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1962 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (7) &uf ausmif;om;ta&;tcif; ESpf (50) ajrmuf

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vkdY acgif;pD;wwfxm;wJh aqmif;yg;&SnfBuD;udk &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;or*t
acgif;pD;aemufcHxm;NyD; azmfjyxm;wmudk awGUjrifzwfI&ygw,f/
ESpfaygif;ig;q,ftwGif; *sme,f? r*Zif;pmrsufESmawGay:rSm rjrif&EkdifwJh "gwf
&wJhtwGuf vGrf;aqG;wowJh cHpm;rIeJYtwl txl;0rf;omMunfEl;&ygw,f/
uRefawmf[m &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;or*taqmuftOD;BuD;ukd azmufcGJzsu
wJhtcsdefrSm touf (25) ESpft&G,f aq;odyHaemufqkH;ESpftwef;rSm pmoifaewJh &e
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufjzpfygw,f/
tckuRefawmf[m touf (75) ESpft&G,f q&m0efBuD;jzpfaeygNyD/
OD;jrwfcdkif&JUaqmif;yg;rSm azmfjyxm;wJh w.u.o taqmuftOD;BuD;&JUykHudk
&JUpdwfawG[m (25) ESpft&G,fausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf&JUb0udk jyefvnfa&m
cHpm;&NyD; 1962 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (7) &ufaeY ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;[mvnf; raeYwaeYu
rsufpdxJrSm jyefjrifvmygw,f/
Zlvkdifv (7) &ufaeY ta&;tcif;BuD;uaeNyD; aemufzufudk jyefMunhfvkdufwJhtc
uRefawmftxufwef;ausmif;om;wpfa,muftjzpfeJY owif;pmawGrSmygvmwJh aemifawmfw
ausmif;om;BuD;awG&JU ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rI"gwfykHawGukd ai;armMunfhI&if; p
eJY uRefawmfwuodkvfudk a&muf&SdvmNyD; uRefawmfudk,fwdkif ausmif;om;vIyf&S
acgif;aqmifcJhwmawGudk kyf&SifZmwfvrf;&SnfBuD;wpfckudk Munfhae&ovdk w
jrifa,mifvmygw,f/
_ _ _ _ _ _
1948 ckESpf uRefawmfwdkYjrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcsdefupNyD; 196
ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;wJhtxd (14) ESpfwmumvtwGif;rSm ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIawG? qEj
jzpfcJhayr,fh ausmif;om;qEjyyGJawGudk aoewfeJYypfcwfvlpkcGJcJhrI av;BudrfjzpfyGm
jyefvnfowd&vmygw,f/
yxrtBudrf ausmif;om;qEjyyGJudk aoewfeJYypf vlpkcGJcJhwJhjzpf&yfuawm
atmufwkdbmvqef;ydkif;rSm &efukefwuodkvfe,fajrtif;0ausmif;aqmifteD;rSm jzpfyGm
Pre-medical ac: tBudKaq;oifwef;wufaewJh &Spfwef;ausmif;om;av;
tJ'Dtcsdefu uRefawmf[m
wpfa,muf jzpfygw,f/

tJ'Dtcsdefu yk*vdu owif;pmawG&JU rsufESmzkH;awGay:rSm azmfjyxm;wJh 0efB

eJY vufeufudkif&JwyfzGJUu wuokdvfe,fajrxJrSm aoewfeJYypfcwfaewJh "gwfykHawG?
eH&Hay:rSm usnfqHxdrSefxm;vkdY ysufpD;aewJhae&mawGudk ajrjzLeJY0kdif;NyD;
awG owif;pmawGxJrSm pkHpkHvifazmfjyxm;wJh owif;tcsuftvufawGtm;vkH;udk acgif;xJ
ygw,f/
jzpfyGm;&wmu &efukefwuokdvfausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; atmufwkdbmv (oDw
ausmif;ydwf&ufudk wpfvydwfay;&ef awmif;qkdqEjywmupNyD; jzpfyGm;&wmyg/ ,cifE
wuodkvftaeeJY atmufwkdbmv (oDwif;uRwf) ausmif;ydwf&ufudk wpfvydwfavhydwfx
1953 ckESpfrSmawmh atmufwdkbmvausmif;ydwf&ufudk (15) &ufyJ ydwfr,fqdkNyD; a
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u ArmwjynfvkH;rSm bGJUvufrSwfay;EkdifwJh wuodkvftqifhqdkvdk
wpfckyJ&Sdygw,f/ rEav;wuodkvfqkdwm &efukefwuodkvf&JUvufatmufcHwuodk
ao;w,f/ rEav;rSm pmar;yGJatmifwJholudkvnf; &efukefwuodkvfuyJ bGJUvufrSwfxkwf
tJ'Dawmh jrefrmEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHvkH;u wuodkvfausmif;om;trsm;pk[m &efukefwu
oifMum;Muygw,f/
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;uvnf; tcktcsdefvdk tqifrajyao;ygbl;/ rD;&xm;eJY rEav;udkoGm;
awmif (2) &ufoGm;&ygw,f/ &efukefu reufapmapmxGufwJh&xm;[m naebufrSm ysOf;re
a&mufNyD; tJ'DrSm wntdyfygw,f/ aemufwpfaeYreufapmapm ysOf;rem;uxGufwJh&xm
naerS rEav;udk a&mufygw,f/
&cdkifjynfe,f? csif;jynfe,f? ucsifjynfe,f? &Srf;jynfe,fu ausmif;om;rsm;taeeJY ausmi
&uf (15) &ufqdk&if rdb&yfxHjyefzdkYtwGuf tcsdefrvkHavmufygbl;/ wcsKdUqkd&if ai
NyD; rdbxHjyefaomfvnf; a&mufjyeftaetxm;avmufyJ &Sdygw,f/
tJ'DvdktajctaeaMumifh wuokdvfausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;u atmufwdkbm (oDwif;u
ausmif;ydwf&ufudk cgwkdif;vkdwpfvydwfay;&ef awmif;qkdqEjyMuygw,f/
jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Akdvfcifarmifav;[m vufeufudkif&JwyfzGJUudk wuodkvfe,fajrxJ
aoewfeJYypf ajz&Sif;ygw,f/
'gayr,fh tJ'Dwkef;u ausmif;om;taotaysmufr&Sdonfhtjyif aoewf'Pf&m&&Sdonf
ausmif;om;awmif r&Sdygbl;/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh 0efBuD;Adkvfcifarmifav;eJY &Jwyf
bufudk csdefrypfbJ ajcmufvSefYwJhtaeeJY tif;0ausmif;aqmifeH&HawGudkyJ ypfygw,f
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u owif;pmorm;awGu &JwyfzGJUudk wuodkvfe,fajrxJudk ac:,loGm;
Adkvfcifarmifav;udk 0kdif;0ef;a0zefMuw,f/
'Dtjzpftysuf[m 'kwd,urmppfBuD;NyD;qkH;NyD;aemufydkif;rSm wuodkvfe,fajrxJ
tzGJUtpnf;wpfck0ifa&mufwm[m yxrqkH;tBudrf0ifa&mufjcif;tjzpf rSwfwrf;0ifcJhygw,f
aemufawmh wuodkvftmPmydkifawGu ausmif;wpfvydwfay;vdkufygw,f/

tJ'D 1953 ckESpf atmufwkdbmausmif;wpfvydwfa&;? oydwfarSmufpOfwkef;u acgif

yk*dKvfwcsKdU ,aeYwkdif toufxif&Sm;&Sdygao;w,f/ 1990 ckESpf trsKd;om;'D
anmifav;yifvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f OD;tkef;armif? ,cif,leDzmq,fbPf*sife&,f refae*sm OD
(,ckprf;acsmif;oHwHwm;vrf;wGif aeonf) a&SUaeBuD; a'gufwm armifarmifausmf\ZeD
jrifhjrihfcif? ,dk;',m;EkdifiHrSma&muf&SdaewJh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;orm;a[mif;BuD; OD
xif&Sm;&Sdaeao;wJh acgif;aqmifawGjzpfMuygw,f/ trsKd;om;pmayqkrsm;&Sif pma&;q&
[mvnf; tJ'Dwkef;u tif;,m;aqmifu ausmif;olacgif;aqmifwpfa,mufjzpfygw,f/
ausmif;om;qEjyyGJudk aoewfeJYypf vlpkcGJwJh usefcJhwJh ta&;tcif; (3) ckuaw
wuodkvfudka&Smuf&SdNyD;jzpfyGm;cJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf uRefawmfudk,fwkdifyg0if
jzpfygw,f/
ausmif;om;qEjywmudk aoewfeJYypfNyD; vlpkcGJwJh 'kwd,ta&;tcif;uawmh 19
rwffvqef;rSm jzpfyGm;cJhygw,f/
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oufqkdif&mausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;uyJ OD;pD;ppfaq;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh (4) wef;eJY (7) w
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ygw,f/ tJ'Dvkdpmar;yGJar;cGef;awG aygufMum;oGm;wJhtwGufaMumifh kwfw&ufra
ausmif;om;av;awGu pmar;yGJcef;rxJu vrf;ray:udkxGufNyD; ar;cGef;aygufMum;rIudk qE
tJ'DrSm aoewfypfcwfNyD; vlpkcGJrI jzpfay:cJhygw,f/
ausmif;om;av;awG qEjywJhae&mudk &JwyfzGJUeYJtwl cdkif&mZ0wfw&m;o
w,f/
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aemufawmh aoewfawGudk rdk;ay:axmifypfygw,f/ rsuf&nf,dkykH;cGJygw,f/ aemuftouftE
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aemufqkH;rSmawmh ]][,f&Dwef}} ac: (7) wef;ausmif;om;av;wpfa,muf usnfoifhaoqk
ygw,f/ aoqkH;oGm;wJhae&mu "rapwDvrf; (,ciftac: abmif'&Dvrf;) ay:u txu (1) A[ef;
ausmif;0if;&JU urmat;bk&m;vrf;bufaxmifhteD;rSm uG,fvGefygw,f/
aoewfeJYypfwJhae&m[m wuokdvfe,fajrxJrSm r[kwfygbl;/
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vdkY ac:ygw,f/
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jzpfygw,f/

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ryg&Sdygbl;/
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wpfpif;u &dumrsm;vdkufvHcsay;aewmudk jrefrmhwyfrawmfavwyfuif;vSnfhwkdufav,
NyD; tjyefjyef tvSefvSefypfcwfrIawG jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DrSm jrefrmbufu AdkvfyDwmqdkwm
w,f/ tJ'Dvkd tar&duefav,mOfu ypfcwfvdkufwJhtwGuf AdkvfyDwmusqkH;&wJhtay:rS
wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* (wuo)? ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or* (A
cdkifausmif;om;or* (&uo)? ausmif;om;or*BuD; okH;ckyl;aygif;NyD; ukefonfvrf;twk
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tJ'DqEjyyGJ[m ausmif;om;tcGifhta&;twGuf awmif;qdkwkdufyGJ0ifwJh qEjyyG
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ausmif;om;or*BuD;okH;cku yl;aygif;qEjywm jzpfygw,f/
tJ'DvkdqEjywJh ausmif;om;awGxJrSm pdwf"gwfjyif;xefNyD; AdkvfyDwmusqk
a'goxGufaewJh ausmif;om;wcsKdUu vG,ftdwfxJrSm avmufav;cGwkdY? avmufpvkH;wdk
ygw,f/ tar&duefoHkH;a&SUa&mufwJhtcgrSm tJ'Dausmif;om;wcsKdUu avmufav;cGeJY
ypfygw,f/ cJ,lvmwJhausmif;om;wcsKdUuvnf; olwdkY,lvmwJh cJeJY tar&duefoHkH;u
(rSwfcsuf / &efukefukefonfvrf;rBuD;ay:rSm cJ&Sm&wm rvG,fyg/) tJ'DrSm kwfkwfoJ

w,f/ tar&duefoHkH;u oufqkdif&mudk taMumif;Mum;vdkufwJhtwGuf &efukefcdkif&m

eJY vufeufudkif&JwyfzGJU0ifwcsKdUa&muf&SdvmNyD; aoewfypfvlpkcGJrI jzpfyGm
aoewfypfcwfrIjzpfyGm;ykHrSmvnf; ]][,f&Dwefausmif;om;ta&;tcif;}} u aoewfypfcw
cGJwJhjzpfyGm;ykHrsKd;yg/ w&m;olBuD;u Oya'eJYtnD tqifhqifhaqmif&Gufygw,f/
tJ'DaoewfypfvlpkcGJwJhtwGuf taotaysmufr&Sdygbl;/ ausmif;om;wcsKdU tenf;i,f'P
&&Sdygw,f/ ausmif;om;wcsKdU rsuf&nf,kdAkH;taiGUudk IdIuf&ojzifh rl;arhoGm
1988 ckESpf OD;ae0if; aemufqkH;ajymwJhrdefYcGef;xJrSmvdk ]]wyfrawmf[m
qkdwmrsKd; tJ'Dwkef;u rypfcJhygbl;/ wu,fomwnfhwnfhypf&if ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; aoq
w,f/
tar&duefoHkH;[m ausmufwHwm;NrdKUe,fxJrSm&Sdawmh ypfcwfwJh&JawG[m
u &JawGjzpfykH&ygw,f/ tJ'DypfcwfrIawGjzpfyGm;NyD;aemufrSm ukefonfvrf;tar&d
ausmif;om;xkBuD;[m ql;avbk&m;vrf;ay:u ausmufwHwm;&JXmea&SUudk a&mufoGm
qufvufqEjyMuygw,f/ tpdk;&uvnf; xyfrHypfcwfjcif;rjyKyg/
naeapmif;vmwJhtcg ausmif;om;or*BuD;okH;cku qEjyyGJudk &yfqkdif;vkdufyg
taeeJYvnf; wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;udk wuodkvfe,fajrudk um;rsm;eJY jyefydkYay;yg
tJ'Dvdk ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJBuD;NyD;qkH; vlpkcGJNyD;aemuf pdwfqEjyif;xefv
eJJY jynfolwcsKdU &Jpcef;a&SUrSm qufvufusef&SdcJhygw,f/ vlrsm;pku tpDtpOftwkd
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usef&pfcJhwJh trsKd;om;wpfOD;usnfqHrSefaoqkH;oGm;aMumif; owif;&&Sdygw,f/ nar
b,fuypfvkdufwJh usnfqHrSef;rodvdkufygbl;/ tJ'DtrsKd;om;[m wuodkvfausmif;om;awmh
bl;/ rGwfqvifbmom0ifwpfOD;jzpfwJhtwGuf aemufaeYreufrSmyJ wmarGrGwfqvifocFsK
ygw,f/ or*BuD; (3) cku ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;eJY ausmif;om;xkvkdufygydkYaq
tokbtcrf;tem; pnf;um;ygw,f/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGvJ tokbtcrf;tem;rSm rdefYcGef;
ajymMuygw,f/
OD;jrwfcdkif&JU aqmif;yg;rSm azmfjyxm;wJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifBuD;\ (3.2.1973)
0007 jzifh EkdifiHawmforwBuD;ESifh Ou|BuD; jrefrmqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDxH ay;y
oHkH;udk ausmif;om;rsm;qEjyjcif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; azmfjy&mwGif ]]tm*s,fvmudktaM
oHkH;udk ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;twkduftcHorm;rsm; pkaygif;0dkif;0ef;zsuf
pGm azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&Sd&ygw,f/
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qEjyyGJvnf; r[kwfyg/ ]]tm*s,fvm}} eJYvnf; rnfodkYrS roufqkdif rywfoufyg/ qEjyyG
]]tm*s,fvm}} yg0ifqEjyygw,f/

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tJ'DtcsdefrSm wuo taqmuftOD;rSma&m wuodkvfe,fajrae&mtESHYrSma&m qEjyyGJtw
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tar&duefEkdifiHrSm vlrIa&;odyHbmom&yfeJY yg&*lbGJUwufaeol ausmif;om;wpf
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NrdKUrSm ausmif;om;rsm;qEjyyJGtwGuf jyifqifaecsdefeJY wkdufqkdifaewmod&wJh
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yg0ifvdkufygwmudk bmrSoabmrwlp&m taMumif;r&SdwJhtwGuf vkdufygcGifhjyKcJhy
qEjyyGJaeYrSm ]]tm*s,fvm}} 0wfqifvmwmu jrefrmEkdifiHrSm bGJU,lwJh0wfpkH
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w,f/ aemufaeYxGufvmwJh owif;pm;awGxJrSmygwJhowif;"gwfykHawGxJrSm ]]tm*s,fvm
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jyKvkyfovkd xifwJholawG&Sdvmygw,f/
trSefrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifBuD;ajymovdk ]]tm*s,fvm}} udktaMumif;jyKNyD; qEjy
]]EdkifiHa&;orm; twkduftcHawGeJY pkaygif;NyD;}} qkdwmvnf; r[kwfygbl;/ ]]oHkH;
qdkwmvnf; r[kwfygbl;/ cJeJYayguf avmufav;cGeJYypfwmavmufyg/ tar&duefoHkH;u j
rSefawGu xlawmh rSefawmifruGJygbl;/
tJ'Dtar&duefoHkH;qEjyyGJtwGuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvnf; wpkHw&m
zrf;qD;jcif;rsm;rjyKvkyfygbl;/ ]]tm*s,fvm}} udkawmh tJ'DaeYnaerSm EkdifiHjcm;xGufr,f
ay;NyD; jynfESif'Pfay;vkdufygw,f/
_ _ _ _ _ _
uRefawmhpdwftmkHawG[m 1953 ckESpf ausmif;om;aoewfjypfrI? 1956 ckESp
aoewfypfrIeJY 1960 ckESpf aoewfypfrIjrifuGif;awGuaeNyD; 1962 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv (7) &u
ta&;tcif;jrifuGif;qDudk jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmygw,f/ tm;vkH;udkvnf; NcHKikHNyD; EId
w,f/
uGmjcm;vSwJh jrifuGif;wpfck
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aoewf'Pf&mawGeJY aovdkufMuwJh wuodkvfausmif;om;awGuvnf; twkH;tkH;
wuo taqmuftOD;a&SU uw&mta&mifeJY rJeufaewJh t"dywdvrf;rBuD;[mvn
ausmif;om;aoG;awGeJY &J&JeDvdkY - uAsmPfuGefYjrL;wJh ausmif;om;wpfpku 'ga
zGJUqdkcJhMuwmudk;

wuodkvfe,fajrxJu aygufuGJoHBuD;uvnf; &efukefwpfNrdKUvkH; wkefcgvdkY

cHhnm;xnf0gwJh orkdif;0ifausmif;om;or*taqmuftOD;BuD;uvnf; [Ddk&SD;rm;j
uRefawmhtawG;awG[m aemufusdvmygw,f/
]]&ufpufrItaygif; o&zlaqmif;cJhNyD}} ]]&ufpufrItaygif; o&zlaqmif;cJhNyD}} ]]&
o&zlaqmif;cJhNyD}}
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wjcm;oDcsif;pmom;awGeJY tquftpyfr&SdbJ xyfcgxyfcg qkdaerdygw,f/
uRefawmfhpdwfawG b,fvkdjzpfukefygvdrfh/
_ _ _ _ _ _
&efukefwuodkvfe,fajr[m bmaMumifhrsm; tJ'Dvkdqkd;0g;wJh tajctaeBuD;udk a&m
vJ/
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u... awG ac:tdyfMuw,f? uGefjrLepfausmif;om;awGuvnf; awmxJu vlawGudk cdkatmif;
ay;vdkay;? EkdifiHa&;oifwef;ay;eJY jzpfcsifwdkif;jzpfaew,f/ 'gawGudk yaysmufoGm;
pnf;urf;udk wif;Muyfcdkif;vkduf&w,f/ tJ'Dudpudk csuf,lNyD; uGefjrLepfausmif;om;
pwifvdkufwmyJ}}
OD;ae0if;&JU ajympum;awG
Zlvdkifv (7) &ufaeY ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;BuD;jzpfyGm;NyD; aemuf (8) vtMum (10
aeYrSmrS OD;odef;azjrifh? OD;cspfvIdif? Adkvfodef;wef? ocifwifjrwdkYudk OD;ae0if;ajy
tJ'Dtcsdefu &efukefwuodkvfe,fajr[m OD;ae0if;ajymovkd trSefwu,f jzpfaevdkYvm
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u uRefawmf[m ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfa,muftjzpfeJY ausmif;om;v
rIawGrSm yg0ifywfoufaewJholwpfOD;jzpfNyD; tajctaeawGukd tm;vkH;odaewmaMumifh
wJhpum;awG[m r[kwfrSefbl;qkdwmudk jiif;qkdvdkygw,f/
uRefawmf tJ'Dvdk jiif;qkdwmrSmvnf; ]]r[kwfbl;}} vdkY twif;ZGwf rsufpdrSdwfN
r[kwfygbl;/
1962 ckESpfrwkdifrD &efukefwuokdvf&JUtajctaeawG wuodkvfausmif;om;awG&
awG? &efukefwuokdvfausmif;om;or* (wuo) &JU tajctaeawGudk jynfhjynfhpkHpkH j
OD;ae0if;&JU ajymMum;csufawGtay:rSm &Sif;vif;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u &efukefwuokdvf[m txufwef;ausmif;awGvdk ,ckacwfwuokdvfa
(Educational Institution)
tpdk;&&JUvufatmufcH? tpkd;&u wkdufdkuftkyfcsKyfwJhynma&;tzGJUtpnf;
wckr[kwfovdk tvGwfynmoifausmif;wpfausmif;vdk tpdk;&eJY vkH;0uif;vGwfwJhtzGJUtp
ygbl;/

tpdk;&taxmuftyHhcH oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh ynma&;tzGJUtpnf;BuD;wpfck jzpfygw

&efukefwuodkvf&JUtkyfcsKyfa&;? b@ma&;? pmayoifMum;a&;vkyfief;awGudk
atmif tcsdefjynfhwm0ef,laqmif&GufaewJh yk*dKvfu ygarmucsKyfjzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dwke
awG[m ,aeYygarmucsKyfawGvdk tpkd;&0efxrf;wpfa,mufr[kwfygbl;/ &efukefwuodkv
tjrifhqkH;wm0ef tBuD;qkH;0efxrf;BuD;wpfOD;om jzpfygw,f/
tJ'Dwkef;u &efukefwuokdvfygarmucsKyf[m tpdk;&0efxrf;r[kwfwJhtwGuf ,ckacw
csKyfawGvkd 0efBuD;u zkef;qufNyD; b,ftcsdefrSm vmawGUygqdk&if tl,m;zm;,m;ajy;a
0efBuD;uvnf; zkef;qufNyD; ac:ydkifcGifhr&Sdygbl;/
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tJ'DvkdvJ vkyfvkdYr&ygbl;
ygarmucsKyfBuD;&JUtxufrSm &efukefwuokdvfBuD;ukd uGyfuJBuD;Muyfae
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ay:vm&ifvnf; ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;usif;yEkdifygw,f) ygarmucsKyfBuD;udk vrf;TefrIawG a
awG csrSwfay;ygw,f/ ygarmucsKyfBuD;[m tJ'Dvrf;TefcsufawG ay:vpDawGeJY &efuk
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or*&JU ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; ponfjzifh yg0ifMuygw,f/
wuokdvfaumifpD&JU tBuD;tuJyk*dKvfu ynma&;0efBuD;jzpfygw,f/ olYukd wu
(University Chancellor) vkdYac:ygw,f/ ynma&;0efBuD;ukd wuokdvft"dywdvkdYac:wmu
*kPfxl;aqmifac:xm;wJhoabmjzpfygw,f/ ol[m wuokdvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;wkdif;ukd rwufygb
wkdufkdufvnf; rtkyfcsKyfygbl;/
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&efukefwuokdvfaumifpDrSm tNrJyg0ifywfoufaeolu wuokdvf&JU
Chancellor) jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D wuokdvf&JU 'kwd,t"dywdukdawmh tpkd;&u
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w&m;a&;0efBuD
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qkdwJhyk*dKvfBuD;taeeJY &efukefwuokdvf&JU 'kwd,t"dywdtjzpf aqmif&Gufwmu
tJ'Dwkef;u EkdifiHawmf&JU r@dKifBuD;okH;ckjzpfwJh w&m;a&;r@dKif? tkyfcs
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wuokdvfaumifpDrSm teD;uyfwm0ef,laewJh wuokdvf'kwd,t"dywdukd w&m;a&
ukd wm0efay;xm;wmu wuokdvfa&;&mawGrSm tpkd;&tzJGUu wkdufkdufryg0ifbl;qkdw

tJ'Dwkef;u &efukefwuokdvf&JUb@maiG BuD;MuyfuGyfuJrIuvnf; ,cktcsdefeJY

,cktcgrSm EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u wpkwaygif;wnf;&HykHaiG
(Consolidated fun) ukd wnfaxmif
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b,favmufqkdwm cJGa0ay;ygw,f/ ynma&;twGuf&wJhb@maiGxJu &efukefwuokdvft
b,favmufqkdwmukd xyfrHcJGa0csxm;ay;ygw,f/ wuokdvf&JU0ifaiGrsm;jzpfwJh ausmi
0ifaMu; ponfrsm;ukdvnf; wuokdvf&HykHaiGtjzpf ukdifwG,fxm;jcif;? okH;pJGjcif; rjyKv
tm;vkH;udk EkdifiHawmf&JU wvkH;wpnf;wnf;&HykHaiGxJukd xnfhvkduf&ygw,f/
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u &efukefwuokdvf&JU &HykHaiGukd oD;jcm;&HykHaiGtjzpfwn
vnf; oD;jcm;pm&if;zGifhxm;ygw,f/ tJ'DoD;jcm;&HykHaiGxJukd tpkd;&u wuokdvf&
ukefusaiG&JU 40%? 50% pojzifh axmufyHhxnfh0ifay;ygw,f/ ausmif;vc? taqmifvc? pma
0ifaMu;eJY wjcm;&aiGrsm; (Oyrm emrnfwcgajymif;&if ig;usyfay;oGif;&ygw,f) 0ifai
wuokdvf&HykHaiGxJ 0ifoGm;ygw,f/ oD;jcm;wOD;csif; tvSL&Sif&Sd&ifvnf; tJ'Dtv
wuokdvf&HykHaiGxJukd 0ifoGm;ygw,f/ &efukefwuodkvfaumifpDu tJ'Dwuokdvf&H
ovkd jyefvnfcJGa0okH;pJGygw,f/
wuokdvf&JU ynma&;eJYywfouf&ifawmh ygarmucsKyfOD;aqmifNyD; wuok
yg0ifwJh ynma&;tzJGU
(Senate) u ynma&;pDrHcefYcJGrIukd vkyfygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd wuokdvf&JU tkyfcsKyfa&;awG? ynma&;awG? b@maiGuGyfuJBuD;Mu
wkdufkduf0ifa&mufukdifwG,fjcif;rjyKygbl;/ olwkdYwifjycsifwJhvkyfief;? tpDtpOfawG
wuokdvfaumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;uwqifh wuokdvffaumifpDtpnf;ta0;awGrSm wifjyaqG;
tjzwfcH,lygw,f/
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olawGxJu ynmt&nftcsif;awG? ynma&;tawGUtBuKHawGukd EdIif;,SOfokH;oyfNyD; p
cefYxm;ygw,f/ ,ckacwfvkd ygarmucsKyfukd EkdifiHawmfjyefwrf;eJY rcefYtyfygbl;/
&efukefwuodkvfygarmucsKyf a'gufwmxiftmif ygarmucsKyfwm0efrsm;rS tem;
a'gufwmvSjrifhu &efukefwuodkvfygarmucsKyftjzpf wm0efrsm;udk qufcHygw,f/ a'gu
[m EkdifiHjcm;wuodkvfwpfckrSm wmefxrf;aqmifae&if;u vpfvyfawmhrJh &efukefwuod
&mxl;udk avQmufvTmwifwJhtwGuf &efukefwuodkvfaumifpDu ygarmucsKyftjzpf c
wuokdvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;awGrSm ta&;ygwJhaumifpD0ifawGu &efukefwu
ausmif;om;or*&JU ukd,fpm;vS,fawGjzpfygw,f/ &efukefwuokdvfaumifpDrSm ausm
ukd,fpm;vS,fu (2) OD;yg0ifcGifh&ygw,f/ tJ'Dor*ukd,fpm;vS,f (2)OD;ukd wuokdvfaus
trIaqmiftzJGUu a&G;cs,fwm0efay;ygw,f/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifa[m
w&m;kH;csKyfa&SUaeBuD;rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYacwfu wuoukd,fpm;vS
0ifvlOD; (2) OD;teuf wpfOD;u 'kwd,urmppf ppfBudKacwfu wuokdvf ausmif;om;or*a

10

a[mif;wpfa,mufjzpfwJh w&m;kH;csKyfa&SUaeBuD; OD;wDyD0rf; (,ck uG,fvGef) jzpf

ppfNyD;p wuokdvfausmif;om;or* Ou|a[mif;wpfOD; jzpfwJh w&m;kH;csKyfa&SUa
(aemufykdif; a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf? ,ck uG,fvGef) wkdY jzpfMuygw,f/
wuokdvfaumifpD ykHrSeftpnf;ta0;rjyKvkyfrDtcsdef wygwf 10 &ufavmuf (&uftw
rrSwfrdawmhyg) apmNyD;u wuokdvfaumifpDrSm aqG;aEG;Murnfh
tpnf;ta0;tpDtpO
(Agenda)
awGukd aumifpD0ifvlBuD;awGqDukd ay;ykdYygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd wuokdvfaumifpDtpnf;
awG jzefYa0NyD; tpnf;ta0;rjyKvkyfrDtcsdeftwGif; &ufwpf&ufrSm wuoukd,fpm;vS,f w
aumifpD0if w&m;kH;csKyfa&SUaeBuD; (2)OD;eJY wuo trIaqmiftzJGUwkdYawGUqkH
ta0;tpDtpOfawGukd tpDtpOfwckcsif; pDppfaqG;aEG;Muygw,f/ wuo trIaqmifrsm;uvnf; ol
vkdcsifwmawGukd wifjyMuygw,f/ w&m;kH;csKyfa&SUaeBuD;rsm;uvnf; Oya'oabm
oabmt& wuotrIaqmiftzJGU&JU wifjycsufawGukd jzpfEkdifacs &Sdr&Sdqkdwmukd jy
ESpfbufoabmwl wuokdvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;wGif wifjyrnfh tcsuftvufrsm;ukd qkH;jzwfcsrS
ygw,f/
wuoukd,fpm;vS,fwuokdvfaumifpD0if w&m;kH;csKyfa&SUaeBuD; (2)OD;u wu
tzJGUeJY ndEdIif;aqG;aEG;oabmwlxm;wJh tcsuftvufawGukd tajccHxm;NyD; wuokdv
ta0;rSm axmufcHoifhwm axmufcH? uefYuGufoifhwm uefYuGuf? tqkdwifoifhwm tqkdwif
aqmif&GufMuygw,f/
wuokdvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;NyD;qkH;NyD;vQifvnf; oifhawmfaomaeYwpfaeYw
ukdk,fpm;vS,f wuodkvfaumifpD0if w&m;kH;csKyfa&SUaeBuD; (2)OD;ESifh wuotrIa
awGUqkHNyD; wuokdvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;&JU tajctaeawGukd jyefvnfajymMum; aqG;
&efukefwuokdvfausmif;om;or* trIaqmiftzJGUtaeESifh wuokdvfaumifpDtpnf
wGif ukd,fwkdifwufa&mufcGifhr&ayr,fh wuokdvfausmif;om;or*&JU oabmxm;awG?
awGukd wuoukd,fpm;vS,f w&m;kH;csKyfa&SUaeBuD; (2) OD; rSwqifh wifjyaqG;a
tjynfht0&Sdygw,f/
'gaMumifhrkdY &efukefwuokdvfaumifpD&JU qkH;jzwfcsufawG[m wuokdvfausm
jyKxm;wJh ausmif;om;or*&JU oabmxm;awGeJY xdyfwkdufqefYusifwJh qkH;jzwf
rvmygbl;/
tJ'Dvkd wuokdvfaumifpDu ausmif;om;xkqEeJY tjyefjyeftvSefvSef ndEdIif;N
vmwJh pnf;urf;awGeJY 1920 ckESpf yxrausmif;om;oydwfBuD;NyD;qkH;csdefupNyD;
tmPm&&Sdvmcsdeftxd &efukefwuokdvfausmif;om;rsm;[m at;at;csrf;csrf; aysmfaysmf&
oifMum;cJh&ygw,f/
1962 ckESpfrwkdifrDu wuokdvfausmif;aqmifawGrSm aexkdifMuwJh ausmif;ol? au
tajctaeawGukdvnf; wifjyvkdygw,f/

11

wuokdvftaqmifawGrSmaeMuwJh ausmif;olausmif;om;awG[m txufuajymcJhwJh wu

aumifpDu csrSwfxm;wJh taqmifpnf;urf;awGukd vkdufem&ovkd wzufrSmvnf; b,folrS wdw
owfrSwfrxm;ayr,fh ukd,fhtodeJYudk,f vlrIa&;pnf;urf;awGukd apmifhxdef;Mu&ygw,f/
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;aqmifqkdwm tJ'Dtcsdefu jrefrmjynfwjynfvkH;u ausmif;o
pkpnf;aexkdifMuwJhae&mjzpfNyD; bmomrsdK;pkH? ,Ofaus;rIpkdufrsdK;pkH? t&y
ausmif;olawG yg0ifMuygw,f/
taqmifrSmaexkdifMuwJh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olawG[m ukd,fhtcef;ygwf0ef;usifrSm a
bmomrwl? ,Ofaus;rIpkdufrwl? t&yfa'orwlwJh wjcm;ausmif;om;awGeJY vkdufavsmnDax
vlrIa&;pnf;urf;awGukd apmifhxdef;aexkdifMu&ygw,f/
taqmifrSmaewJh ausmif;om;awGxJrSm t&ufaopm BudKufESpfoufwJh ausmif;om;w
&Sdygw,f/ ab;ygwf0ef;usifu tcef;awGu ausmif;om;awGukdtm;emNyD; tcef;xJrSm t&ufrao
vSnf;wef;xdyfu wkwfqkdifrSm wdwfwdwfoGm;aomufwJh ausmif;om;wcsdKU &Sdy
ausmif;om;awGukdtm;emvkdY taqmifukd rl;NyD;jyefrvm&Jygbl;/ trl;ajyrSbJ taqmifuk
jyefvmwwfMuygw,f/ taqmifawGrSm t&ufrl;NyD; qlyl aomif;usef;w,fqkdwm r&Sdygbl;
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u trsdK;orD;udp0goemygwJhausmif;om;BuD;wcsdKU taqmifrSm&
ojzifh 'kwd,urmppfaMumifh ausmif;paewmaemufusNyD; wuokdvfukd toufBuD;rS a&
awGjzpfygw,f/ olwkdYtaeeJYuvnf; olwkdYtquftoG,f&SdwJhtdrfukd wdwfwqdwfoGm;Mu
oGm;Muw,fqkdwmukdawmif ukd,fhtcef;ywf0ef;usifu wjcm;ausmif;om;awG todrcH&JM
tJ'Dvkd ausmif;om;rsm;taqmifaeMuwJhtcgrSm taqmifae wuokdvfausmif;om;awG ta
wuokdvfaumifpDu csrSwfxm;wJh taqmifpnf;urf;awGukd vkdufem&wmxuf tcef;teD;tem; y
usifu ausmif;om;awGeJY? w&m;0ifr[kwfbJ rodrom owfrSwfxm;MuwJh vlrIa&;pnf;urf
vkdufemapmifhxdef;aexkdif&wmu ykdrkdwif;usyfygw,f/
aemufNyD; taqmifrSmaeMuw,fqkdwmu ausmif;om;awGcsnf;xm;wmrSr[kwfbJ taqm
taqmifrSL;(Warden) qkdwm wpfa,muf&Sdygw,f/ ygarmuwpfOD; 'grSr[kwf uxdu wpfOD
taqmifrSL;tjzpf aqmif&Gufygw,f/ taqmiftay:qkH;xyfrSmaeygw,f/ taqmifwkdif;rSm
vufaxmuftaqmifrSL;tjzpf wuokdvfu vlysdKvlvGwf q&mawGukd wm0efay;xm;ygw,f/ taq
wkdif;rSm vufaxmuftaqmifrSL;u tenf;qkH;wpfa,muf&Sdygw,f/ taqmifrSL;? vufaxmuftaqm
rSL;awGu tNrJwrf;vkd ausmif;om;awGukd apmifhMunfhaeMuygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd tajctaerSmaexkdif&wJh taqmifaewuokdvfausmif;om;awGtaeeJY OD;
ajymovkd ]]taqmifawGrSm jzpfcsifwkdif;jzpfaew,f? b,favmufqkd;ovJqkd&if taqmifawGrSm
....awGukdac:tdyfMuw,f}} qkdwm[m jzpfEkdifacs&Sdr&Sdqkdwm pOf;pm;vkdY&Ekd
aemufwpfcsuf aiGa&;aMu;a&;bufuaeNyD; &Sif;jyygr,f/ tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u taqm
wuokdvfausmif;om;wpfa,mufqDukd rdbrsm;taeeJY wpfvukd ausmif;p&dwf aiG 100 u

12

125 usyftwGif;avmufyJ ykdYEkdifMuygw,f/ ausmif;vc 15 usyfeJY aec? pm;p&dwftygt0if

55 usyf (aq;ausmif;wGif 60 usyf) wuokdvfukd ay;oGif;&ygw,f/ ausmif;om;wpfa,muftw
wpfvvkH; okH;p&maiG 30 usyfeJY 50 usyftMum;avmufyJusefygawmhw,f/
OD;ae0if;ajymwJh ....[mawG taqmifukd ac:tdyfzkdYqkdwm tJ'Davmuf aiGa&;aMu;
taeeJY ac:tdyfEkdifwJh taetxm;r&Sdygbl;/
tJ'DtcsufawGukdMunfh&if OD;ae0if;ajymwJh ]]taqmifrSm jzpfcsifwkdif;jzpfaew,f
[m wrifoufouf pGyfpJGajymqkdwmomjzpfw,fqkdwmukd oabmaygufavmufygw,f/
&efukefwuokdvfaumifpDtpnf;ta0;taMumif;udk jyefqufyghr,f/ wuokdvfaumifpD t
ta0;wkdif;rSm wuo ukd,fpm;vS,f? wuokdvfaumifpD0if w&m;kH;csKyfa&SUaeBuD
wifjycsufawGukd usefwuokdvfaumifpD0ifrsm;u tav;xm;aqG;aEG;cJhMuygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd tav;xm;aqG;aEG;Muwm bmaMumifhvJ/
wuo ukd,fpm;vS,f w&m;kH;csKyfa&SUaeBuD; (2)OD;&JU aqG;aEG;wifjycsu
oabmxm;awG? ausmif;om;xkw&yfvkH;&JU oabmxm;awGjzpfaevkdYjzpfygw,f/
ppfNyD;acwf wuokdvfausmif;om;awGxJrSm pmyJusufr,f? usefwmawGpdwfr0i
ausmif;om;tenf;i,f&Sdayr,fh wuokdvfausmif;om;trsm;pkcH,lxm;wmu wuokdvfrSm ausm
w,fqkdwm pmoifkHoufoufr[kwfbl;/ te,fe,ft&yf&yfu wuokdvfrSm ausmif;vmwufMuw
bmomrsdK;pkH? vlrsdK;pkrsdK;pkH? ,Ofaus;rIrsdK;pkH? t,ltqrsdK;pkH&SdwJh ausmi
twlwlpmoifMu? ausmif;aqmifawGrSm twlaexkdifMu? wOD;eJYwOD; cifrifMu? &if;ES
ulnDMu? wOD;eJYwOD; aygif;oif;qufqHMueJY vlrIqufqHa&; ynmukdyg &,lEkdifz
cH,lMuygw,f/
'gaMumifhrkdYvnf; wuokdvfrSm vlrIqufqHa&;qkdif&m toif;tzJGUawG trsm;B
ckdiftoif;awG (Oyrm - ajrmif;jrtoif;? rdwDvmtoif; ponfjzifh)? vlrsdK;pktoif;awG
ausmif;om;rsm;toif;? &ckdifausmif;om;rsm;toif; ponfjzifh)? bmom&yfqkdif&mtoif;tzJ
(ocsFmtoif;? yx0Dtoif; ponfjzifh)? bmoma&;toif;awG (Ak'bmomtoif;? c&pf,eftoif;
ponfjzifh) trsdK;rsdK;zJGUpnf;xm;Muygw,f/ tJ'Dtoif;tzJGUawGtaeeJYvnf; olwkdYtoif
taeeJY aysmfyJGpm;c&D;pOfawG? bk&m;zl;c&D;pOfawG? npmpm;yJG awG ponfjz
wuokdvftaqmifawGtaeeJYvnf; taqmifo[m,ESifh pmzwftoif;
(S&R) trIaqmiftzJGUawGu
(Annual dinner)
OD;aqmifNyD; Ekd0ifbm? 'DZifbmvawGrSm ESpfywfvnf
npmpm;yJGBuD;
awGudk wpfaqmifeJY
wpfaqmif tNydKiftqkdif jyKvkyfMuygw,f/ tJ'Dtaqmif ESpfywfvnf npmpm;yJGBuD;awGr
taqmifu tNidrfhiSm;? emrnfausmf tqkdawmfawGukdzdwfNyD;
Free stage show awGvkyfwJhtaqmifuvkyfeJY
tvGefaysmfp&maumif;ygw,f/
tJ'Dtoif;tzJGUawG&JU toif;vIyf&Sm;rIyJGawG? taqmifESpfywfvnfnpmpm;yJGawG
awG? taqmifom;awGomrubJ toif;om;awG? taqmifom;awGeJY &if;ESD;cifrifwJh rdwf
twGufyg vufrSwf0,f,lNyD; zdwfMum;vkdY&ygw,f/ OyrmtaeeJYajym&&if rdwDvmto

13

wjcm; te,fe,ft&yf&yfu ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifEkdifMuygw,f/ ESpfywfvnf taqmifnpmpm;y

rSmvJ udk,feJYcifrif&m oli,fcsif;trsdK;om;awG? trsdK;orD;awGukd vufrSwf0,fNyD; zdw
cspfol &nf;pm;&SdwJholawGuawmh tJ'DvkdESpfywfvnfnpmpm;yJGBuD;rSm cspfolukd
tJ'Dvkd toif;tzJGUrsdK;pkH&JU yJGvrf;obifawG[m ZGefv wuokdvfausmif;jyefzGif
'DZifbmvv,favmuftxd tygwfpOf pae? we*FaEGaeYwkdif;vkdvkd wuokdvfe,fajrrSm toHc
oDcsif;oHwnHnHeJY usif;yjyKvkyfMuygw,f/
&efukefwuokdvfrSm tJ'Dvkdtoif;awGtjyif wuodkvfausmif;om;tcsif;csif; 0goem
pkaygif;zJGUpnf;xm;wJh toif;awGvnf;&Sdygw,f/
pmay0goemygolrsm; pkaygif;zJGUpnf;xm;wJh &efukefwuokdvfuavmiftoif;qk
&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dtoif;rSm uavmifaoG;MuNyD;pma&;q&m? pma&;q&mrBuD;awG jzp
trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/
tEkynm0goemygolawGpkaygif;NyD; &efukefwuokdvftEkynmtoif;qkdwmvnf; &Sd
tJ'Dtoif;rSm qkdMu? wD;Mu? uMueJY ukd,f0goemygwmukd avhusifhvkdY&ygw,f/ tJ'Dtoi
awGxJu ,Ofaus;rIXmet&m&SdBuD;awG yefwsmausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;awG jzpfoGm;M
tm;upm;rSmvnf; ukd,f0goemyg&m tm;upm;ukd avhhusifh&if; uRef;qG,ftm;upm;yJ
tmqD,Htm;upm;NydKifyJGrac:ao;yg) rSm a&TwHqdyf&cJhwJh wuokdvfausmif;ol? ausm
ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f/
&efukefwuodkvfrSm txufuazmfjycJhwJh toif;tzGJUawG&JU trIaqmiftzGJU0ifaw
wifajrmufwJhtcgrSmvnf; toif;0ifrsm;u rJay;NyD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyfa&G;cs,fMuygw,f/ tr
wzGJUvkH;rSm ausmif;om;awGyJ yg0ifygw,f/ b,ftoif;udkawmh b,fq&mu wm0ef,lNyD;
r,f? acgif;aqmif&r,fqdkwm wuodkvfu wm0efay;xm;jcif;r&Sdygbl;/
tJ'Dvkd &efukefwuokdvfrSm toif;tzJGUawG&JU yJGvrf;obifawGtjyif wuokdv
emrnfBuD;wJh yJGvrf;awGu trsm;BuD;&Sdygao;w,f/ ]]wuokdvfpum;&nfvkyJG}} uv
ausmif;olausmif;om;wkdif; pdwf0ifpm;MuwJhyJGwpfyJGyg/ a&TbkdaqmifeJY oD&daq
aqmifeJY &wemaqmif pum;&nfvkyJG ponfjzifh trsdK;om;ausmif;aqmifwaqmifu wpfzuf? tr
ausmif;aqmifwaqmifu wpfzuf tNydKiftqkdif pum;EkdifvkMuwJhyJGawG jzpfygw,f/
pum;&nfvkyJGusif;y&m 0dZmcef;rBuD;wckvkH; ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG jynfhu
wajzmif;ajzmif;eJY tvGefaysmfp&maumif;wJhyJGwpfyJGjzpfygw,f/
aemuf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; tvGefESpfoufoabmusNyD; aysmf&TifMuwJ

]]PfBuD;&SifajzqkdyJG}} jzpfygw,f? wuokdvfausmif;olausmif;om

;wdkif; ar;cGef;ar;cGifh&SdNyD; ar;cGef
pmjzifh BudKwifay;ydkYxm;&ygw,f/

ajzqkdol PfBuD;&Sifrsm;u rsm;aomtm;jzifh wuodkvfygarmuBuD;rsm;? uwd

q&mrBuD;rsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ wpfcgw&H wuodkvfjyifyrS pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;? ynm&S

NyD; ajzqdkcdkif;wmvnf; &Sdygw,f/

14

yk*dKvfa&;xdcdkufEkdifwJhar;cGef;rsm;udk z,fxkwfNyD; usefar;cGef;rsm;udk a

tokH;jyKNyD; tcrf;tem;rSL;u ausmif;olausmif;om;y&dowfBuD;udk zwfjyygw,f/ tJ'Dar;cG

ay:rSmxdkifaewJh q&mBuD; q&mrBuD;rsm;xJu b,foludk ajzckdif;&if oifhawmfrvJqdkwmu

u a&G;cs,fNyD; ar;cGef;pm&GufudkajzqdkrJh q&mBuD; q&mrBuD;xH ay;NyD; ajzqk

OyrmtaeeJY ar;cGef;wpfckar;ykHajzykHudk wifjyygr,f/

bDat*kPfxl;wef;u armifyknqkdwJh trnf0SufcH,lxm;wJh ausmif;om;wpfa,mufu ar;y
w,f/ olYar;cGef;u ]]a&SUwkef;u wuodkvfjynfrSm ynmoifMum;wJhtcg tawmfqkH;wy
ygarmuBuD;u olYorD;eJY vufqufay;wJh xkH;pH&SdaMumif; avhvmod&Sd&ygw,f/ tc
usifhokH;rSmygvm; cifAsm;}} wJh/
tcrf;tem;rSL;u 'Dar;cGef;udk b,fq&mBuD;udk ajzckdif;&rvJqdkwm pOf;pm;wJh trl
orD;acsmav;&SdwJh ygarmucsKyfBuD;qDudk ay;ygw,f/
ausmif;olausmif;om;tm;vkH;u ygarmucsKyfBuD; b,fvkdajzrvJqdkwmudk pdw
apmifhMunfhaeMuygw,f/
ygarmucsKyfBuD;u rdkufudkzkef;&SdwJhae&mudk avQmufvmNyD; trdefYj
vkyfNyD; ]]'DaeYu vGwfvyfa&;acwf? armf'efacwf 'gaMumifh aqGUjrnfha[mif;EGrf;wJh t
y,fap}} qkdNyD; trdefYjyefwef;xkwfygw,f/
cef;rBuD;wckvkH; vufckyfoHrsm;jzifh jrnf[nf;oGm;ygw,f/
aemuf&efukefwuodkvfrSm tvGefaysmfp&maumif;wJh yGJwpfckuawmh &efukefw
u wefaqmifwdkifyGJjzpfygw,f/
ykHrSeftaeeJY &efukefwuokdvfrSm trsKd;orD;taqmiftm;vkH;udk nae (3;30) rS
txd {nfhcsdeftjzpf owfrSwfxm;NyD; {nfhonfrsm; vma&mufcGifhjyKxm;ygw,f/
wpfESpfwcgusif;ywJh wefaqmifwdkifyGJawmfn (tzdwfaeYn) rSm trsKd;orD;taqm
pwk'DomauR;arG;Muygw,f/ trsKd;orD;taqmifwpfaqmifrSm rkefYwpfrsKd;pD auR;ygw
tJ'DwefaqmifwdkifyGJawmfnrSm trsKd;orD;taqmifNcH0if;wHcg;udk nae (6;00) em&
em&Dtxd zGifhay;xm;NyD; {nfhcHcGifhjyKygw,f/
wuodkvfausmif;om;awGtaeeJY trsKd;orD;taqmif0if;xJrSm &awmifh&cJtcGifht
taeeJY n (10;00) xd vnfywfcGifh&w,fqdkawmh wuodkvfausmif;om;wkdif; tJ'DtcGif
vufvTwfrcHMuygbl;/
tJ'DwefaqmifwkdifyGJnrSm aysmfaysmfyg;yg;tkyfpkvkduf trsKd;orD;taqmifawGudk
aomufMu wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; rdwfqufMueJY tvGefaysmfp&maumif;ygw,f/ 'gxuf tcGifht
cspfolr&Sdao;wJholawGtaeeJY cspfolrsm;yg arQmfvifhEdkifwJhyGJjzpfygw,f/

15

aemuf&efukefwuodkvf&JUtxifu&yGJBuD;wpfckuawmh &efukefwuodkvfausm
(2) ESpfwpfBudrf OD;pD;usif;ywJh ]]ausmif;om;yGJawmf}} jzpfygw,f/ 1954 ckESp
ausmif;om;nDGwfa&; wyfOD;}} tzJGUu wuoa&G;aumufyGJrSm tEkdif&NyD; wu
jzpfvmMuwJhESpfupNyD; usif;ycJhwm jzpfygw,f/ 1954? 1956? 1958-1960 ckESpf
ausmif;ydwf&ufawGrSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJh Muygw,f/ 1960 ckESpf[m wuozGJUpnf;wm tES
ESpfjzpfwJhtwGuf wuoESpf (30) ajrmuftxdrf;trSwfyGJeJY ausmif;om;yGJawmfudk yl;w
tJ'Dausmif;om;yGJawmfrSm &efukefwuodkvfrSm wufa&mufoifMum;aeMuwJhv
olwkdYvlrsKd;pk&JUdk;&m,Ofaus;rItuawGeJY wcsdefpDwm0ef,lNyD; wifqufujyMuyg
toD;oD;uvnf; ,drf;awG? aw;okyfazmfjyZmwfawG? tNidrfhawG ponfjzifh waqmifeJYw
atmif toD;oD;wm0ef,lwifqufujyMuygw,f/ ausmif;om;yGJawmf&JUt"dujyZmwfBuD;udkaw
trIaqmiftzGJUu OD;pD;wifqufygw,f/ t"dujyZmwfBuD;rSm okyfaqmifwJh wuodkv
ausmif;om;rsm;udk wuodkvfjyifyu tEkynm&SifawGudk zdwfMum;NyD; oifMum;ay;y
wuoeJYywfoufwJh yGJvrf;obifawGrSm t"duvma&mufulnDoifMum;ay;wJh tEkynm
uawmh tqkdawmf udkav;GefY (uG,fvGef)? pE&m;cspfaqG (uG,fvGef)? tu,f'rD udkjrwfav
eJY olwdkYtaygif;tazmfrsm; jzpfygw,f/ tqkdawmf udkav;GefY[m ausmif;om;acgif;aq
wpfOD;jzpfNyD; ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIeJY ywfoufwJh oDcsif;awGtrsm;tjym; a&;om;c
ausmif;om;yGJawmfrSm uyGJrsm;tjyif pmaytEkynmNydKifyGJrsm;? 'dk;ywfN
(txl;ojzifh wuovIyf&Sm;rI rSwfwrf;wif"gwfykHrsm;ukd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYacw
ygw,f/) umwGef;jyyGJponfwdkYyg0ifjyoMuNyD; 'DZifbmausmif;ydwf&uftwGif;rSm (4)
jyKvkyfcJhMuygw,f/ ausmif;olausmif;om;trsm;tjym; olYtcef;u@eJYol yg0ifvIyf&Sm;Mu
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wkdif; tm;ay;aysmf&TifMuwJh yGJawmfBuD;jzpfygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk (2) ESpfwpfBudrf &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;yGJawmfawGukd usif;yvm
ausmif;om;yGJawmfrSmawmh pdwfraumif;p&mtjzpftysufwcsKdU jzpfysufcJhygw,f/
1958 ckESpf 'DZifbmausmif;ydwf&ufrSm ausmif;om;yGJawmfusif;yEkdifa&;twG
Parliamentary coup d'etat vkyfNyD; vTwfawmfrSm
tcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u atmufwdkbmvtwGif;rSm
0efBuD;csKyftjzpf acgif;aqmifNyD; ]]tdrfapmifhtpkd;&}} udk zGJUygw,f/ OD;ae0if;&J
udk,fpm;vS,f? EkdifiHa&;orm;r[kwfwJh jyifyu olYpdwfBudKuf yk*dKvfBuD;awGe
ckESpf? Zlvkdifv (7) &uf ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;csdefrSm &efukefwuodkvfrSm ygarmuc
qkdwm OD;ae0if;tdrfapmifhtpdk;&tzGJUxJrSm ynma&;0efBuD;tjzpf yg0ifygw,f/ tdrfap
awGtxJrSm ppfAdkvfawGudkawmh rxnfhygbl;/ 'gayrJh tpdk;&Xmewkdif;rSm ppfAdkv
&mxl;eJYwGJzufxm;NyD; csKyfudkifxm;ygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk OD;ae0if; tmPmvTJajymif;&,lNyD;aemuf jynfolvlxkudk wif;MuyfrIawG?
trsm;tjym;jyKvkyfwJhtwGuf jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH; pdwfqif;&JMu&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdktcsde
jyif;xefwJh wuodkvfausmif;om;wcsKdUu wuoeJY wuokdvfausmif;om;yGJawmfusif;ya&

16

udk tqkdwckwifoGif;ygw,f/ olwdkYtqkdu ,ckvdk OD;ae0if;acgif;aqmifwJh tdrfapmifhtp

ppftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfaewJhtwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHwEkdifiHvkH; pdwfqif;&JaeMuwJhtcsde
ausmif;om;yGJawmfusif;yr,fqkd&if ]]romtdrf (olwkdYokH;wJh pum;vkH;twkdif; a&;xm
cHaewmeJY wlaer,f}}/ 'gaMumifh 1958 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvrSm usif;yrJh ausmif;om;yGJ
&efeJY jyKvkyfaewJh tpDtpOfawGudk &yfqkdif;&ef tqdkwifygw,f/ wuodkvfrSm&Sd
awG wuodkvftaqmifawGtaeeJYuvnf; ausmif;om;yGJawmfrSm olwkdYwifqufr,fh tpDtp
pDpOfNyD; Zmwfawmif pwifwkdufaeygNyD/ olwkdYtrsm;pku jyifqifNyD;jzpfaewmaMu
usif;y apcsifMuygw,f/
wuotrIaqmiftzGJUtaeeJY tajctaeawGudk NcHKikHpOf;pm;NyD; ausmif;om;yGJ
tpOftvmudk ysufroGm;apcsifwm&,f ausmif;om;ausmif;oltrsm;pku ausmif;om;yGJawmfu
apcsifwmaMumifh ]]ausmif;om;yGJawmf}} udk usif;y&ef qkH;jzwfcJhygw,f/
tJ'DrSm txufu ajymcJhwJh pdwf"gwfjyif;xefwJh ausmif;om;wpku ausmif;om;yGJaw
arSmufwJhtaeeJY ausmif;om;yGJawmfusif;ya&;aumfrwD? qyfaumfrwDtoD;oD;uvn
]]ausmif;om;wyfOD;}} tzGJUuyg xGufcGmoGm;cJhMuygw,f/
1962 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvrSm &efukefwuodkvf&JU (5) Budrfajrmuf ausmif;om;yG
&rnfhESpfjzpfygw,f/ 1962 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv (7) &uf ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;aMumifh wuodk
aoewfoHawG zkH;vTrf;NyD;aemufydkif;rSmawmh ]]romtdrfrSm tNidrfhcH}} vkdYawm
a&muf&SdoGm;cJhygw,f/
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;b0rSm wpfzufu pmayoifMum;usufrSwf&if; wpfzufrSm
u ajymcJhwJh vlrIa&;vIyf&Sm;rI
(Social activities) awGxJrSm yg0ifywfoufvIyf&Sm;&if; vlrIaygif;oif;
qufqHa&;ynmudkyg pdwfcsrf;csrf;omom aysmfaysmf&Tif&TifeJY wuodkvfu &,loGm
tJ'gaMumifhvnf; uRefawmfwuodkvfa&mufvmwJhtcsdefrSm tpdk;&wm0efxrf;aqm
aemifawmfwuodkvfausmif;om;a[mif;BuD;wpfOD;u uRefawmfhudk ajymygw,f/
]]rif;wuodkvfa&mufNyDqdkvdkY ig0rf;omw,fuGm/ ewfjynfrSm ewfjzpfNyD; eE0
zl;&if ewfjzpf&usKd;reyfbl;/ vljynfrSmvnf; vljzpfNyD; wuodkvfudk rwufzl;bl;qkd&if vljz
uG}}
olYpum;u wuodkvfra&mufzl;wJholawGudk ESdrfhcsovdkjzpfoGm;ayr,fh olqdkvk
(Social
e,fajrrSm pmayoifMum;&if; uRefawmftxufu ajymcJhovdk wuodkvf&JUvlrIa&;vIyf&S
activities) awGxJrSm yg0if&if; aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif pdwfcsrf;csrf;omomae&wmudk eE0
ajymqdkxm;wm jzpfygw,f/
wuodkvfausmif;om;awG[m wuodkvfe,fajrrSm pdwfcsrf;csrf;omom aysmfaysmf&T
NyD; pmayoifMum;ae&ayr,fh wuodkvfjyify jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rSm jzpfay:aewJh Ekd
awGudk rsufajcjywfraeMuygbl;/ tJ'DrSm wuodkvfEdkifiHa&;vdkY owif;pmq&mawGu

17

University politics qdkwm ygvmygNyD/ wu,fawmh wuodkvfEdkifiHa&;qkdwm wuodkvf

wJh
&JU a&mifjyef[yfrIwpfckom jzpfygw,f/
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u &efukefwuodkvfrSm EkdifiHa&;eJYywfoufNyD; tMurf;tm;jzifh au
pkESpfpk &Sdygw,f/
ausmif;om;tiftm;pkwpku tpdk;&ay:vpDawGudk axmufcHtpdk;&&JUvkdtyfwJhvkyf
udk ulnDaqmif&Gufay;eJY vkyfaqmifaeMuygw,f/ tJ'Dausmif;om;tiftm;pku olwdkYtiftm
udkDemocratic Students Organization (DSO) vdkY ay;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'DtzGJUudk OD;pD;OD;aqm
ulnDaeolu tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u 0efBuD;OD;ausmfNidrf;&JUZeD; a':EGJU&Djzpfygw,f/
jynfvrf;ay:u rmvmtrsKd;orD;ausmif;aqmif&JU rsufapmif;xdk;avmufrSm&SdwJh yw
DSO ausmif;om;tiftm;pkudk
NcHBuD;rSm XmecsKyftjzpf zGifhvSpfpwnf;csNyD;
tJ'D
yHhydk;ay;aeygw,f/
DSO ausmif;om;rsm;u rmrDEGJUvkdY ac:Muygw,f/
a':EGJU&Dudk
tJ'DDSO tzGJUrSm yg0ifMuwJh ausmif;om;rsm;rSm &efukefeJY e,fNrdKUrsm;rS qk
zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;\ om;orD;rsm;? tpdk;&t&m&SdBuD;rsm;\ om;orD;rsm;? zqyvqkd&S
eJY ruif;wJh &efukefeJY e,fNrdKUrsm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;\ om;orD;rsm;?
DSO wGif yg0if&olrsm; jzpfygw,f/
NyD;yg0ifMuolrsm;eJY aMumuf&GHUojzifh
'Dae&mrSm ]]aMumuf&GHU}} ojzifh qkdwmu e,frSm&SdaeMuwJh rdbawGud
wmudk aMumuf&GHUojzifh
DSO tzGJUudk 0ifa&muf&olrsm;udk qkdvkdwmyg/
aMumuf&GHUvkdYqkdwmudk enf;enf;&Sif;jycsifygw,f/ 1950 ckESpfvGefawG
t&Sdeft[kefjrifhaewJhtcsdefjzpfwJhtwGuf e,fNrdKUe,fawGrSm zqyvqkd&S,fvpfawG&
]]umuG,fa&;wyf}} qkdwmawG &Sdygw,f/ wcsKdUumuG,fa&;wyfacgif;aqmifawGu at;
NrdKU&GmumuG,fa&;vkyfief;udkyJ aqmif&GufMuygw,f/ tJ'DrSm wcsKdUumuG,fa
]]e,fajrppfbk&if}} ykHpHeJY tkyfcsKyfMuygw,f/ vlowfzdkYvnf; 0efrav;bl;/ wynfhaw
vkduf&if udpu NyD;oGm;NyD/ tJ'Dvdk ]]e,fajrppfbk&if}} ykHpHeJY tkyfcsKyfaevdkY
acgif;aqmifawGu (4) OD;avmuf&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dyk*dKvfawGvnf; uG,fvGefoGm;MuNy
xnfhrajymawmhygbl;/ v,fa0;rSm wpfa,muf? ysOf;rem;rSm wpfa,muf? rdwDvmrSmwpfa,m
wpfa,mufjzpfygw,f/
ysOf;rem;rSm twdkuftcHacgif;aqmifwpfa,mufjzpfwJh ocifat;csKdukd ysOf;rem;u
umuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifu *spfum;eJYwdkufNyD;owfygw,f/ um;eJYwkdufNyD; aemufudkj
at;csKdu raoao;bl;/ Back gear xdk;NyD; um;eJYaemufwpfBudrf jyefwkdufygw,f/ umuG
acgif;aqmifudk bmrSrajym&Jbl;/ bmrSvnf; rjzpfbl;/ tJ'Davmuf tajctaeqkd;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh rdwDvm? v,fa0;? ysOf;rem;? zsmykHpwJh e,fNrdKUawGu wuodkvf
[m DSO tzGJUudk 0ifMu&w,f/ umuG,fa&;acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufu wuodkvfausmif;om;&JU
ac:awGUvdkufwmeJY tJ'Dwuodkvfausmif;om;[m
DSO tzGJUudkr0ifbJ aevdkYr&awmhbl;/ 'gaMumi
DSO tzGJUrSm aMumufvdkY0if&wJhtzGJU0ifawG renf;ygbl;/

18

DSO ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG[m bGJU&NyD;&if Xmeaumif;aumif;rSm &mxl;aumi

&Muw,f/ EdkifiHjcm;c&D;pOf rMumcPoGm;&w,f/ q&m0ef? tif*sifeD,mawGqdk&if

tcsdeftwGif;rSm bGJUvGef'D*&DtwGuf ynmawmfoifoGm;&ygw,f/
DSO tzGJUxJudk0ifwJh ausmif;om;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f/
'gaMumifh tcGifhta&;arQmfudk;NyD;
&efukefwuodkvfrSm ausmif;om;trsm;pku
DSO tzGJU0ifausmif;om;qkd&if txifao;Muw,f/
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfcsdefwpfavQmufeJY jrefrmqkd&S,fvpfvrf
wpfavQmufrSm uGufMum;uGufMum;ay:aygufvmMuwJh ppftmPm&SifqefYusifa&;? 'Dr
DSO ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifa[mif;awG[m wcsKdUa&SUwef;rSaomfvnf;a
rIawGrSm tJ'Dwkef;u
wcsKdUaemufwef;uaomfvnf;aumif; yg0ifaeMuwmudk awGU&ygw,f/ 88 ckESpf 'Drkdua
DSO ausmif;om;awGeJY olwdkYtkyfpk[m tvkH;t&if;eJY wwyfwtm; yg0
rSmvnf; tJ'Dwkef;u
awGUcJh&ygw,f/
'gaMumifh
DSO ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG[m wkdif;jynfudk cspfjrwfEkd;NyD; 'Drdkua&
w,fqdkwm aemufydkif;rSod&ygw,f/
aemufausmif;om;tiftm;pkwpkuawmh wuodkvfynma&;tygt0if jrefrmjynfynma&;pep
[m udkvkdeDynma&; (okdYr[kwf) uRefynma&;pepfudk jyKjyifzmax;xm;wJhpepfjzpfw,
ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawGudk jyKvkyf&ef vkdtyfw,fvdkY ,kHMunfxm;Muygw,f/ tJ'D
]]wkd;wufaom ausmif;om;rsm;tiftm;pk}} vdkY ac:Muygw,f/ twkdaumuftaeeJY ]]wdk;wufa
awGvdkY ac:Muygw,f/
tJ'D ]]wkd;wuf}} ausmif;om;tiftm;pkrSm yg0ifwJh ausmif;om;wcsKdU[m vuf0Jpma
ygw,f/ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;eJYywfoufNyD;awmhvnf; ajymMu? a[mMuygw,f/ jyn
a&;vIyf&Sm;rIawGrSmvnf; yg0ifvIyf&Sm;Muygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tJ'Dausmif;om;tiftm;pk
awGu vuf0JtkyfpkvdkY xifrSwfMuygw,f/
&efukefwuodkvfrSm ESpfpOfZlvdkifvukefydkif; 'grSr[kwf Mo*kwfvxJrSm &
ausmif;om;or*a&G;aumufyGJawG usif;yMuygw,f/
wuoa&G;aumufyGJudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYacwfxJu twnfjyKxm;cJhwJh &
ausmif;om;or*zGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;
(Rangon University Students Union Constitution) twkdif; jyKvkyf
ygw,f/ tJ'DOya't& wuoa&G;aumufyGJudk ESpfqifhjyKvkyf&ygw,f/
yxrtqifha&G;aumufyGJrSm wuoOu|? 'kwd,Ou|eJY b@ma&;rSL; pkpkaygif; (3
vQdKU0SufrJay;pepfeJY rJay;a&G;cs,f&ygw,f/ wuoOu|tjzpf ta&G;cHrnfhausmif;om;
trIaqmiftjzpf tenf;qkH;wpfESpf wm0ef,lbl;ol jzpf&ygr,f/ b@ma&;rSL;uawmh bGJUwpfc
B.L ac:rsm;aomtm;jzifh
NyD; bGJUvGefwpfckckwufaewJh ausmif;om;jzpf&ygr,f/
Oya'bGJUvGefwufae
wJh ausmif;om;awG rsm;ygw,f/ 'kwd,Ou|ae&mtwGuf oD;jcm;owfrSwfcsufr&Sdygbl;/
ausmif;om;wkdif; 0ifa&mufta&G;cHcGifh&Sdygw,f/

19

tJ'Dwuo yxrtqifh a&G;aumufyGJudk BuD;MuyfjyKvkyfusif;yay;wJh a&G;aumu

a&G;aumufyGJrwkdifrD wuotrIaqmiftzGJU&JUOu|jzpfygw,f/
wuo'kwd,tqifh a&G;aumufyGJu aemufxyftrIaqmif (6) OD;udk vQdKU0SufrJay;p
a&G;cs,f&ygw,f/ wuodkvfausmif;om;wkdif; 0ifa&mufta&G;cs,fcHcGihf&Sdygw,f/
wuo'kwd,tqifh a&G;aumufyGJudk BuD;MuyfjyKvkyfusif;yay;wJh a&G;aumufyGJ
tqifh wuoa&G;aumufyGJrSm ta&G;cs,fcH&wJh wuoOu|opfu aqmif&Gufygw,f/ tJ'Dta&G
cH&wJh trIaqmif (6) OD;teufurS wuotwGif;a&;rSL;eJY wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf trI
tpnf;ta0;xdkifNyD;rS wm0efcGJa0ay;tyfygw,f/
wwd,tqifhtaeeJYuawmh yxrtqifh wuoa&G;aumufyGJrSm ta&G;cs,fcH&ol (3) OD
'kwd,tqifh wuoa&G;aumufyGJrSm ta&G;cs,fcH&ol trIaqmif (6) OD; pkpkaygif; (9) OD;u tp
xkdifNyD; aemufxyf trIaqmif (2) OD;udk cefYtyf&ygw,f/
aemufxyfcefYtyfwJhtrIaqmif (2) OD;udk wuozGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH pnf;rsOf;t& wp
pmMunfhwdkufrSL;tjzpfeJY aemufwpfOD;udk wuou xkwfa0wJh ]]tdka0}} pmapmifwm
ay;&ygw,f/
(Elected EC)
'gaMumifh wuotrIaqmiftzGJUrSm a&G;cs,fcHtrIaqmif
(9) OD;
eJY cefYtyfcH
trIaqmif (2) OD;
(Appointed EC) &,fvdkY pkpkaygif; (11) OD; yg0ifygw,f/
a&G;cs,fcHtrIaqmifwpfOD;OD; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh ae&mvpfvyfoGm
a&G;aumufyGJwpfckjyKvkyfNyD; jyefvnfa&G;cs,f&ygw,f/ cefYtyfcHtrIaqmifwpfOD;
aMumifh ae&mvpfvyfoGm;&ifawmh trIaqmiftzGJUu tpnf;ta0;xkdifNyD; topfwpfOD; ce
ay;vdkY&ygw,f/
tJ'Dwuoa&G;aumufyGJawGrSm 1953 ckESpf wuoa&G;aumufyGJtxd t"dutm;jzifh c
wJhDSO ausmif;om;tzGJUeJY ]]wdk;wuf}} tzGJUwdkY xdyfwdkuftNrJwrf;NydKifqkdi
wuo trIaqmifawG jzpfoGm;Muygw,f/
1953 ckESpfrSm jyKvkyfwJh wuoa&G;aumufyGJwpfckrSm
DSO ausmif;om;awGu rJckd;wmudk
ausmif;om;rsm;u zrf;rdoGm;NyD; wuotaqmuftOD;tay:xyfu rJykH;BuD;udk ypfcsvdkufygw
[m ajrjyifay:a&mufwJhtcsdefrSm uGJtufoGm;NyD; rJawGvnf; rJykH;xJu tjyifudkvTifhpif
tJ'DESpfrSm wuoa&G;aumufyGJBuD; ysufoGm;ygw,f/ tJ'DESpfrSm wuoa&G;aumufyGJ
ray;awmhygbl;/ 'gaMumifh wuoorkdif;rSm 1953-54 ckESpf wuotrIaqmiftzGJUudk a&G
ysufwJhtwGuf a&G;cs,fwifajrmufvdkY r&cJhygbl;/
1953 ckESpf wuoa&G;aumufyGJysufNyD;aemuf rMumrDtcsdefrSm 1953 ckESpf
ausmif;wpfvydwfa&;ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykH ay:cJhygw,f/
atmufwdkbmvausmif;wpfvydwfa&;ta&;awmfykHtNyD;rSm ]]wdk;wufaomau
tiftm;pk}} udk zsufodrf;vdkufNyD; ]]&efukefwuokdvfausmif;om;nDGwfa&;wyfOD;}}
zGJUpnf;ygw,f/ wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u twdkaumufjrefrmvdk ]]wyfOD;}}
SUF vdkYac:Ny
vdkY ac:Muygw,f
/

20

tJ'DrSm OD;ae0if;ajymwJh ]]uGefjrLepfausmif;om;awG}} qdkwmudk oabmaygu

taMumif;udk tenf;i,f&Sif;jycsifygw,f/ wyfOD;&JUzJGUpnf;ykHrSm wyfOD;pwifzGJU
(6) pk yg0ifygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; ]]nDGwfa&;wyfOD;}} vdkY trnfay;xm;wm jzpfygw
tkyfpkawGxJu yxrtkyfpkuawmh jrefrmtrsKd;om;ausmif;om;tkyfpk jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dtk
rSm txufuajymcJhwJh ]]wdk;wufausmif;om;tiftm;pk}} u ausmif;om;awGu ta&twGuf trsm
jzpfygw,f/ wyfOD;xJrSmyg0ifwJh useftkyfpk (5) pkuawmh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktzGJ
u&if? &cdkif? rGef? ucsifwdkY jzpfygw,f/ vlrsKd;pktzGJUawGrSmvnf; olwdkYacgif;a
a&G;cs,fNyD; wyfOD;rSm yg0ifMuygw,f/ wyfOD;tzGJUtrIaqmifrSmvnf; txufuajymcJh
taeeJY udk,fhtkyfpkuudk,f udk,fpm;vS,fudka&G;cs,fNyD; cGJwef;t& yg0ifMuygw,f/ wyf
ArmuwvSnfh vlrsKd;pkausmif;om;tkyfpkawGuwvSnfh pojzifh wpfESpfwcg tvSnfhuswm0
ygw,f/
(2) ESpfavmufMumwJhtcgrSm eefZifvm ac:wJh ucsifausmif;om;acgif;aqmif OD
ucsifausmif;om;tkyfpk wyfOD;tzGJUu jyefxGufoGm;Muygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm eefZifvm
jynfe,fjyefoGm;NyD; vTwfawmftrwfta&G;cHw,f Mum; &ygw,f/ jrpfBuD;em;rSm jrpfB
zGifhwJhtcsdefrSmawmh &efukefwuodkvfrSm ucsifausmif;om;awG odyfr&Sdawmh
ESpfa,mufp ausmif;wufwmyJ &Sdygw,f/ tiftm;pkwpfpktjzpf r&Sdawmhygbl;/
wyfOD;tzGJUxJrSm ArmtkyfpkeJY usefwJhvlrsKd;pktkyfpk (4) pk[m pdwf0rf;uG
Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;csdeftxd pnf;pnf;vkH;vkH;eJY &yfwnfcJh
]]ausmif;om;nDGwfa&;wyfOD;}} tzGJU[m OD;ae0if; pGyfpGJcJhovdk uGefjrLep
ygbl;/ vlrsKd;pkaygif;pkHyg0ifNyD; wyfaygif;pkoabm zGJUpnf;xm;wJhtzGJUjzpfygw,
Armausmif;om;awGtxJu ausmif;om;wcsKdUtaeeJY ajratmufa&mufaewJh uGefjrL
yk*dKvfa&;t& tquftoG,f &Sdcsif&Sdygr,f/ wcsKdUvnf; ajray:twdkuftcHygwDwpfckjzpfw
tquftoG,f&Sdcsif&Sdygr,f/ u&ifausmif;om;wpfOD;taeeJYvnf; u&ifvufeufudkiftzGJUeJY
wpfOD;csif;tquftoG,f &Sdcsif&Sdygr,f/ xkdtwlyJ wjcm;vlrsKd;pktzGJU0ifawGtaeeJYv
vufeufudkiftzGJUawGeJY tquftoG,fr&Sdbl;vdkY rajymEkdifygbl;/
'gayr,fh ]]ausmif;om;wyfOD;}} tzGJUBuD;wpfckvkH;udk uGefjrLepftzGJU&,fvdk
ygbl;/
EdkifiHa&;tpdk;&vufxuf 1957 ckESpfavmuftcsdefu wuorSm twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf w
,laewJh udkwifat;qkdolwpfOD;udk ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJY tquftoG,f&Sdw,fqdkN
w,f/ udkwifat;udk tpdk;&u w&m;Oya'twkdif; kH;wifppfaq;NyD; rw&m;toif;Oya't& ax
(3) ESpf tjypf'Pfay;cJhbl;ygw,f/ wuotaeeJY olYyk*dKvfa&;t& ta&;,lcH&wmjzpfwJ
udkwifat; jyefvTwfay;a&;udk awmif;qdkwm qEjywmawG rjyKvkyfcJhygbl;/ tpdk;&
udkwifat;udk ta&;,lwmuvGJNyD; usefwJhausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG? wuotrIaqmifawGud

21

ar;jref;wmawmif rjyKvkyfygbl;/ wuowzGJUvkH;udkvnf; uGefjrLepfawGvkdY rpGyfpG

axmifuxGufvmNyD; wuoudkvmwm rawGUawmhygbl;/
B.L bGJU&atmif pmar;yGJawG ajzqdkNyD; w&
csKyfa&SUaeBuD;wpfOD;tjzpf toufarG;0rf;ausmif; jyKoGm;ygw,f/ ,ck uG,fvGefoGm;
tJ'DvkdyJ OD;ae0if;taeeJY ]]wyfOD;}} tzGJUxJ? wuotrIaqmiftzGJUxJu ausmif;
wpfa,muftaeeJY uGefjrLepfygwDeJY tquftoG,f&SdaMumif; cdkifvkHwJhtaxmuftxm;&
tquftoG,f&SdaewJh ausmif;om;wpfOD;csif;udk zrf;qD;ta&;,ltypfay;vdkY&ygw,f/ tckvdk
taqmuftOD;udk olykefpcef;odrf;ovdk ypfcwfodrf;qnf;NyD; NzdKzsufypfwJhtxdawmh rjy
1954 ckESpf wuoa&G;aumufyGJudkawmh wuodkvfaumifpDu toefY&Sif;qkH;a&
atmif vkyfaqmifay;r,fvdkY qkH;jzwfNyD; wuodkvfygarmuBuD;awG yg0ifwJh wuoa&G
a&;tzGJUudk zGJUay;NyD; tJ'DBuD;Muyfa&;tzGJUBuD;u rJjym;rsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;? rJ
awGudk BuD;MuyfuGyfuJjcif;? rJa&wGufjcif; pwmawGudk pepfwusvkyfudkifay;ygw,f
yifrwuodkvfrSmawmh ,ciftac: *syfqifcef;rBuD;xJrSm rJxnfh&ygw,f/ cef;rBuD;0if
0rSm a&G;aumufyGJBuD;Muyfay;wJh ygarmuBuD;rsm;u rJxnfhrJhausmif;om;udk ausm
ppfaq;NyD; rSefuefygu rJjym;wjym;xkwfay;ygw,f/ tJ'Dausmif;om;&JU ausmif;om;u'fay
VOTED qdkwJh wHqdyfdkufESdyfay;vkdufygw,f/ rJa
aemufwpfBudrf jyefNyD;rJrxnfhEkdifatmif
ausmif;om;[m rJjym;xkwf,lNyD;&if tcef;tjyifudk jyefxGufvkdYr&awmhbl;/ cef;rBuD;xJr
ukvm;xkdifeJY pm;yGJav;awGqDrSmxdkifNyD; at;at;aq;aq; udk,frJay;rnfholudk trSefjcp
wuo yxrtqifha&G;aumufyGJrSm Ou|ae&mrSm wpfa,muf? 'kwd,Ou|ae&mr
wpfa,muf? b@ma&;rSL;ae&mrSm wpfa,muf a&G;cs,fay;&ygw,f/ 1954-55 pmoifESpfupNy
62 pmoifESpf (8) ESpfwdwd wuoa&G;aumufyGJawGrSm wyfOD;tzGJUu rJtjrwftowfeJY
tJ'Dwuoa&G;aumufyGJ (8) BudrfrSm yxr (3) BudrfavmufrSm wuoOu|ae&mrSm tNydKifa
aemufydkif;ESpfawGrSmawmh wuoOu|ae&mta&G;cHr,fh ausmif;om;[m wuo trIa
wpfESpfjzpfbl;&r,fqdkawmh wyfOD;uvGJNyD; wjcm;tzGJUawGrSm wuotrIaqmifjzpfz
awGuvnf; bGJU&NyD;vdkY ausmif;uxGufoGm;MuygNyD? aemufvlawGuvnf; wu
jzpfzl;wJholr&Sdawmh aemufydkif;ESpfawGrSm Ou|ae&mudk rNydKifEkdifawmhygb
wJh 'kOu|? b@ma&;rSL;eJY useftrIaqmif (6) OD; ae&mrSmawmh tusdwfte,fNydKif&yg
ae&mtm;vkH;rSm 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMuygw,f/
wuo'kwd,tqifha&G;aumufyGJrSmawmh ,SOfNydKifolawGtxJu (6) a,mufudk trSefjcp
w,f/ rJtrsm;qkH;&wJh (6) a,mufu trIaqmifjzpfoGm;ygw,f/
aq;odyH? tif*sifeD,modyH? xD;wef;aumvdyf? &efuif;aumvdyf (aemufydkif;ESp
BOC aumvdyfudk ajymif;oGm;ygw,f) awGrSm oufqdkif&m odyHawG? aumvd
u vdyfckH;eJY
BuD;xJrSm rJykH;xm;Nyd; yifrwuodkvfrSmvdkyJ rJxnhf&ygw,f/

22

"DSO" tzGJUeJY ]]wyfOD;}}

wuoa&G;aumufyGJrSm t"du,SOfNydKif&wmu txufuajymcJhwJh
tzGJUwdkY jzpfygw,f/
nae (4) em&D rJkHydwfNyD;csdefrSmawmh rJykH;tm;vkH;udk &efukefyifrwuo
qDudk ygarmursm; BuD;MuyfNyD;o,faqmifygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk rJykH;o,faqmifwJhtcgrSm a&SUqkH;u um;rSm rJykH;BuD;udkwifNyD; yga
rJykH;o,fwJhum;&JUaemufrSmawmh jydKifzuftzGJU (2) zGJU&JUum;awGu tkdpnf0dk
NyD; vdkufMuygw,f/ tJ'Dacwfwkef;uawmh tckvkd qvGef;um;awG rsm;rsm;r&Sdao;ygb
udkyJ tokH;jyKMuygw,f/ wuoa&G;aumufyGJaeY rJykH;o,fwJhtcsdefrSm *spfum;wef;B
&wmudku aysmfp&maumif;ygw,f/
rJa&wGufwmudkawmh wuodkvfbGJUESif;obifcef;rBuD;xJrSm a&wGufygw,f/ a
(2) zGJU&JU udk,fpm;vS,fawGa&SUrSm rJjym;wjym;udk ygarmuBuD;u rJykH;xJu
trSefjcpfxm;wJh udk,fpm;vS,favmif;&JUtrnfudk bGJUESif;obifcef;rtjyifbufrSm apmifhq
ausmif;om;awGMum;atmif toHcsJUpufeJY atmfay;ygw,f/
bGJUESif;obifcef;rtjyifbufrSm ausmif;om;awGu tkd;pnf0dkif;? 'dk;ywf0dkif;awG
vlpkNyD; apmifhaeMuygw,f/ wyfOD;tzGJUu &Srf;trsKd;om;awGvnf;yg0ifawmh &Srf;tk
w,f/
wuoa&G;aumufyGJusif;ywJhn rJa&wGufwJhtcsdefrSm bGJUESif;obifcef;rBuD;
yGJawmfBuD;wrQ tvGefpnfum;aeygw,f/ pmodyfBudK;pm;wJh ausmif;om;tenf;i,frSty a,m
taqmifrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;tm;vkH;avmuf bGJUESif;obiftaqmuftOD;ywf0ef;usifrSm
w,f/ wuoa&G;aumufyGJudk pdwf0ifpm;MuwJh
aeYausmif;om;
(Day
students) awGvnf; vmMuygw,f/
wuodkvfausmif;olrsm;uawmh taqmifpnf;urf;t& nae (6) em&DrSm taqmifNcH0if;wHcg;y
awmh rJa&wGufwJhae&mudk vmvdkYr&Muygbl;/
bGJUESif;obifcef;rBuD;xJu toHcsJUpufeJY rJwpfrJ aMunmvdkufwkdif; oleJYoufqd
udk axmufcHwJhausmif;om;awGu tkd;pnfawG? 'dk;ywfawG wD;NyD;uMuygw,f/ w
&Srf;ausmif;om;awGu tiftm;pkwpfpktjzpf yg0ifaeawmh wyfOD;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;trnfud
vkdufwkdif; &Srf;ausmif;om;awGu &Srf;tkd;pnf&SnfBuD;udk wD;NyD; &Srf;tkd;pnfu
rJa&wGufpOf yxrydkif;rSmawmh
DSO tzGJUeJY wyfOD;tzGJU (2) zGJU[m rarmEkdif ryef;Ekdi
uaeMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'Dausmif;om;tzGJUawG[m wzGJUeJYwzGJU &efjzpfyGm;jcif;
rJa&wGufvkdYtcsdeftawmftwefMumvmwJhtcgrSm wyfOD;u rJta&twGuf trsm;Bu
ygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm
DSO ausmif;om;awGvnf; bGJUESif;obifcef;rywf0ef;usifu wjznf;jznf; aysmu
oGm;ygw,f/ olwdkY&JU 'kd;ywf0dkif;? tkd;pnf0dkif;awGvnf; wjznf;jznf;toHxGufrvmawm
csdef&JU aemufbufydkif;rSmawmh uckefwD;rIwfaeMuwJh ausmif;om;awGtm;vkH;[m wy
jzpfMuygw,f/

23

wpfem&DwpfBudrfavmuf wyfOD;ausmif;om;awGu trsKd;orD;taqmifawGa&SUudk

xJu wyfOD;udk axmufcHtm;ay;wJhausmif;olawGod&Sd&atmif aemufqkH;&&SdwJh rJ
wqifh aMunmay;ygw,f/
taqmifaeausmif;olawGuvnf; taqmifBuD;wckvkH; [def;oGm;atmif vufckyfoHwD
tm;ay;Muygw,f/
rJa&wGufwm tm;vkH;NyD;oGm;wJhtcsdefrSmawmh wyfOD;udk axmufcHtma;y;w
0dkif;&Hvsuf tEkdif&wJh ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk bGJUESif;obifcef;rBuD;u wu
txd ]]'dkYwyfOD;EkdifNyD}} ]]'dkYwyfOD;EkdifNyD}} vdkY oHNydKifa<u;aMumf&
tJ'Dvdk ausmif;om;rsm; oHNydKifa<u;aMumfvdkufwJh ]]'kdYwyfOD;EkdifNyD
&efukefwuodkvfe,fajrwpfckvHk; yJhwifoHESifhtwl [def;oGm;ygw,f/
wm0efay;xm;wJh 'dk;ywf0dkif;? tkd;pnf0dkif; wcsKdUuawmh trsKd;orD;aqmif
a&G;aumufyGJ&JU aemufqkH;tEkdif& rJpm&if;udk today;aMunm&if; tkd;pnf'dk;ywfaw
trsKd;orD;taqmif qif0iftay:xyfrSm taqmifaewyfOD;udk axmufcHwJhausmif;olaw
za,mif;wkdifrD;awG xdefaeatmifxGef;xm;NyD; pmMunfhpm;yGJ (3) vkH;? (4) vkH;udk
taqmifNcH0if;tjyifbufu wyfOD;ausmif;om;awG aemufqkH;tEkdif& rJpm&if;udk
tkd;pnfawG? 'dk;ywfawGwD;NyD; uwJhtcsdefrSm taqmifxJutrsKd;awGuvnf; qif0ifay:rSm
pm;yGJawGay:wufNyD; uMuygw,f/ usefwJhtaqmifolawGuvnf; vufckyfwD;NyD; pnf;vdk
tJ'Dvdk armaeatmif uMuckefMuNyD;aemuf taqmiftwGif;u ausmif;olawGu taqmiftjyifbu
u rJpm&if;vmaMunmay;wJh wyfOD;ausmif;om;awGudk rkefYyJoa&pmawGeJY {nhfcHy
wHcg;rBuD;ydwfxm;wmaMumifh ausmif;olawGudk,fwdkifu rkefYxGufauR;vdkY r&y
'&0rfuwqifh auR;arG;{nfhcHMu&ygw,f/
vomvrf;aq;ausmif;aqmif (aemufpmppfOD;pD;kH;)? vrf;rawmfaq;ausmif;aqmif? tif*
odyHausmif;aqmifawG? &efuif;aumvdyfausmif;aqmifawG? xD;wef;aumvdyfausmif;aqm
wm0efay;xm;wJh 'dk;ywf0dkif;? tkd;pnf0dkif;awGu aemufqkH;tEkdif& rJpm&if;udkaM
ausmif;om;awGeJY waysmfwyg; uMu ckefMuygw,f/
tJ'Dvdkpnfpnfum;um;eJY wuoa&G;aumufyGJBuD;udk 1954-55 pmoifESpfupNyD
pmoifESpftxd (8) ESpfwdkifwkdif wuodkvfygarmuBuD;rsm; BuD;MuyfuGyfuJNyD
owif;pmrsm;? *sme,frsm; (tJ'Dtcsdefu owif;pmrsm;rSm yk*vduowif;pmrsm;jzpfNy
rSmvnf; okH;av;apmifom&Sdygonf) u wuoa&G;aumufyGJudk jrefrmEkdifiHrSm toefY&S
vdkY a&;om;MuNyD; wuoa&G;aumufyGJowif;ukdvnf; ]]wuodkvfvTwfawmfa&G;aum
rJBuD;awGeJY a&G;aumufyGJ"gwfykHawG a0a0qmqmxnhfNyD; rsufESmzkH;rSm azm
vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHweHwvsm;rSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;rdbrsm;? ynma&;pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;
tav;xm;zwfIMuygw,f/

24

wuokdvfausmif;olausmif;omawGu wyfOD;udk axmufcHrJay;wmudkvnf; Munfhy

uRefawmf wuo 'kOu|tjzpf ta&G;cHwJh 1960-61 pmoifESpfrSm aq;odyHrSm au
ausmif;ol (700)? tif*sifeD,modyHrSm (500)? ynma&;r[mXmerSm (300)? yifrwuod
ausmif;om;ausmif;ol wpfaomif;ausmfav;&Sdygw,f/ wpfaomif;wpfaxmifawmif rausmfyg
wuoa&G;aumufyGJ rJpm&if;aMunmwJhtcsdefrSm yifrwuodkvfrJykH;wykH;x
b@ma&;rSL;tjzpf ta&G;cHwJh wyfOD;udk,fpm;vS,ftygt0if wyfOD;udk,fpm;vS,f (2) O
(9000) ausmfausmf&&Sdygw,f/
tJ'D rJta&twGufudkMunhf&if ausmif;om;xk[m ]]wyfOD;}} udk b,favmufaxmufcH
wmudk cefYrSef;vdkY&ygw,f/
wuoa&G;aumufyGJrSm ]]wyfOD;}} u tEkdif&cJhwJh (8) ESpfvkH;rSm tJ'DvdkyJ rJ
wuoa&G;aumufyGJawGNyD;vkdY ]]wyfOD;}} udk,fpm;vS,f (9) OD;vkH; rJtjyw
wuotrIaqmiftzGJU&JU tvkyfwm0efawGudk w&m;0ifcsufcsif;pwifaqmif&GufvdkY r&y
wuozGJUpnf;ykH pnf;rsOf;rSm wuoOu|a[mif;BuD;wpfa,mufu a&G;cs,fcHxm;&w
Ou|topfudk usrf;opm usdefqdkay;NyD; tmPmtyfESif;&ygw,f/
'gaMumifhrdkY ]]wuoOu|opf usrf;opmusdefqdkyGJ}} qkdwm wuo&JU ta&;BuD
wpfck jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dusrf;opmusdefqdkyGJtcrf;tem;rSm wuotpnf;ta0;cef;rBuD;wpfckvkH
aeatmif wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm; wufa&mufvmMuNyD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh wuo&JU yx
Ou|jzpfcJhwJh vTwfawmfa&SUaeBuD; OD;ausmfcif? 'grSr[kwf 'kwd,urmppfBuD;N
jyefvnfzGJUpnf;wJhtcsdefrSm yxrOD;qkH; wuoOu|tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhwJh OD;oef;wdk
ausmif;om;xka&SUarSmufrSm wuoOu|opfudk usrf;opmudsefqdkay;NyD; wm0ef0w
ygw,f/ wpfcgw&H wuoOu|a[mif;wpfOD;jzpfwJh OD;Ekvnf; vma&mufusrf;usdefay;yg
tJ'Dvdk wuoOu|opf usrf;opmusdefqdkyGJjyKvkyfNyD;rSom wuoOu|eJYtwl trIa
[m wm0ef0w&m;rsm;udk w&m;0ifaqmif&GufcGifh&Sdygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk ausmif;om;xkuvnf; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif; pdwfwdkif;ustr
ay;a&G;cs,fwifajrmufvdkufNyD; tpOftvmBuD;rm;wJh wuoOu|a[mif;BuD;awGudk,fwk
jyK usrf;usdefay;NyD; tmPmtyfESif;xm;wmjzpfwJhtwGuf &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;o
trIaqmiftzGJU&JUtoH[m wuodkvfausmif;om;xk&JUtoHjzpfwJhtjyif t&SdefMoZmtjynf
jzpfygw,f/
ta&;BuD;wJh tcsufwpfcsufjzpfwJh tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u tpdk;&eJY &efukefwuodkv
or*&JU qufqHa&;udk ajymjycsifygw,f/
t"duuawmh tpdk;&eJY ausmif;om;or*awG[m tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u wpfOD;eJYwpfO
oabmrxm;cJhMuygbl;/

25

ausmif;om;or*awGt
aeeJY tpdk;&ukd axmufcHwmvnf; &Sdygw,f/ 1960 ckESpf tar&
oHkH;qEjyyGJ[m ausmif;om;or*BuD; (3) ck&JU tpdk;&udk axmufcHtm;ay;wJh qE
1953 ckESpf? atmufwkdbm ausmif;wpfvydwfa&; qEjyMuwmuawmh wuodkvfft
eJY tpdk;&udk qefYusifawmif;qkdwJh qEjyyJGyg/
1958 ckESpf aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&uftwGif;rSm wuouBuD;rSL;NyD; ]]jrefrmE
zvS,fyGJBuD;}} wpfckudk usif;yjyKvkyfcJhygw,f/ tJ'Dynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsKd;u
or*yl;aygif;aqmif&GufwJh taxmuftxm;jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmEkdifiH te,fe,ft&yf&yfu EDS;aE
yGJwufa&mufvmwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGukd &efukefwuodkvfu taqmifawGrSm pepfwusae
NyD; wnf;ckdcGifhjyKygw,f/ ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk &efukefwuodkvfbG
cGifhjyKygw,f/ ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;twGuf ukefusp&dwfwcsKdUw0ufudk EkdifiHaw
ygw,f/
ausmif;om;or*awGtaeeJY tpdk;&udk uefYuGufoifhwm uefYuGuf? axmufcHoifhw
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufoifhwm yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf pojzifh oabmxm;ygw,f/ tpdk;&vkyforQ igw
r,fqdkwJh oabmxm;ausmif;om;or*awGrSm r&Sdygbl;/
tpdk;&taeeJYuvnf; ausmif;om;or*udk ausmif;om;xk&JUukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUtpnf
oabmxm;qufqHygw,f/ ausmif;om;or*awmif;qkdcsufawGudk tav;teufxm;NyD; pOf;pm;yg
ay;oifhwmawGudk ay;ygw,f/ ausmif;om;or*awG awmif;qkdorQtm;vkH;udk ]]igwkdYud
ray;Ekdifbl;}} qkdwJhoabmxm;r&Sdygbl;/
tJ'Dawmh tpkd;&eJY ausmif;om;xdyfwdkuf &ifqkdifrIqdkwm r&Sdygbl;/ tJ'Dtcsd
ausmif;om;or*awGudk tzGJUtpnf;wpfcktaeeJY tav;xm;ygw,f/ OyrmwcsKdUudk wifjy
1962 ckESpf OD;ae0if;&JU awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&rwufrDStcsdefu tpdk;&u
tcrf;tem;ukd BuD;BuD;us,fus,fusif;yjyKvkyfygw,f/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &uf vGwfvyfa&;aeY eH
tcsdefrSm EkdifiHawmforwBuD;u vGwfvyfa&;aeYtxdrf;trSwf AdkvfIcHtcrf;tem;
jynfvrf;? jynfolY&ifjyifeJY rsufESmcsif;qkdif vTwfawmfbufudk (tJ'Dwkef;u orwtdrfawm
xm;wJh AdkvfIcHtaqmuftOD;BuD;wpfck&Sdygw,f/ (,ckawmh tJ'DtaqmuftOD;r&Sdawm
taqmuftOD; pifjrifhay:rSm orwBuD;u rwfwwf&yfNyD; AdkvfIcHygw,f/ jynfvrf;rBuD;
wyf? jrif;wyf (tJ'Dwkef;u jrif;wyfqdkwm &Sdygao;w,f) oHcsyfumwyf? tajrmufxyfawGeJY
wpfwyf tav;jyKMuygw,f/ jrefrmhwyfrawmfavwyfu wdkufav,mOfawGuvnf; aumif;uif,Hu
tkyfpkzGJU ysHoef;NyD; tav;jyKygw,f/
EdkifiHawmforwBuD;&JUaemufausmbufrSm xkdifckHawGcsxm;NyD; tpdk;&
qkdif&mtBuD;tuJawG? EkdifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;u udk,fpm;vS,fawG? tvkyform;tzGJUtpn
tzGJUtpnf;? ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;wdkYu udk,fpm;vS,fawGtwGuf ae&may;xm;ygw,f/ tJ
tem;udk &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;or*trIaqmiftzGJU&JU udk,fpm;vS,f (2) OD;vnf; w
ygw,f/

26

wkwfjynfolorwEkdifiH 0efBuD;csKyf acsmiftifvdkif; jrefrmEdkifiHudk cspfM

vma&mufwJhtcgrSm r*Fvm'kHav,mOfuGif;rSm aumfaZmeDcif;NyD; BudKqdkwJhtcr
BudKqkdwJhtcrf;tem;rSm BudKqdkolawGu wef;pDae&NyD; a&SUqkH;u 0efBuD;csK
vufqGJEIwfqufygw,f/ aemuf0efBuD;tzGJU0ifawGu vufqGJEIwfqufygw,f/ aemufqkH;tz
toD;oD;u ukd,fpm;vS,fawGu wpfOD;csif;pD vufqGJEIwfquf&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk BudKqdkyG
vnf; wuotrIaqmiftzGJUu udk,fpm;vS,f (2) a,muf wufa&mufMu&ygw,f/ wjcm;qkd&S,fvp
tkyfpk EkdifiHawGu acgif;aqmifawG vm&ifvnf; wuoudk zdwfygw,f/
tpdk;&u wuoudk vuf0J,drf;tzGJUtpnf;pm&if;xJrSm xnfhxm;w,fxifygw,f/ 'gayrJh
uGefjrLepfawGvkdYawmh rpGyfpGJygbl;/ taemuftkyfpkEdkifiHawGu acgif;aqmifawGv
rzdwfygbl;/
uRefawmfwdkYwuotrIaqmifoufwrf;rSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk 0efBuD;c
npmzdwfauR;ygw,f/ (a[mfw,frSm rauR;ygbl;) 0efBuD;csKyftdrfab;rSm owif;pm&Sif;vif;
cef;rwpfck&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dcef;rxJrSm npmauR;ygw,f/ npmauR;wmuvnf; tckacwfvdk y&d
awmhrS acgif;aqmifqkdolu xGufvmNyD; a&SUqkH;ckHrSm0ifxkdifNyD; npmauR;wm
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG um;ay:uqif;NyD; xrif;pm;cef;rxJ 0ifvmwJhtcsdefrSm xri
cef;rt0ifayguf0u 0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkeJY olYudk,fa&;t&m&Sd pma&;q&mrBuD; a':cifE
&yfNyD; wpfOD;csif; EIwfqufBudKqdkygw,f/ 0efBuD;csKyftaeeJY uRefawmfwdkY&JU
awGudk BudKwifrSwfxm;ovm;rodbl;/ wpfOD;csif;trnfac:NyD; EIwfqufEkdifygw,f/ uR
aq;ausmif;rSm ausmif;wuf&wm tqifajy&JUvm; ponfjzifh EIwfqufygw,f/ wjcm;ausmif;
acgif;aqmifawGudkvnf; olwkdY&JU udk,fa&;udk,fwmtcsuftvufawGudk ar;jref;NyD; w&if
ygw,f/
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG[m touf (20) ausmft&G,fawGyJ &Sdy
w,f/ uRefawmfwdkY wuotrIaqmiftzGJUxJrSm touftBuD;qkH;jzpfwJh wuoOu| udkwifat; (p
q&mwifat; (NrdKUr) tzrf;cH&wJh udkwifat; r[kwfyg) qkd&if touf 29-30 avmufyJ &Sdy
tJ'Dvkd touf (20) ausmft&G,fawGudk 0efBuD;csKyfu av;av;pm;pm; BudKqdkw,fqkdwm
or*acgif;aqmifawGtjzpfeJY todtrSwfjyNyD; BudKqdkwm jzpfygw,f/
aemuf xrif;twlpm;MuNyD; axG&mav;yg;ajymqkdMuygw,f/ tqkdtu azsmfajza&;aw
rygygbl;/ rdom;pkwpfpku wjcm;rdom;pkwpfpkudk xrif;zdwfauR;ovdkygyJ/
uRefawmf 'DtaMumif;awGudk jyefajymaewmu EkdifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJUrSm w
0efBuD;csKyfvkd yk*dKvfu tzGJUtpnf;udk tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf oabmxm;NyD; ausmif;om
udkvnf; ausmif;om;xk udk,fpm;vS,fvdk oabmxm;NyD; qufqHwmudk odapcsifvkdYjzpfy
EkdifiHa&;tpdk;&u t&m&mudk EkdifiHa&;tjrifeJY Munfhygw,f/ tzGJUtpnf;udk t
IjrifNyD; tav;xm;qufqHygw,f/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudkvnf; ausmif;om;xkukd,fpm
awGtjzpf todtrSwfjyKygw,f/

27

wuou OD;pD;usif;ywJh
mif;om;qEjyyGJwcsKdUrSm
aus
0efBuD;csKyftdrfudk oGm;0dk
&SdcJhygw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u 0efBuD;csKyfaewmu [Hom0wDt0dkif;BuD;em;u ,cif0efBuD;a
xJrSmyg/ [Hom0wDt0dkif;bufu 0ifayguftem;u yxrqkH;tdrfu 0efBuD;csKyftdrfjzpfygw,f/
awGaewJhNcH0if;BuD;wpfckvkH;&JU 0ifaygufBuD;u wHcg;ydwfrxm;ygbl;? zGihfxm;yg
awGvnf; csrxm;ygbl;/ 0efBuD;awGaewJhwpftdrfcsif;udkawmh NcHwHcg;awG aomh
0efBuD;csKyftdrf0if;&JU NcH0rSmvnf; vufeufudkifawG apmifhaewm r&Sdygbl;/
wuodkvfausmif;om;awG bwfpfum;awGiSm;NyD; 0efBuD;csKyftdrf&JU NcHaygu
rSm qEjyMuygw,f/ 0efBuD;csKyftdrfxJu 0efBuD;csKyf&JU udk,fa&;t&m&Sd pma&;q
xGufvmNyD; NcHayguf0rSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGeJY vmawGUygw,f/ ]]0efBuD;cs
&SdvdkYvJ}} vdkY ar;ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYuvnf; uRefawmfwkdYtoifhdkuf,lvmw
a':cifESif;,ku pm&Gufudk vufcH,lNyD; 0efBuD;csKyfudk wifjyvdkufygr,f/ 0efBuD;csKy
ta0;b,faeYavmufrSm&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;NyD;&if tusKd;taMumif;pmjyefvkdufygr,fvd
tdrfxJjyef0ifoGm;ygw,f/ qEjywJh wuodkvfausmif;om;awGuvnf; iSm;vmwJhbwf(p)um
ay: jyefwufNyD; &efukefNrdKUxJudk a<u;aMumfoHawG a<u;aMumfNyD; wywfywf
taqmuftOD;a&SUrSm vlpkcGJNyD; taqmiftoD;oD;udk jyefoGm;Muygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk ausmif;om;qEjyyGJwpfcktaMumif;udk jyefajymjy&wm[m ,ckacwfvli,faus
awGtaeeJY ,kHwrf;ykHjyifwpfyk'fudk em;axmifae&ovdkrsm; jzpfaervm;rodygbl;? ykH
tJ'Dwkef;u wu,fhtjzpftysufawGyg/
tJ'Dwkef;u ausmif;om;awGtaeeJY tJ'DvkdqEjyvdkY&wm[mvnf; tpdk;&taeeJY q
tay:rSm jrifwJhtjrifuGmjcm;rIaMumifh jzpfygw,f/ tpdk;&taeeJYausmif;om;awG at;at;c
qEjywmudk vufcHw,f/ ausmif;om;awG&JUqEawGudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf'Drdkua&pD
wifjycGifhjyKw,f/
ausmif;om;awG at;at;csrf;csrf;qEjywmeJY ausmif;om;awGqlylwmudk cGJjcm;N
OD;aESmufpGrf;&nf&Sdw,f/
OD;ae0if;taeeJYuawmh ausmif;om;awG at;at;csrf;csrf;qEjywmeJY ausmif;om;awG
udk cGJjcm;NyD; jrifEkdifwJhtaetxm;r&Sdygbl;/ ausmif;om;av; (10) a,muf (15) a,mufavm
ausmif;om;awG qlylw,fqkdNyD; vkHxdef;um;awGvTwfvdkufw,f/
wu,fawmh ausmif;om;awG at;csrf;pGm qEjywmeJY ausmif;om;awGqlylw,fqkdwm
uGmjcm;ygw,f/
uRefawmfwuodkvfausmif;om;b0? ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIawGrSm yg0ifaewJhtc
&efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;awG qlylrI (2) Budrf jzpfyGm;wm BuHKcJh&bl;ygw,f/
ukefcJhwJh ESpfaygif; (60) ausmf ywf0ef;usifavmufu wuodkvf&dyfomvrf;? urmat
rD;yGdKifheJY rvSrf;rurf;avmufrSm wkwfemrnfeJY zGifhvSpfxm;wJh pm;aomufqkdi
vm; ]][dkpGH}} vm;qkdwmawmh twdtus rrSwfrdawmhygbl;/ aemufydkif;rSmawmh ]]
ajymif;NyD; qufzGifhygw,f/

28

wnaerSm &mxl;BuD;BuD;wpfck&&Sdxm;wJh yk*dKvfBuD;wpfOD;&JUom

ausmif;om;wpk tJ'Dpm;aomufqkdif (tJ'Dwkef;uawmh a[mfw,fac:ygw,f) rSmoGm;pm;Mu&
vmawmh qkdifpm;yGJxkd;wcsKdUeJY pum;rsm;ygw,f/
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u rdbawGqDu wpfvrS 100d^125d avmuf axmufyHhcH&wJh omrefw
ausmif;om;awGtaeeJY tJ'Dvkdpm;aomufqkdif (a[mfw,f) rsKd;udk tem;ruyfEkdifMuygbl;
tpmpm;csif&if wkwfacgufqGJqkdifrSm csKdcsOfausmf ig;rl;zkd;? tacgufuif wpfrwfzk
trsKd;rsKd;rSm,l pm;aomufMuygw,f/ trsm;qkH;ukefrS ESpfusyfcGJ okH;usyfygyJ/ ]][dki
rsKd;rSm oGm;pm;&wmu tenf;qkH; 50d^- uae 100d^- usyfavmuftxd ukefMuygw,f/
pm;yGJxkd;awGu tJ'Dausmif;om;awGudk vufoD;eJYxdk;vkdufygw,f/ tJ'Dausmif;o
wuodkvfA[dkausmif;aqmifrsm; (A[dkausmif;aqmifrsm;qkdwmu oxkH? yJcl;? yif;,? pp
taqmifig;aqmifudk ac:ygw,f) udkvmNyD; wuodkvfausmif;om;awGudk a[mfw,fu bmvky
w,f? nmvkyfvdkufw,fqkdNyD; vIHUaqmfygw,f/ wcsKdUausmif;om;awGuvnf; ausmif;o
awmh rpOf;pm;? rqifjcifbJ a[mfw,fudk vdkufoGm;NyD; zsufqD;Muygw,f/
&efukefwuodkvfu ygarmuBuD;awG? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG tJ'Dpm;a
(a[mfw,f) udk vkdufoGm;NyD; tJ'Dausmif;om;qlylrIukd at;Nidrf;oGm;atif xdef;odrf;ay;
tJ'Dtjzpftysuf[m wuokdvftmPmykdifawGeJY ausmif;om;or*acgif;aqmifawG&JU
aqmif&GufrIerlemwpfckyg/ wuoacgif;aqmifawG[m ausmif;om;bufu rsufpdrSdwfNyD;
tm;ajrmuf rvkyfcJhMuygbl;/
[kdw,frSm pm;aomufrl;,pfNyD; tJ'Dausmif;om;qlylrIukd vIHUaqmfcJhwJhol[m b,fo
pmzwfy&dowfBuD;od&if tHhMooGm;r,fxifygw,f/
uRefawmf ya[Vdvkyfaewm r[kwfygbl;/
ajymoifh rajymoifh pOf;pm;aewmyg/ pdwfxJu odyfajymcsifaeygw,f/
bmyJjzpfjzpf uRefawmf ajymygawmhr,f/ ol[m aemifrSm av,mOfrSL;BuD;jzpfoGm;
ausmfMum;wJh ukdaiGpkd;jzpfygw,f/ AkdvfcsKyfae0if;&JU yxrtdrfaxmifeJY&cJhwJh
1960 ckESpf twGif;rSm tJ'DvkdtjzpftysufrsdK; &efukefNrdKU vomvrf;eJY usKH
&SdwJh ]]a[mifaumif[kdw,f}} rSm jzpfyGm;cJhygw,f/ a[mifaumif[kdw,f awmfawmfav;ysu
tJ'Dwkef;uvnf; ausmif;om;a&;&mrSL; q&mBuD;OD;pHxGef;eJY wuoacgif;aqmifaw
tajctae ykdrqkd;atmif xdef;odrf;EkdifcJhygw,f/ 'kwd,tBudrfausmif;om;qlylrIukd vIHUaqm
uRefawmfemrnf rrSwfrdawmhyg/
uRefawmf 'DtaMumif;awGukd jyefajymjywmu ausmif;om;awG at;at;csrf;csrf;qE
ausmif;om;qlylrIqkdwm b,fvkduGmjcm;w,fqkdwmukd uJGuJGjym;jym;oabmayguf
jzpfygw,f/

29

aemufwpfcsuf uRefawmf&Sif;jycsifwmuawmh 1962 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv (7) &uf a

ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;NyD;aemuf OD;ae0if; a&'D,kdrS ajymMum;csufxJrSmygwJh ]]wuo t
uGefjrLepfawGu oHkH;ozG,f tumtuG,f,lNyD; XmecsKyfjyKvkyfaeMuw,f/ tJ'gukd b,f
Ekdifbl;}} qkdwJhtcsufeJYywfoufNyD; jzpfEkdifajc &Sdr&SdqkdwJhtcsuf jzpfygw,f/
wuotaqmuftOD; NzdKcszsufqD;cH&wm tckqkd&if ESpfaygif;ig;q,fMumoGm;NyD
taqmuftOD;ukd a&mufzl;jrifzl;wJholawG[m tcktcsdefrSm tenf;qkH; touf 65 ESpfausmft&
jzpfukefMuygNyD/ jrifzl;a&mufzl;wJholta&twGufvnf; tawmfenf;oGm;avmufygNyD/
tJ'Dwkef;u wuotaqmuftOD;ukd a&mufzl;jrifzl;wJholawGuawmh OD;ae0if;&JUpG
[kwfEkdifajc&Sdr&Sdqkdwmukd odMuygw,f/ wuotaqmuftOD;ukd rawGUbl; rjrifbl;wJ
OD;ae0if;&JU pGyfpJGcsuf[m [kwfEkdifajc &Sdr&Sdqkdwmukd pOf;pm;qkH;jzwfEkd
tajctaeawGukd uRefawmft&if&Sif;jyygr,f/
wuotaqmuftOD;[m "gwfykHxJrSmawGU&wJhtwkdif; ESpfxyftaqmuftOD;jzpfNyD
t"dywdvrf;rBuD;udk rsufESmrlxm;ygw,f/ rEav;aqmifeJYawmh rsufESmcsif;qkdifyg/
wuotaqmuftOD;BuD;&JU tvnfwnfhwnfhrSm 0ifaygufBuD;wpfck&SdNyD; tJ'D0i
0ifoGm;&if tay:xyfukdwufwJh avScg;BuD;&Sdygw,f/
wuotaqmuftOD;BuD;&JUatmufxyfrSm tcef;av;cef;&Sdygw,f/ tv,f0ifaygufBuD;&
bJGUESif;obifbuftjcrf;rSm cef;rBuD;wpfck&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dcef;rBuD;[m wuopm;aomufqkd
vufzuf&nf? rkefY[if;cg;? xrif;aMumf? acgufqJGaMumf? wkyfxrif;[if;? jrefrmxrif;[if; pk
&ygw,f/ tJ'Dpm;aomufqkdifcef;rBuD;ukd (2)ESpfwpfBudrf csdyfydwfwif'gac:NyD; iSm
tv,f0ifaygufBuD;&JU wuokdvf&dyfomvrf;buftjcrf;rSm tcef; (3)cef;&Sdygw,f/ wu
&dyfomvrf;buftpGefqkH;tcef;i,fav;u wuotaqmuftOD;apmifh bBuD;OD;uHodef;eJY rd
aexkdifygw,f/ bBuD;OD;uHodef;[m AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdY OD;EkwkdYvufxufwnf;
tOD;apmifhtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhwm wuotaqmuftOD;BuD;NzdKcszsufqD;cH&w
jzpfygw,f/
bBuD;OD;uHodef;tcef;eJYuyfvsuf aemuftcef;wpfcku wuoqHyifnyfqkdifjzpfy
wuokdvf ausmif;om;awG qHyifvmnyfMuygw,f/ tJ'DqHyifnyfqkdifuawmh w
bBuD;OD;uHodef;ukd qkdifzGifhcGifhay;xm;wmyg/ bBuD;OD;uHodef;u qHyifnyfo
qkdifzGifhxm;wmyg/
wuotv,f0ifaygufBuD;eJYeD;wJh tenf;i,fykdus,fwJhtcef;u wuopmtkyfqkdifjzpfygw,f
tJ'Dpmtkyfqkdifuvnf; wuokdvfausmif;om;awG pmtkyfvG,fvG,fulul0,fvkdY&atmif &efuk
pmtkyfqkdifBuD;awGukd csdyfydwfwif'gac:NyD; ykwfjywfiSm;&rf;xm;wmyg/ tJ'gu wu
BuD;&JU atmufxyfrSm&SdwJhtcef;awG&JU taetxm;jzpfygw,f/
tv,favSum;BuD;uaeNyD; tay:xyfudk wufoGm;&if wuo pm;aomufqkdif&JU tay:buf
jcrf;wpfckvkH;[m wuoausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;usif;y&m cef;rBuD;jzpfygw,f/

30

tv,favScg;BuD;xdyfuaeNyD; wuokdvf&dyfomvrf;bufukdcsdK;0ifvkduf&if yxrawG

rus,f tcef;wpfcku wuoOu|BuD;kH;cef;yg/ tJ'DOu|BuD;tcef;xJrSm av;a'gifhuRef;pm;yJ
&Sdygw,f/ tJ'DuRef;pm;yJGBuD;xdyfrSmawmh cefYnm;x,f0gwJh wuoOu|BuD;&JU uk
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;"gwfykHawGxJrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; wuoOu|tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhpO
ukvm;xkdifBuD;ukd awGUbl;ygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'DOu|ukvm;xkdifBuD;yg/
tJ'Dtcef;uvnf; wuoOu|kH;cef;qkdayr,fh wuoOu|taeeJY tNrJwef;rxkdifygbl;/
w&m;0iftpnf;ta0;usif;ywJhtcsdef? {nfhonfawG txl;ojzifh EkdifiHjcm;om;{nfhonfawG vm
awGUqkHwJhtcgrSm wuoOu|u tJ'Dukvm;xkdifBuD;rSmxkdifNyD; awGUqkHygw,f/ E
qkdwm
IUS ac: EkdifiHwumausmif;om;or*u ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG? tm&S tmz&due
awGu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG rMumcPqkdovkd &efukefwuokdvfausmif;om;or*ukd
wwfygw,f/
tJ'DwuoOu|kH;cef;ab;em;u tcef;u wuokH;vkyfief;vkyfwJhtcef;jzpfygw,f/ tJ'
kH;vkyfief;tcef;xJrSm pmkdufpuf
(Type writer) 2vkH; 3vkH;eJY pmul;puf
(Duplicating machine)
wpfvkH;&Sdygw,f/ wuokH;pma&; OD;vSausmfeJY kH;tul ukdbay:wkdY &SdMuyg
tJ'DkH;vkyfief;tcef;ab;em;u wuokdvf&dyfomvrf;buf tpGefqkH;tcef;uawmh rusOf
tpnf;ta0;cef;ri,fjzpfygw,f/
wuotaqmuftOD;rSm tckajymjywJhtcef;awGtjyif awmxJuvlawG cdkatmif;aeEkdi
avmufatmif vQdKU0Suftcef;? tH0Sufcef; qkdwmvnf; r&Sdygbl;/
wuotaqmuftOD;atmufxyfrSmu pm;aomufqkdifrSmvma&mufpm;aomufolawG? pmt
qkdifrSm pmtkyfvm0,folawG? bBuD;OD;uHodef;&JUqHyifnyfqkdifrSm qHyifvmn
pnfum;aeygw,f/
wuotay:xyfrSmvnf; wuotrIaqmiftzJGUeJY kH;0efxrf; (2)a,muftjyif ausmif;om;
nDGwfa&;wyfOD;&JU &JabmfawG O'[kd0ifxGufaeMuygw,f/ wuovkyfief;awGudk 0k
ygw,f/
tck&Sif;jywmu wuotaqmuftOD;&JU taetxm;awGjzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfcku wuotaqmuftOD;rSm ajccsif;vdrfaewJhowif;pmwkduftoD;oD;u owif;
axmufawG? axmufvSrf;a&;awG[m reufrkd;vif;vkdY pm;aomufqkdifzGifhwmeJY pm;
a&mufaeMuygNyD/
owif;axmufawGqkdwmu owif;pmwkdufBuD;awGu vmapmifhaeMuwm r[kwfygbl;/
rSm ta&;BuD;wJh tcrf;tem;wpfckck? vIyf&Sm;rIwpfckck&Sd&ifawmh owif;pmwkdufu ow
"gwfykHowif;axmufawGukd,fwkdif vmMuygw,f/ omrefaeYawGrSmawmh owif;pmwkdufa
cefYtyfxm;wJh wuokdvfausmif;om;owif;axmufawG tNrJ&Sdaeygw,f/ wuo taqmuftOD
tyfwacsmif;uswmawmif aemufwpfaeY owif;pmrSmygEkdifwJh tajctaeyg/

31

axmufvSrf;a&;qkdwmuawmh ododomomaxmufvSrf;a&;eJY rodromaxmufvSrf;a&

ESpfrsdK;&Sdygw,f/
ododomomaxmufvSrf;a&;qkdwmu tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u &JaxmufvSrf;a&;u axmufvSrf
t&m&Sd OD;vSjrifhqkdwJholeJY OD;rsdK;jrifhqkdwJholESpfa,muf[m reufrkd;vif;wme
a&mufaeMuygNyD/ pm;aomufqkdifrSmxkdifvkduf? pmtkyfqkdifxJu pmtkyfawGMunfhvk
Muygw,f/ wuotaqmuftOD;[m olwkdYkH;vkd jzpfaeygw,f/ aeYpOfawGUjrifae&awmh o
uvnf; olwkdY[m axmufvSrf;a&;awGqkdwm 0efcHygw,f/ rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGuf w
vm&wmygvkdYajymygw,f/ wuopm;aomufqkdifwkYd pmtkyfqkdifwkdYqkdwmu vltrsm
aeMuwJhae&mqkdawmh cifAsm;wkdYrvmeJYvkdY ajymvkdYr&bl;/ uRefawmfwkdYu c
qkd&if wuotaqmuftOD;atmufxyfrSmyJaeMu? taqmuftOD;tay:xyfukdawmh wufrvmMueJY
ajymxm;&ygw,f/ olwkdYvnf; tay:xyfukdawmh wpfBudrfwpfcgrS rwufcJhMuygbl;/
wuotaqmuftOD;atmufxyfu pm;aomufqkdifwkdY pmtkyfqkdifwkdYukdawmh csd
ac:NyD; tcef;iSm;wJhtcsdefrSm aoaocsmcsm avhvmpkHprf;NyD;awmhrS a&G;cs,fygw,
avQmufvTmrSm tcef;cawG trsm;BuD;ay;xm;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh pkHprf;vkdufwJhtcgrSm axm
aemufaMumif; r&Sif;bl;/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY qkdifcef;cenf;csifenf;ygap p
awGukdbJ a&G;cs,f iSm;&rf;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh pm;aomufqkdif0efxrf;wkdY? pmtkyfqkdif0e
uRefawmfwdkY tvkyfcefYvkdYr&bl;/ qkdif&SifawGubJ cefYMuw,f/ pm;aomufqkdif0ef
0efxrf;awG (pmtkyfqkdif 0efxrf;uawmh ta&twGufenf;ygw,f) awGxJrSm axmufvSrf;a&
b,fESpfa,mufygaew,f qkdwm uRefawmfwkdYrod&ygbl;/
aemuf rodrom axmufvSrf;a&;wpfa,muftaMumif;ukd ajymjyygOD;r,f/
uRefawmfwkdYeJYtwl wuovkyfief;awGrSm av;ESpfig;ESpfavmuf atmufajco
tvkyfvkyfvmwJh wuo&Jabmfwa,muf&Sdygw,f/ tJ'D&Jabmf[m pmar;yJGusaewm (wrifr
aewmvnf; jzpfEkdifygw,f) qkd&if
atmifzkdYtwGuf (6)ESpfavmuf wuokdvfwuf &ygw,f/
(B.A)bDat
wuovkyfief;awGrSm tm;BudK;rmefwufvkyfaqmifaewJh ausmif;om;&Jabmfwpfa,uf
wpfESpfrSm olYukd ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or* (Auo) trIaqmiftzJGUr
wm0efay;ygw,f/ AuotrIaqmifwm0efukdvnf; ausausyGefyGefxrf;aqmifygw,f/ AuotrIaqmif
oufwrf;vnf;ukefqkH;NyD; olvJbJGU&oGm;awmh wuotaqmuftOD;ukd olrvmawmhygbl
5v 6vavmufMumawmh uRefawmf &efukefNrdKUxJrSm tJ'D&JabmfeJY rarQmfvif
tJ'Dtcsdefu tJ'D&Jabmf[m ppf,leDazmif;BuD;0wfvkdY olYykckH;ay:rSmvnf; bm;okH;bm;
olbJGU&NyD;csdefrSmrS ppfwyfxJ0ifr,fqkd&if Akdvfoifwef;wufaewJhtcsdefavmufyJ&
tcsdefwkdav;rSm okH;bm;wyfxm;NyD/
uRefawmfhukdawGUawmh yxr rsufESmysufoGm;ygw,f/ aemufawmh &SufNyKH;N
&nfqkdifwqkdifrSm twif;vbuf&nfwkdufygw,f/ uRefawmfvnf; olY,leDazmif;eJY okH;bm;
bmrSrar;cJhygbl;/ oluvnf; bmrSrajymygbl;/ axG&mav;yg;enf;enf;ajymNyD; vlcsif;cJGvkdu

32

On duty eJY wuokdvfwufaewJh axmufvSrf;a&;ppfAkdv

trSefwu,fawmh tJ'D&Jabmf[m
wpfa,mufjzpfaerSef; aemufrSod&ygw,f/ (tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u 10 wef;atmif&if Akdvfoifwef;vG
ululwufvkdY&ygw,f/)
uRefawmf wuo taqmuftOD;ukda&mufawmh tJ'Dbm;wyfxm;wJh olYtaMumif; w
wuo &JabmfawGukd jyefajymjyygw,f/ tm;vkH; tHhMoukefMuygw,f/ wcsdKU ausmif;o
awGuawmh olYukd qJqkdMuygw,f/ 'gu uRefawmfwkdYodvkdufwJh wpfa,mufyg/
uRefawmfwkdYeJYtwl wuovkyfief;awG vkyfaqmifaewJholawGxJrSmvnf; aemufx
vlawG b,fESpfa,muf&Sdaer,fqkdwm cefYrSef;vkdr&ygbl;/
tJ'Dvkd wuotaqmuftOD;&JU zJGUpnf;ykHtaetxm;? ckeuajymcJhwJh axmufvSrf;
tajctaeawGrSm OD;ae0if;pGyfpJGovkd awmxJuuGefjrLepfawG wuotaqmuftOD;rSm v
cdkatmif;aebkdY? ykef;uG,faebkdY? oHkH;ozG,f tumtuG,f,laebkdYkqkdwm jzpfEkdi
MunfhMuyg/
'gaMumifhrkdY OD;ae0if;&JU pGyfpJGcsufawG[m olvkyfaqmifcJhwJh
jyKrlcsufa
Lame excuse
awG jzpfygw,f/ qifaoukd qdwfa&eJYzkH;bkdY BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIawGom jzpfygw,f/
_ _ _ _ _ _
]]ausmif;om;or*taqmufttkHazmufcGJzsufqD;rIw&m;cHb,folvJ}} qdkwJh tajzudk
azmfxkwfrvJqdkwmudk odcsifvdkY aqmif;yg;udk
awGa&m? ]wyfOD;} awGa&m wuo
DSOzwfMunfhygw,f/
a&G;aumufyGJ? pum;&nfvkyGJ? PfBuD;&SifajzqkdyGJ? wefaqmifwdkifyGJ pkHaewm
rodbl;vkdY xifcsifxifMuygr,f/
uRefawmf'DtaMumif;t&mawGudk azmfjya&;om;aewmu taMumif; (2) ck&Sdygw,f
atmufrSm &Sif;jyyghr,f/
OD;ae0if;OD;aqmifwJh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&wufvmNyD; 1962 ckESpf?
ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;NyD;wJhaemufrSm wefzkd;rjzwfEkdifwJh qkH;IH;rIBuD
tJ'DqkH;IH;rIBuD;awGudk uRefawmfjyefvnfpOf;pm;vkdufwJhtcgrSm tkyfpk (2)
w,f/
tkyfpkwpfpkuawmh kyf0wKtaumiftxnfeJYwuG rsufpdeJUjrifawGUEkdifwJh qkH
Zlvkdifv (7) &uf naebuf &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;awG twkH;tkH; toufqkH;
wmeJY Zlvkdifv (8) &ufaeY eHeufapmapmydkif;tcsdefrSm wuotaqmuftOD;BuD; rdkif;c
wmrsKd;awGjzpfygw,f/
aemuftkyfpkwpfpkuawmh rsufpdeJYjrifEkdifpGrf;r&SdwJh qkH;IH;rIBuD;jzpfy
wuodvmjruRef;omvkdY wifpm;ac:a0:cH&wJh tvGefat;csrf;om,mvSywJh wuodkv
&JU ywf0ef;usifawG? eE0efO,smOfeJY EIdif;,SOfwifpm;cH&wJh wuodkvfausmif;ola
csrf;omom aysmfaysmf&Tif&TifeJY ynm&nfEkdYaomufpdkY&m wuodkvfe,fajr&JU

33

uRefawmfwifjycJhwJh wuodkvfausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;&JU aeYpOfaexkdifrIywf0ef;u

&&if &efukefwuodkvfe,fajreJY wuodkvfausmif;om;ausmif;olawG&JU
(Social vlrIywf0ef;
environment) BuD;wpfckvkH;[m 1962 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (7) &ufaeYupNyD; vkH;0aMurG
ygw,f/
tJ'DqkH;IH;rIBuD;uawmh rsufpdeJYjrifEdkifpGrf;r&Sdovdk kyf0wKtaumif
r&ygbl;/
(Social vlrIywf0ef;u
&efukefwuodkvfe,fajreJY wuodkvfausmif;olausmif;om;awG&JU
environment) tajctaeqkdwmudk ,cktouf (65) ESpf (Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ta&;tcif;jzpfwmu
ESpfaygif; 50 + wuodkvfa&mufwJh touf (15) ESpf) atmuft&G,f&SdolawGxJrSm awGU
r&Sdygbl;/
'DaeY wuodkvfawGrSm wm0ef,ltkyfcsKyfaewJh ygarmucsKyfBuD;awG? ygarm
wuodkvfq&m q&mrrsm;[mvnf; tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u wuodkvfausmif;om;ausmif;olawG&
ywf0ef;usiftajctaeudk em;vnfcHpm;
(Appreciate) Ekdifaumif;rS cHpm;Ekdifr,fxifygw,f/
'gaMumifh tJ'Dwkef;u wuodkvfausmif;om;ausmif;olawG&JU vlrIywf0ef;usiftajc
,aeY (65) ESpfatmuft&G,f&SdolawGtaeeJY pOf;pm;Munfh? rSef;qMunfh? em;vnfcHpm
npmpm;yGJawGtaMumif;? pum;&nfvkyGJawGtaMumif;? PfBuD;&SifajzqdkyGJaw
a&G;aumufyGJawGtaMumif;udk a&;om;azmfjycJhjcif;jzpfygw,f/
'grSom 1962 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (7) &ufaeYu ysufpD;aMurGoGm;cJhwJh &efukefwu
ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG&JU vlrIywf0ef;usiftajctaeawG&JUwefzkd;ukd oabmaygufem;
ygw,f/ 'g[m tJ'DtaMumif;awG a&;om;cJh&wJh yxrtaMumif;yg/
'kwd,taMumif;u tJ'Dwuodkvfausmif;om;ausmif;olawGeJY aeYpOfaexkdifrIywf0ef
taeawGudk od&Sdxm;NyD;&if OD;ae0if;pGyfpGJwJh pGyfpGJcsufawG[m jzpfEkdifa
taeeJY pOf;pm;qifjcifEkdifrSm jzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfqufvufNyD; 1962 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv (7) &uf ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;ESifh yw
tjzpftysufawGukd qufvufa&;om;azmfjyygr,f/
1962 ckESpf? Zlvkdifvqef;ydkif;rSm &efukefwuodkvftmPmydkifrsm;u wif;M
pnf;urf;awG xkwfjyefygw,f/ wuotrIaqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0;xkdifNyD; Zlvkdifv (7) &ufaeY
wif;MuyfwJh taqmifpnf;urf;awGudk uefYuGufwJh ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJBuD;wpfck u
cJhygw,f/
wuo[m w&m;0ifausmif;om;xkudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUtpnf;jzpfwJhtwGuf wuoOD;aqm
usif;ywJh ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;wkdif;[m w&m;0ifBudKwifaMunmNyD;rS jyKvkyfMu
tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;udk vQdKU0SufpDpOfNyD; kwfw&ufvQyfwjy
rsKd; r[kwfygbl;/

34

wuotrIaqmiftzGJUu ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;usif;yrnfh&ufeJY tcsdefudk twdtus

owfrSwfNyD;wmeJY wuotaqmuftOD;rSm tpnf;ta0;twGuf jyifqifrIawG vkyf&ygw,f/
ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;twGuf ausmif;om;xkudk today;zdwfMum;wJh ydkpwmawG?
wJh ydkpwmawGukd a&;wwfwJh &JabmfawGu a&;ay;NyD; wuodkvfausmif;aqmifr
vloGm;pBueH&Hrsm;rSm uyfwJh&Jabmfuvkdufuyf pojzifh vkyf&ygw,f/
ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;twGuf vIHUaqmfynmay;wJh vufurf;pmapmifawGudkvnf; vufa
vSwJholu za,mif;puLay:rSma&;? (Duplicating
pmul;puf machine) eJY vSnfhwJholuvSnfh? pmapmif
acgufwJholuacguf? ausmif;om;awGtwGif;rSm vkdufa0wJholuvdkufa0eJY tm;vkH;vdk tv
ygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkYu ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJBuD;twGuf tJ'DvdkjyifqifaeMuwJhtcsdef
aumifpDuvnf; twGif;0efrsm;kH; (aemif0efBuD;rsm;kH;[k trnfajymif;onf) twGif;rSm
awGjyKvkyfNyD;ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJBuD;udk NzdKcGif;zkdY pDpOfaeMuygw,f/
tJ'DvdkpDpOfaewmudk olwdkYtpnf;ta0;rSm tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;vdkufa&;&wJh uRe
oHa,mZOf&SdwJh 0efxrf;wcsKdUu uRefawmfwdkYtwGuf pdk;&drfNyD; owif;ay;ydkY
olwdkYtpnf;ta0;rSm ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJBuD;udk NzdKcGif;zdkYtwGuf tpDtpO
BuD;wpfckudk wdkufcdkufrJhppfqifa&;wpfcktwGuf tpDtpOfqGJykHrsKd;qGJygw,f/
aemufwef;ppfqifa&;XmecsKyf zGJUpnf;ygw,f/ ArmhtoHtaqmuftOD;xJu tcef;wpfc
aemufwef;ppfqifa&;XmecsKyfkH;tjzpf owfrSwfygw,f/ tJ'DrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpD
(6) a,muf yg0ifwJh aemufwef;ppfqifa&;uGyfuJrItzGJUudkzGJUNyD; kH;xdkifygw,f/
a&SUwef;ppfqifa&;Xmeudkawmh vSnf;wef;rD;yGdKifhteD;u MuufvQmpGef; (,c
aqmufxm;ygonf) tay:rSm&SdwJh urm&Gwf&Jpcef;rSm xm;&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u
emrnfqdk;eJYausmfMum;wJh OD;ae0if;&JUvufkH;wpfqltjzpf owfrSwfcHxm;&wJh 'k
(88 'Drkdua&pDvIyf&Sm;rIumvwGif orwacwvkyfNyD; (8.8.88) aeYwGif aoewfypf
a&SUwef;ppfqifa&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;xm;ygw,f/
'gayr,fh uRefawmfwdkYxifwmu uRefawmfwdkYwuodkvfe,fajrtjyifbufudkxGufNyD
xkqEjyyGJjyKvkyf&ifawmh uRefawmfwdkYudk ypfcwfowfjzwfacsrIef;ypfr,f? wuodkv
0ifNyD; wdkufr,fvkdY rxifcJhMuygbl;/
'gaMumifhrdkY Zlvdkifv (7) &ufaeY usif;ywJhausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJudk tcsdeftw
pepftusqkH;qEjyyGJjzpfatmif txl;pDpOfxm;ygw,f/
aeYvnfwpfem&DavmufrSm wuotaqmuftOD;tay:xyf tpnf;ta0;cef;rBuD;xJrSm
ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;BuD; jyKvkyfygw,f/ cef;rBuD;wpfckvkH; wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm
aeygw,f/ wuoOu| udkAaqGav;u obmywdrdefYcGef;ajymygw,f/ kwfw&ufwif;Muyf
taqmifpnf;urf;awGtaMumif;udk ajymygw,f/ wuodkvfausmif;om;awGudk tusOf;pcef;a

35

xm;ovkd taqmifpnf;urf;awGudk wif;MuyfvmNyD/ aemufjynfolawGudkvnf; tusOf;pcef;rSm

wif;Muyfawmhr,fqkdNyD; owday;oGm;ygw,f/
aemufwif;MuyfwJhtaqmifpnf;urf;opfawGudk uefYuGufaMumif; tqkdwifoGif;Muyg
aemuf tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufMuwJh ausmif;om;xkBuD;[m wuotaqmuftOD;a&SUu pwifN
wuodkvfbGJUESif;obifcef;rBuD;txd t"dywdvrf;rBuD;twkdif; qEjyygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf bGJ
cef;rBuD;uaeNyD; pD;yGm;a&;wuodkvfa&SUuvrf;twkdif; jynfvrf;wuodkvf0if; 0ifa
avQmufygw,f/ tJ'Djynfvrf;*dwfuaeNyD; tvmvrf;twkdif; wuotaqmuftOD;a&SUtxd jyefavQm
Muygw,f/
tJ'Dausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJ[m armfeDwm*sme,frSm azmfjyxm;wJh"gwfykHtw
ausmif;om;or*tvHBuD;udk jzefYudkifNyD; pepfwus pDwef;vrf;avQmufqEjyMuygw
wuotaqmuftOD;a&SUjyefa&mufwJhtcsdefrSm at;at;csrf;csrf;vlpkcGJMuygw,f/ tcsd
(3;00) avmufyJ &SdOD;r,fxifygw,f/ vlpkcGJNyD; ausmif;om;trsm;pk[m rdrdaexkdif&m ta
udk jyefoGm;Muygw,f/
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGuawmh waeukefpdwfa&mudk,fyg yifyef;aeMuwmaMum
pm;aomufqkdifrSm0ifxkdifNyD; wcsKdUuvnf; tat;0,faomuf&if; tem;,lMuygw,f/ wcsKd
aumfzD? rkefYponfjzifh rSm,lpm;okH;&if; tyef;ajzMuygw,f/
ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJBuD; at;at;csrf;csrf; pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJY jyemwpkHw&mr
wJhtwGufvnf; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG&JU pdwfxJrSm ayghyg;oGm;ygw,f/
tJ'Dvdkausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; pdwfavsmhudk,favsmh oufoufomom tarmajytem
aewJhtcsdefrSm rarQmfvifhyJ wuotaqmuftOD;udk kwfw&uf ppfwyfu0dkif;NyD;
acgif;aqmifawGudk zrf;qD;zdkY BudK;pm;Muygw,f/
wuotaqmuftOD;udkppfwyfu 0dkif;wmudkjrifvkdufwJh ausmif;om;wcsKdUu atmf[p
ydkYvdkufwJhtwGuf wuotaqmuftOD;eJY teD;qkH; rEav;ausmif;aqmifrSm aexkdifMuw
awGu taqmifay:u ajy;qif;vmMuNyD; wuotaqmuftOD;eJY ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGu
tumtuG,fay;Muygw,f/
tJ'Dtcsdefu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG pdwfxJrSm tckvdk wuodkvfausmif;om;awG
owfjzwfvdrfhr,fvdkYvnf; awG;xifrxm;cJhrdygbl;/ &efukefwuodkvfordkif;wavQmufrSm
atmufwkdbmvu tif;0ausmif;aqmifeH&Hudk &JwyfzGJUu aoewfeJYypfwmuvGJNyD; vu
awGtaeeJY wuodkvfe,fajrxJudk 0ifa&mufzl;wmvJ r&Sdygbl;/ aoewfeJYypfcwfowfjzwf
r&SdcJhygbl;/ 'gaMumifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk 0dkif;0ef;zrf;qD;wmavmufyJx
acgif;aqmiftrsm;pk[m wuotaqmuftOD;&JU aemufausmbuftaygufu taqmuftOD;tjyif
bufudkxGufNyD; oxkHausmif;aqmifbufudk ajy;Muygw,f/ wcsKdUuvnf; wuotaqmuftO
uyfvsuf NcH0if;jzpfwJh ygarmucsKyf OD;um&JUNcHxJudkausmf0ifNyD; tJ'DNcH
ausmif;aqmifrsm;qDudk a&mufoGm;Muygw,f/

36

rEav;ausmif;aqmifom;awGu wuotaqmuftOD;udk tumtuG,fay;aewJhtcsdefrSm

A[dkausmif;aqmifawGrSmaexkdifwJh ausmif;om;awGuvnf; A[dkausmif;aqmif0if;xJu
taqmuftOD;u vGwfajrmufNyD; 0ifa&mufvmMuwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk wuo
jyifyudk a&muf&SdoGm;atmif ulnDydkYaqmifay;Muygw,f/
wuotaqmuftOD;udk 0dkif;0ef;zrf;qD;wJhtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifokH;OD;
Muygw,f/ wuoOu| udkAaqGav; (uG,fvGef)? AuotvkyfaqmifaumfrwD0ifeJY wuotvkyf
trIaqmifaumfrwD0if udkouf (uG,fvGef)? &efukefcdkifausmif;om;or*twGif;a&;rSL;
(uG,fvGef) wdkY tzrf;cHcJh&ygw,f/ usefwJhausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGtm;vkH; vGwfajr
'gayr,fh wuotaqmuftOD;eJY rEav;ausmif;aqmiftMum;rSm wuotaqmufOD;eJY
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk tumtuG,fay;&if; wuodkvfausmif;om;tmZmenfawG trsm;tj
toufay;oGm;Muygw,f/
tJ'Dvdkausmif;om;awGudk aoewfESifhypfowfonfhtcsdefrSmvnf; t&yfbufw&m;O
tqifhqifhaqmif&GufwmawGAid
r&Sdovdk
to civil wGif vkdufemaqmif&Guf&rnfh ppfpnf;urf;rsm;twkd
tqifhqifhaqmif&Gufwmvnf;r&SdbJ ypfcwfowfjzwfygw,f/
'gaMumifh a'gotvGefxGufaewJh ausmif;om;xk[m wuotaqmuftOD;eJY NcHpnf;dk
wJh ygarmucsKyfOD;um&JU NcH0if;xJudk0ifNyD; OD;um&JU azmuf0uf*Gefum;av
w,f/
aemufaeYowif;pmawGrSmawmh rD;avmifysufpD;aewJh OD;um&JU azmuf0ufuGe
udk rsufESmzkH;rSmazmfjyxm;NyD; ygarmucsKyfOD;um&JUum;udk qlylaewJhwu
zsufqD;wJhtwGuf aoewfeJYypfcwf&ovdk vdrfnmNyD; owif;a&;ygw,f/
aemufawmh OD;ae0if;u orkdif;0ifrdefYcGef;BuD;udk a&'D,dku toHvTifhygw,f/ Z
nbufrSm vGifhovm;? Zlvkdifv (8) &uf reufzufrSm vGifhovm;qkdwmudk twdtusrrSwfrd
bl;/ uRefawmhfpdwfxJrSmawmh Zlvkdifv (7) &ufaeY npmxrif;pm;aecsdefrSm vGifhw,f
pGJaeygw,f/ uRefawmfvnf; npmxrif;pm;NyD;wmeJY tpfudk0rf;uGJwpfa,muf tdrfrSmoG
tJ'DrdefYcGef;[m urmrSm b,fEkdifiHacgif;aqmifrS rajymbl;wJh rdefYcGef;rsKd
vufeuftjynfhtpkHwyfqifxm;wJh ppfwyfBuD;udk OD;pD;tkyfcsKyfwJh AdkvfcsKy
(Fountain pen) udkifxm;wJh wuodkvfausmif;om;awGudk (tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u abm(vf)yif[m ,c
vkd aps;aygaygeJY vG,fvG,fulul 0,fvkdYr&ao;ygbl;) ]]"m;"m;csif; wkwfwkwfcsif; &i
pdefac: wJh rdefYcGef;jzpfygw,f/
yk&Gufqdwfudk cg;awmif;usKdufNyD; "g;Budrf;Budrf;wJh rdefYcGef;yg/
tJ'DtoHvTifhrdefYcGef;xJrSm aemufta&;BuD;wJhtcsufwpfcsufyg0ifygw,f/ rSwfrd
rdolawG &Sdaumif;&SdaeOD;rSmyg/ uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSmawmh raeYwpfaeYurS em;e
pGJaeygw,f/ tJ'DajymMum;csufu ]]wuotaqmuftOD;udk uGefjrLepfawGu oHkH;ozG,f tu
,lNyD; XmecsKyfjyKvkyfaeMuw,f/ tJ'gudk b,fvkdrS cGifhrjyKEkdifbl;}} qkdwJhtcsufjz

37

OD;ae0if; rdefYcGef;yg tJ'Dtcsuf[m aemufydkif;rSm wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,faeygw

'kwf'kwfcsif;}} qdkwmudkyJ trsm;rSwfrdaeMuygw,f/
tJ'DrdefYcGef;ygtcsufudk axmufIjcif;jzifh OD;ae0if;[m wuotaqmuftOD;eJY yw
b,fvdkjrifw,f? b,fvdkoabmxm;w,f? b,fvdk&GHUrkef;w,fqdkwmudk pOf;pm;MunfhvkdY
wuotaqmuftOD;udk rdkif;cGJzsufpD;ypfwJhtjzpftysufeJY OD;ae0if;&JU txufuazmfjy
ygtcsufudk qufpyfpOf;pm;Ekdifatmif jyefvnfazmfjyjcif;jzpfygw,f/
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwcsKdUzrf;qD;cH&jcif;? wuodkvfausmif;om;tmZmenfaw
&jcif;? wuotaqmuftOD;BuD; rkdif;cGJNzdKzsufcH&jcif; ponfawG jzpfcJhayrJh ausmi
awG[m ]]cGwfa'gif;wdkYacgif;[m b,fawmhrS OD;rGwfbl;}} qdkovdk OD;rGwfbJ ajy;&
a&Smif&if;eJY ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIawGudk qufvufOD;aqmifcJhMuygw,f/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;wyfOD;&JabmfwcsKdUu ]]Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ausmif;om
aumfrwD}} qkdwmudk &efukefwuodkvfe,fajrrSm zGJUpnf;ygw,f/ tJ'DaumfrwD&JUOu
(1990 a&G;aumufyGJrSm trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf c&rf;NrdKUe,f&JU tEk
,ckuG,fvGef) u aqmif&GufNyD; udkwifat; (,ckb,fa&mufaerSef;rod) u twGif;a&;rSL;
aqmif&Gufygw,f/ udkpdk;odef; (,ckpma&;q&m armif0Ho) [mvnf; tJ'DaumfrwDrSm tzGJ
tJ'Dausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHaumfrwDu OD;aqmifNyD; wuotaqmuftOD;&JUrsuf
aeNyD; wuotaqmuftOD;udk rdkif;cGJzsufqD;cH&pOfu rysufrpD;bJ usefaeao;wJh ]]Adk
ausmufwdkifab;em;rSm Zlvkdifv (7) &ufaeYrSm usqkH;oGm;MuwJh ausmif;om;tmZm
txdrf;trSwfausmufwdkifwpfckudk pdkufxlcJhygw,f/ ]]&ifjyifeD}} pmapmifawG? uAsmp
NyD; wuodkvfausmif;om;awGtwGif; jzefYa0cJhygw,f/
ykef;uG,fvIyf&Sm;aewJh wuo? AuoeJY &uo or*BuD; (3) ck&JU aMunmcsufaw
csufawGudkvnf; tJ'Dta&;awmfykHaumfrwDuyJ wuodkvfausmif;om;xktwGif; a&muf&S
ay;cJhygw,f/
ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIawG[m Zlvkdifvausmif;om;ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;NyD;aemuf
ajcmufveD;yg;avmuf r&yfrem;vIyf&Sm;aeEdkifcJhygw,f/
ta&;tcif;jzpfwJhtwGuf ausmif;awGydwfxm;wmu wuodkvfausmif;awG jyefzGifhw
aq;odyHr[mXmeudkvnf; jyefvnfzGifhvSpfygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm tJ'Dwkef;utac: 'kwd,a
r[mXmerSL; (,cktac: 'kygarmucsKyf) a'gufwm OD;udkBuD;u aq;ausmif;om; wuodkvfa
acgif;aqmifawGeJY ywfoufNyD; tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;ndEIdif;NyD;jzpfaMum
awGu uwday;xm;aMumif; 'gaMumifh wdrf;a&SmifaewmuxGufvmNyD; aq;odyHrSm aus
uRefawmfh rdom;pkxH taMumif;Mum;pmay;ydkYygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY ykef;aewmujyefxGufvmNyD; aq;ausmif;jyefwufMuygw,f/ yk
aq;ausmif;jyefwufwJhtxJrSm aq;odyHausmif;om;or*Ou|a[mif; udkvSOD; (,cktNidrf
aA'bmom&yf ygarmu blEkdif;EkdifiHwGif a&mufaeonf) wdkYvnf; yg0ifygw,f/

38

uRefawmfuawmh aq;odyHrSm ausmif;jyefwuf&if;eJY vQdKU0SufNyD; ausmi

qufvufyg0ifaeygw,f/
tJ'Dvdk ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGtaeeJY ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIawGudk OD;aqmif
ckESpf Ekd0ifbmveJY 'DZifbmvavmufa&mufvmwJhtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifaw
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u pwifajc&mcHvkdY&vmygw,f/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf
[dk&yfuGufrSmwpfa,mufzrf;? 'D&yfuGufrSmwpfa,mufzrf;eJY ykef;atmif;aewJhae&mawG
w,f/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u ausmif;om;uGef&ufudk wpcsif;vkdufqGJaeygNyD/
ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIudk OD;aqmifaewJhuGef&uf[m &efukefNrdKUxJrSm &yf
txm;udk a&mufvmygw,f/
'gaMumifh uRefawmfwdkYausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIuGef&ufudk &efukefrSmrxm;aw
aus;&Gmw&Gmu vloGm;vlvmenf;wJh awm&ausmif;wpfausmif;rSm acwajymif;a&T
pDpOfMu&ygw,f/
'geJY 1963 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (8) &uf eHeufapmapm vSnf;ul;NrdKUe,f aw
ajymif;a&TUMu&mrSm ajc&mcHrdNyD;jzpfaewJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u r*Fvm'kHpp
uRefawmftygt0if ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif (6) OD;udk zrf;qD;ygw,f/
ppfaq;a&;awGjyKvkyfNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkYudk a&Munftkdifpcef;udk ydk
pcef;rSm udkAaqGav;? udkoufeJY udkPf0if;wkdY (3) OD;udk tdrfav;wpfvkH;rSm twl
ygw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u a&Munftkdifpcef;rSm tdrfwpfvkH;eJY wpfvkH;tMum;rSm tumtuG,fr&
(uRefawmfq&m0efjzpfNyD; a&Munftdkifpcef;udk 'kwd,tBudrfjyefa&mufwJhtcgrSmaw
wpfvkH;tMum;rSm opfom;eH&HawG umxm;NyD;ygNyD) tdrf (10) vkH;wef; (3) wef
tvkH; (30) udk vSrf;jrifae&ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYudkvnf; (3) a,muf wpftdrfxm;ygw,f/ a&M
pcef;rSm tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif (9) OD;&Sdygw,f/ tdrf (3) vkH;rSm
wpftdrfeJY wpftdrf cyfvSrf;vSrf;qDrSmxm;ayrJh vSrf;jrifae&ygw,f/
1963 ckESpf? {NyDv (1) &ufaeYrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&u taxGaxGvGw
trdefYaMunmygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYa&Munftkdifpcef;u ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif (9) OD;eJ
rSm xdef;odrf;xm;wJhausmif;om;acgif;aqmif (2) OD; pkpkaygif; (11) OD; {NyDv (2) &u
jyefvTwfNyD; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u tdrfwdkif&ma&mufvdkufydkYay;ygw,f/
tJ'DaeYu vGwfajrmufvmMuwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif (11) OD;rSm udkbaumif; (u
udkndK0if; (uG,fvGef)? udkwifxGef; (uG,fvGef)? udkzdk;xif (uG,fvGef)? udkPf0if; (uG,f
(uG,fvGef)? udkouf (uG,fvGef)? udkvSwkd; (uG,fvGef)? udkatmifMunf (acsmufNrdKU
uRefawmfwdkY jzpfMuygw,f/
{NyDv (3) &ufaeY eHeuf (9) em&DavmufrSm zrf;qD;xm;&mu jyefvGwfvmwJh aus
aqmif (11) OD;wdkY wuotaqmuftOD;0if;twGif;u ]]Zlvdkifv (7) &ufaeYrSm usqkH;oGm;wJ
tmZmenfawG&JU ausmufwkdif}} rSm vGrf;olYyef;acGcsNyD; tav;jyKMuygw,f/

39

taxGaxGvGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdefYeJY zrf;qD;xm;wJhausmif;om;acgif;aqmifaw
qdkawmh tzrf;rcH&ao;bJ wdrf;a&SmifaeMuwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGvnf; ykef;atm
jyefxGufvmMuygw,f/
Zlvkdifv (7) &uf ausmif;om;ta&;awmfykHaumfrwDu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG?
xm;&mu jyefvTwfvmwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG? a&Smifwdrf;ykef;atmif;aewmujy
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG tm;vkH;[m wuodkvfe,fajrrSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf jyefqkHcGi
wuo0if;xJrSmyJ x&Hum "edrdk;taqmuftOD;av;wpfckaqmufvkyfNyD; ,m,Dw
taqmuftOD;tjzpf tokH;jyKMuygw,f/ ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIawGudkvnf; qufvufOD;aqmifM
aeYpOfvkd ,m,DwuotaqmuftOD;av;rSm ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG[m awGUqk
tpnf;ta0;vkyfMueJY wuo? Auo? &uo ausmif;om;or*BuD; (3) ck&JU vkyfief;awG[mv
ykHrSefvnfywfaeygw,f/
1963 ck Edk0ifbmvqef; (14) &ufaeYrSmvnf; wuo,m,DtaqmuftOD;av;rSm cgwkdif;
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG awGUqkHMu? ausmif;om;vIyf&Sm;rIvkyfief;awG aqmif&G
tcsdefu awmwGif;vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;awGeJY awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&wdkY Nid
awG usif;yaewJhtcsdefjzpfwJhtwGuf jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;udpudkyg ajymqdkMuyg
naeapmif;vmawmh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG[m wpfOD;udkwpfOD; EIwfqufvlpk
aexkdif&m tdrftoD;oD;udk jyefoGm;Muygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'DaeYausmif;om;acgif;aqmifaw
wm[m wpfoufwmtwGuf aemufqkH;awGUqkHyGJqkdwmudkawmh b,folrSrxifrSwfcJhM
tJ'DaeYnbufrSm a&'D,dkuaeNyD; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&u jynfwGif;Nidrf;cs
awG zsufodrf;aMumif; aMunmvdkufygw,f/ tJ'DaeYnrSmyJ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG jynf
a&;atmifjrifa&;twGuf axmufcHqEjyyGJawGudk OD;aqmifwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;awG? N
&JUtdrfawGudk 0dkif;0ef;&SmazGNyD; vdkufvHzrf;qD;ygw,f/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmift
bJ vGwfajrmufoGm;Muygw,f/ tJ'Dausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGtxJu trsm;pk[mvnf; te,fe,f
t&yf&yfrSm taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;eJY uG,fvGefoGm;Muygw,f/
aemufaeYrSmawmh wuotaqmuftOD;0if;twGif;u ]]Zlvdkif (7) &uf ausmif;om;ta&;aw
ykHaumfrwD}} u OD;aqmifpdkufxlxm;wJh ]]Zlvdkif (7) &ufausmif;om;tmZmenfrsm
ausmufwkdif}} eJY uRefawmfwdkYwawG zrf;qD;xm;&mu vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifheJ
aqmufvkyfxm;wJh ]]wuo,m,DtaqmuftOD;}} [mvnf; zsufqD;NzdKcscHvdkuf&ygw,f/
owif;pmawGxJrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ zsufodrf;vdkufwJhowif;[m xdyfwe
awmh ]]wuo,m,DtaqmuftOD;}} xyfrHzsufqD;NzdKcscH&wJhowif;[m wdrfjrKyfoGm;y
tckazmfjycJhwmu 1962 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (7) &uf ausmif;om;ta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;cJhwm
NyD; ausmif;om;or*rsm;bufu jyifqifykH? awmfvSefa&;aumifpDbufu jyifqifykH? ausm
jyyGJBuD; usif;yykH? ta&;tcif;jzpfyGm;ykHeJY aemufqufwGJjzpf&yfawGudk ]]wuo
'kwd,tBudrf NzdKzsufcH&wmtxd EIdif;,SOfod&SdEkdifatmif a&;om;wifjyxm;wmjzpfy

40

uRefawmf'Dae&mrSm ]]Zlvdkifv (7) &ufaeY ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;}} jzpfyGm;&wJhta

pOf;pm;okH;oyfMunfhrdygw,f/
yxrtcsufu OD;ae0if;u wif;Muyfcdkif;vkdufwJh taqmifpnf;urf;awGyg/ wuodk
ausmif;om; ausmif;olawG[m uRefawmftxufu wifjycJhovdk at;at;csrf;csrf;aysmfaysmf&
pmayoifMum;aeMuygw,f/ tJ'DvkdtajctaerSm kwfw&uftaqmifpnf;urf;awGudk tvGeftr
wif;Muyfvdkufwm[m wu,fvkd rvdkqkdwm pOf;pm;p&mjzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfhtjrifuawmh
jrifygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm OD;ae0if;[m ausmif;om;awGudk OD;csKd;xm;csifvkdY cscsifvdkY
wG,fcsifwJhtaMumif;udk aemufydkif;rSm aqG;aEG;xm;ygw,f) wyfrawmf&JU vkyfenf;v
Search fire vkyfxmrsm;vm;qkdwm pOf;pm;rdygw,f/
Search fire qdkwmu &efoludkvnf; wdkufcsifw,f/ &efol&JUae&mudkvnf; twdtusrod
tcgrSm rdk;ay:axmifNyD; aoewfoHay;vkdufygw,f/
&efolu olYudkjrifvdkY ypfw,fxifNyD; jyefypf&
tJ'Daoewf jyefypfwJhae&mudk tvkH;t&if;eJY acsrIef;ypfwmudk ac:wmyg/
vG,fvG,fululeJY wenf;ajym&&if ausmif;om;awGudk cscsifvdkY em;&GufudkyJ wH
rsm;vdkY pOf;pm;rdygw,f/
vlrdkufpum;eJYajym&ifawmh cscsifvdkY &efpay;w,faygh/
wu,fvkdYom taqmifpnf;urf;awGudk ,ckvdk tvsifpvkd wif;Muyfjcif;rjyKcJh&if ]]Z
(7) &uf ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;}} qkdwm jzpfay:vmp&mr&Sdygbl;/
'kwd,tcsuftaeeJYwifjy&&if wuotrIaqmiftzGJU[m wuodkvfausmif;om;xku vQdKU0
rJay;pepfeJY trsm;pkqEt& rJay;a&G;cs,fwifajrmufxm;wJhtzGJUjzpfwJhtwGuf ausmif;
ta&; qkH;IH;vm&if rvkdtyfbJ wif;MuyfvGef;wJhpnf;urf;awG xkwfjyefvm&if ausmif;om
qefYusifuefYuGuf&rnfhwm0ef&Sdygw,f/ wm0ef&SdwJhtwkdif;vnf; ausmif;om;xkqEj
jyKvkyfcJhwmjzpfygw,f/ wcsKdUqEjyyGJawGvdk bwf(p)um;awGiSm;NyD; &efukefN
qEjycJh&if aoewfwjyifjyifvkyfaewJholwkdY*GifxJudk 0ifoGm;ovdkjzpfNyD; vSnf;wef;
ppfqifa&;XmecsKyfeJY xdyfwdkufxkd;NyD;ausmif;om;awG 'gxufydkNyD; twkH;tke
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGbufu tJ'Dvkdxdyfwdkufwkd;wmudk a&Smif&Sm;cJhy
e,fajrjyifyudk vkH;0rxGufbl;? wuodkvf0if;xJrSmyJ txufu azmfjycJhovkd tcsdeftwdkqkH
t&SdqkH; at;at;aq;aq; qEjyoGm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk at;at;aq;aq;qEjywmudk ausmif;om;awG
qlylw,fvdkY ajymvdkYr&ygbl;/ (uRefawmftxufrSm ausmif;om;qEjywmeJY qlylwmud
ygNyD)
ausmif;om;awG qlqlylyljzpfukefMuwmu qifjcifwHkw&m;uif;rJhpGm wuotaqmuft
kwfw&uf0dkif;0ef;pD;eif;wJhtcsdefrSmom ausmif;om;awG qlqlylyljzpfukefMuwmyg

41

wu,fvkdY olwdkYom wuotaqmuftOD;udk 0dkif;0ef;rpD;eif;bl;qkd&if ]]Zlvkdifv

ausmif;om;ta&;tcif;}} qkdwm jzpfay:vmp&mr&Sdygbl;/
aemufwpfcsufu ,cifjzpfay:cJhwJh ausmif;om;aoewfypfrIawGeJY EIdif;,SOfMunh
ausmif;om;aoewfypfrIawGrSm pepfwus BudKwifpDpOfxm;wJh vuPmawG rawGU&y
vmrS w&m;olBuD;eJY &JwyfzGJUudk vTwfvdkufykH&ygw,f/ ,ckawmfvSefa&;aumifpD
eJYvufeufeJYawmif rrQygbl;/ aemufwef;ppfqifa&;XmecsKyf? a&SUwef;ppfqifa&;Xmec
&efolppfpcef;BuD;udk 0ifwdkufrJhtwkdif;ygyJ/ pOf;pm;Munfhawmh ESHNyDpkwfudk
aemufawmh csdefkHwifr[kwfbl;/ uw,ftajrmufeJYypfvkdufwmyg/
wu,fwuotaqmuftOD;udk pD;eif;0ifa&mufcsdefrSmvnf; olwdkYokH;aeMu azm
(Formula) BuD;udkyJ tokH;jyKoGm;wmudk awGU&ygw,f/
olwdkYazmfjrLvmu ]]&efolpcef;udk vQyfwjyufxkd;ppfqif0dkif;0ef;wdkufcdkufr,f?
&if owfjzwfokwfoifypfr,f? aemufawmh pcef;udkodrf;r,f? pcef;odrf;NyD;&if tJ'Dpcef;ud
r,f}} ,ckwuotaqmuftOD;udk xkd;ppfqifwJh ykHpHuvnf; tJ'DazmfjrLvmxJutwkdif;yJ vky
oGm;ygw,f/
wuotaqmuftOD;udk vQyfwjyuf0dkif;w,f? wuotaqmuftOD;eJY ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
awGudk tumtuG,fay;aewJh wuodkvfausmif;om;awGudk owfw,f? aemufwuotaqmuftOD;B
wpfckvkH;udk odrf;ydkufw,f? aemufrdkif;cGJzsufpD;ypfw,f/
odrf;ydkufvdkufwJhtaqmuftOD;[m 0g;eJYaqmufxm;wJh ,m,DtaqmuftOD;vm;? tcd
wnfaqmufxm;wJh ordkif;0iftaqmuftOD;vm;qdkwmudk cGJjcm;EdkifwJh pOf;pm;qifjcif
wwef;wpm;xJxm;NyD; wyHkpHxJ jyKvkyfMuygw,f/
(Fountain Pen) udkomudkifwJh wuodkvfausmif;om;awGudk OD;ae0i
tJ'DrSm azmifwdefyif
&efolpcef;BuD;wpfckudk wkdufcdkufodrf;ydkufovdk bmaMumifhwdkufcdkufowfjzwfovJ
jzpfvmygw,f/
uRefawmfhtaeeJY tcsuf (2) csufudk awGU&ygw,f/
yxrtcsufuawmh ]]ausmif;awmfu &efpvdkY}} ajym&ifajymvdkY&ygw,f/
1958 ckESpf? pufwifbmvxJrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyf (3) a,muf azmuf0uf*Gefum;av;eJ
OD;Ek tdrf0if;xJudk 0ifoGm;wmudk owif;axmufawGu awGUvdkuf&ygw,f/ tJ'D o
aemufaeYaMu;rkHowif;pm; (tJ'Dtcsdefu aMu;rkHowif;pm[m yk*vduydkifowif;pm
rsufESmzkH;rSm azmuf0uf*Gefum;av;"gwfykHeJYwuG um;av; 0efBuD;csKyftdrf0if;xJ b
b,ftcsdefrSm jyefxGufvmw,f/ um;xJrSm ygoGm;wJh AdkvfrSL;csKyfawGu b,folaw
a0a0qmqma&;om;azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dowif;[m owif;avmutwGif;rSma&m? EkdifiH
todkuft0ef;rSma&m pdwf0ifpm;p&mowif;jzpfaeygw,f/

42

omreftm;jzifh AdkvfrSL;csK
yfawG[m 0efBuD;csKyftdrfudk 0ifxGufp&mtaMumif;r&Sdbl;/ ,cif
0ifxGufwJhtavhtx r&SdcJhygbl;/ 0efBuD;csKyfeJY AdkvfrSL;csKyfqdkwmuvnf; tJ'Dtcsde
tvGefuGmaeygw,f/ 0efBuD;csKyfatmufu umuG,fa&;0efBuD;? umuG,fa&;0efBuD;a
wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfatmufurS AdkvfcsKyfaw
'gaMumifhtJ'DAdkvfrSL;csKyfqkdwJh yk*dKvfawGeJY 0efBuD;csKyf[m tqifhtwef;csi
'gaMumifhrdkY tJ'DAdkvfrSL;csKyfawG? 0efBuD;csKyftdrfxJudk 0ifoGm;wmudk
pm;aeNyD; teHYcHMuwmjzpfygw,f/ trSefu tJ'DAdkvfrSL;csKyfawG[m 0efBuD;csKyfO
udk AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;udk vTJajymif;ay;zdkYtwGuf tEkMurf;oGm;pD;Muwmyg/ 0
tmPmodrf;w,fqdkwm jrefrmhorkdif;rSm trJpufBuD;wpfckjzpfoGm;rSmrdkYvdkY vTwfaw
w&m;0iftmPmvTJay;yghr,fvdkY uwday;vkdufygw,f/
tJ'Duwdtwkdif; aemufaeYawGrSm ]]ta&;BuD;wJh pmESpfapmif}} qkdwm owif;
ygw,f/ yxrpmu 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku OD;ae0if;qDudk a&;wJhpmyg? wkdif;jynftajctaet
OD;ae0if;taeeJY 0efBuD;csKyf acwvkyfay;ygqdkwJh arwm&yfcHpmyg/ 'kwd,pmua
OD;EkqDudk a&;wJhjyefpmyg/ OD;Ek&JU arwm&yfcHcsufaMumifh wyfrawmfwm0e
tm;emyg;emeJY 0efBuD;csKyfvkyfay;yghr,fvkdY a&;xm;wmyg/
aemufvTwfawmfac:NyD; vTwfawmfxJrSm 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku 0efBuD;csKyfwm
ygw,f/ tJ'DvkdeJY 1958 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (28) &ufaeYrSm ]]OD;ae0if; tdrfapmif
ay:vmygw,f/ OD;ae0if;[m OD;EkqDu tmPmudk tEkMurf;pD;NyD; ,lw,fqdkwmudk owif;a
EkdifiHa&;todkuft0ef;uyg odaeygw,f/ 'gayr,fh b,folurS tjzpfrSefudk azmfxkwfjcif; rjyKMu
tJ'DtcsdefrSm wuo? AuoeJY &uo ausmif;om;or*BuD; okH;ckyl;aygif;NyD; ]]O
OD;EkqDu tmPmodrf;,lw,f}} qkdwmudk azmfxkwfvkdufNyD; OD;ae0if;tmPmodrf;wmudk
wJh ausmif;om;xkqEjyyGJBuD;wpfck jyKvkyfNyD; &efukefNrdKUBuD;wNrdKUv
awmifOuvm? ajrmufOuvmNrdKUawG r&Sdao;ygbl;) tESHY bwf(p)um;awGeJY vSnfh
awGtm;vkH;udkod&Sdatmif jyKvkyfygw,f/
OD;ae0if;vnf; ausmif;om;awGudk trsufa'goxGufNyD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwcsKdU
NyD; udkudkuRef;udk ydkYygw,f/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwcsKdU[mvnf; OD;ae0if; tdrfa
wpfavQmufvHk; ykef;a&Smifae&ygw,f/
1958 ckESpfu OD;ae0if; tmPmodrf;vdkY tmPmvTJajymif;ay;vkduf&w,fqkdwmudk
'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykHwkef;u OD;Ek udk,fwkdif0efcHoGm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifhrdkY ]]ausmif;awmfu &efp}} vkdY a&;wmyg/
'kwd,tcsufuawmh ydkt"duusNyD; ydkta&;BuD;ygw,f/
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&wufvmwJhtcsdefu rwfv (2) &ufaeYqdkawmh pmar;yG
tcsdefjzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHrSmwNrdKUvkH; ppfwyfawG jzefYcsxm;
odrf;wmu yxrtBudrfjzpfaeygw,f/ 1958 ckESpf tmPmodrf;wkef;uvkd r[kwfygbl;? tJ'Dwkef;u
vTwfawmfxJrSm [efrysuftmP
mvTJajymif;,lcJhwmyg/

43

tJ'Dtcsdef ywf0ef;usifrSm awmiftar&duefEkdifiHawG? tmz&duEdkifiHawGrSm p

odrf;wJhowif;awG owif;pmrSm rMumcPawGUae&ygw,f/ ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;NyD;&if tw
acgif;aqmif awG? ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG? vli,facgif;aqmifawGudk zrf;qD;NyD; owfyp
owif;pmawGxJrSm zwf&ygw,f/
'gaMumifhrdkY rwfv (2) &ufaeY eHeufydkif;rSm ]]ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;}} w,fqdkwJ
csuf ArmhtoHu aMunmvkdufwmeJY twkduftcHEkdifiHa&;orm;awGeJY ausmif;om;a
tm;vkH;vkd wdrf;a&Smifykef;atmif;NyD; tajctaeudk tuJcwfaeMuygw,f/ (2) vavmufMum
tae wnfNidrfoGm;NyD;awmhrS tm;vkH;ykef;atmif;ae&mu jyefxGufvmMuygw,f/
'gaMumifh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tmPmodrf;NyD; (2) v (3) vtwGif;rSm uefYuGuf
jcif; r&SdcJhMuygbl;/
tckawmh ZGefvrSm wuodkvfawGu jyefzGihfNyD/ wuodkvftaqmiftoD;oD;udkvn
t&yf&yfu wuodkvfausmif;om;awG wzGJzGJa&mufvmMuNyD; ausmif;om;awG pkrdNyD
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44

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