MY PHT TNH IN

Mc lc
I. Lch s ra i my pht tnh in.
II. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my pht Van
de Graaff.
III. Cc nguyn nhn hn ch vic tch in.
IV. S lc v cc loi my Van de Graaff.
V. u nhc im v ng dng ca my pht tnh
in.

I. Lch s ra i my pht tnh in

Trc khi con ngi khm ra ra t tnh v in nng, cc
my pht in u tin s dng nguyn l tnh in.
My pht in Wimshurst da trn nguyn l tnh in.
My Van de Graaff da vo mt trong hai c cu in tch
truyn t in cc c in p cao v in tch to ra bi s
ma st

1. My pht in Wimshurst
Gm c 3 b phn chnh:
Hai a lm bng cht cch in tt:
Mt ngoi a c dn cc l nhm
mng cch u nhau. Hai a t
ng trc, quay ngc chiu nhau
bng c cu truyn ng tay quay v
ai cao su.

1. My pht in Wimshurst
Hai thanh trung tnh: l vt dn in, c
gn c nh vo trc ca hai a. hai u
mi thanh trung tnh c hai chi kim loi
(thng lm bng cc dy dn mnh v
n hi tt), hai chi ny lun trt st trn
b mt a khi a quay.
Hai cn gom in tch: Dng hnh ch U,
hai nhnh c hai mi nhn i din nhau;
cc mi nhn rt gn vi cc l nhm trn
mt ngoi a. in tch to ra do ma st s
c truyn t l nhm qua cc cn gom
in tch v c tch in cho qu cu kim
loi.

2. My pht tnh in Van de Graaff

Da trn tng ca Lord Kelvin:
V cu rng bng kim loi c bn
knh R c tch in thng qua mt
cht lng.
Cc git cht lng t cao h c
tch in bi mt hiu in th V0 v
nh vo v qu cu qua mt l nh.
Khi cc git cht lng ri vo trong
v cu dn in th chng s truyn
ton b in tch m chng c c
cho v cu ny.

2. My pht tnh in Van de Graaff

Tuy nhin, v cu tch in s
gy ra mt lc y tnh in
ngc li i vi cc git cht
lng tip theo ri xung vo
trong v cu ny.
n mt thi im no cc
git cht lng khng th lt vo
v cu c na, ngay c khi v
cu cha cha y cht lng.
Lc ny v cu t c in th
cc i.

2. My pht tnh in Van de Graaff

My pht Van de Graaff ra i, gi
theo tn ca Robert J. Van de
Graaff, ngi u tin a
tng ca Lord Kelvin vo ng
dng thc t.
Nm 1931, Van de Graaff ch to
my pht in mang tn ng ti
vin cng ngh Massachusett,
M.
Ban u cc my ny c s
dng h tr nghin cu cc tia
X nng lng cao v gia tc cc
ht h nguyn t.

2. My pht tnh in Van de Graaff

Ngy nay, my ny c trng by
trong ging ng in Thomson
ti Bo tng khoa hc Boston, M.
My gm hai tr, mi tr c mt
qu cu bng nhm rng vi
ng knh 4,7 mt t trn nh.
Ban u hai qu cu c tch
in tri du, dn n s phng
in nh tia st 5 triu volt.
Ngy nay c hai qu cu c ni
vi nhau v phng in vo cu tr
v que ni t hn l phng in
vi nhau.

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II. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca

my pht tnh in Van de Graaff.
Thnh phn cu to:
Bin th T: Dng to in th.
B phn chnh lu K: Dng to dng in
mt chiu.
T C: San phng dng in p sau chnh
lu, gip cn bng in tch.
B l qu cu kim loi rng (in cc in th
cao) c ni vi in cc in th thp
(t) qua bng ti A c lm bng vt liu
cch in.
O1, O2 l 2 con ln gip bng ti chuyn
ng.
O, D l 2 mi nhn dng truyn in tch.

Nguyn l hot ng
11

Bin th T to ra in th mt vi chc
kV.
c in p mt chiu ta ni thm
chnh lu K v t C.
Qua mi nhn O in tch c truyn
ln bng ti A .
tch in lin tc bng ti A c
chuyn ng lin tc trn trc P nh hai
con ln O1, O2.
Qua mi nhn D, in tch c chuyn
t bng ti A sang qu cu B. Cc in
tch tch t ti b mt qu cu nng in
th ln cho n khi in tch r t B ra
xung quanh bng vi in tch do bng
ti A cung cp.

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III. Cc nguyn nhn hn ch vic tch

in
Qu cu khng c hon ton cch in, hin tng r r qua
phn cch in gn qu cu.
Phng in trong khng kh do c m.
th rp ca qu cu.
Kch thc ca qu cu cng nh hng n vic nng cao
in p.

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III. Cc nguyn nhn hn ch vic tch

in
Bin php khc phc:
r r in tch cng ln khi in p cng cao, v vy phi
tch in lin tc cho qu cu.
Chn qu cu c dn in, nhn cao, kch thc ln.
S dng kh tr hn ch r r v nh thng cch in,
my c t trong v bc cha kh tr c p sut cao.

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IV. S lc v cc loi my Van de

Graaff
My Van de Graaff loi nh.
Trn hnh l my pht tnh in loi nh,
ng knh 2 mt.

2. My pht tnh in loi dng 2 qu

cu.

15

Gm c 2 qu cu, trong mt qu tch

in dng, mt qu tch in m.
ng knh mi qu cu khong 4,5
mt.
in th gia chng ln n 5 triu vn.
Thng thng v bc my cha kh SF6
p sut cao tng s cch in gia
in cc in th cao vi t.

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2. My pht tnh in loi dng 2 qu

cu.
i vi cc my Van de Graaff loi tt nht: Th phng in
ln n chc triu volt.
Chm ion in tch trn mt n v c nng lng khng vt
qu 20 MeV, thng thng c nng lng khong 2-5 MeV
Dng ca chm ht kh ln, ln n vi trm A.

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3. My gia tc tnh in Tandem

Trong my tandem s dng
hin tng ti tch in
(thay i du in tch) ca
cc ion.

3. My Tandem

18

Nguyn l:
Cc in cc u vo v ra khi ng chn khng in th t, v
u th cao c t gia ng.
Bn trong mt th tch nh u vo ca ng, cht kh b ion ha
bi s phng in, v t th tch ny cc ion tch in m n l
c trch ra.

3. My Tandem

19

Nhng ion ny c gia tc bn trong ng v pha u th cao,

ti ion truyn qua mt l kim loi rt mng hoc mt vng
cha y cht kh v hai hay nhiu electron b bc khi ion.
in tch ca ion v vy thay i t m sang dng, v ion b
y ra xa cc th dng v gia tc v pha u ra ca ng, ni
vi t.

3. My Tandem

20

Hnh nh: Mt trong nhng my

gia tc tandem ln nht c
dng

trong

nhiu

nm

Daresbury Anh. ng gia tc

ca n, c t thng ng, di
42m v cc trung tm c th gi
in th ln n 20 triu volt.

V. u nhc im v ng dng

21

u im: in p cao, t b mo, d

iu chnh.

Nhc im: dng nh, d b rung

khi V ln.

ng dng: Cc my Van-de-Graaff
loi nh c s dng trong ging
dy vt l, trng by trong cc bo
tng khoa hc.
S dng gia tc ht, nghin cu
tia X, sn tnh in, th cp cao
p...

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The end
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