..

2556

(dialect) (standard
language)

/ /
/ / /

(shun1)
(hn)
(zhn)


(shun)
(s)

(nn)
1

Pinyin ()

1954 ..
1977 (ISO) (ISO 7098)
(The Standard Romanization For Modern Chinese)

B
(mn)

1.
/ h /
/ h, k /

- (hn - ) , - (hi ) , - (hu ) ,
(hn ) , - (hun )
-

C
/ h /

/ r /
2.

2.1
2.2
2.2.1
(1)

(2)
(3)

2.3
A B
C D
E
2.4

3.

D

3.1
(1)

(2)

/ /
/, / / ,/ / / / /


(3)



-

3.2

3.3
/ u, i /
/, / ( / o / /u/ )
3.4

3.5
/k - kh/ /n - ng/ /p ph,f /

407
176

-, , -,

G
Abstract
A historical linguistic study of Chinese-Tai cognates in the Isan dialect of Thai
The hypothesis in this study was that the Isan dialect of Thai contains many
words not sharing the same origin with Central Thai and other languages within the Tai
language family. Therefore, it was further hypothesized that these words are historically
related to Chinese, as suspected word pairs were found which could potentially be
cognates. The purpose of this research was to examine and analyze relations between
Isan and Chinese as members of the same Chinese-Tai family by focusing on a survey
of words potentially related. These words were analyzed. There relations were explained
in terms of phonetic, lexical, and semantic properties. The research method involved
pairing vocabulary words hypothesized to be potentially related whose phonetic and
semantic features are identical, related, or connected. Words were sampled from
dictionaries and verified by informants. The findings showed that the Isan vocabulary
contains 407 monosyllabic words and disyllabic elaborative 176 words which are related
to Chinese words. The findings indicated that Isan is closely related to Tai languages
spoken by ethnic groups residing in Southern China. They supported the historical
argument that Tai-Lao or Isan people originally lived scatteredly in Southern China and
later migrated down to Northern Laos and eventually into the Isan region of Thailand. In
addition to the result which pointed out such relationship, the list of cognates found in
this study were further used in teaching Chinese to native Isan-speaking students. As a
result, the students were highly interested in cognate relationships. They also showed an
improved speed of memorization of Chinese-Isan cognates.
Keywords Chinese-Tai cognates, Isan dialect of Thai, Chinese-Tai family, Tai language
family

Abstract

A
F
G

1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1
1
2
2
2

2
2.1

4
4

2.2
2.3

9
10

3.1

13

3.2
3.3

22
43

4.1

4.2

4.3

13

55
55
57
59

I
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

64
64
64
65
67

68

73
74
76
78

1
1
1.1

(dialect) (standard
language)

/h/
/r/ /
/ / / /

(shun )
(hn)
(zhn)


1

Pinyin ()

1954 ..
1977 (ISO) (ISO 7098)
(The Standard Romanization For Modern Chinese)

2
(shun)
(s)

(nn)
(mn)

1.2
1.2.1

1.2.2

1.3
1.3.1

1.3.2 12
2554 2555
1.4
1.4.1
(1)

3
(2)
-

(3)

1.4.2
(1)
-

(2)
(3)

4
2

2.1

2.1.1




(ti) (di)
(ti) (xin)
(2531) (2519)

(2548) :

(2548:1-14)

.

-
4
(1) (2) (3) (4) (. 2531:2)

(Grierson.1903:28) (SiameseChinese family) (Benedict. 1975:576-601) (Astro-Tai)

5
(KamTai family) (Daic)
8 (Benedict.
1942:576-601) (Tai Kadai)



( . 2531:61 .2517)
-

(Li Fanggui)1 (Li:1959)




(John F. Hurtmann. 1986) Li Fanggui

Li Fanggui
(Brown.1965;Gedney.1972;
Chamberlain.1972) Li Fanggui

(2531)

Li Fanggui

(L Fnu) Li Fanggui
Li Fang Kuei Fang Kuei Li

Li Fanggui
Li Fanggui

6

( :1996:7)
-

(.2002:5, Conrady & Wulff)

-
200

(P.Manomaivibool:1975)
600 Li Fanggui ( :1976)
()
(
:2002)
3 (1)
(2)
(3)

2.1.2

-
: ( :
2548)

-
- (-) (:2539) -.(
, :2541) --- (
, :2543) - (-)
( , :2543)--- (
, :2546) ---.( ,
:2546) --- ( ,
.:2549) -.( ,
:2552)

- 1
1000

-
2.1.3
(:2531)
19 1.
2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10 11. 12. 13. 14.
15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
4.
(Northeastern Thai Dialect)

1

.(2555) -.: ,.

8
16

1.(Luangphrabang Dialect) 2.
(Vientien Dialect) 3. (Isan Dialect)


(:2530)



39
1,447

(,:2530)
(,:2532)
--
(:2532) () (:2545)
(:2548)
-



-
( :2549)

2
5,000

9

(1) 3,000
( 3,000 )
3,000 -
- (2) 2,000 2,000
.. 500

2
2.1.4

()

2.2

( )

Li Fanggui (Li Fang-Kuei :1977)

10









-
2.3
2.3.1.
(1)

(2)

2.3.2.
(1) 3
(2) 3
(3)
2
- 1

- 1

11
(4) 1 7
( unhu 1 )

2.2.3

2.2.4
(1)

2
(1986)
(2)

2.2.5
(1)
(2)
2.2.6

3
1

( unhu)

()
( ptnhu) 70%
2. (
wy ) 9.1% 3. (
kji) 4% 4. ( mny)
4.5% 5. ( yuy) 5%
6. ( xiny) 5%
7. ( ny) 2.4%
2

4 (

1046 256 ) (
..420 ..907) (
5 )

12

13
3

3
3.1
3.2
3.3

3.1 1

/h/
/h/ 2 /k/
/r/
3.1.1 /h/ /h/ /k/

1.
/ r / / h /
2. / h / / k /
1

3
(1) . (2553) -

/h/

/h/

,
, 2 2 . 68-90
(2) . (2552) /r/,/k/,/kh/ :
. , 31
2 2552.
(3) (2553)
6 15-16 2553.

2

Pinyin h / x / k / k/ IPA

14

3. 2.

/m/
() ng ng

(Common Cognate)

(
2531:88)

1.

2. / h /
3.
/ r /
?
4.
- Pinyin
-
1046 256
IPA
Guo Xiliang (: 1986) / x / / /
voiceless velar fricative voiced
velar fricative
- .. 420 927

5. / h / / k /

15
6. 5

7. .
3.1 / h / / h /

1.hui

1.

2
1.ui/wi

2.

2.hu
2.ut/ui

/
hun

Pinyin
uan/
u

IPA
hun

xua/ xua

hn

1.h
1.

xue


1.p// xu

p
2.h
2.

2.ua /u
hu

.
?
uak/uak

hn
xo/xu

hun

1./ 1.
hun
ua/ua
1.

1.
uan/
un

/ ()

2.
2.
2.
hun

/
/
/ /
/ hun
oan/uoan

uan/
n

/ ()
hun

hn

hun

un//xu
unn

xuan
h

a/
ho

hu

xiw
i/ xiw

ao/
u i
hu

uak/uak
hn

hm/ hm

hun

hun

xuan/

ua/xuuan

1.

2.

1..

2.

1.

16

hn

an/n

hn

n/n

hn

a/

ho

xu /xo
a/
xea/x

()

ho

u/o

hi

e/ xi

hun

xua/ xua

hn

n/n

hn

m/m

hn

an/n

hi

at / ai

h
hn
h

2.

17


=

/

hi

/ ai

1.hu
2.hu

1. xuat /xut

o / u

1.
2.

mn
hu

mi o /
mi u

()

()

hu

()

1.
2.

hun

u / u

hn

o / u

hn

un / un

hu

xu / xui

hu

xu / xui

hu

xuat /xut

( huku)

1.hu
2.hu

uat / uat
iwat / wet

1.
2.

18

ho

au / u

hu

uat / ut

hu

xiwi / xiwi

()

()

hu

xuk / xuk
a / a
xo / xu

hn
hn
hn

u / u

h
h
hu
hu

p / p

hn
hu

o / w
o / w

ua / u
uat / uat

/

/

uat / uai

Hun
hi

/ wan
at / ai
oan

19
3.2 / h / / k /

()

ku
giwei/ giwi

()

kn

Pinyin
kui
kn
k
kn

k a / k a

/
IPA
k uk /

kuat
k uok/ kuai
kkut/k
/ k
ut
ku/ ko

kun
ku

kun
ku

()

ku
kun

ku
i//kw
kuai
ko

kiwai/
k
/ kkiwai

()

()

kun

kn/ kn
kam/
kn/ kknm

kun

kui
ku

k
kn

ku
kn

1.kn
2.kn
kn

kiw
/
kut/kuat
kiwa
koat/kwi
kiwa/kiwe

kua
/ kua
ku
t/ku
i
kua/ ku
kun/ kun

1.
2.

(xi )

1.

2.

20

k/ ku

kok / kuk

ku
kn

giwt/gwi
kun/kun

1.
2.

21
3.1.2

3.1.2.1 /uo/ /uo/
/ua / / / /
/ / /

()
du

()
u

()
shun
, ( ,) unku
3.1.2.2 /ia/ /ia/
/a/ / / /
/ /ia/
/i,a/
qi

yn

xzi

bn

22
3.2
3.2.1 1


1.

2.

1.
-

2.

Pinyin


3.
3.1 Pinyin
3.2
-
1046 256
IPA
1

(2553) "
-" . , . 14 2, 124 - 162.

23
Guo Xiliang (: 1986)

- .. 420
927
3.3

=
k / ku

k / ku

n

(
ko/ ku

)
n

1.
kiw/ kiu

2.( n kiwo/ kiwo

)

ke /

() n
km/ km

un kua / kua

(

)

un

koan/ kwan
u

kiu/ kwi

un kua / kua

kwa / koat

ku/kuo

()

24
/
()

un

ku / ku

ko /k u

un

kuan / kun

kuk / kuk
ku / ku

un

()

kuan / kun
ku / ku
kiw/ kiu
kun / kun
tsian tau /
tsin tu
kan /
km/ kam
km / kam
an / n
kot /kwat

ke/ k
kan /kn
kan /kn

(
)

()

un

un
n
n
jin
do

kn
n
hn
u

n
n

k / ku
ke/ k

kun/ kun

25

( )

k / k
t / t
kun/ kun
kuan/ kun
kun/ kun

ke/ k

un

kek / kk

jin

tsan/ tsn
kan /kn

kan /kn
k / k
kn/ kn
kuan /kun
kuk/ kuk

dn
n
un
n

( 1.
)

n
n
n

2.

=

un

kwe / kwe

dn

t / t

kw/ ku
k / ki
kw/

i
n

()

26
ku

1.

2.

kun

1.
2.

kui

k ui /k ui

1.

2.

xi

kuk / ku
k a /
k a
k / k
gau / gu
tu /
tu
zi / za

nwo / nu
kw/ ku
k o / k u
kiwi / kwi

kun

k u/k u

kun

k u/k u

ku

k o / k u
n / n

kn

kuk / ku

kn

qio
chu

num

()
=

,

=
=

n
kn
ku

hn

27

kun

k w / k
wa

kui

kui

zhun

kut/ kui
kut/ kui
k / k u
kw/ ku

k o / k u
kut/ kui

kw/ ku

wi

un

koan / kwan
xu / xu
twa/twa

zhu

shn

jn

kn / kn

jn

km / km
t / ta
tan / t
tsn / tsn
kn / kn
twan /
tw
k / k

hu
k
n

ku
kui

hu
chu

zhn
zhn
j n/j
n

28

ch

sh

p / p

zh

zh/
j

te / te
k / k
ts/ tsa
ts/ tsa

two /
two
ku / ku

ji n
/
jin
zhn

()

ji

hun

u /u

()

jio

kek / kk

shi

chun

twan/
twn

/
/

qn

qun

1.

jn

dzwan/
dzwn
tse/
ts
x/ xa
e/
sin / sien

()

xin

z/ za

xin

s /sa

su

Sk / sk

2.

3. /

1.
2.

xi n
/
chn
xin

29

shun

co / o

shun

sh

co / o

ia / a

xn

chun

sie / sie
twan/
twn

ei / ai

(
=
)
(
)

xi

zh
sh

zi / za
dk / k
t / t

xin

/ eo

1.xi
2.sh

k / k

1.
2.

s / so
su / su

1.xin

2.xin

1.x / xa 1.
2.x / xa 2.

1.
2.

1.
2.

1.xin
2.xin

1.
2.z / z

1.

2.

xio

1.
2.

()

1.
2.

30

xu

sauk / sak

sin / siei

xn

s/ s

shu

u / u

du

to / tu

dn

tie / tie

du

duat /dut

du

tua / tua

dn

tun / tun

(bi)
lin

l / la

dn

d / d

()

tp / t p

d n t / t
/dn

dn

ta / ta

dn

tie / tie

tiam / tiam

din
din
dn

tun / tun
diauk / dieu
tiam / tiem
two/
two
nwm/

dio
din
zhn

nn

31

()

dun

nwo
duan / dun

tn

d / d

1.dn
2.du

1.do/du
2.dok/du

1.
2.

din
(tu)

tiam / tiem

()

(
)

du

do / du
1.tau/ tu
2.dat / dt

du

tua / tu
duat / dut

()

dn

t / t

dn/
dn

d / d

tn

do

dam / dm
tiam / tiem
tau / tu
tau / tu
tau / tu
tau / tu

tei / ti

1.do
2.d

du

din
do
do /
do

1.
2.

(
)

1.

2.

1.
2.

32

jn

dn

tin

d /
d

dn

du

duat / dut

(
)

=

1.

t /
dn

dun/ dun

dn

tun / tun

2.

do

dat/dt
tau / tu
tau / tu
tau / tu

dn

zhn

(h)
t

dn
dn

do /
do

tse / ts
tun/ tun

do/ du
two/
two
tiam / tiem
t/tu

t /tu
d/du
dun/ dun
tun/ tun
tun/ tun

()

33

din

din/diem
tn/ t
diauk/dieu

xi

/ ai

dat/dt
to/tu

du

to/tu

tn

do/ du

1.

da/di
tau / tu
ta / ta

2.

tn

to / tu
t/tu

tu

to / tu
dieng/dieng

tiei / tiei
tien / tien
to / tu

dn

tan/tan

tn

tan/tan
tm/tn

dn
dio

du

do
tn

(h)
t

tn

tin
tn

tn

()

34

dio

dn

do

diauk/dieu
dut / dut

tun/ tun
tun/ tun
ta / ta

tau/ tu
tiam / tiem
dziwan/
dziwn

tn

tio

diu/dieu

tn

to / tu

tu l

tu l

nin

ta / t
lp/lp
ta / t
lp/lp
ni/ nia
niauk/ niak
n/ na

niwo/ nu
n / ni

n / ni

dn
tn

tin
qun

n
nu

nu
ni

ni

35

pn

bun / bun

mk/ mk
bun / bun

bi

fn

mo

()

fn

piwun/
piun
miu/mau
biwun/
biun
p iek / p iek
pun/ pun
piw/
piwa
piwm/p iu
be/ b
pen/ pan
biwm/ biu
pet / peat

bn

pe/ pa

bn

pen/ pan
pen/ pan

bn

bun/ bun
bu/bu
bun/ bun
be/ b

bn

fn

pn
fn

pn
bn
fn
b

bn

b
bn
pn

36

()

1.

fn

pua / pua

fn

piw/
piwa

bin
bi

bi

bio

piau / piu
pu/pu
peu/pau
bauk/bau

pn

b/ b

pe / p
pe/ p

bn
/ bn

mn

mun/ mun

pua/pa

pn

bi/ bi

bin

pien/pien

pii / pi

pe k / pek

1.

/
/

muan/mun
pien / pien
puk / pui

mn

2.

piwun/
piun

b
bo
bo

1. 2.

37

p k / pk

bn

p/ p

pn
/ fn

(hu)
p

biwo/ biwo

puat / puat

bin

pian/ pin

( )

pin

pian/ pien

p uat / p uat

bn

p/ p

pn

beo/ bo

pi
n(i)

p ian/ p in

()

puat / puat

pua / pua

fi

p iwt/ p iwi

hn

un / un

fn

biwo/ biwo

biwak/ biwak

pn

p/ p

pn

biwo/ biwo

pn

buan/ bun

pn

pin

p ian/ p in

fn

p iwan/ p iwen

38

(
)

pn

p un/ p un

pn

p un/ p un

pi
o(li
n)
pn

biau / biu

()

p un/ p un

fn

p iwn/ p iun

fi

p iwt/ p iut

p iwat/ p iwt

b iwat/ b iwt

fn

b iwn/ b iun

b iwo/ b iu

b iw/ b iu

b iu/ b in

mn

mi/mi

wn

uan/uan

min

mian/mien

mn

mi/mi

fn

p iwn/ p iun

mo

Mau/mu

mi

mii/mi

yn

iwo/ iwo

yn

iw/ji

eap-ap

yn

i / j ia

chu

iwa/ iwe

39

()

xi

zi/ zia

yo

i u / j iu

yu

iu / in

yn

i an / j in

rn

nin / ien

ln

lo / lu

li

lieuk / liuk

kn

ko/ ko

li

lui / lui

li

liu / liu

li(c
)

lat / li

()

li

lat / li

li

liu / liu

lauk / lk

guai3
yun1
hua4
gua1

iwn/jin

oat / waet

ket / kwaet

hua4
juan1
hua4
guang
3

oat / waet

i wan / j iwn

oat / waet

kuan / kun

()

40
suan1
shuan
g3
chuan
g1
shuai3
xiao1
xun
shuan
1
sa3
sha2
xi2
xiu1
jian3
shi1
xing4
xi1

suan / suan

i / ia

teo / t

iwet / wi

siauk / siak

siwen / siuen

ei / ai

ziak / zik

siu / siu

tsian / tsin

ik / ik

sie / si

xip / xip

xi3
sai4
xian1
chen2
xie2
shuo1

sin / siei

sk / si

sian / sin

in / i

zi / zia

iwat / iwt

hn

o / u

hn

n / n

hn

n / en

zhn

i / i a

()

41

no

neau / nau

mi

mea / m i

mo

mu/mu

mn

muan/mun

mn

mun/mun

hn

kn

kn/ kn

eap / ap

au / u

m / m

yo

iau / iu

nie/ i

hn /
i

xm / xm

1
2

at / t

ni / niei

hn

o/xu

hn

o/xu

hun

u / u

/
/

1
2

hun

uan / un

hui

oI / wei

hun

uan / uan

yn

42

dat / di

hi

ea / i

hn

m / m

hi

/ i

hu
(ti
n)
mnh
u(ti
n)
n

o /u
(t ien / t ien)

()

o /u

()

ke / k

p / p

chu

tI wa / t iwe

/
/ /

3.2.2

( )

(sh)
(n)

43
(bn)
(mn)
(d)
(chun)
(do)
(shun)
(chn)

()
,
()
()

3.3 1
(:2537)


2

. (2553) "
-" . 9 1 - 2555

44
5

/ /
shun //
/ /
zhn //
//
dn / /
/ /
n / /
//
s / /
(....) (
......) (.......) (......)
(.......) / ....../

45
3.3.1

Iconicity of vowel qualities in Northeastern Thai reduplicated words
(:1979)
(:2519)




(:2521)
(:2523)

(:2530)
(:2534)
( :2534) (:2537)

3.3.2
-

-
(1) (2)
(3)

46
A

B



C


1 2 A B C

12

/

(IPA)

n/ kiw/ kiu

1A

n/ kiw/ kiu

1A

n/ kiw/ kiu

1A

n/ kiw/ kiu

1A

n / /

1A

2A

2B

1B

1B

1B

dun/ duan
/dun
shui

o / kau / ku

o / kau / ku

u/ iwa/ iwe

47

1A

1B

2A
1B

B
B

2A
1B

C
A

1B

12A A

2A

2B

A
C
C

2B
dn/tie/ tie
jn/ kie/ kie = 1C

n/kun/ kun
1B

n/k/k

1A

sh/ iet/iet

2A

dun/duan/dun

2A

n / /

12A A

2A

A
B

n/ kiw/ kiu

u/ iwa/ iwe

zu/dzua /dzu
u/ iwa/ iwe

su/iuk/iuk
ui/

ui/

un
/ku/ku

zhn/ t /

ta
o/

dun / duan
/dun
zh/ t/ to

C
A

/ k/ ku

2C


1A

/ k/ ku

1B

ui/ke/kwi
n/kan /kn

12B C
1B A

ui/

12A A

n/ke/k

1A

n/ ke/k

, 1A

48

un
/ku/ku

1B

kn/ k/k

1B

kui/

1B

chu/ wa/we

1C

lu/ lk/ lk

2B

ki/ ki/ ki

h//u

ki/ ki/ ki

= 12A B

2B A

1B B

k/ k/ku

()

1B

kn/kwo/k
wo

1B

(
)

n/ kiw/ kiu

1B

ku/ko/ kwa

1B

yu/ uk/jak

2B

kn/ko / ku
kn/k/k

1C

yu/ uk/jak

2C

ln/liw / lu

2A

1B

zhn/ t /
ta
jn /kn / kn
tio/

1C
2C

C
B

lin/l/l

2B

j//o

1B

12B B

49

(
)

zu/dzua /dzu
k/

1A
1C

A
B

w/

2A

zu/dzua /dzu
zhn/ t /
ta
zhn/ t /
ta

1C
1C

B
B

2A

jn/

1B

zhn/

12A C

1C A
12A B

jn /kn / kn
zhn
//a
zhn/tn/n
jn/kn / kn
jn/te/t

1A B
2B A
12A B

ju
/kwan/kwn

1C

jn/kn / kn

1B

jn/dze/
dz

zhn/

1B

pn/be/b

1B

hun
/u/u

2B

1C

1C

1C

1C

1C

ni / w / u
ni

12B A

50

1C

1C

1C

1A

1A
1B
1C

C
B
B

1A
2A

A
A

2C
2C
2B

C
C
C

sun/suan /sun

s/ ei / ai /

shn/ /a
shun/co/o
q/ kt/ kt

sh/ t/ dt
x/ s/so

lin/

lin
/lam/ lm

lu/ lk/ lk

2B

sn/san /sn

s /k//k

shun
/co/o

1B

1B

1A

2B
1B

B
C

1A
1A

B
A

1C

dn/do / du
dn /

ti/

yu/ u /u
dio/diuk /dieu

B
A

51

lin/ l/ la

dn/t/t

tio /diu/dieu

1B

2C
2C
1B

C
C
C

2A

1B

2A

tu/ta/ t
li/lwi/lwe

1B
2B

A
A

t/dk/dk

1A

t/

1C

1B

= 1C

2C

1A

dun /tuan/tun

ro/au /u
ru/u /u
dio/diuk /dieu

/ / n/uk/ ak

pio/pau/ pu

lin/

bn/p/ p

pn/ be/ b

pn/ beo/ b
si/s/si
b/pei/pi
pio/pau/ pu
fn/bwn/ bun

b/pu/pu

bn/po/ pu

pn/ be/ b

1B

1B
2B
1B
1C
1B

B
C
C
B
A

1A

1A

1B

52

bin/pien/pian
bin/pien/pian

pn/

p/ pua/ pu
wn/mw/
mwa
p/

1B
1B

B
A

1C B

12A C
2B B

bo/bk/ bk

w
i/mwi/mwi
pn/ be/ b

fn/pwan/
pwn

p /pua/ pu
f/ bu/ bu

pn/ bun /

bun

12A B

1B

f n/b wn/ b
un

1B

mu4yu4 1B
=

2C

1C
2C

A
A

1B

1B

12A A
1B A

m/ mk/ muk

dun
/tuan/tun

ni/

2C

nn/ /

lu/lo/lu

2B

A
A

ln/ lwn/ lu
n
ln/

2C

2A
2B

53

lun/luan/lun

bn/
m/ mk/mk

2B

1C

1B

y
n/am/jm
y
n/iam/iem
yn/

1B

12A A

12A A

yn//

12B B

y
n/am/jm
yn// a
qin/ts/
tsa

12B B

12B C
12 A
C

lun/lwan/ lwn

1A

shun/co/o
l/liuk/liek
l/lik/liek

2B
1A
2A

A
B
B

lun/luan/lun

lu/

1C

1B

hu/
wn/

1B

1B

shun/
/a
shui/

su/ zwa/zwe

12A A

1B B

12A A

54

xin/xian/xien
shui/
iwt/iwt

xin/s/ sa
xi/zi/za

1B

1B

1C B
12A B
A
A

yn
/wo/jwo

1A

lu/lo/lu
li/ lu / lu
mn/mun
/mun

1A
1A
1B

A
B
B

wn/

1B

w//u

1B

w/

1B

() 1B

1B

/u/ua
w/

o/

1B

1B

2B

() 1A

1C

wn
/o/u
pn/
be/ b

w
/u/ua

w
/mw/mu
n/am/m

1B

3
3

55
4

1
3 3
4.1

4.2

4.3

4.1
3.1 3.2 3

/ h / / h, k /

(2531:88) (Cognate)


2
(1) (Common Cognate)

.
(2554) - The Journal. Journal of the
Faculty of Liberal Arts, Mahidol University. Vol.7No.2 (2010) p.125-149.

56


( -
) - ()
(hi )
()
(hn ,)
( )
(h )
()
(hn )
()
(hn )
()
(hun )
()
(hun )
()
(2) (Correspondent Cognate)

(1)
- (hn - ) , (hi ) , - (hu ) , (hn ) , - (hun )

-

/ h /
/ r /

57
4.2

4.2.1 1
/ / un //
/ /
zhn / /
/ /
shun / /
/
tn / /
4.2.2
4.2.1.1
(2)

/ / hun / /
/ /
shu / /
/ /
dn
/ /
(2)
/ p- ph / /p f / /th t / / d t /
/ p- ph /
//
pn //
/ / pn / /
/p f /
/ /
fn / /
//
fn / /
/th t /
/ /
dio / /
1

//
//

58
/ /
do / /
/ d t /
/ /
dn / /
/ /
d //
(3)




/ / shun //
/ / zhn //
//
dn / /
// s / /
/ /
n / /
( ) (
) () ()
()
4.2.1.2
A B
C D
E
A / /
kui / /
/ /
ku / /
B / /
pn / /
/ /
mn / /
C / / hu / /
/ /
fn / /
D / /
hu / /
/ /
pn / /
E / / li //

59
/ /
fn / /
4.2.2

/ /
/ /
/ /
c / /
/ /
b / /
/ /
wn //
/ / fn / /
4.3

4.3.1
4.3.1.1

nn

2B

lu

2C

ln

2A

ln

2B

lun

2B

//

60
4.3.1.2

/ /
/, / / ,/ / / / /

( )

1B
1A

A
B

zhn
jn

1A
1A

B
B

n
kn
shn
sh
bn

1B
1C
1A
1A
1A

A
B
C
A
B

pn

1B

jn
ki

4.3.1.3



-

n
wn
sn
s
bo
wi
pn
si

1A
1B
1B
1A
1C
2C
1B
2B

A
C
B
A
A
A
B
C

61

n
n

1A
2A

A
A

4.3.2

n
n
n
n
ni
ni
ni
ni
ni
ni

1A
1A
1A
1A
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C

A
A
A
A
A
C
A
A
B
C

ni
lin
lin
lin

1C
2C
2C
2B

C
C
C
C

(gong3)

(niu3)
(lian3)


4.3.3
/ u, i /
/, / ( / o / /u/ )

62

un
ui
ui
p
p

shui
shun
yn
yn

12A
12B
12A
12A
12A

A
C
A
A
B

12A
12A

B
A

1B
12A

B
A

guang3
guai3 shuai4 yan2 / o /
/ u/ po1

shuang3
4.3.4

zhn
zhn
s
s
shun

shun
dun
dun

2A
1A
1A
2A
1A

A
A
A
A
A

2B
2B
1B

A
B
A

1 2 3
(zhang1) -
(sa3) (shuang1) (duan3)

63
4.3.5
/k - kh/ /n - ng/ /p ph,f /

( )

1B

ni
ni
pn
fn

1C
1C
1B
1B

A
C
A
A

- (gong1) -
(niu3) -(peng2) - (fen4)

64
5

5.1

-




407 176

5.2

(Be) (Lakkia) - (Kam-Sui)

(Hlai) (Laqua) (Gelao)

65





5.3
5.3.1.

4

4

pin
jin
wn
xin
yn
tu
q
yn
zhn
yo
n

(
, :2002)

66


5.3.2


1


/ ph p/
- /th t/ /ch -c/ / kh k /

/ ph p/
/th t/
/ch -c/
/ kh k /

()

()

()

. (2555)
. 1
4 2555

67

/ ph p/
/th t/
/ch -c/
/ kh k /

()

()

()

5.4

68

(2525)

30 31 2525.
,. (2532) -. :
.
,.(2530)
.: .
.(2548) . 1,
:.
.(2519)
. 1. , .
.(2543).
: .
-,.(2546) -.:.
.(2541) -.:.
. (2552) "
- " .,
. 14 2 , 124 - 162.
_________________. (2552) /r/,/k/,/kh/ :

. , 31
2 2552. 5 28.
_________________. (2553)
- / h / / h /
..
, 3 2. 68-90
_________________. (2553) "
-"
.
. 20-40.

69
_________________. (2555)

, 9 1 , 9 - 41.
_________________. (2555) -.: ,
.
.(2547) :.: .
..
. (2526) .
.
.(2545) ()..:
.
.(2547) 1 . 3 ,:.
.(2535) .:.
.(2527) 6 . :.
.(2532) --. 1,
:.
.(2530)
. ,
.
.(2553) -. :.
.(2544) .: .
.(2546) ..2542.:
.
. (2531). (2) :
.
, .(2549) .:.
.(.). 1
12. :.
.(2551) . 3, :
.
, . (2539)- (-):

70
. :.
, . (2541)-.
: .
, . (2543)---.
:.
, . (2543)- (-)
. ( )(
239-266). : .
, . (2546)---. :
.
, . (2546)---. :
.
, . (2549)---. :
.
, . (2552). : ..
. (2550) .:
.
. (2549) . : .
.(2548) : .:.
.(2548) - . 1.
:.
. (2540)
1 7. : .
Asger Mollerup.(2001) Thai Lao Phrase Book.White Lotus G.P.O, Bangkok.
Benedict, Paul K. (1942). Thai, Kadai and Indonesian: A New Alignment in
Southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist. (Vol.44): 576-601.
-----------------. (1975) Austro-Thai: Language and culture. New Haven: HRAF Press.
Brown, J. Marvin. (1965). From Ancient Thai to Modern Dialects. In From Ancient Thai

71
to Modern Dialects, and Other Writings on Historical Thai Linguistics. Bangkok:
White Lotus.
Chamberlain, James R. (1972). The Origin of The Southwestern Tai. In Bullentin des
Amis Du Royaume Laos. Vientiane. Vol.7-8 pp. 233 44.
Edmondson, J.A. and D.B. Solnit eds. (1997) Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch. Dallas:
Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
Frank M.Lebar. (1964) Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia. New Haven,Conn:
HumanRelations Area Files.
Gedney, William J. (1972) "A Checklist for Determining Tones in Tai Dialects" Studies in
Linguistics in honor of George L. Trager. ed. by M. Estelle Smith, pp423-37, The
Hague: Mouton.
Gurdon, Philip Richard Thornhagh. (1985)"On the Khamtis." Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society. (1895): 157-64.
Grierson,G.A. (1903 - 28) Linguistics survey of India,11vols.Culcutta,Office of the
Superementendent of Government Printing.
Hartmann, John F. 1986. "Style, Scope, and Rigor in Comparative Tai Research," In
Bickner et al, (eds.), 1986.
Li, Fang-Kuei, (1957a), The Jui dialect of Po-ai and the northern Tai, Academia
Sinica/Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Taipei, volume 29.1:
pp.315-22.
----------------------, (1957b), The Jui dialect of Po-ai: phonology, Academia
Sinica/Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Taipei, volume 28.2:
pp.551-6.
----------------------, (1959), Classification by vocabulary: Tai dialects Anthropological
Linguistics, volume 1.2: pp.15-21.
----------------------, (1960), A tentative classification of Tai dialects, in Stanley Diamond
(editor), Culture in history: essays in honor of Paul Radin, New York, Columbia U.
Press: pp.951-8.
----------------------, (1965), The Tai and Kam-Sui languages, in Indo-Pacific linguistic
studies (Lingua 14-15), vol I,: pp.148-79.
----------------------, (1976), Sino-Tai in Computational Analyses of Asian & African

72
Languages, No.3, Mantaro J. Hashimoto (editor), March: pp.39-48.
----------------------, (1977), A handbook of comparative Tai (Oceanic Linguistics special
publication no.15), Honolulu, University Press of Hawaii, xxii, p.389.
Manomaivibool Prapin.(1975) A Study of Sino-Thai Lexical Correspondence, PhD
Dissertation, University Of Washington.
Robinson, Edward Raymond III.(1994) Further classification of Southwestern Tai "P"
group languages. Thesis (M.A.) Chulalongkorn University.
Somsong Burusphat.(2006) Northern Zhuang Chinese Thai English Dictionary.
Bangkok :Ekphimthai Ltd.
Wilailuck Daecha. (1986) A Comparative study of the phonology of six Tai dialects
spoken in Amphoe Tha Tako, Changwat Nakhon Sawan. Thesis (M.A.)
Chulalongkorn University.
.(2002)
.(1986)
.(2008) :
.(1996)

73

. (2552) "
- " .,
. 14 2 , 124 - 162.
. (2552) /r/,/k/,/kh/ :
.
, 31 2 2552.
5 28.
. (2553) / h / / h /.
. , 3
2. 68-90
. (2553) "
-"
. .
20-40.
. (2555)

, 9 1 , 9 - 41.
. (2555)
.
1
4 2555 .
. (2555) -.: ,
. 224

74

. (2552) "
- " .,
. 14 2 , 124 - 162.
. (2552) /r/,/k/,/kh/ :
.
, 31 2 2552.
5 28.
. (2553) / h / / h /.
. , 3
2. 68-90
. (2555)

, 9 1 , 9 - 41.
. (2555) -.: ,
. 224

. (2555)
.
1
4 2555 .

. (2553) "
-"
. .
20-40.

75

1415251

2556
-

76

1. /
1.1
1.2
2. /
2.1
2.2
3. /
3.1
3.2

4.
4.1

4.2

()
4 5 6 7 8 9

1
0

/
/

*
1.

-
2.
3. 1 -2
1.
2.

3. 3
1.
2. 3

1 12
1

/
/

1.

/
/

2. 4- 5

77
5.
-

*-

2556
-

78

79