
m, m

= 1/2

k/

=(m1*m2)/(m1+m2)
vib=1/2 kxo2
vib=h( +1/2)
O=h/2



(stretching vibrations)


(bending vibrations)
(scissoring vibrations)
(wagging vibrations)
(rocking vibrations)
(twisting vibrations)

 CO2

: /
: /, 2349 cm-1 / 4,6
C, D: / , 667 cm-1, 15


(H2O)
(1)

H2O:

3652cm-1
H

(2)

3756cm-1

(3)

1595cm-1



Acetaldehyde

C-H

CH3

C=O


Polyethylene

100
80
60
%T

Methylene rocking vibration

40

Methylene scissoring vibration

20

C-H stretching vibration

0
4000

2000

Wavenumber[cm-1]

1000

400

Polystyrene
100
80
60
%T
40
20

C-H stretching
vibration of a
benzene ring

0
4000

Harmonics
and
combination tones
of an out-of-plane
deformation
vibration
Skeletal
vibration of
benzene
2000 rings

Wavenumber[cm-1]

1000

C-H out-of-plane 400

deformation vibration

IR
4000-1500 cm-1
1500-400 cm-1
(fingerprint)

IR

 n-

2890 cm-1: C-H

1500 cm-1: CH2
1340 cm-1:CH2

720 cm-1:
1350-750 cm-1: fingerprint

IR-

 Near-Infrared

O-H, N-H, C-H

 Far-Infrared

..

Cu, Zn, I


4,000 to 400 cm-1

> 4,000 cm-1

< 400 cm-1

, ,

 IR
.. (dispersive spectrometers)
IR (non-dispersive spectrometers)
FT-IR ( )

 IR
3
.
FT-IR.
IR .
2

(ATR).

 IR

(Chopper)

 FTIR

R (Non dispersive R)

S:, F:, C:
,
R: ,

, :
, D:

 IR

FT-IR

A
()

IR


FT

Light
source

He-Ne gas laser

(ceramic)

Interferometer


Movable mirror

Fixed mirror

Movable mirror

Fixed mirror

Movable mirror

wave shape

Signal strength

Continuous phase shift

(X)

Optical-path difference [x]

(opticalpath )

Light source spectrum

Signal output from interference wave

(a)

Monochromatic
light
Wavenumber

I
(b)

Time

Dichroic light
Wavenumber

I(t)

(c)

Time

()

Continuous spectrum
light
Wavenumber

Time

Single strength

Fourier

Fourier transform

Optical path difference[x]

(Interferogram)

SB

4000

Wavenumber[cm-1]

(Single beam
spectrum)
* FT =>
(Wavenumber)

400

 (nterferogram)
I =f()
To

!

Fourier
I =f()

Fourier

(Interferomete)r

FT-IR

SB

4000

(Transmission spect
Wavenumber[cm-1]

400

%T

Background

4000

SB

4000

Wavenumber[cm-1]

400

Wavenumber[cm-1]

400

FT-IR

 IR
M (5-10%)
100%

FT-IR

 FT-IR
( 1s/15 min )
(
)


/ 10 ppb /

Globar ( )
1m 40m

Nernst ( Zr Y),
0.4m 20m.



UV-VIS.
:Photon Detectors


IR
.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

FT-IR
TGS:Triglycerine sulphate/ !
MCT: Mercury, Cadmium, Tellurium/

1. IR
2. KBr ( 1mg 100mg KBr//

)
3. (Nujol)
4. , , ,

IR

K IR
IR NaCL, KBr, CaF2
IR




() / s:,
m:, w:

Light
source

Interferometer

Sample

I0

I
Detector

A ABSlog1T
log0
d
*

%T0100
100

I0
I
0

ABS


ABS (acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene)

acrylonitrile
2240cm-1: C N

PA1

styrene

1,602 cm-1
Benzene rings C=C

[Sample 1 ]
PS1

[Sample 2 ]
PS2
PA2

 IR

Solid samples

ttenuated Total Reflection, ATR

Diffuse reflectance

Specular reflection

Liquid samples

ATR

 ATR
Sample refractivity (n2)

sin (critical angle)

Incident light

Prism

Prism Refractivity (n1)

Reflected light

sin45 0.71

Sample

n2

0.71

Incident light

2.38

Reflected light
Scattered light

I()

Prism

:n1

Interface
Dp

Sample :n2

1.7n2

1. (m)
2. ()
3. (n1)
(n2)

..

[sin221]-1/2
..

* dp = :

 ATR

KRS-5

250

4560

2.4

1.7

2.1

ZnSe

625

2.4

1.7

2.1

Ge

700

4.0

2.8

3.5

1
2
(
)

sin

2
1


IR

 IR

( )

FT-IR (, ,
) ppm %)
GC (GC-FTIR)

 Raman
IR
Vis ,
. .
90
( Stokes)
,

IR