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Ginjal Dan Pengaturan Air Dan Ion Inorganik: DR - Yaswir Yasrin Bagian Fisiologi
Ginjal Dan Pengaturan Air Dan Ion Inorganik: DR - Yaswir Yasrin Bagian Fisiologi
Ginjal Dan Pengaturan Air Dan Ion Inorganik: DR - Yaswir Yasrin Bagian Fisiologi
Pembicaraan :
1.Prinsip Dasar Fisiologi Ginjal
2.Pengaturan Keseimbangan air dan
ion inoganik.
3.Pengaturan Calsium
4.Pengaturan ion Hidrogen
5.Diuretik dan Beberapa Penyakit
Ginjal
I.FUNGSI GINJAL :
1.Mengatur keseimbangan air dan ion inorganik
2.Mengeluarkan end produc metabolisme
3.Mengeluarkan benda asing
4.Glukoneogenesis
5.Memproduksi hormon / Enzim :
-Erythopoetin
-Renin / Enzim angiotensin
- 1-25 Dihydroxi vitamin D
FIGURE 162
Basic structure of a nephron. (a)
Anatomical organization. The
macula densa is not a distinct
segment but a plaque of cells in
the ascending loop of Henle where
the loop passes between the
arterioles supplying its renal
corpuscle of origin. The outer
area of the kidney is called the
cortex and the inner the medulla.
The black arrows indicate the
direction of urine flow.
(b) Consecutive segments of the
nephron. All segments in the
screened area are parts of the
renal tubule; the terms to the
right of the brackets are commonly
used for several consecutive
segments.
FIGURE 163
(a) Anatomy of the renal corpuscle. Brown lines in the capillary loops indicate space between
adjoining podocytes. (b) Cross
section of the three corpuscular membranescapillary endothelium, basement membrane, and
epithelium (podocytes) of
Bowmans capsule. For simplicity, glomerular mesangial cells are not shown in this figure.
FIGURE 164
Section of a human kidney. For clarity, the nephron illustrated
to show nephron orientation is not to scaleits outline would
not be clearly visible without a microscope. The outer kidney,
which contains all the renal corpuscles, is the cortex, and the
inner kidney is the medulla. Note that in the medulla, the loops
of Henle and the collecting ducts run parallel to each other.
The medullary collecting ducts drain into the renal pelvis.
FIGURE 165
Anatomy of the
juxtaglomerular apparatus.
1.Glomerulu filtrasi
2.Reabsorbsi tubuli
3.Sekresi tubuli
Pembentukan urin hasil Filtrasi gromeruli,
Reabsorbsi dan Sekresi Tubuli :
-Pembentukan urin
=filtrasi
=Reabsorbsi
=Sekresi
FIGURE 166
The three basic components of renal function. This figure is
to illustrate only the directions of reabsorption and secretion,
not specific sites or order of occurrence. Depending on the
particular substance, reabsorption and secretion can occur at
various sites along the tubule.
BM
Kecepatan filtrasi
H2O
18
Na
23
Glukosa
180
Inulin
55.000
Mioglobin
17.000
0,75
Albumin
69.000
0,005
Zat
Jumlah
Fil
Natrium
meq/h
25,560
25,410 150
99,4
Klorida
meq/h
19.40
19,260 180
991
Ureum
46.8
23.4
23,4
50
Kreatinin
1.8
1,8
.Mekanisme Reabsorbsi :
-Transfort aktif
-Difusi
-Pinositosis
-Osmosis
Transfort Maksimum
Zat
Transfot maks
Glukosa
320 mg / menit
Fosfat
Sulfat
Asam amino
Garam as urat
1,5 mg / menit
Laktat
75 mg/menit
Protein
30 mgr/menit
Tubuli distal :
Segmen tebal A/H kompleks---
juxtagromeruli mengontrol umpan balik
GFR/aliran darah.
Reabsorbsi ion Na, K dan klorida
Tidak permeabel terhadap air/ ureum
Tubuli distal bagian akhir/ tub koligen:
- membr tubuler impermeabel terhadap
ureum
- Reabsorbsi Na,,sekresi K dan H
- Permeabilitas dikontrol oleh ADH
Inulin
PAH
Creatinin
Iotalamat radioaktif
FIGURE 167
Renal handling of three hypothetical substances X, Y, and Z. X is
filtered and secreted but not reabsorbed. Y is filtered, and a
fraction is then reabsorbed. Z is filtered and completely reabsorbed.
Kecepatn Cl
Glukosa
Na
0,9
Clorida
1.3
Kalium
12
Pospat
25
Inulin
Kreatinin
125
140
FIGURE 168
Forces involved in glomerular filtration. The symbol
denotes the osmotic force due to the presence of protein in
glomerular capillary plasma.
FIGURE 169
Diagrammatic representation of tubular epithelium. In this
and subsequent figures illustrating transport in this chapter,
the basement membrane of the tubulea homogeneous
proteinaceous structure that plays no significant role in
transportwill not be shown. (Do not confuse the
basement membrane with the basolateral membrane of the
tubular cells, as illustrated in this and subsequent figures.)
FIGURE 1610
Example of renal handling of inulin, a substance that is
filtered by the renal corpuscles but is neither reabsorbed nor
secreted by the tubule. Therefore, the mass of inulin
excreted per unit time is equal to the mass filtered during
the same time period, and as explained in the text, the
clearance of inulin is equal to the glomerular filtration rate.
FIGURE 1611
Control of the bladder.
Micturation
Reflex control
Voluntery control
Blader fills
Cereberal
Cortex
+
Strech reseptor
+
Parasymphatetic
nerve
+
Bladder
Bladder
contraction
Motor neuron to
external sphinter
External urethral
sphinter open when
motor neuron
inhibition
External urethara
sphinter remains
closed when motor
neuron is stimulated
No Urination
FIGURE 1612
Mechanism of sodium reabsorption in the cortical collecting
duct. Movement of the reabsorbed sodium from the
interstitial fluid into peritubular capillaries is shown in Figure
1613. The sizes of the letters for Na and K denote high
and low concentrations of these ions. The fate of the
potassium ions transported by the Na,K-ATPase pumps is
discussed in the later section dealing with renal potassium
handling.
-Water Diuresis
-Diabetes Insipidus / Central Diabetes
Insi
-Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
-Osmotic Diuresis
FIGURE 1613
Coupling of water and sodium reabsorption. See text for
explanation of numbers. The reabsorption of solutes other
than sodiumfor example, glucose, amino acids, and
bicarbonatealso contributes to the difference in osmolarity
between lumen and interstitial fluid, but the reabsorption of
all these substances is ultimately dependent on direct or
indirect cotransport and countertransport with sodium;
therefore, they are not shown in the figure.
400 Mosm/l
5.Tambahan cairan dari Tub prox ke
cairan hiperosmotik mengalir kecab
Ascenden tekanan cairan intertitial
hiperosmotik 500 Mosm/l
6.Cairan cab Desenden keseimbangan
dengan cairan intertitial--hiperosmotik
7.Penambahan zat terlarut >>> cairan
medula
-Tubuli Prox :
-65 % filtrat-- reabsobsi
-permebilitas H2o >> osmosis/difusi
-Osmolaritas 300 Mosm/l
-Cab decenden A/H :
-Air diabsorbsi medula
-pemeabilitas air /NaCl berkurang
hingga osmolaritas meningkat ADH
Penurunan
Osmolaritas plasma
Volume darah
berkurang
BP menurun
Nausea
Hipoxia
morpin
alkohol
nikotine
klonidin
siklofosfamad
haloperidol
ISTILAH
Asidemia : PH darah < 7.35
Alkalemia : PH darah . > 7,45
Asidosis
: proses patologik dimana terjadi peningkatan
ion H
atau kehilangan ion Bikarbonat
Alkalosis : Proses patologik dimana terjadi peningkatan
basa atau kehilangan ion H
Buffer Base: jumlah seluruh conjugate base yang ada
dalam mmol/L darah
Normal Buffer Base : jumlah buffer base pada PH dan kadar
HCO3 normal
Base Excess : Selisih antara buffer base dan normal buffer
base
(Normal = -2,5 - +2,5)
+ 6,7 7,0
7,35
7,4
7,45
7,7 7,9 +
-----------I---------------I--------I---------I---------------I-----asidosis
alkalosis
HENDERSON HASSELBALCH
PH = pK + log
[ H2CO3]
= pK + log
[ HCO3-]
[ HCO3-]
a. PCO2
pK
= 6,1
A
= 0,03
HCO3- = 24 (21 25 mmol/l)
Pco2 = 40 (35 45 mmhg)
pH = pK + log [HCO3-]
a x PCO2
pK
= 6,1
A
= 0,03
HCO3- = 24 ( 21 - 25 mmol/l)
PCO2 = 40 ( 35 - 45 mmHg)
pH
= 6,1 + log
24
0,03 x 40
= 6,1 + log 24
1,2
= 6,1 + log 20
1
= 6,1 + 1,3
= 7,4
KOMPONEN
METABOLIK
KOMPONEN
RESPIRATOSIK
Sistim Kompensasi
Sistem buffer
Peran Ginjal
Peran paru-paru
Sistim Buffer
Non bikarbonat
diparu-paru : HHb + O2 HbO2 + Hdijaringan : HbO2 + H HHb + O2
Bikarbonat
diparu-paru : HCO3- + H+ H2CO3 H2O + CO2
Sistim Buffer
PLASMA
Daya Penyanggah
: - Protein
: - Bikarbonat
: - Fosfat anorganik
ERITROSIT : - Hemoglobin
- Bikarbonat
- Fosfat anorganik
- Fosfat organik
7%
35 %
<2 %
35 %
18 %
<2%
<3%
Peran Ginjal
Mengeluarkan asam :
Hasil metabolisme protein
Hasil katabolisme fosfolipid
Oksidasi karbohidrat
Oksidasi Lipid
Peran Paru-Paru
Paru-paru
Jaringan
Vena
HCO3-
HCO3HHb
HHb
HCO3HHb
O2
Insp
O2
H+
H2CO3
H2O
CO2
EXP
H+
H2CO3
HbO2
HbO2
Sirkulasi
arteri
HbO2
H2O
CO2
Metabolisme
Asidosis Respiratorik
PCO2
terlarut
HCO3
PCO2
NORMA
L
24 mmol/l
SBL
KOMP.
24
SESUDAH
KOMP
38
40 mmHg
90
90
0.03 X pCO2
1,2
2,7
2,7
RATIO HCO3
20 : 1
8,8 : 1
14 : 1
7,4
7,2
7,32
0,03XpCO2
PH
Alkalosis Respiratorik
Rangsangan pusat pernafasan (emosi, salisilat,
NH3,
Hipoksemia)
Hiperventilasi
PCO2
MEKANISME KOMPENSASI
Sistim Buffer
HCO3- + H buffer Buffer- + H2CO3 CO2
Mekanisme Ginjal
Bikarbonat dikeluarkan oleh ginjal dalam bentuk
Na2CO3 yang bersifat alkalis
HCO3
PCO2
NORMA
L
24 mmol/l
SBL
KOMP.
24
SESUDAH
KOMP
20
40 mmHg
20
20
0.03 X pCO2
1,2
0,6
0,6
RATIO HCO3
20 : 1
40 : 1
33,3 : 1
7,4
7,55
7,50
0,03XpCO2
PH
Asidosis Metabolik
Asam dari luar
Hasil oksidasi tak lengkap
HCO3dari lemak benda keton
dari karbohidrat asam laktat
Kehilangan bikarbonat melalui ginjal atau saluran cerna
MEKANISME KOMPENSASI
Sistim Buffer
H+ + HCO3- H2CO3
H+ + bufer H bufer
H2CO3 + bufer H Bufer + HCO3 Mekanisme paru
H2CO3 H2O + CO2 hiperventilasi
Mekanisme Ginjal
mempertahankan bikarbonat
meningkatkan reabsorpsi dan regenerasi
HCO3
PCO2
NORMA
L
24 mmol/l
SBL
KOMP.
15
SESUDAH
KOMP
15
40 mmHg
40
25
0.03 X pCO2
1,2
1,2
0,75
RATIO HCO3-
20 : 1
12,5 : 1
20 : 1
7,4
7,2
7,4
0,03XpCO2
PH
Alkalosis Metabolik
Pemberian bikarbonat
Oksidasi garam dari asam organik
(laktat,sitrat,asetat)
Kehilangan H+ (muntah), K+ (mel.ginjal)
MEKANISME KOMPENSASI
Sistim bufer
HCO3- + H bufer bufer- + H2CO3
Mekanisme Paru
meningkatkan pCO2 dengan hipoventilasi
Mekanisme Ginjal
membuang bikarbonat dengan mengurangi
reabsorpsi dan regenerasi
HCO3PCO2
NORMA
L
24 mmol/l
SBL
KOMP.
38
SESUDAH
KOMP
38
40 mmHg
40
45
0.03 X pCO2
1,2
1,2
1,35
RATIO HCO3-
20 : 1
31,6 : 1
28,1 : 1
7,4
7,6
7,5
0,03XpCO2
PH
HCO3- Pco2
1
N
O
R
M
A
L
NORMAL
PH
PCO2 normal
PH
NORMAL
RENDAH
TINGGI
NORMAL
ASIDOSIS METABOLIK
ALKALOSIS METABOLIK
PCO2
PH
NORMAL
TINGGI
RENDAH
ASIDOSIS RESPIRATORIK
Terkompensasi atau ALKALOSIS METABOLIK
terkompensasi
ASIDOSIS RESPIRATORIK
PCO2
PH
NORMAL
TINGGI
RENDAH
ALKALOSIS RESPIRATORIK
Terkompensasi atau ASIDOSIS METABOLIK
terkompensasi
ALKALOSIS RESPIRATORIK
Ginjal:
-60 % Ca plasma difiltrasi cap Bowman
di reabsorbsi Tub Proksimal
-Dikontrol oleh :
-GIT
-Hormon :-Parathyroid
-1,25 DiHydroxivitamin
D
-Calcitonin
Kelainan Klinik :
-Ricket
-Osteomalacia
-Mineralisasi
-Osteporosis
Pencegahan:
-Estrogen - postmenopause
-BB
-Diet 1000-1500 mg/h
-Vit D
-Bisphosphonat
-Anti Reabsorbsi -- Calcitonin dan
Selective Estrogen Reseptor Modulator
DIURETIK :
-Zat yang dapat meningkatkan laju volume urin
-Penggolongan Diuretik, mekanisme kerja,tempat kerja
Gol
Diuretik
Mekanisme kerja
Tempat kerja
Osmotik
Tub proximal
Lengkung
Tiazid
Inhibisi CA
Tub proximal
Inhibisi
kompetitif
Aldosteron
Duk kolligen
Blok Chanel
Na
Duk kolligen
GGA :
-Prerenal:suplai darah yang berkurang
-Intra renal
-Post renal
Etiologi :
1.Penurunan volume intra vaskuler
2.Gagal jantung
3.Kelainan hemodinamik ginjal prim
4.vasodilatasi perifer dan hipotensi
Akibat GGA :
-Retensi : darah/CE/end product
-Edema / Hipertensi
-Retensi K 8 mg/L-- fatal
-oligouria / Anurea
-Kematian ssd 8-14 H
Gagal Ginjal Kronik--jumlah nefron turun
-Berkurangnya jumlah nefron 20 %
-Klinis belum muncul kerusakan nefron
70 %.
-Pengaruh penting :
-Edema
_asidosis
-konsentrasi nitrogen non proein
terdiri atas ureum,kreatinin.uric Ac
-Uremia
-Anemia
-osteomalasia
HIPERTENSI:
1.kegagalan ekresi Na :
-resistensi pembuluh darah naik
-koefisen GFR turun
-reabsorbsi Na Tub naik
2.kerusakan lokal peningkatan sek renin
Pengobatan gagal ginjal dengan dialisis
Dengan ginjal buatan.