Q. What do you mean by Skimming and Scanning?

By skimming we mean skimming over the surface of a piece of writing or glancing the rapidly
through a text, to find out its general content , central idea or gist . We do this , for example when we
want to find out whether a certain article is relevant to our own area of study of research , or when we
glance over a page of study of a newspaper to see if there is anything word reading in detail, or when we
leaf through a book to find out its subject matter.
By Scanning we mean darting over much of a text to search for a specific item or piece of
information that we wish to discover . This skill there fore also involbes the ability to reject on pass over
irrelevant information . It is the kind of reading we do when , for example , we read through a
biographical account to find out the date on which certain event happened or when we go through the
table of contents in a book to see whether a certain aspect of a problem has been dealt with in the book
or when we glance through the telephone directory looking for a persons telephone number , thats all
about Scanning.

Q. Reading for Information structure:Every thing has a structure the chair the pen , the building even we , our selves in the same
way written language ( a text ) has a structured , the way in which the writer has structured the
information that he wants to pass on to us .

Q. Read the text below and prepare its information structure:In the twentieth ( 20th ) century one of our greatest problems is pollution in our cities . The air
constantly being polluted from smoke , from factories and rural areas is polluted by uncollected
garbage . Water is also polluted particularly as a result of unrated sweage. Also oil trankers often clean
their tranks at sea and power station release hot water into rivers , which kills fish and plants .

Ans.
Pollution

Air

Water

Land

pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!

A more details information structure of the text is what ?

Pollution

Air

Water

Land

Where :
Smoke from factory ,

Unrated sewaye ,

Emitted from motorvechiles ,

Oil from tranks ,

Uncollected garbage ,

Hot water from power station ,

Q. Time and Tense :

Tense > Latin tempus > Time.
1. I write a letter . --> Verb write refers to Present tense .
2. I wrote a letter . --> Verb wrote refers to Past tense .
3. I shall write a letter . --> Verb shall write refers to Future tense .

Tense

Present :

Past :

Future :

Simple

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect Continuous

pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!

Present Tense :
Simple Present :

Formation :

I write a letter .

Sub - pre V. - obj

You write a letter .

He writes a letter .

Present Continuous :

Formation :

I am writting a letter .

Sub - beV. - pre V.+ing - obj

You are writting a letter .

He is writing a letter .

Present Perfect :

Formation :

I have written a letter .

Sub have/has past part.V. - obj

You have written a letter .

He has written a letter .

Present Perfect Continuous :

Formation :

I have been writting a letter .

Sub have/has + been pre.V.+ ing - obj

You have been writting a letter .

He has been writting a letter .

pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!

Past Tense :
Simple Past :

Formation :

I wrote a letter .

Sub - past V. - obj

You wrote a letter .

He wrote a letter .

Past Continuous :

Formation :

I was writting a letter .

Sub past pert. of beV. - pre V.+ing - obj

You were writting a letter .

He was writing a letter .

Past Perfect :

Formation :

I had written a letter .

Sub had past part.V. - obj

You had written a letter ..

He had written a letter .

Past Perfect Continuous :

Formation :

I had been writting a letter .

Sub had + been pre.V.+ ing - obj

You had been writting a letter .

He had been writting a letter .

pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!

Future Tense :
Simple Future :

Formation :

I shall write a letter .

Sub sall/will-pre. V. - obj

You will write a letter .

He will write a letter .

Future Continuous :

Formation :

I sall be writting a letter .

Sub shall/will+be- pre V.+ing - obj

You will be writting a letter .

He will be writing a letter .

Future Perfect :

Formation :

I sall have written a letter .

Sub shall/will+have past part.V. - obj

You will have written a letter ..

He will have written a letter .

Future Perfect Continuous :

Formation :

I shall have been writting a letter .

Sub shall/will+have + been pre.V.+ ing - obj

You will have been writting a letter .

He will have been writting a letter .

pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!

Transformation of Sentences:
Voice:
Mainly two kinds of voice that is
a) Active Voice

b) Passive Voice

Active Voice : A verb is in the active voice when its form shows that something is done to the person
or thing denoted by the subject does some things .

Passive Voice : A verb in the passive voice when its form shows that something is done to the person
or things denoted by subject .

Voice is that form of a verb we shows whether what is denoted by the subject does something
or has something done to it.

Catch verb :
Simple Present:
Active Voice

Passive Voice

I catch fish.

Fish is caught by me .

You catch fish.

Fish is caught by you.

He catches fish.

Fish is caught by him.

Present continuous:
Active Voice

Passive Voice

I am catching fish.

Fish is being caught by me.

You are catching fish.

Fish is being caught by you.

He is catching fish.

Fish is being caught by him.

pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!

Present Parfect:
Active Voice

Passive Voice

I have caught fish.

Fish has caught by me.

You have caught fish.

Fish has caught by you.

He has caught fish.

Fish has caught by him.

Simple Past:
Active Voice

Passive Voice

I caught fish.

Fish was caught by me.

You caught fish.

Fish was caught by you.

He caught fish.

Fish was caught by him.

Past Continuous:
Active Voice

Passive Voice

I was caught fish.

Fish was being caught by me.

You were caught fish.

Fish was being caught by you.

He was caught fish..

Fish was being caught by him.

Past Perfect:
Active Voice

Passive Voice

I had caught fish.

Fish had been caught by me.

You had caught fish.

Fish had been caught by you.

He had caught fish.

Fish had been caught by him.

pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!

Simple Future:
Active Voice

Passive Voice

I shall catch fish.

Fish will be caught by me.

You will catch fish.

Fish will be caught by you.

He will catch fish.

Fish will be caught by him.

Future Perfect:
Active Voice

Passive Voice

I shall have caught fish.

Fish will have been caught by me.

You will have caught fish.

Fish will have been caught by you.

He will have caught fish.

Fish will have been caught by him.

Retained Object:
I shall tell him these words. (Active Voice)
These words will be told him by me. (Passive Voice)

From first Sentence him is Indirect Object and these words is Direct Object.
From second sentence him is Retained Object.

Voice change of Inparative Sentence:

Active Voice

Passive Voice

Shut the door.

Let the door be shut.

Put up a tent.

Let a tent be put up.

Have a tent put up.

Help to the girl.

The girl should be helped.

pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!

Quasi-passive Verb:
Active Voice

Passive Voice

Honey tastes sweet.

Honey is sweet when it is tested.

Rice sells cheep.

Rice is cheep when it is sold.

Example:
Passive Voice

Active Voice

The thief was arrested.

Police arrested the thief.

Trespasser will be prosecuted.

Someone will prosecute trespasser.

What cannot be cured must be endured.

We must endure what we cannot cure.

pdfMachine
A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease!
Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity of your original documents. Compatible across
nearly all Windows platforms, if you can print from a windows application you can use pdfMachine.
Get yours now!