GIO TRNH KINH T V QUN L

MI TRNG
Bin tp bi:
Nguyn Th Chinh

GIO TRNH KINH T V QUN L

MI TRNG
Bin tp bi:
Nguyn Th Chinh
Cc tc gi:
Nguyn Th Chinh

Phin bn trc tuyn:

http://voer.edu.vn/c/14ab2884

MC LC
1. Gio trnh kinh t v qun l mi trng-Li m u
2. Gio trnh kinh t v qun l mi trng-Chng m u
3. Mi trng v pht trin-Phn I
4. Mi trng v pht trin-Phn II
5. Mi trng v pht trin-Tm tt
6. KINH T HC CHT LNG MI TRNG-PHN I
7. KINH T HC CHT LNG MI TRNG-PHN II
8. KINH T HC CHT LNG MI TRNG-PHN III
9. KINH T HC CHT LNG MI TRNG-PHN 4
10. KINH T HC CHT LNG MI TRNG-PHN 5
11. KINH T HC CHT LNG MI TRNG-PHN CUI
12. NH GI TC NG MI TRNG V PHN TCH KINH T CA
NHNGTC NG MI TRNG-PHN I
13. NH GI TC NG MI TRNG V PHN TCH KINH T CA
NHNG TC NG MI TRNG-PHN 2
14. Khan him ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh-phn1
15. Khan him ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh-phn2
16. QUN L MI TRNG-PHN I
17. QUN L MI TRNG-PHN II
18. QUN L MI TRNG-PHN III
19. QUN L MI TRNG-PHN IV
20. QUN L MI TRNG-PHN V
21. Ti liu tham kho-QUN L MI TRNG
Tham gia ng gp

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Gio trnh kinh t v qun l mi trngLi m u

Li ni u
Kinh t v Qun l mi trng trang b cho sinh vin cc ngnh kinh t v qun tr kinh
doanh nhng kin thc c bn v kinh t hc mi trng, qun l mi trng xem xt
trn gc kinh t. y l mn hc bt buc thuc nhm cc mn hc c s cho tt c
cc ngnh hc i hc Kinh t Quc dn t trc ti nay. hiu r hn mi quan h
gia kinh t v mi trng, t c mt cch ng x hp l cho cc nh kinh t v qun
tr kinh doanh trong hot ng thc tin i vi nhng vn lin quan n mi trng,
mn hc phn tch mi quan h gia mi trng v pht trin; nhng vn c bn
v kinh t hc cht lng mi trng; nh gi tc ng mi trng v phn tch kinh t
ca nhng tc ng mi trng; nhng vn lin quan gia khan him ti nguyn, dn
s, kinh t v mi trng v nhng ni dung kin thc c bn ca qun l mi trng
ph hp vi hon c nh c th ca Vit Nam v xu hng bin i mi trng ton cu.
Gio trnh Kinh t v Qun l mi trng do tp th cc nh khoa hc ca B mn Kinh
t v Qun l mi trng, i hc Kinh t Quc dn tin hnh b sung, sa cha v cp
nht nhng kin thc mi trn c s gio trnh kinh t mi trng do c GS.TSKH.
ng Nh Ton ch bin, c Nh xut bn Gio dc xut bn nm 1996.
Tham gia bin son v sa i gio trnh gm c PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Chinh, ThS. L
Thu Hoa, GVC. L Trng Hoa, GVC. Nguyn Duy Hng, c th cc chng nh sau:
Chng m u: PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Chinh
Chng I: PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Chinh, GVC. Nguyn Duy Hng, GVC. L Trng Hoa.
Chng II: PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Chinh, ThS. L Thu Hoa, GVC. L Trng Hoa.
Chng III: PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Chinh, GVC. Nguyn Duy Hng, GVC. L Trng
Hoa.
Chng IV: PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Chinh, ThS. L Thu Hoa
Chng V: PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Chinh, GVC. L Trng Hoa, ThS. L Thu Hoa, GVC.
Nguyn Duy Hng.
Ch bin: PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Chinh.

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K t khi bt u tin hnh bin son cho n khi kt thc, chng ti c s gp

tn tnh v ni dung chuyn mn, cng nh yu cu sa i ca cc tc gi: GS.TSKH.
L Du Phong, GS.TS. Nguyn K Tun, GS.TS. L Thng, PGS.TS. ng Kim Chi,
PGS.TS. Hong Vn Hoa, GS. TS. Hong Ton v nhiu nh khoa hc khc. Chng
ti xin chn thnh cm n nhng s ng gp kin qu bu . Nhn dp ny, chng
ti cng xin c by t lng bit n chn thnh ca mnh ti GS. TS. Nguyn nh
Hng, nguyn Hiu trng i hc Kinh t Quc dn, GS.TS. Nguyn Vn Thng,
hiu trng i hc Kinh t Quc dn, Hi ng khoa hc i hc Kinh t Quc dn,
phng o to v c nhn GVC. V Huy Tin to mi iu kin thun li chng
ti hon thnh cng vic ca mnh.
Mc d c gng bm st ni dung yu cu sa i sau khi thm nh v c gng cp
nht thng tin, nhng do tnh cht c th ca mn hc, cng nh s bin i lin tc
ca s vn ng v pht trin ca khoa hc v thc tin, chng ti ngh rng s khng
trnh khi nhng thiu st v ni dung cng nh hnh thc trnh by, chng ti mong
nhn c nhng kin ng gp chn tnh t pha c gi v ngi hc. Thay mt
nhm tc gi bin son, xin c gii thiu gio trnh KINH T V QUN L MI
TRNG cp nht v sa i.
PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Chinh

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Gio trnh kinh t v qun l mi trngChng m u

Chng m u
Khi qut v kinh t v mi trng
Kinh t mi trng mi ch xut hin v pht trin trong nhng thp k cui ca th k
XX do nhu cu bc bch ca thc tin. hiu r hn ni dung nghin cu ca mn
khoa hc non tr ny, trc ht cn phi nm bn c c s nn tng ca kinh t hc.
Kinh t hc l mn khoa hc nghin cu v vic con ngi v x hi la chn nh th
no s dng nhng ngun ti nguyn khan him nhm sn xut ra cc loi hng ho
(dch v) v phn phi cho tiu dng hin ti hoc tng lai ca cc c nhn v cc
nhm ngi trong x hi.
Kinh t hc ra i cch y hn hai th k, k t khi Adam Smith cho xut bn cun
sch "Ca ci ca cc dn tc" vo nm 1776.
Kinh t hc c th c phn chia theo cc lnh vc ca i sng kinh t, theo hng
nghin cu hoc theo phng php lun ang c s dng v.v, nhng cch chia kinh
t hc thnh kinh t hc v m v kinh t hc vi m l cch phn loi ph bin nht, v
n bao qut c mt s lng cc mn kinh t chuyn su theo tng lnh vc c th.
Kinh t hc v m tp trung ch yu vo nghin cu cc quan h tng tc trong nn
kinh t. N c n gin ho cc khi cu trc ring bit trong phn tch nhm lm cho
qu trnh phn tch ton b mi quan h tng tc trong nn kinh t c th nm bt c
mt cch d dng. V d, cc nh kinh t v m thng khng quan tm n vic phn
loi hng tiu dng thnh cc mt hng nh xe p, m t, v tuyn hay my tnh, m
h thng nghin cu tt c cc mt hng ny di dng nhm "hng tiu dng", v h
quan tm ch yu n mi quan h tng tc gia vic mua hng tiu dng ca cc c
nhn v h gia nh v quyt nh mua sm my mc, thit b, nh xng ca cc hng.
Kinh t vi m phn tch v nghin cu chi tit cc quyt nh c nhn v loi hng ho
(dch v) c th. V d, ta c th nghin cu xem ti sao cc h gia nh li thch mua
m t hn l xe p v ngi sn xut quyt nh nh th no trong vic la chn sn
xut m t hay xe p. Sau , ta c th tp hp cc quyt nh ca tt c cc h gia
nh v ca tt c cc cng ty (ngi sn xut) li bn xem tng mc mua v tng
sn lng m t l bao nhiu. Trong kinh t vi m, l thuyt cn bng tng th l mt
lnh vc kh phc tp. L thuyt ny nghin cu ng thi tt c cc th trng cho tt
c cc loi hng ho (dch v). T , bng cch suy lun lgc, ta c th hiu c ton
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b c cu tiu dng, sn xut v trao i trong ton b nn kinh t ti mt thi im nht

nh.
Kinh t mi trng nghin cu cc vn mi trng vi vin cnh v nhng tng
phn tch kinh t. N khai thc t c hai pha: kinh t v m v kinh t vi m, nhng t
kinh t vi m nhiu hn. Kinh t mi trng tp trung ch yu vo vn ngi ta ra
quyt nh nh th no, ti sao gy ra nhng hu qu i vi mi trng v chng ta
c th thay i cc th ch, chnh sch kinh t ra sao a cc tc ng mi trng
vo th cn bng hn, n nh hn vi nhng mong mun v yu cu ca chng ta v
ca bn thn h sinh thi. V vy, mt trong nhng vic u tin l phi lm quen vi
nhng tng c bn v cc cng c phn tch ca kinh t vi m. Da vo nhng c s
phng php lun v phng php ca kinh t vi m, cc nh kinh t mi trng phi
l gii mt cch ng n v r rng hng lot vn t ra nh ti sao mi trng li
b suy thoi, s suy thoi mi trng dn n nhng hu qu g v c th lm g ngn
chn v gim s suy thoi mi trng mt cch c hiu qu nht? C nhiu loi cu tr
li cho cc vn nu trn. Chng hn, ta c th cho rng mi trng b suy thoi l do
hnh vi v thi ng x ca con ngi tri vi lun thng, o l. V th, bo v
tt mi trng, cn phi khng ngng nng cao nhn thc v mi trng, thng xuyn
gio dc o c mi trng cho ton th cng ng bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau.
cng l mi quan tm hng u ca bt c mt x hi vn minh no. Tuy nhin, nng
cao thc trch nhim, gio dc o c mi trng l vic lm thng xuyn, l mt
qu trnh lu di nhm ci to v xy dng mi o c, tc phong v li sng sao cho
thn thin vi mi trng. lm c vic , i hi phi c thi gian v khng th
cng mt lc gii quyt c tt c cc vn mi trng quan trng v cp bch ang
t ra.
Cch tr li th hai cho vn ti sao ngi ta li gy nhim mi trng, lm cho
mi trng b suy thoi l cch xem xt v mt kinh t v xem xt cc c quan, thit
ch kinh t (v x hi) c cu trc ra sao v hot ng nh th no m c th to iu
kin d dng cho ngi ta ph hoi mi trng. (C quan, thit ch kinh t chng ti
dng y l bao gm cc t chc cng cng v t nhn, lut php v cc t chc m
x hi s dng cu trc hot ng kinh t. V d: th trng, cc cng ty, s hng
cng cng, c quan lut thng mi, v.v). Chng ta d nhn bit rng, ngi ta gy
nhim, lm suy thoi mi trng l v l phng cch r tin nht gii quyt cht
thi cn li sau khi ngi tiu dng dng xong mt th g , hoc sau khi ngi sn
xut sn xut xong mt th g . Ngi c nhng quyt nh ny v sn xut,
tiu th v thanh ton cht thi trong phm vi mt s c quan, thit ch kinh t v x
hi. Cc c quan, thit ch ny cu trc nn nhng khuyn khch, dn dt ngi ta quyt
nh theo hng ny, ch khng phi theo hng khc. Nh vy, vn t ra y
l nghin cu v thit k quy trnh khuyn khch hot ng c hiu qu, c bit l cu
trc li n sao cho c th nh hng ngi ta ra cc quyt nh ng n, ph hp vi
mc tiu bo v mi trng, pht trin phong cch v li sng thn thin, lnh mnh vi
mi trng.
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C kin cho rng, ngi ta gy nhim, lm suy thoi mi trng l v ng c li

nhun. Do , cch duy nht gim nhim mi trng, nng cao cht lng mi
trng l lm gim ng c li nhun. iu ny ng, nhng hon ton cha , bi v
khng ch c cc cng ty, x nghip do ng c li nhun thc y, nn gy ra nhim
mi trng, m c cc c nhn ngi tiu dng cng ang gy ra nhim mi trng
khi rc thi ba bi xung cc cng rnh, ao, h hoc s dng cc phng tin giao
thng c ng c c k, lc hu, x nhiu khi, v.v, y, cc c nhn ngi tiu
dng khng h ngh n l hay li, cho nn bn thn li nhun khng phi l nguyn
nhn lm cho ngi ta gy nhim mi trng. Tng t nh vy, nhiu doanh nghip
Nh nc sn xut cc hng ho (dch v) cng cng i khi gy nhim mi trng
nghim trng m khng h b thc y bi ng c li nhun. Hoc l, trong cc nn
kinh t k hoch ho tp trung quan liu, bao cp trc y l nhng nn kinh t thiu
ng c li nhun, nhng mi trng vn b suy thoi nghim trng mt s vng;
khng kh v ngun nc b nhim nng nhiu thnh ph v khu cng nghip, gy
nh hng xu ti sc kho ca dn c v ph v cn bng sinh thi, v.v Nh vy,
ng c li nhun bn thn n khng phi l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s suy thoi,
nhim mi trng.
Nhng iu phn tch trn chng t rng, cc khuyn khch c tm quan trng c bit
trong hot ng ca mt h thng kinh t. Thut ng "khuyn khch" y c hiu l
mt ci g ht ngi ta vo hay y ngi ta ra khi mt chun (ch) nht nh, kch
thch, hng v dn dt ngi ta pht huy cch ng x hp chun, sa i cch ng x
lch chun. "Khuyn khch kinh t" l mt ci g thuc phm tr kinh t c tc dng
hng dn ngi ta tp trung c gng ca mnh vo sn xut hoc tiu dng kinh t theo
mt s hng nht nh. Khuyn khch kinh t khng ch l s tr cng bng ca ci vt
cht, hng dn hnh vi, cch ng x ca ngi ta sao cho c th thu c ngy cng
nhiu ca ci vt cht m cn c c nhng khuyn khch phi vt cht, hng dn ngi
ta thay i hnh vi, thi kinh t, v d nh lng t trng, s mong mun c mt cnh
quan mi trng xanh, sch, p hay c vng to nn mt tm gng tt cho ngi
khc noi theo.
Bt c mt h thng kinh t no cng s gy ra nhng tc ng ph hoi mi trng,
nu nh cc khuyn khch trong h thng kinh t khng c cu trc trnh cc
tc ng xu. Cc nh kinh t mi trng cn phi i nghin cu bn cht, c ch hot
ng ca cc h thng kinh t hiu c cc h thng khuyn khch ca chng hot
ng ra sao v c th thay i chng nh th no c c mt nn kinh t pht trin
mt cch hp l, hot ng c hiu qu, m khng gy ra nhng tc ng xu n mi
trng. Cc h thng khuyn khch rt phong ph v a dng, c th c phn thnh
cc nhm ch yu sau y:
- Cc khuyn khch c nhn v h gia nh nhm gim dn lng cht thi trong sinh
hot v tng cng s dng cc sn phm c t cht thi hn. V d: p dng ch tr

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tin l ph theo s lng rc thi hng thng hay hng nm thay cho thu l ph thu
gom rc thi qun bnh v c nh theo thi gian hay theo u ngi.
- Cc khuyn khch doanh nghip Nh nc v t nhn, c bit l cc doanh nghip
cng nghip, nhm thc y cc doanh nghip tm mi cch gim cc cht thi trong
qu trnh sn xut bng cch thng qua v cng ch thi hnh cc lut, php lnh, ngh
nh, quy ch c lin quan n bo v mi trng, bng cch son tho v p dng h
thng khuyn khch ti chnh sao cho c th hp dn cc doanh nghip gy nhim t
hn. V d: kt hp thu ti sn ca doanh nghip vi thnh tch bo v mi trng; tu
theo mc gy nhim mi trng ca doanh nghip m nh thu cao hay thp, hoc
xt min gim thu. Nu doanh nghip thi nhiu cht c hi lm nhim mi trng
th s b nh thu cao v ngc li.
- Cc khuyn khch ngnh nhm hnh thnh v pht trin ngnh cng nghip mi trng
v cc ngnh sn xut khc da trn c s s dng cc quy trnh cng ngh khng c
hoc c t cht thi. Cng nghip mi trng l ngnh cng nghip pht trin cc phng
php k thut x l cht thi, ti tun hon, sn xut cc my mc, thit b mi kim
tra nhim mi trng v nghin cu, p dng cng ngh mi gim st nhim mi
trng. Xy dng v pht trin rng ri cc quy trnh cng ngh khng c hoc c t
cht thi nhm cung cp cho th trng cc sn phm mi khng c hi cho mi trng,
sch v an ton i vi sc kho ca con ngi.
- Son tho chnh sch mi trng nhm ci thin cht lng mi trng mt cch c
hiu qu.
Trong vic son tho cc chnh sch mi trng, kinh t mi trng ng vai tr ch
yu nht. C rt nhiu kiu, loi chng trnh v chnh sch cng cng dnh cho cc
vn mi trng tt c cc cp: a phng, vng, quc gia, tiu khu vc, khu vc
v quc t. Chng khc nhau nhiu v hiu qu cng nh hiu lc. Mt s cc chng
trnh v chnh sch mi trng c son tho tt v r rng l c nhng tc ng tch
cc, c li cho mi trng. Cn a s cc chng trnh v chnh sch mi trng cha
c son tho tt nn cha i vo thc t cuc sng, hiu qu thp. Chnh v hiu qu
chi ph thp, thm ch khng c hiu qu, nn chng thng kt thc vi nhng chi ph
rt ln v t c tc dng i vi vic ci thin cht lng mi trng. V th, vic nghin
cu son tho cc chnh sch mi trng sao cho c hiu qu, c hiu lc v kh thi
l mt nhim v cc k quan trng ca kinh t mi trng.
Cc nhm khuyn khch nu trn l nhng vn ca kinh t v m. Chng nh hng
hnh vi v thi ng x hp l ca cc c nhn v tp th ngi tiu dng cng nh
ngi sn xut. Tuy nhin, cc vn mi trng cn lin quan cht ch vi thi ca
kinh t hc v m, tc l lin quan cht ch vi c cu v thnh tu kinh t ca c mt
quc gia vi t cch l mt n v thng nht, bi v khi chng ta nghin cu cc vn
nh tng sn phm quc ni (GDP), t l lm pht, t l tht nghip, v.v l chng ta

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ang tp trung vo nhng thnh tu ca quc gia nh l mt tng th, ngha l chng
ta ang nghin cu kinh t v m.
Cc bin php kim sot nhim mi trng c quan h rt mt thit vi t l tht
nghip v tng trng kinh t. y c hng lot cc cu hi m cc nh kinh t mi
trng cn phi tm cho c cc cu tr li ng n, tho ng.V d: Cc chnh sch
mi trng nghim ngt hn c to ra khuynh hng lm chm s tng trng kinh t
v lm tng t l tht nghip hay khng? Nu c, th bao nhiu? Cc quy tc, iu l v
mi trng c tc ng n t l lm pht hay khng? Nu c, th tc ng nh th no?
Ngc li, cc vn ca kinh t v m cng lin quan cht ch vi cc vn mi
trng. y cng tn ti v s cc cu hi thuc phm tr kinh t mi trng. Chng
hn, tng trng kinh t c tc ng n cht lng mi trng hay khng? Nu c,
th tc ng nh th no? C phi t l tng trng cng cao, ngha l bin php truyn
thng ca chng ta nh GDP, th mi trng cng b suy thoi hay khng, hay l ngc
li? y l nhng vn c ngha rt ln i vi cc nc ang pht trin, c bit l
i vi nc ta ang bc vo thi k mi - thi k y mnh cng nghip ho v hin
i ho.
Kinh t mi trng s dng rt nhiu loi cng c phn tch, trc ht l phn tch chi
ph - hiu qu v phn tch chi ph - li ch.
Phn tch chi ph - hiu qu l cng c m cc nh kinh t mi trng s dng tm
cch lm sao cho c th hon thnh tt mc tiu cht lng mi trng cho vi s
tin t nht. Ni cch khc l h tm cch tn t tin nht hon thnh mc tiu ci
thin cht lng mi trng nh no . V d: phn tch chi ph - hiu qu ca cc
phng n k thut gim thiu tiu th nhin liu - nng lng, nguyn vt liu trong
sn xut sao cho tn t tin nht m vn bo m s lng v cht lng sn phm cung
cp cho th trng.
Khi phn tch chi ph - hiu qu, cc nh kinh t mi trng ch quan tm n chi ph
thc hin mt vi mc tiu mi trng ra, cn trong phn tch chi ph - li ch, th c
chi ph ln li ch ca mt chng trnh hay mt chnh sch no c o lng v
biu din bng nhng iu kin c th so snh vi nhau c. Phn tch chi ph - li ch
l cng c phn tch ch yu m cc nh kinh t mi trng dng nh gi cc quyt
nh v mi trng. N c s dng vo nhng nm u th k XX nh gi mt s
d n nh pht trin ngun nc chng hn. Ngy nay, n c s dng rng ri trong
ton b khu vc cng cng. i khi ngi ta dng n h tr cho vic la chn chnh
sch hu hiu nht, i khi mt cng ty no dng n bin minh cho iu h mun
lm v i khi cc c quan Chnh ph dng n trong vic nghin cu ban hnh hoc xo
b cc quy ch, th ch. Phn tch li ch - chi ph l cng c quan trng nht v c
s dng rng ri nht trong kinh t mi trng.

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Kinh t mi trng cn quan tm nghin cu v gii quyt cc vn quc t ca mi

trng. Khng phi tt c cc vn v mi trng u lin quan n nhim v cng
khng phi tt c cc vn mi trng u xy ra trong cc nc ring l. Mi trng
l vn mang tnh vng, khng phn bit ranh gii hnh chnh a phng hay quc
gia. Mi trng tr thnh vn ton cu. gii quyt nhng vn mi trng
cp bch ton cu nh bo tn a dng sinh hc, s thay i kh hu, v.v, cn ng
vin tr tu v ngun lc ca mi quc gia, cn n lc chung ca cng ng th gii.
Nhim v ca cc nh kinh t mi trng l nghin cu cc phng php chi ph hu
hiu nht, vn thc hin quyn ti sn quc gia, vn chuyn giao cng nghip quc
t, vn phn chia chi ph cho cc nc giu v cc nc ngho sao cho cng bng,
vn chia s li ch dch v mi trng v.v
i tng ca mn hc
Mi trng (MT) ang l vn cp bch ca thi i, l thch thc gay gt i vi
tng lai pht trin ca tt c cc quc gia trn hnh tinh, trong c Vit Nam. Gii
quyt vn v cng rng ln v phc tp ny, i hi s c gng thng xuyn, n
lc chung ca mi c nhn, mi cng ng, mi quc gia v ton th nhn loi, i hi
s hp tc cht ch lin ngnh ca nhiu mn khoa hc, trong c KINH T MI
TRNG (Environmental Economics).
Kinh t mi trng l mt mn khoa hc nghin cu mi quan h tng tc ph thuc
v quy nh ln nhau gia kinh t v mi trng(h thng h tr cuc sng ca tri
t)nhm m bo mt s pht trin n nh,hiu qu,lin tc v bn vng trn c s
bo v mi trng v ly con ngi lm trung tm.
Nhim v ca mn hc
1. Trang b nhng c s phng php lun v phng php nghin cu mi quan h
bin chng gia pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng .
2. Trang b nhng c s l lun nhn nhn, phn tch nh gi mi trng trong bi
cnh ca c ch th trng.
3. nh gi nhng tc ng (tch cc v tiu cc) ca cc hot ng pht trin (kinh
t v x hi) n mi trng. Tip cn phn tch kinh t ca nhng tc ng ti mi
trng.
4. Nghin cu mi quan h tng tc gia ti nguyn, dn s, kinh t v mi trng.
5. Gp phn thm nh cc chng trnh, k hoch, d n pht trin thng qua phn tch
chi ph - li ch v phn tch chi ph - hiu qu.

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6. Gp phn hoch nh cc chnh sch v chin lc pht trin, nhng phng thc
qun l mi trng hp l.
7. Nng cao nhn thc v mi trng, v mi quan h cht ch, ph thuc v quy nh
ln nhau gia mi trng v pht trin mi c nhn, mi cng ng c hnh vi ng
n v mc ch pht trin bn vng. c bit l i vi cc chuyn gia kinh t v qun
tr kinh doanh.
Phng php nghin cu mn hc
L mt mn khoa hc cn non tr, lin ngnh v mang tnh tng hp cao, KINH T
MI TRNG s dng nhiu quan im, nhiu phng php tip cn v nghin cu
khc nhau, truyn thng cng nh hin i. Trong phi k n trc ht l:
1. Quan im v phng php duy vt bin chng v duy vt lch s.
Duy vt bin chng v duy vt lch s cho php chng ta nhn nhn v gii quyt vn
c c s khoa hc, m bo tnh lo gic, chng hn nhim v suy thoi mi trng hay
s gim st a dng sinh hc c ngun gc t u, hu qu ca nhng hin tng ny
s gy ra nhng tc hi v kinh t nh th no? S dng cc quan im v phng php
ny s loi tr c nhng nh gi c tnh ch quan, duy ch.
2. Quan im phn tch tnh, phn tch tnh so snh v phn tch ng.
- Phn tch tnh thc cht l phn tch cn bng hiu qu.
- Phn tch tnh so snh thng c s dng khi c s thay i ca ngoi cnh nh bin
ng v gi do tc ng ngoi ng. Phng php s dng thng l phn tch bin, s
dng php ton vi phn xem xt.
- Phn tch ng l phng php phn tch v xem xt bin thin theo thi gian.
3. Tip cn h thng, phn tch h thng v cn bng vt cht.
Mi trng thc cht l mt h thng ca cc thnh phn t nhin v vt cht nhn to
c mi quan h rng buc vi nhau trong mt trng thi cn bng ng, chnh v vy s
dng phng php phn tch h thng v cn bng vt cht cho php tm ra c nhng
thnh phn mi trng b tc ng, t xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra bin i mi
trng, s mt cn bng ca h thng vt cht, tc ng ti hot ng kinh t v cuc
sng con ngi.
4. Cc phng php nh gi tc ng mi trng (EIA), lng ha tc ng ti mi
trng.

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S dng cc phng php nh gi tc ng ti mi trng l c s chng ta lng

ho nhng tc ng ra gia tr tin t. Nhng phng php ny ch yu c s dng
nh gi nhng thit hi gy ra cho mi trng.
5. Phng php phn tch chi ph - li ch.
Vi phng php ny ch yu s dng quan im phn tch kinh t nghin cu. Chi
ph v li ch trong nghin cu kinh t mi trng khng ch tnh ti chi ph v li ch
c nhn m cn bao gm c nhng chi ph v li ch i vi ti nguyn v mi trng.
6. Phng php m hnh.
Kinh t hc mi trng hin i thng s dng cc m hnh lng ho gi tr bng
tin cc tc ng ti mi trng hoc d bo xu hng ca nhng bin i v kinh t
do tc ng ti mi trng. Nhng m hnh thng s dng c ngun gc t c s ton
hc v m hnh kinh t truyn thng c m rng v tnh ti cc yu t mi trng.

TM TT CHNG M U.
Trong phn mt khi qut v kinh t v mi trng, trong phn tch xut x v s ra
i ca Kinh t hc mi trng, lin quan ca mn hc ny vi cc mn khoa hc khc,
c bit l vi kinh t hc vi m v kinh t hc v m, trn c s lm r tnh c th
ca kinh t hc mi trng l g?
Trong phn hai v i tng ca mn hc, phn tch ca ni dung ch r vn c bn
l nghin cu mi quan h ga Kinh t v mi trng.
Phn ba v nhim v ca mn hc, c by nhim v c bn c trnh by khi thc hin
nghin cu ni dung khoa hc lin quan n Kinh t mi trng.
Phn bn trnh by su quan im v phng php nghin cu c bn i hi ngi hc
cn phi nm c khi nghin cu Kinh t mi trng.
Cu hi n tp chng m u.
1. Vai tr v v tr ca Kinh t mi trng trong h thng cc khoa hc Kinh t.
2. Trnh by i tng, nhim v v phng php nghin cu mn Kinh t mi trng.

11/317

Mi trng v pht trin-Phn I

MI TRNG
Khi nim v mi trng
Khi nim chung v mi trng
Mi trng l mt khi nim rt rng, c nh ngha theo nhiu cch khc nhau, c
bit sau hi ngh Stockholm v mi trng 1972. Tuy nhin nghin cu v nhng khi
nim lin quan n nh ngha a ra trong lut bo v mi trng ca Vit nam, c
nhng khi nim ng ch sau y.
Mt nh ngha ni ting ca S.V.Kalesnik (1959, 1970): "Mi trng (c nh ngha
vi mi trng a l) ch l mt b phn ca tri t bao quanh con ngi, m mt
thi im nht nh x hi loi ngi c quan h tng h trc tip vi n, ngha l mi
trng c quan h mt cch gn gi nht vi i sng v hot ng sn xut ca con
ngi" (xem S.V.Kalesnik: Cc quy lut a l chung ca tri t. M.1970, tr. 209-212).
Mt nh ngha khc ca vin s I.P.Gheraximov (1972) a ra nh ngha mi trng
nh sau: "Mi trng (bao quanh) l khung cnh ca lao ng, ca cuc sng ring t
v ngh ngi ca con ngi", trong mi trng t nhin l c s cn thit cho s sinh
tn ca nhn loi.
Gn y trong bo co ton cu nm 2000, cng b 1982 nu ra nh ngha mi
trng sau y: "Theo t ngha, mi trng l nhng vt th vt l v sinh hc bao quanh
loi ngi Mi quan h gia loi ngi v mi trng ca n cht ch n mc m
s phn bit gia cc c th con ngi vi mi trng b xo nho i".
Trong quyn "a l hin ti, tng lai. Hiu bit v qu t, hnh tinh ca chng ta,
Magnard. P, 1980", nu ra kh y khi nim mi trng: "Mi trng l tng
hp - mt thi im nht nh - cc trng hung vt l, ho hc, sinh hc v cc yu t
x hi c kh nng gy ra mt tc ng trc tip hay gin tip, tc thi hay theo k hn,
i vi cc sinh vt hay i vi cc hot ng ca con ngi"
Trong Tuyn ngnca UNESCO nm 1981, mi trng c hiu l "Ton b cc h
thng t nhin v cc h thng do con ngi to ra xung quanh mnh, trong con ngi
sinh sng v bng lao ng ca mnh khai thc cc ti nguyn thin nhin hoc nhn
to nhm tho mn cc nhu cu ca con ngi".
Trong quyn: "Mi trng v ti nguyn Vit Nam" - NXB Khoa hc v k thut, H.,
1984, a ra nh ngha: "Mi trng l mt ni chn trong s cc ni chn, nhng
12/317

c th l mt ni chn ng ch , th hin cc mu sc x hi ca mt thi k hay

mt x hi". Cng c nhng tc gi a ra nh ngha ngn gn hn, chng hn nh
R.G.Sharme (1988) a ra mt nh ngha: "Mi trng l tt c nhng g bao quanh
con ngi".
thng nht v mt nhn thc, chng ta s dng nh ngha trong "Lut bo v mi
trng" c Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam kho IX, k hp th t thng qua
ngy 27 - 12 -1993 nh ngha khi nim mi trng nh sau:
"Mi trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v yu t vt cht nhn to, quan h mt thit
vi nhau, bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng ti i sng, sn xut, s tn ti, pht
trin ca con ngi v thin nhin" (iu 1. Lut bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam)
Khi nim chung v mi trng trn y c c th ho i vi tng i tng v mc
ch nghin cu khc nhau.
Mi trng sng
i vi cc c th sng th mi trng sng l tng hp nhng iu kin bn ngoi nh
vt l, ho hc, sinh hc c lin quan n s sng. N c nh hng ti i sng, s tn
ti v pht trin ca cc c th sng. Nhng iu kin ch c trn tri t, trnh
khoa hc hin nay cha xc nh c cc hnh tinh khc trong v tr c mi trng
ph hp cho s sng.
Mi trng sng ca con ngi
Mi trng sng ca con ngi trc ht phi l mi trng sng. Tuy nhin i vi
con ngi th mi trng sng ca con ngi l tng hp cc iu kin vt l, ho hc,
sinh hc, x hi bao quanh con ngi v c nh hng ti s sng v pht trin ca tng
c nhn, tng cng ng v ton b loi ngi trn hnh tinh. Nh vy nu so snh gia
mi trng sng v mi trng sng ca con ngi th mi trng sng ca con ngi
i hi nhung iu kin rng buc nghim ngt hn. Nh vy trn hnh tinh tri t
khng gian mi trng sng ca con ngi cng b thu hp hn.
Lin quan n khi nim mi trng, cn c khi nim h sinh thi. l h thng cc
qun th sinh vt cng sng v cng pht trin trong mt mi trng nht nh, c quan
h tng tc vi nhau v vi mi trng .
Khi nghin cu mi trng, chng ta thng s dng khi nim a dng sinh hc; l
s phong ph v ngun gen, v ging, loi sinh vt v h sinh thi trong t nhin. Khi
xem xt a dng sinh hc c xt 3 cp : cp loi, cp qun th v qun x
- i vi a dng sinh hc cp loi, bao gm ton b cc sinh vt sng trn tri t, t
vi khun n cc loi thc, ng vt v cc loi nm.
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- cp qun th, a dng sinh hc bao gm s khc bit v gen gia cc loi, khc bit
v gen gia cc qun th sng cch ly nhau v a l cng nh khc bit gia cc c th
cng chung sng trong mt qun th.
- a dng sinh hc cn bao gm c s khc bit gia cc qun x m trong cc loi
sinh sng v cc h sinh thi, ni m cc loi cng nh cc qun x sinh vt tn ti v
c s khc bit ca cc mi trng tng tc gia chng vi nhau.
Cc thnh phn ca Mi trng
Thnh phn mi trng ht sc phc tp, trong mi trng cha ng v s cc yu t
hu sinh v v sinh, v vy kh m din t ht cc thnh phn mi trng.
tm v m xt th thnh phn mi trng c th chia ra 5 quyn sau y.
- Kh quyn: kh quyn l vng nm ngoi v tri t vi chiu cao t 0 - 100 km. Trong
kh quyn tn ti cc yu t vt l nh nhit, p sut, ma, nng, gi, bo. Kh quyn
chia thnh nhiu lp theo cao tnh t mt t, mi lp c cc yu t vt l, ha hc
khc nhau. Tng st mt t c cc thnh phn:
Khong 79% l Nit; 20% oxy; 0,93% Argon; 0,02% Ne; 0,03% CO2; 0,005% He; mt
t Hydro, trong khng kh cn c hi nc v bi.
Kh quyn l b phn quan trng ca mi trng, n c hnh thnh sm nht trong
qu trnh kin to tri t.
- Thch quyn: i quyn ch phn rn ca tri t c su t 0 - 60 km tnh t mt
t v su t 0 - 20km tnh t y bin. Ngi ta gi l lp v tri t
Thch quyn cha ng cc yu t ho hc, nh cc nguyn t ho hc, cc hp cht
rn v c, hu c.
Thch quyn l c s cho s sng.
Thu quyn : L ngun nc di mi dng. Nc c trong khng kh, trong
t, trong ao h, sng, bin v i dng. Nc cn trong c th sinh vt.
Tng lng nc trn hnh tinh khong 1,4 t Km3, nhng khong 97% trong l
i dng, 3% l nc ngt, tp trung phn ln cc ni bng thuc bc cc v Nam
cc. Nh vy lng nc ngt m con ngi c th s dng c chim t l rt t ca
thu quyn.

14/317

Nc l thnh phn mi trng cc k quan trng, con ngi cn n nc khng ch

cho sinh l hng ngy m cn cho hot ng sn xut kinh doanh v dch v mi lc
mi ni.
Sinh quyn: Sinh quyn bao gm cc c th sng (cc loi sinh vt) v nhng
b phn ca thch quyn, Thy quyn v Kh quyn to nn mi trng sng
ca cc c th sng. V d cc vng rng, ao h, m ly, ni ang tn ti s
sng.
Sinh quyn c cc thnh phn hu sinh v v sinh quan h cht ch v tng tc phc
tp vi nhau. c trng cho hot ng ca sinh quyn l cc chu trnh trao i cht v
cc chu trnh nng lng.
- Tr quyn: T khi xut hin con ngi v x hi loi ngi, do b no ngi ngy cng
hon thin nn tr tu con ngi ngy cng pht trin, n c coi nh cng c sn xut
cht xm to nn mt lng vt cht to ln, lm thay i din mo ca hnh tinh
chng ta.
Chnh v vy, ngy nay ngi ta tha nhn s tn ti ca mt quyn mi, l tr quyn
(Noosphere), bao gm cc b phn trn tri t, ti c tc ng ca tr tu con ngi.
Tr quyn l mt quyn nng ng.
S phn chia cu trc ca mi trng thnh cc quyn trn y cng rt tng i. Thc
ra trong lng mi quyn u c mt cc phn quan trng ca quyn khc, chng b sung
cho nhau rt cht ch.
Bn cht h thng ca mi trng
Cc nh ngha mi trng nu trn, tuy c khc nhau v quy m, gii hn, thnh phn
mi trng v.v, nhng u thng nht bn cht h thng ca mi trng v mi
quan h gia con ngi v t nhin.
Di nh sng ca cuc cch mng khoa hc - k thut hin i, mi trng cn c
hiu nh l mt h thng. Ni cch khc, mi trng mang y nhng c trng ca
h thng.
Nhng c trng c bn ca h thng mi trng l:
Tnh c cu (cu trc) phc tp
H thng mi trng (gi tt l h mi trng) bao gm nhiu phn t (thnh phn) hp
thnh. Cc phn t c bn cht khc nhau (t nhin, kinh t, dn c, x hi) v b chi
phi bi cc quy lut khc nhau, i khi i lp nhau.

15/317

C cu ca h mi trng c th hin ch yu c cu chc nng v c cu bc

thang. Theo chc nng, ngi ta c th phn h mi trng ra v s phn h. Tng t
nh vy, theo th bc (quy m), ngi ta cng c th phn ra cc phn h t ln n
nh.
D theo chc nng hay theo th bc, cc phn t c cu ca h mi trng thng xuyn
tc ng ln nhau, quy nh v ph thuc ln nhau (thng qua trao i vt cht - nng
lng - thng tin) lm cho h thng tn ti, hot ng v pht trin. V vy, mi mt s
thay i, d l rt nh, ca mi phn t c cu ca h mi trng u gy ra mt phn
ng dy chuyn trong ton h, lm suy gim hoc gia tng s lng v cht lng ca
n.
Tnh ng
H mi trng khng phi l mt h tnh, m lun lun thay i trong cu trc, trong
quan h tng tc gia cc phn t c cu v trong tng phn t c cu. Bt k mt s
thay i no ca h u lm cho n lch khi trng thi cn bng trc v h la c
xu hng lp li th cn bng mi. l bn cht ca qu trnh vn ng v pht trin
ca h mi trng. V th, cn bng ng l mt c tnh c bn ca mi trng vi t
cch l mt h thng. c tnh cn c tnh n trong hot ng t duy v trong t
chc thc tin ca con ngi.
Tnh m
Mi trng, d vi quy m ln nh nh th no, cng u l mt h thng m. Cc
dng vt cht, nng lng v thng tin lin tc "chy" trong khng gian v thi gian (t
h ln n h nh, t h nh n h nh hn v ngc li: t trng thi ny sang trng
thi khc, t th h ny sang th h ni tip, v.v). V th, h mi trng rt nhy cm
vi nhng thay i t bn ngoi, iu ny l gii v sao cc vn mi trng mang
tnh vng, tnh ton cu, tnh lu di (vin cnh) v n ch c gii quyt bng n lc
ca ton th cng ng, bng s hp tc gia cc quc gia, cc khu vc trn th gii vi
mt tm nhn xa, trng rng v li ch ca th h hm nay v cc th h mai sau.
Kh nng t t chc v iu chnh
Trong h mi trng, c cc phn t c cu l vt cht sng (con ngi, gii sinh vt)
hoc l cc sn phm ca chng. Cc phn t ny c kh nng t t chc li hot ng
ca mnh v t iu chnh thch ng vi nhng thay i bn ngoi theo quy lut tin
ho, nhm hng ti trng thi n nh.
c tnh c bn ny ca h mi trng quy nh tnh cht, mc , phm vi can thip
ca con ngi, ng thi to m hng gii quyt cn bn, lu di cho cc vn mi
trng cp bch hin nay (to kh nng t phc hi ca cc ti nguyn sinh vt suy
kit, xy dng cc h cha v cc vnh ai cy xanh, nui trng thu v hi sn, v.v)
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Phn loi mi trng

Ty theo mc ch nghin cu v s dng, c nhiu cch phn loi mi trng khc
nhau. C th phn loi mi trng theo cc du hiu c trng sau y:
Theo chc nng
- Mi trng t nhin:
Mi trng t nhin bao gm cc nhn t ca t nhin tn ti khch quan ngoi mun
ca con ngi nh khng kh, t ai, ngun nc, nh sng mt tri, ng thc vt
Mi trng t nhin cung cp cc ngun ti nguyn t nhin cho ta nh khng kh
th, t xy dng nh ca, trng cy, chn nui, cc loi khong sn cho sn xut,
tiu th v l ni cha ng, ng ho cc cht thi, cung cp cho ta cnh p gii tr
tng kh nng sinh l ca con ngi.
-Mi trng x hi:
Mi trng x hi l tng hp cc quan h gia ngi vi ngi. l nhng lut l,
th ch, cam kt, quy nh, c nh, hng c cc cp khc nhau nh: Lin Hp
Quc, Hip hi cc nc, quc gia, tnh, huyn, c quan, lng x, h tc, gia nh, t
nhm, cc t chc tn gio, t chc ton th Mi trng x hi nh hng hot ng
ca con ngi theo mt khun kh nht nh to nn sc mnh tp th thun li cho s
pht trin, lm cho cuc sng ca con ngi khc vi cc sinh vt khc.
-Mi trng nhn to
Mi trng nhn to bao gm cc nhn t do con ngi to nn, lm thnh nhng tin
nghi cho cuc sng ca con ngi nh t, my bay, nh , cng s, cc khu vc
th, cng vin nhn to, cc khu vui chi gii tr v.v
Theo quy m:
Theo quy m ch yu ngi ta phn loi mi trng theo khng gian a l nh mi
trng ton cu, mi trng khu vc, mi trng quc gia, mi trng vng, mi trng
a phng.
Theo mc ch nghin cu s dng
- Mc ch nghin cu s dng theo ngha rng, mi trng bao gm tt c cc nhn t
t nhin v x hi cn thit cho s sng, sn xut ca con ngi nh ti nguyn thin
nhin, khng kh, t, nc, nh sng, cnh quan, cc quan h x hi tc l gn lin
vic s dng ti nguyn vi cht lng mi trng.

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- Mcch nghin cu s dng theo ngha hp:

Mi trng theo ngha hp thng ch xt ti nhng nhn t t nhin v x hi trc tip
lin quan ti cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi.
Theo thnh phn
- Phn loi theo thnh phn ca t nhin ngi ta thng chia ra:
+ Mi trng khng kh
+ Mi trng t
+ Mi trng nc
+ Mi trng bin
- Phn loi theo thnh phn ca dn c sinh sng ngi ta chia ra:
+ Mi trng thnh th
+ Mi trng nng thn
Ngoi 2 cch phn loi trn c th cn c cc cch phn loi khc ph hp vi mc ch
nghin cu, s dng ca con ngi v s pht trin ca x hi. Tuy nhin, d bt c
cch phn loi no th cng u thng nht mt s nhn thc chung: Mi trng l tt
c nhng g c xung quanh ta, cho ta c s sng v pht trin.
Vai tr ca mi trng i vi con ngi
i vi mt c th con ngi, cng nh i vi cng ng con ngi v c x hi loi
ngi, mi trng sng c ba chc nng.
- Mi trng l ni cung cp ngun ti nguyn cn thit cho cuc sng v hot ng sn
xut ca con ngi.
- Mi trng l ni cha ng cc ph thi do con ngi to ra trong cuc sng v sn
xut ca mnh.
- Mi trng l khng gian sng, cung cp cc dch v cnh quan thin nhin.

18/317

Mi trng l ni cung cp ti nguyn

Ti nguyn thin nhin bao gm c ti nguyn ti to, ti nguyn khng ti to v cc
dng thng tin m con ngi khai thc, s dng u cha ng trong mi trng.
Ti nguyn thin nhin c trong thch quyn, thy quyn, kh quyn v trong sinh
quyn. Khi m con ngi cha n c cc hnh tinh khc tm kim cc ngun ti
nguyn mi, th ni con ngi c th khai thc ti nguyn ch c trong mi trng ca
chng ta. Hng nm con ngi khai thc ti nguyn nhiu thm, do nhu cu vt cht
ngy cng tng v s lng v cht lng.
Bng 1.1. Mc khai thc du m, kh t, khong sn ca th gii t nm 1950 n
1994.
Ti nguyn
Nm
1950

1960 1970 1980 1990 1994

Du th(106 tn)

518

1049 2281 2976 2963 2953

Kh thin nhin(106 tn) 180

442

Than (106 tn)

1271 1359 1708 2109 2083

884

989

1459 2005 2128

Ngun: Tn hiu sng cn 1995 Vin Tm nhn th gii

NXB Khoa hc k thut
Vi tng hng nm v nhu cu nhin liu v nguyn liu ca th gii, cc c tnh
phng on nhiu loi khong sn s cn kit vo th k ti, nu nhn loi khng tm
c cc ngun cung cp v nguyn liu thay th khc.
Mi trng vi chc nng l ni cha ph thi
Trong mi hot ng ca con ngi t qu trnh khai thc ti nguyn cho sn xut ch
bin to ra sn phm, n qu trnh lu thng v tiu dng u c ph thi.
Ph thi bao gm nhiu dng, nhng ch yu chng c tn ti ba dng l ph thi
dng kh, dng rn, dng lng. Ngoi ra cn c cc dng khc nh nhit, ting n, ha
cht nguyn t, phn t, hp cht... V tt c cc ph thi u a vo mi trng.
Trong x hi cha cng nghip ho, mt dn s thp, cc ph thi thng c ti
s dng. Th d cc cht bi tit c dng lm phn bn, cc ph thi t nng sn, lm
19/317

sn c dng lm thc n cho gia sc, nhin liu. Nhng ci khng th ti s dng, ti
ch thng c phn hu t nhin bi cc sinh vt v vi sinh vt, sau mt thi gian
ngn tr li thnh nhng hp cht hoc nguyn t dng lm nguyn liu cho cc qu
trnh sn xut mi.
Trong x hi cng nghip ho, mt dn s cao, lng ph thi thng rt ln, khng
ni cha ng, qu trnh t phn hu khng theo kp so vi lng cht thi to ra.
Hay ngi ta thng gi lng cht thi vt qu mc chu ti ca mi trng. y l
nguyn nhn c bn gy ra nhng bin i v mi trng.
Bng 1.2: Mc thi Cc bon, Lu hunh v Ni t t nm 1950 n nm 1994.
Ti nguyn
Nm
1950

1960 1970 1980 1990 1994

Cc bon (106 tn)

1620 2543 4006 5172 5941 5925

Ni t (106 tn)

6,8

11,8 18,1 22,3 26,3 26,5

Lu hunh (106 tn) 30,1 46,2 57,0 62,9 68,7 68,7

CFC (103 tn)

42

150

640

880

820

295

Ngun: Tn hiu sng cn - 1995 - Vin Tm nhn th gii

NXB Khoa hc k thut
Mi trng vi chc nng l khng gian sng v cung cp cc dch v cnh quan
Con ngi ch c th tn ti v pht trin trong khng gian mi trng, mi trng l
ni duy nht cho con ngi c hng cc cnh p thin nhin, th thi v tinh thn,
tho mn cc nhu cu tm l.
Khng gian mi trng m con ngi tn ti tri qua hng t nm nay khng h thay i
v ln, c ngha khng gian mi trng l hu hn. Trong khi dn s loi ngi
trn tri t v ang tng ln theo cp s nhn. Nh vy v hnh chung khng gian
mi trng mi ngi c hng s gim xung v cht lng suy gim nhanh chng.
S tho mn cc nhu cu dch v ca con ngi cng gim theo dn.
Bng 1.3: Dn s th gii v din tch trn u ngi qua cc nm

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Nm

-106

-105

-104 0

Dn s (106 ngi)

0,125

1,0

5,0

1650 1840 1930 1994 2010

200 545

Din tch (ha/ngi) 120.000 15000 3000 75

1000 2000 5000 7000

27,55 15

7,5

3,0

1,88

Ngun: C s khoa hc mi trng 1995 - L Thc Cn

Vi tng dn s nh hin nay th dn s th gii s t 8 t vo nm 2020. Dn s
tng nhanh l thch thc to ln, n ko theo nhiu vn mi trng phc tp.
Quan h tng tc gia kinh t v mi trng
Mi quan h tng tc gia kinh t v mi trng l mt biu hin c th ca mi quan
h tng tc rng ln hn, bao trm hn, thng xuyn hn v xuyn sut mi thi i
k t khi xut hin x hi con ngi trn hnh tinh chng ta. l mi quan h tng
tc gia con ngi, x hi v t nhin. Mi quan h tng tc l mt trong nhng
hin tng ch yu ca lch s th gii vt cht ca hnh tinh Tri t, l hin tng c
ngha v cng v i, mang tnh v tr m nhng kt qu
cui cng ca n chng ta cn cha th no nhn thy v tin on c. Hin tng
ny tng c cc th h tin bi nghin cu, ang c th h ng i nghin
cu nhiu v s c cc th h tng lai nghin cu su hn hiu bit thu o hn.
Vn ny s tn ti mi mi, khng bao gi kt thc, bi v chng ta ch tim cn n
chn l m thi.
Mi quan h tng tc gia con ngi, x hi v t nhin l ti nghin cu ca hng
lot khoa hc: trit hc, lch s, a l, a cht, sinh hc, kinh t hc, kinh t chnh tr
v rt nhiu khoa hc khc. C th ni rng, y l mt trong nhng ti a din v
a chiu nht ca khoa hc hin i. V mt trit hc, ti ny c cc nh kinh
in ca ch ngha Mc - Lnin t ra nghin cu. V mc d cho n nay tri qua
nhiu giai on lch s, song nhng tin , nhng gii php c tnh nguyn tc cho vn
cc k rng ln v phc tp ny ca cc nh kinh t ca ch ngha Mc - Lnin vn
gi nguyn gi tr khoa hc v thc tin. S pht trin nhanh chng ca x hi, ca cch
mng khoa hc v cng ngh hin i, qu trnh quc t ho kinh t v i sng x hi,
v.v em li rt nhiu mi l cho mi quan h tng tc gia con ngi , x hi v
t nhin. iu , tt yu dn n vic xem xt li vn ny mt trnh khoa hc,
k thut v cng ngh cao hn, cp nht hn nhm lm phong ph thm nhng nguyn
tc, nguyn l khoa hc mi bng nhng hiu bit su sc hn, nhng tng to bo
v th v hn.
y, chng ta khng cn thit phi phn tch ton b cc kha cnh ca vn quan h
tng tc gia con ngi, x hi v t nhin, m ch dng li s phn tch mi quan

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h tng tc kinh t v mi trng - phn ct li nht ca mi quan h tng tc rng

ln v phc tp nu trn.
H thng mi trng bao gm cc thnh phn mi trng vi chc nng c bn l ngun
cung cp ti nguyn cho con ngi, l ni cha ng ph thi, l khng gian sng cho
con ngi. Cc kh nng ny ca h thng mi trng l hu hn. H thng kinh t lun
lun din ra cc qu trnh khai thc ti nguyn (R-Resourse), ch bin nguyn liu (PProduction), v phn phi tiu dng. (C-Consumer).
Nh vy hot ng ca h thng kinh t tun theo chu trnh sau:
RPC
Ti nguyn (R) c con ngi khai thc t mi trng nh khong sn, du m, than,
g ci nh vy ti nguyn l nguyn liu v nng lng u vo cho h thng kinh t.
Ti nguyn sau khi khai thc c ch bin thnh cc sn phm ph hp vi mc tiu
ca con ngi, qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh sn xut (P).
Cc sn phm s c phn phi tiu dng (C). Trong qu trnh chuyn i nng
lng ny u km theo cc cht thi vo mi trng. Cc cht thi t qu trnh khai
thc (WR), l cc dng ti nguyn khai thc nhng khng c a vo h thng
kinh t.
Cc cht thi t qu trnh sn xut, ch bin ti nguyn (WP), l khng trnh khi v trn
thc t cha c cng ngh ch bin no t hiu sut s dng nguyn liu 100%.
Cc cht thi t qu trnh tiu dng cc sn phm (WC), cht thi bao gm cc dng
lng, kh v rn.
RPCWRWPWCRPC
Tng lng thi t h thng kinh t s l W
W = W R + WP + WC
Hot ng ca h thng kinh t tun theo nh lut th nht nhit ng hc, l nng
lng v vt cht khng mt i v khng t sinh ra, ch chuyn t dng ny sang dng
khc. Cng chnh t quy lut cho thy ti nguyn m con ngi khai thc cng nhiu
th cht thi cng tng.
Trn c s phn tch cho chng ta nhn xt v mi quan h gia mi trng v pht
trin kinh t. H thng kinh t ly ti nguyn (R) t h thng mi trng cng nhiu th
cht thi (W) t h thng kinh t a vo mi trng cng ln.
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R = W = W R + WP + WC
Tm li chc nng c bn ca bt k mt h thng kinh t no nh sn xut, phn phi
v tiu th cng u din ra trong lng th gii t nhin bao quanh. Th gii t nhin
ng vai tr cung cp nguyn liu v nng lng. Khng c nguyn liu v nng lng
th khng th c sn xut v tiu th. Do , h thng kinh t tc ng ln th gii t
nhin trc ht thng qua vic khai thc v s dng ngun nguyn liu v nng lng
sn c trong t nhin. Mt khc, cc hot ng sn xut v tiu th cng thng xuyn
sn sinh ra cc cht thi, m sm hay mun, chng s "tm ng tr v" vi th gii t
nhin bao quanh. Xem s 1.1.

S 1.1. H kinh t v mi trng

Tu theo cc cht thi c s dng nh th no, cc cht thi ny c th dn n
nhim hoc suy thoi mi trng t nhin. Mi quan h c bn ny c th c minh
ho bng s 1.2.

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S 1.2
Mi quan h gia kinh t ti nguyn v kinh t cht thi
Ngun: Bary C.Field. Environmental Economics: An introduction. 1994, p.21
Trong s 1.2, k hiu R th hin dng ti nguyn i vo sn xut v tiu th. Nghin
cu vai tr cung cp ti nguyn ca th gii t nhin c gi l kinh t ti nguyn thin
nhin (hay gi tt l kinh t ti nguyn). K hiu W cho thy tc ng ca hot ng
kinh t n cht lng ca mi trng t nhin. Nghin cu dng cht thi v tc ng
ca chng n th gii t nhin c coi l kinh t cht thi. Kim sot nhim l mt
ch quan trng, nhng khng phi l duy nht ca kinh t mi trng. Tc ng ca
con ngi n mi trng v cng a dng v bng nhiu cch khng phi l nhim
hiu theo ngha truyn thng, theo ngha c in. Chng hn, s ph hoi mi trng
sng do pht trin nh gy nn khng lin quan g vi vic thi cc cht nhim c
trng c.
Di y, chng ta s cp n vic qun l cc dng cht thi v tc ng ca hot
ng con ngi n cc ti nguyn mi trng. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, rt nhiu vn
ny li c ngun gc su xa t tc ng qua li nguyn thu gia con ngi, x hi
v t nhin. V th, hiu r hn, chng ta s im qua nhng ni dung ch yu ca
kinh t ti nguyn.

TI NGUYN
Khi nim v ti nguyn
Di tc ng mnh m ca cch mng khoa hc v cng ngh, khi nim ti nguyn
c m rng ra trn nhiu lnh vc hot ng ca con ngi.

24/317

Hiu theo ngha rng, ti nguyn bao gm tt c cc ngun nguyn liu, nhin liu nng lng, thng tin c trn Tri t v trong khng gian v tr lin quan m con
ngi c th s dng cho mc ch tn ta v pht trin ca mnh.
Vi nhn thc mi nht hin nay, ngi ta nh ngha ti nguyn nh sau:
"Ti nguyn l tt c cc dng vt cht, phi vt cht v tri thc c s dng to ra
ca ci vt cht, hoc to ra gi tr s dng mi cho con ngi"
Nh vy, theo quan nim mi ny ti nguyn l i tng sn xut ca con ngi. X
hi loi ngi cng pht trin, s loi hnh ti nguyn v s lng mi loi ti nguyn
c con ngi khai thc ngy cng tng.
Trong khun kh ca gio trnh, chng ta ch xem xt ti cc ngun ti nguyn thin
nhin.
Phn loi ti nguyn thin nhin.
Hin nay Quan im ca cc Nh Kinh t hc mi trng u thng nht cch phn loi
ti nguyn thien nhin nh sau:Theo kh nng ti sinh v khng c kh nng ti sinh
- Ti nguyn c kh nng ti sinh l nhng ti nguyn c th t duy tr hoc b sung
mt cch lin tc khi c qun l hp l. Tuy nhin nu s dng, khng hp l, ti
nguyn ny cng c th b cn kit v khng th ti sinh na. V d cc ging loi thc
vt, ng vt b gim st v tuyt chng.
- Ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh l nhng ngun ti nguyn c mt mc gii
hn nht nh trn tri t, chng ta ch c khai thc chng dng nguyn khai mt
ln, i vi loi ti nguyn ny c chia thnh ba nhm:
+ Ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh nhng to tin cho ti sinh, v d nh t,
nc t nhin....
+ Ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh nhng ti to. V d nh kim loi, thy tinh,
cht do...
+ Ti nguyn cn kit. V d nh than , du kh....

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Hnh 1.1 . S th hin phn loi ngun ti nguyn t nhin

Kinh t ti nguyn
Sng trong x hi hin i, i khi chng ta qun mt rng, hot ng kinh t s dng
rt nhiu ti nguyn thin nhin u vo. Nhng ri, thc tin trong nhng nm gn
y nhc chng ta nh n tm quan trng ca cc ngun nng lng t ho thch
nh than , du m v kh thin nhin. Nn cng nghip ho - du s to dng
cng da vo cc ngun ti nguyn ny. Lng vt t rt ln s dng trong cc nc
cng nghip v c trong x hi mang tn l "x hi thng tin" u do nhiu ti nguyn
khong sn v ti nguyn rng cung cp. Nc l u vo thit yu ca nhiu quy trnh
sn xut ng thi l ngun ti nguyn c cc h gia nh trc tip tiu th. Sn xut
thc phm ph thuc vo c s ti nguyn thin nhin, hoc l thu hoch trc tip nh
nh bt c, hoc l cung cp nhng u vo thit yu cho thc vt v ng vt tng
trng. Khng kh cng l u vo thit yu ca hu ht cc quy trnh sn xut.
Nh chng ta ch ra trong cch phn loi ti nguyn, v c bn ti nguyn gm hai
nhm : phc hi c v khng phc hi c. Nhng ti nguyn sinh vt l nhng ti
nguyn c th phc hi c: chng ln ln cng thi gian theo cc qu trnh sinh hc.
Nhng ti nguyn khng phc hi c l nhng ti nguyn mi khi s dng l ht,
khng c cch g hon tr li, khng c quy trnh no lm y li c. V d nh cc
ngun du m v khong sn khng cung cp nng lng. Mt s ngun ti nguyn nht
nh nh nhiu mch nc ngm c tc lm y thp n mc c coi nh l khng
phc hi c.

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C mt ngun ti nguyn m ch gn y mi c con ngi tha nhn l a dng sinh

hc. Ngun ti nguyn ny tn ti khng ch trong mt cht, m trong mt tp hp cc
yu t thnh phn. Cc nh sinh hc c lng rng, hin nay trn th gii c th c
n 30 triu ging loi sinh vt, chng i din cho mt ngun rng ln v quan trng
ca thng tin di truyn hu ch i vi s pht trin thuc men, thuc tr vt hi thin
nhin, cc loi thc v ng vt c sc khng cao, v.v Hot ng ca con ngi
lm cho tc tuyt chng ca cc ging loi tng nhanh. V vy, gi gn mi trng
sng v bo tn ging loi tr thnh mt trong nhng vn mi trng cp bch
nht hin nay.
Mt trong nhng c im phn bit hu ht cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin l
chng "ph thuc nhiu vo thi gian", iu ny c ngha l vic s dng chng ko di
qu thi gian thu hoch, cho nn t l s dng trong thi k ny s nh hng n s
c sn v t l s dng trong thi k sau. i vi cc ti nguyn khng phc hi, iu
ny tng i d nhn bit. Chng hn, du c ht ra khi cc m du nm nay nhiu
bao nhiu th s cng kh thu c du hn trong nhng nm sau ! Mi quan h gia
li ch hin ti v li ch tng lai cng xy ra i vi cc ti nguyn c th phc hi
c. Chng hn, nn tnh ton xem c th nh bt bao nhiu c hin nay khng lm
nh hng n sn lng nh bt trong nhng nm sau, hay l, nn tnh ton xem, khai
thc g nm nay hay l ch mt vi nm na cho cy ln, cao ri mi khai thc.
R rng, y l nhng vn c tm vc "lin thi gian" rng ln, bao gm cc mi
quan h gia hin ti v tng lai. Mt s vn mi trng cng c c trng tng t
nh vy, c bit l khi gii quyt cc cht nhim ang tch t hoc cc cht nhim
cn c thi gian tiu hu. Trn thc t, ci ang b suy gim i y chnh l "kh
nng ng ho" ca Tri t, tc l kh nng ca h thng t nhin c th chp nhn
c mt s cht nhim nht nh v lm cho chng tr nn hu ch hoc v hi.
Mt c im ca th gii hin i l ranh gii gia ti nguyn thin nhin v ti nguyn
mi trng, trong nhiu trng hp, ang b xo nho. Nhiu quy trnh khai thc ti
nguyn nh khai thc g, khai thc m c nhng nh hng trc tip n cht lng
mi trng. Ngc li, cng c nhiu v d v nhim hoc suy thoi mi trng c
tc ng n cc quy trnh khai thc ti nguyn. nhim nc ca sng cn tr s b
sung ngun c hay nhim khng kh lm gim sn lng nng nghip. Mt th khc,
chng hn nh i sng hoang d, c th c coi va l ti nguyn thin nhin, va l
thuc tnh ca mi trng. Mc d kh c th minh nh rch ri ti nguyn thin nhin
v ti nguyn mi trng, nhng cc nh kinh t cng phn bit gia hai dch v ca
th gii t nhin: l nguyn liu v mi trng.
Cn bng vt cht v cht lng mi trng
S 1. 2: Cn bng vt cht v quan h gia kinh t v mi trng

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Mi trng thin nhinNgi sn xutNgi tiu thNguynLiuCht thi (RP)Hng

ho (G)Cht thi(RC)Thi b (RPd)Thi b(RCd) ti tun hon (Rrp) ti tun hon
(Rrc)Mi trng thin nhin
Ngun: Phin bn t Barry C. Field. Environmental Economics:
an introduction. 1994, p.24
Thng qua s 2 cho thy mt biu hin phc tp hn v mi quan h gia kinh t v
mi trng thng qua bin i ca dng vt cht. Trong s ny cho ta thy, nhng
yu t bn trong hnh bu dc l cc b phn ca h thng kinh t. Ton b cc yu
t , v c bn, c bao bc bn trong mi trng t nhin. Kinh t hc c chia
ra thnh hai phn on ln: "ngi sn xut" v "ngi tiu th". "Ngi sn xut" bao
gm ton b cc hng, cng ty thu np v chuyn ho nhng u vo thnh nhng u
ra hu ch. Ngoi ra, "ngi sn xut" cn bao gm nhng n v khc nh cc hng /
cng ty cng cng, cc t chc khng li nhun v cc cng ty sn xut dch v nh vn
ti. Tm li, "ngi sn xut" l tt c cc thc th kinh t trong h thng cho n bn
thn "ngi tiu th".
Nhng u vo ch yu ca khu vc sn xut ly t mi trng t nhin l cc vt t
dng t nhin l cc vt t dng nhin liu, khong sn v g, cht lng nh nc v
du m, nhiu loi kh nh kh t nhin v xy. Tt c cc loi hng ho v dch v u
bt ngun t cc vt t nh s dng nng lng a vo. Nh vy, hng ho v dch v
c sn xut ra chnh l hin thn ca mt phn ngun vt cht v nng lng ny
ri sau hng n "ngi tiu th". "Ngi tiu th" cng c th s dng ngun
vt cht v nng lng ly trc tip t t nhin m khng qua khu trung gian (ngi
sn xut). Chng hn, chng ta c th dng nc ging khi ti nh hoc ly ci un
nu. Nhng n gin ho, nhng chc nng ny khng c tnh n v a vo
lc . Trong trng hp , chng ta c th coi "ngi sn xut" v "ngi tiu th"
l mt.
Sn xut v tiu th to nn "cht b" (cht thi), bao gm tt c cc loi cn b vt cht
c th thi vo khng kh hoc nc, hay c hu b trn mt t. Cc cht thi rt
nhiu v danh sch ca chng di n ni khng th tin c: ioxyt lu hunh, hp
cht hu c bay hi, dung mi c hi, phn ng vt, thuc tr su, cc loi bi l
lng, vt liu xy dng thi ra, kim loi nng, vn vn v vn vn. Nng lng thi ra
di dng nhit, ting n v phng x mang c trng ca c vt cht v nng lng
cng l nhng cht thi quan trng ca sn xut. "Ngi tiu th" cng phi chu trch
nhim v vic thi vo mi trng mt lng cht thi khng l, c bit l cng rnh
v kh do t thi ra. Tt c cc vt cht kt tnh trong hng ho ca ngi tiu th cui
cng tt yu phi kt thnh cc th li, ngay c khi chng c th c ti tun hon.
iu ny gii thch ti sao ngy cng c mt lng ln cht thi rn, cc ho cht c
hi v du s dng cn tn ti.
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Trc ht, chng ta hy xem xt vn cht thi ca sn xut v tiu th trn quan im
hon ton vt l. S 2 cho thy vt cht v nng lng c khai thc t mi trng
t nhin v cht thi c thi tr li vo mi trng t nhin. nh lut th nht ca
nhit ng hc - nh lut ni ting v bo ton vt cht - ch cho chng ta thy rng:
trong cuc "chy ua ng di", hai dng ny phi bng nhau, ngha l:
M = Rpd + Rcd (theo cc k hiu s 2)
Ti sao chng ta li ni trong cuc "chy ua ng di"? Nu h thng ln ln, th n
c th gi li mt t l no nhng u vo ly t mi trng t nhin theo hng
tng quy m ca h thng (do dn s tng ln, thit b ch yu tp trung v tch t li,
v.v ) Nhng nu v khi h thng khng ln ln na, th iu ny s khng cn (b hu
b). S ti tun hon, r rng, c th lm chm tc tch ly cht thi. Nhng, ti tun
hon khng bao gi c th hon chnh, mi chu k hn s mt i mt t l no cht
c ti tun hon. Do , phng trnh cn bng vn gi nguyn trong cuc "chy ua
ng di". iu ny chng t mt kt lun rt c bn l: nu chng ta mun gim khi
lng cht thi vo mi trng t nhin, th chng ta phi gim s lng nguyn vt
liu a vo h thng.
hiu r hn, by gi chng ta thay th M theo dng:
Rpd + Rcd = M = G + Rp - Rpr - Rcr
ngha l s lng nguyn vt liu (M) bng ti sn xut ra (G) cng vi cht thi sn
xut (Rp) tr i tng lng c ti tun hon ca ngi sn xut (Rpr) v ca ngi
tiu th (Rcr).
C ba cch ch yu gim M (v do gim cht thi vo mi trng t nhin):
a. Gim G: tc l gim cht thi bng cch gim s lng hng ho v dch v do nn
kinh t sn xut ra. y, c nhiu quan im khc nhau. Mt s ngi cho rng, y l
cu tr li tt nht, lu di cho s suy thoi mi trng, gim u ra, hoc ch t cng l
ngn chn c tc tng trng ca n, thc hin c s thay i tng ng v s
lng cht thi. Mt s ngi khc li tm cch t mc tiu ny thng qua ch trng
"dn s khng tng trng". Dn s tng chm hoc khng tng c th lm cho vic
kim sot tc ng mi trng d dng hn, nhng khng th no kim sot tc ng
mi trng bng bt c cch no v hai l do sau y: mt l, dn s khng thay i c
th tng v kinh t v do tng nhu cu v nguyn vt liu; hai l, tc ng mi trng
c th l lu di v ly tch, cho nn ngay c khi dn s khng tng, mi trng vn c
th b suy thoi dn. C mt iu lun lun ng y l tng dn s s thng lm
trm trng thm tc ng mi trng ca nn kinh t. Trong cc nn kinh t ca nhiu
nc cng nghip pht trin, trong my thp k va qua, nh c cng ngh kim sot

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kh nhim, nn kh nhim ca mi xe t pht ra gim ng k, nhng do s

lng t chy trn xa l tng ln rt nhiu, nn lm cho tng lng kh nhim
do t pht ra nhiu vng tng ln.
b. Gim Rp: C mt cch khc gim M v do gim c cht thi ra, l gim
Rp. Gi s l cc dng khc khng thay i. iu ny c ngha rng ch yu l thay i
tng lng cht thi sn sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut vi s lng thnh phm sn
xut cho. V c bn, ch c hai cch thc hin iu ny. Cch th nht l chng
ta nghin cu, ch to v p dng cc cng ngh v thit b mi vo sn xut nhm to
ra lng cht thi t hn trn mt n v thnh phm. C th gi y l gim "cng
cht thi" ca sn xut. Khi bn n vn pht thi kh CO2 ton cu v kh quyn
nng ln chng hn, th chng ta c th thy rng, c rt nhiu iu c th lm c
gim cng CO2 trong qu trnh sn xut nng lng u vo sn xut ra mt n
v sn phm, v.v Cch th hai l thay i thnh phn bn trong ca sn phm. Sn
phm G hin nay bao gm mt s ln cc hng ho v dch v khc nhau. Gia chng
c s khc bit ln v cht thi sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut ra chng. Do , mun
gim tng lng cht thi phi thay i thnh phn ca G theo hng t t l cht thi
cao n t l cht thi thp trong khi vn gi nguyn tng s. S chuyn dch t kinh
t sn xut ch to sang kinh t dch v l bc i theo hng ny. Trong hn na th
k qua, khu vc dch v ca cc nc cng nghip pht trin t c tc tng
trng tng i nhanh.
c. Tng (Rpr + Rcr):Kh nng th ba l tng ti tun hon. Thay v thi cc cht thi sn
xut v tiu th, chng ta c th ti tun hon, a chng tr li vo quy trnh sn xut.
Nh c ti tun hon m chng ta c th thay th mt phn dng khi nguyn ca cc
nguyn vt liu cha khai thc (M) v do , gim bt lng cht thi, ng thi vn
duy tr c lng hng ho v dch v (G). Trong nn kinh t hin i, ti tun hon
to c hi ln gim dng thi. Tuy nhin, ti tun hon khng bao gi c th hon
chnh c, ngay c khi chng ta dnh cho n rt nhiu ngun lc, bi v quy trnh sn
xut lm thay i cu trc vt l ca nguyn vt liu u vo nn gy kh khn cho vic
ti s dng chng.
Ngun vt cht chuyn ho thnh nng lng th khng th no c th phc hi c.
Thm na, bn thn quy trnh ti tun hon cng c th to nn cht thi. Hy vng rng,
cc nghin cu, tm kim trong lnh vc ny s pht hin ra nhiu phng php ti tun
hon mi, nhiu quy trnh cng ngh khng c hoc c t cht thi.

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Mi trng v pht trin-Phn II

Khi nim chung v bin i mi trng
Khi nim: cht pht thi ra mi trng, cht lng mi trng vng xung
quanh v tn tht
By gi chng ta hy xem iu g xy ra cui hai mi tn Rpd v Rcd trong s 1.2.
Rt d nhn thy rng l cc cht pht thit ra mi trng.
Cht pht thi ra mi trng l cc cht thi sau sn xut hay tiu dng ca hot ng
kinh t c a trc tip vo mi trng, khi vt qu kh nng hp th ca mi
trng chng s lm thay i cht lng mi trng vng xung quanh, gy ra thit hi
cho con ngi v sinh vt trong vng b nh hng . Mi lin h nhn - qu ny c
th hin s 1.3. S 1.3 nu ra hai ngun cht pht thi ra mi trng 1 v 2 (c
th l do doanh nghip t nhn, doanh nghip nh nc hay c nhn ngi tiu dng).
Cc u vo bao gm nhiu loi vt t, hng ho v p dng nhiu loi cng ngh khc
nhau trong sn xut v tiu th. ng nhin, trong quy trnh chng ta to ra cc cht
pht thi. Vic x l cc cht ny c ngha rt quan trng i vi cc giai on tip
theo. Mt s c th c phc hi v ti tun hon; cn phn nhiu c chuyn sang
cc quy trnh x l lm cho chng v hi khi pht thi ra mi trng. Trong cc quy
trnh x l cht thi, mt s mang tnh vt l thun tu nh b gim thanh xe du lch
v xe ti, b lng cc nh my x l nc thi, b chuyn ha xc tc, v.v; cn mt
s khc gm cc loi x l bng ho cht, chng hn nh k thut x l ngun nc thi
gia nh ang p dng nhiu nc trn th gii.
S 3: Cht pht ra, cht lng mi trng vng xung quanh v thit hi

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Tt c cc cht pht thi ra mi trng u c a vo mt thnh phn mi trng c

th no : nc, khng kh hay t, cc thnh phn ny c s lin quan rt cht ch vi
nhau.
T s trn ta thy mc d cc dng vt cht pht thi ra t hai ngun khc nhau,
nhng khi pht thi vo thnh phn mi trng chng hp li vi nhau thnh mt
ngun pht thi hn hp . V d: Cht pht thi ra ngun nc t hai nh my giy cng
phn b dc b ca mt con sng th hn hp cht thi trong nc sng khng th phn
nh l ca nh my no. Hay l, khi c mt triu chic m t chy trong mt thnh ph,
th cht thi pht ra ca chng kt hp li thnh mt hn hp ng nht. Tuy nhin, cng
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c nhng trng hp chng ta c th phn nh c. V d, nu c mt nh my nhit

in phn b trong thnh ph v nh my khc li phn b cch thnh ph vi ba chc
cy s u gi, th r rng l nh my in gn hn phi chu trch nhim ln hn
trong vic gy nhim khng kh trong thnh ph.
Hn hp cc cht pht thi ra mi trng l mt vn rt quan trng. Nu ch c mt
ngun pht thi th trch nhim c phn nh mt cch r rng v ci thin cht
lng xung quanh, chng ta c th bit c mt cch chnh xc phi kim sot nhng
cht pht thi no. Nhng vi nhiu ngun pht thi khc nhau, th vn tr nn phc
tp v km r rng hn.
Khi cc cht thi vi s lng v cht lng nht nh c thi vo mt thnh phn ca
mi trng, th cc qu trnh l, ho, sinh, kh ng hc, v.v ca h thng t nhin
s c nhng iu chnh lm cho chng c nh hng khc nhau n cht lng vng
xung quanh. V nhng iu kin kh hu v thi tit thng xuyn thay i, nn cng
mt mc pht thi vo mi trng, c th gy nn mc nh hng khc nhau i
vi mi trng xung quanh ti cc thi im khc nhau. Ma axt c sinh ra do cc
qu trnh pht thi ixyt lu hunh t hot ng sn xut v hi nc trong khng kh,
sau c gi lm long trong bu kh quyn. Khi bi trong bu kh quyn cng l
kt qu ca cc phn ng ho hc tng hp gia nh sng mt tri v nhiu cht nhim
khc. Cc qu trnh thu ng hc nc ngm c nh hng n s vn chuyn cc vt
cht trong h thng nc ngm di t, v.v Do , mun bit c cc cht pht
thi vo mi trng nh hng n cht lng mi trng vng xung quanh, chng ta
cn hiu r bn thn mi trng hot ng nh th no v mt vt l, ha hc v sinh
hc. y chnh l nhng lnh vc ca cc nh khoa hc t nhin, nghin cu ton b
cc hin tng bin i ca mi trng nhm xc nh nh hng n cht lng mi
trng xung quanh.
Nhng s thay i ca thnh phn mi trng s dn n s bin i ca cc h sinh
thi v nhng bin i khc, thng nhng s bin i gy ra nhng tn tht m con
ngi phi gnh chu. V, cui cng, nhng tn tht phi gnh chu li c lin quan n
vic nh gi ca con ngi. Con ngi khng th c nhng quyt nh v cn c khi
gii quyt mi quan h tng tc gia kinh t v mi trng, m chng ta ch c th a
thch nhng quyt nh ny hn so vi la chn khc khi chng ta nh gi c gi tr
tn tht v mt kinh t do bin i mi trng gy ra.
Cc loi cht nhim
V mt vt l, nh chng ta thy trong s 1.3, cc cht pht thi ra mi trng vo
ba thnh phn mi trng khc nhau. Tu theo mc nh hng ca cc nhn t n
trng thi kinh t ca cht pht thi, chng ta c th phn chng thnh cc loi sau y:
a. Cht nhim lu tch v cht nhim khng lu tch

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Mt c trng quan trng v n gin ca cht nhim mi trng l chng c tch

lu theo thi gian hay c xu hng tiu tan ngay sau khi c pht ra. V d, ting n.
Khi ngun gy ting n hot ng th ting n pht ra v lan truyn vo khng gian xung
quanh, nhng ngay khi tt ngun th ting n cng mt. u ny cht nhim c
pht ra, th u kia chng ta s c cht nhim mi trng vi s lng gn nh lc
chng pht ra. Nh cht thi phng x chng hn, chng phn r theo thi gian, nhng
vi tc ht sc chm so vi i sng ca con ngi, cho nn chng s tn ti vnh
vin vi chng ta. Chng l loi cht nhim cc k ly tch. Hay cht do cng vy.
Mc d trong nhiu thp k qua, ngi ta tin hnh nghin cu tm ra cc cht do
thoi ho c, nhng cht do vn l mt cht phn hu rt chm. N cng l cht
nhim lu tch. Nhiu loi ho cht l cht nhim lu tch, mi khi pht ra, v c bn,
chng vn tn ti vi chng ta.
Xen k gia cht nhim lu tch v khng lu tch l loi cht nhim ly tch n
mt mc nht nh no , ch khng lu tch hon ton. V d: Cht thi hu c
pht ra vo mi trng nc ca cc nh my x l cht thi th. Mi khi pht ra,
cht thi chu tc ng ca qu trnh ho hc t nhin, c xu hng ph v cu trc ca
n, lm cho n tr nn v hi. Ni cch khc, nc c kh nng ng ho t nhin nn
c th tip nhn cc cht hu c v lm cho chng t c hi hn. Nu nh khng vt
qu kh nng ng ho , chng ta c th ct ngun cht thi i th trong mt thi gian
nht nh, nc s tr li bnh thng. ng nhin, t nhin c mt t kh nng ng
ho khng c ngha l chng ta c cc cht nhim hon ton khng tch lu. Khi cht
thi pht ra vt qu kh nng ng ho th c ngha l chng ta chuyn vo quy
trnh ly tch. V d: Kh quyn ca Tri t c mt kh nng nht nh hp th CO2 do
hot ng ca con ngi pht ra, min l khng vt qu kh nng . CO2 l mt cht
nhim khng lu tch. Nhng, nu kh nng ng ho CO2 ca Tri t b vt qu,
th tt yu chng ta s lm vo tnh th cht pht ra ly tch theo thi gian. y l iu
ang xy ra hin nay.
S 1.4: Mi quan h gia cc cht pht thi ph bin v nng nhim xung
quanh

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i vi mt cht nhim c lu tch hay khng, th chng ta vn c cng mt vn c

bn. l nu ra nhng tn tht mi trng v chi ph lm gim cht pht thi. Vi cht
nhim ly tch, iu ny kh gii quyt hn nhiu so vi cht nhim khng lu tch.
S 1. 4 biu th (a) cht nhim khng lu tch v (b) cht nhim lu tch. bn
(a), th bt u t gc tc l cc nng ph bin xung quanh t l vi cc cht pht
thi ph bin. R rng l cc nng xung quanh l mt hm ca cc cht pht thi
ph bin. Nu gim c cc cht pht thi xung s khng th s lm cho cc nng
xung quanh l s khng. Tuy nhin, i vi cht nhim lu tch th mi quan h ny
tr nn phc tp hn. V chng lu tch, nn cc cht thi hin nay b sung vo lng
cht nhim c s gy thit hi khng nhng cho hm nay, m cn cho tng lai,
thm ch tng lai xa hn. iu c ngha l s lng ph bin mi trng xung
quanh ca mt cht nhim lu tch c th ch t c quan h vi cc cht pht thi ph
bin. Nhn vo s 1. 4, ta thy th bn (b) bt u kh xa trn trc tung v thoi
hn th bn (a). Do , vic ct gim cht pht thi ra hm nay ch em li hiu qu
kh khim tn n nng cht pht thi ph bin. V ngay c khi chng ta ct gim
cht pht thi ngy hm nay xung s khng, th cht lng mi trng xung quanh vn
b gim st do hiu ng lu tch ca cc cht pht thi trc y. Trn thc t, mt cht
nhim lu tch theo thi gian trong mi trng gy nn hiu ng ph v mi quan h
trc tip, cht ch gia cht pht thi ph bin v thit hi ph bin. Gii quyt mi quan
h nhn - qu phc tp ny i hi nhng nghin cu su sc v ton din hn tm ra
cc gii php c bn, lu di v kh thi.
b) Cht nhim a phng, vng v ton cu

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Cc cht pht thi c phm vi nh hng rt khc nhau. Mt s cht pht thi mang tnh
cc b, ch c nh hng trong mt vng nh hp. V d: nhim ting n, suy thoi
cnh quan mi trng mang tnh a phng v thit hi do bt c ngun no gy ra
cng thng c gii hn bi cc nhm dn c nh sinh sng ti mt vng nht nh.
Ngc li, mt s cht pht thi khc li lan truyn nhim trong c mt vng rng ln,
c th nh hng n mi trng ton cu. Chng hn, ma axt l mt vn mang
tnh vng; cc cht pht thi ti mt vng no M hoc Chu u c nh hng n
dn c ca cc vng khc trong nc hay nc khc. Hiu ng lm suy gim tng zn
ca Clo, Fluo, Cc bon pht ra t nhiu nc pht trin do nhng thay i ho hc
tng bnh lu ca Tri t l nh hng mang tnh ton cu. ng nhin, cc vn
mi trng a phng d gii quyt hn so vi cc vn mi trng vng v quc
gia. n lt mnh, cc vn mi trng vng v quc gia d qun l v gii quyt
hn so vi cc vn mi trng ton cu. Nu ti un bp than th lm nh hng n
hng xm v gia ti v hng xm c th gii quyt c vi nhau hoc nu khng th
chng ti nh cc nh chc trch. Nhng nu ti gy nhim phm vi rng hn th s
kh gii quyt hn. Trong nhng nm gn y, nhn loi ang phi i u vi nhng
vn mi trng ton cu tng ln. Cho n nay, cha tm ra nhng bin php hu
hiu gii quyt chng, mt phn l do cha l gii c mt cch chnh xc bn thn
ca cc tc ng vt l ca chng v phn khc l do cc t chc quc t chuyn trch
ch mi hnh thnh v cha hot ng thc s.
c) Cht nhim c im ngun v khng c im ngun
Cc ngun nhim cng khc nhau v mc d dng nhn bit cc im pht thi
hin ti. Chng hn, cc im m y ixyt lu hunh thot ra khi mt nh my
in rt d nhn bit qua ng khi ca n. Hay l, cc nh my x l cht thi th
thng ch c mt ca ng tho x tt c cc loi nc thi. l cc cht nhim c
im ngun. Nhng ngc li, c nhiu cht nhim khng th xc nh c r rng
im pht thi. V d nh cc ho cht dng trong nng nghip. Chng thng chy tn
mt ra trong t v c th gy nhim sng, sui, ao, h, hay mch nc ngm. Tuy
nhin, kh c th xc nh chng pht ra t u. y l cht nhim khng c im
ngun. S thot nc sau nhng trn ma to cc vng th cng l mt trng hp
nhim khng c im ngun. ng nhin, chng ta d thy rng, cht nhim c im
ngun c th c nghin cu, o lng, gim st v gii quyt d dng hn so vi cht
nhim khng c im ngun. iu c ngha l pht trin v qun l thng qua vic
hoch nh v thc thi cc chnh sch kim sot nhim c im ngun s d dng v
thun li hn.
d) Cht pht thi lin tc v khng lin tc
Cc cht pht thi t cc nh my nhit in hay cc nh my x l cht thi th,
nhiu hay t, u mang tnh lin tc, bi v nh my c thit k vn hnh mt cch
lin tc, mc d tc vn hnh c th thay i theo thi gian (ma v). Do , cht

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pht thi t cc nh my ny t nhiu l lin tc v vn t ra y chnh l lm sao

qun l c tc cht pht thi thng qua cc chng trnh qun l hu hiu.
Bn cnh cc cht nhim pht ra lin tc, cn c nhiu cht nhim pht ra khng lin
tc, tng hi. S c du hoc ho cht c trn ra l nhng v d in hnh. Vn chnh
sch mi trng y l thit k v qun l mt h thng sao cho c th gim c ti
a s c mi trng. Cc cht nhim pht ra tng hi, trong thi gian ngn, kh c
th o lng c v chng cha ng nhng him ho khng khip i vi tnh mng
ca con ngi (chng hn cc cht phng x thot ra khi cc nh my in nguyn t).
V vy, xc nh nguy c ca cc cht nhim pht ra nht thi, chng ta phi thu
thp cc s liu v din bin hin thi qua mt thi gian di hoc c lng chng
da trn cc thng tin thit k - xy dng v hot ng ca nh my. Sau , chng ta
phi xc nh mc bo him mong mun i vi cc cht nhim pht ra khng lin
tc, tng hi.
e) Tn tht mi trng khng lin quan n cht thi
trn, chng ta tp trung vo nhng c tnh ca cc loi cht nhim mi trng
khc nhau c lin quan n vic thi cc cht thi vt cht v nng lng. Tuy nhin,
trong thc t c nhiu trng hp lm suy gim nghim trng cht lng mi trng
m khng th theo di c qua cc cht thi ra. Chng hn, vic ly t trng trt
xy dng nh , ng s, trung tm thng mi, v.v lm gim gi tr mi trng, gi
tr mi sinh hay gi tr cnh quan ca t ai. Hay l cc kiu s dng t khc nh
khai thc m, khai thc g cng c nhng tc ng rt ln n cht lng mi trng.
Trong tt c mi trng hp, chng ta u phi nh gi, phn tch nhng nguyn nhn
thc y ngi ta to ra nhng tc ng v tm cch thay i nhng khuyn khch
sao cho ph hp vi mc ch bo v mi trng. Mc d chng ta khng th gim st,
iu khin lng vt cht pht ra y, song chng ta c th nm bt, m t, c lng
nhng hu qu c th xy ra ra nhng gii php qun l thch hp.

Cc dng bin i mi trng

nhim mi trng
Theo lut bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam, nhim mi trng c nh ngha nh
sau:
" nhim mi trng l s lm thay i tnh cht ca mi trng, vi phm tiu chun
mi trng".
Quan nim ca th gii cho rng, nhim mi trng c hiu l vic chuyn cc cht
thi hoc nng lng vo mi trng n mc c kh nng gy hi n sc kho con
ngi, n s pht trin sinh vt hoc lm suy gim cht lng mi trng. Cc tc nhn

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 nhim, bao gm cc cht thi dng kh (kh thi), lng (nc thi), rn (cht thi rn)
cha ho cht hoc tc nhn vt l, sinh hc v cc dng nng lng nh nhit , bc
x.
Tuy nhin, mi trng ch c coi l b nhim nu trong hm lng, nng hoc
cng cc tc nhn trn t n mc c kh nng tc ng xu n con ngi, sinh
vt v vt liu.
Suy thoi mi trng
Theo lut bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam, suy thoi mi trng c nh ngha nh
sau:
"Suy thoi mi trng l s lm thay i cht lng v s lng ca thnh phn mi
trng, gy nh hng xu cho i sng ca con ngi v thin nhin"
Trong , thnh phn mi trng c hiu l cc yu t to thnh mi trng bao gm:
khng kh, nc, t, m thanh, nh sng, lng t, ni, rng, sng, h, bin, sinh vt,
cc h sinh thi, cc khu dn c, khu sn xut, khu bo tn thin nhin, cnh quan thin
nhin, danh lam thng cnh, di tch lch s v cc hnh thi vt cht khc.
S c mi trng: nh gi ri ro
Theo lut bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam, s c mi trng c nh ngha nh sau:
" S c mi trng l cc tai bin hoc ri ro xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca con
ngi hoc bin i bt thng ca thin nhin gy suy thoi mi trng nghim trng"
S c mi trng xy ra do:
a. Bo, l, lt, hn hn, nt t, ng t, trt t, st l t, ni la phun, ma axt,
ma , bin ng kh hu v thin tai khc.
b. Ho hon, chy rng, s c k thut gy nguy hi v mi trng ca c s sn xut,
kinh doanh, cng trnh kinh t, khoa hc, k thut, vn ho, an ninh, quc phng.
c. S c trong tm kim, thm d, khai thc v vn chuyn khong sn, du kh; sp hm
l, pht du, trn du, v ng ng dn du, dn kh; m tu, s c ti c s lc ho
du v cc c s cng nghip khc.
d. S c trong l phn ng ht nhn, nh my in nguyn t, nh my sn xut, ti ch
nhin liu ht nhn, kho cha cht phng x.

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nh gi ri ro l nh gi v s lng v cht lng ca ri ro nh hng ti sc kho

con ngi v h sinh tha, gy ra do c hi mi trng tim nng hoc thc t.

Tiu chun mi trng

Theo lut bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam ,
"Tiu chun mi trng l nhng chun mc, gii hn cho php, c quy nh dng
lm cn c qun l mi trng"
Thng qua nh ngha cho thy, tiu chun mi trng c quan h mt thit vi s pht
trin bn vng ca mi quc gia. H thng tiu chun mi trng l mt cng trnh khoa
hc lin ngnh, n phn nh trnh khoa hc, cng ngh, t chc qun l v tim lc
kinh t - x hi c tnh n d bo pht trin. C cu ca h thng tiu chun mi trng
bao gm cc nhm chnh sau y.
a. Nhng quy nh chung
b. Tiu chun nc, bao gm nc mt ni a, nc ngm, nc bin v ven bin, nc
thi v.v
c. Tiu chun khng kh, bao gm khi bi, kh thi (cc cht thi) v.v
d. Tiu chun lin quan n bo v t canh tc, s dng phn bn trong sn xut nng
nghip.
e. Tiu chun bo v thc vt, s dng thuc tr su, dit c.
f. Tiu chun lin quan n bo v cc ngun gen, ng thc vt, a dng sinh hc.
g. Tiu chun lin quan n bo v cnh quan thin nhin, cc di tch lch s, vn ho.
h. Tiu chun lin quan n mi trng do cc hot ng khai thc khong sn trong
lng t, ngoi bin v.v
Hin nay vit nam chng ta c b tiu chun quy nh v cht lng mi trng do
cc o lng tiu chun, b khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng trc y ban hnh.

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PHT TRIN
Khi nim v pht trin
-Thut ng "pht trin" c dng trong cc vn kin, trong nghin cu khoa hc v
trong sinh hot hng ngy n mc qu quen thuc. Tuy nhin, cho n nay cha th
ni c rng khi nim "pht trin" c hiu mt cch y v ng n.
- Pht trin l xu hng t nhin ng thi l quyn ca mi mt c nhn, mi
mt cng ng hay mi mt quc gia.
- Trc ht, cn nhn thc r i tng, mc tiu v ng lc ca s pht trin. Con
ngi va l i tng, va l ng lc ca pht trin. V th, mc tiu ca s pht
trin l khng ngng ci thin cht lng cuc sng vt cht, vn ho, tinh thn ca con
ngi (c nhn hay cng ng). Ni cch khc:
- Pht trin l to iu kin cho con ngi sinh sng bt k ni u trong mt quc gia
hay trn c hnh tinh u c trng th, u c tho mn cc nhu cu sng, u
c mc tiu th hng ho v dch v tt m khng phi lao ng qu cc nhc, u c
trnh hc vn cao, u c hng nhng thnh tu v vn ho v tinh thn, u c
ti nguyn cho mt cuc sng sung tc, u c sng trong mt mi trng trong
lnh, u c hng cc quyn c bn ca con ngi v c bo m an ninh, an
ton, khng c bo lc.
Pht trin kinh t v tng trng kinh t
- Pht trin kinh t l yu t c bn, quan trng nht ca s pht trin ni chung. Nhng
pht trin kinh t khng phi l mc ch t thn v cng khng th l v hn. N phi
phc v, thc y t c cc mc tiu chung ca s pht trin.
- thc hin ti sn xut m rng, bt c nn kinh t no cng u phi bo m tng
trng v pht trin. Tuy nhin, trong l lun cng nh trong thc tin kinh t, i khi
c s lm ln gia tng trng kinh t v pht trin kinh t, ngi ta dng nht hai
khi nim .
Pht trin kinh t c th hiu l mt qu trnh ln ln(hay tng tin)v mi mt ca
nn kinh t trong thi k nht nh.Trong bao gm c s tng thm v quy m sn
lng(tng trng)v s tin b v c cu kinh t-x hi

Ngun: Kinh t pht trin, tp I, trang 15. NXBTK.1999

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- Tng trng kinh t, theo cch hiu hin i, l vic m rng sn lng quc gia tim
nng ca mt nc, s tng ln khng ngng GNP tim nng thc (GNP thc - l GNP
c iu chnh theo s thay i gi: GNP thc = GNP danh ngha-Gim pht ca
GNP)
Vic m rng kh nng kinh t sn xut, ni mt cch khc, l vic chuyn dch
kh nng sn xut ra pha ngoi qua thi gian, l tng sn lng, nng sut, tin cng
v nhng i lng quan trng khc theo chiu hng nht nh.
Tng trng kinh t c o bng tc v quy m
+ Tc tng trng c tnh bng t l phn trm thng qua vic so snh quy m ca
hai thi k. Quy m ca thi k sau so vi thi k trc cng ln th tc tng trng
cng nhanh. Quy m c biu hin bng s lng tuyt i, cn tc tng trng
c biu hin bng s lng tng i. Quy m ca thi k sau so vi thi k trc
cng ln th tc tng trng cng nhanh. Nhng khng phi tc tng trng cng
nhanh th cng tt!
+ Trong nn kinh t, s tng trng chung th hin tc tng GNP v tc tng
GDP, m chng li ph thuc vo tc tng gi tr sn lng, sn lng thun tu
ca cc ngnh kinh t. Nhng tc tng ca cc ngnh li khc nhau theo nhng quy
lut nht nh. V th, trong tng thi k, nu khng bo m c cc mi quan h c
tnh quy lut gia cc ngnh, th s gy ri lon trong nn kinh t, hn ch s pht trin
chung ca nn kinh t.
- Nh vy, ta thy: tng trng kinh t cha phi l pht trin kinh t. Tng trng kinh
t, mc d rt quan trng, nhng ch mi l iu kin cn ca pht trin kinh t. iu
kin ca pht trin kinh t l trong qu trnh tng trng kinh t phi bo m c
tnh cn i, tnh hiu qu, tnh mc tiu v tng trng kinh t trc mt phi bo m
tng trng kinh t trong tng lai.
Mi quan h gia mi trng v pht trin.
- "Mi trng hay pht trin": mt cch t vn sau lm.Trong lch s pht trin ca
cc quc gia, c mt thi, nht l sau cuc cch mng cng nghip, pht trin kinh t
c t ln hng u, ln t tt c nhng yu t khc ca s pht trin: x hi, vn ho,
mi trng, quyn con ngi, v.v... Thm ch, khuynh hng "pht trin vi bt c gi
no", pht trin t pht tr nn thnh hnh, gy ra nhng hu qu ht sc tai hi cho
c mi trng ln x hi, vn ho.
Ngay c trong thi im hin nay, khi m cuc chy ua pht trin gia cc quc gia,
gia cc khu vc kinh t ca th gii ang din ra ngy cng gay gt, khc lit, th
khuynh hng "pht trin vi bt c gi no" vn c tn sng trn thc t, c bit

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l cc nc ang phi i u vi ngho i, lc hu, kinh t chm pht trin. Trong

bi cnh , ngi ta d c khuynh hng hi sinh mi trng v cc yu t khc cho
pht trin kinh t. Nhng ngi qu st rut trc tnh trng lc hu, km pht trin ca
nc mnh thng lp lun rng "c pht trin kinh t ri s tnh sau". Kt qu l mi
trng b suy thoi lm cho c s ca pht trin b thu hp; ti nguyn ca mi trng
b gim st v s lng v cht lng, trong iu kin dn s ngy cng tng ln, chnh
l nguyn nhn gy nn s ngho kh, cng cc ca con ngi. Tn thm kch mt s
nc chu Phi (nh Xmali, tiopia, Uganda, Ruana, v.v...) l mt bng chng cho s
" nhim do ngho i" (Pollution of Poverty) cc nc ang pht trin.
- Ngc li vi khuynh hng trn l khuynh hng "tng trng bng khng hoc
m" (Zero or Negative Growth) bo v cc ngun ti nguyn hu hn, hoc "ch
ngha bo v" ch trng khng can thip vo cc ngun ti nguyn sinh hc bo v
chng: hay "ch ngha bo tn" (Conservationism) ch trng khng ng chm vo
thin nhin, nht l ti cc a bn cha c iu tra, nghin cu y . Tt c nhng
khuynh hng, quan im trn u l khng tng, c bit i vi cc nc ang pht
trin, ni m ti nguyn thin nhin l ngun vn c bn cho mi hot ng pht trin
ca con ngi.
L thuyt khng tng v"nh ch pht trin" thng xut hin cc nc pht trin,
bi v trc y v ngay c hin nay phn ln cc ngun ti nguyn ca cc nc ang
pht trin b khai thc lm dng, tiu th qu mc phc v cho cc li ch ca cc
nc cng nghip ho pht trin v chnh ti y li xy ra hin tng " nhim do giu
c" (Pollution of affluence).
Nh vy, tnh trng thiu lng thc, nc ung, nh , thuc men, v sinh, ngho i,
m ch, thin tai cc nc ang pht trin, hay ni cch khc l hin tng " nhim
do ngho i" mt phn bt ngun t " nhim do giu c".
-T nhng iu trnh by trn, ta thy: pht trin v mi trng khng phi l hai v
lun lun i khng v mu thun nhau theo kiu loi tr, c ci ny th khng c ci
kia. Do , khng th chp nhn cch t vn "pht trin hay mi trng", m phi
t vn "pht trin v mi trng", ngha l phi la chn v coi trng c hai, khng
hy sinh ci ny v ci kia.
Cc m hnh chin lc pht trin
Tng kt kinh nghim pht trin kinh t ca cc quc gia trn th gii, c th phn ra ba
m hnh chin lc pht trin sau y:

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M hnh tng trng tn c in.

M hnh loi ny hot ng theo c ch th trng k hoch ho da trn c s s hu
t nhn, tch lu vn t trong nc v thu ht vn t nc ngoi.
Hin nay, m hnh ny t ra khng c hiu qu do nhng nhc im thng thy cc
nc ang pht trin v c cu v th ch kinh t - x hi nh: thiu mt th trng nng
ng, thiu h tng c s, thiu kin thc v k thut v qun l, nh hng tiu cc ca
cc th lc chnh tr bo th trong v ngoi nc gy ra nhng tr lc ln cho pht
trin.
Tnh trng ny i hi phi c nhng thay i c bn v c cu kinh t, ci cch trit
v kinh t - x hi ti cc nc ang pht trin.
i vi bo v mi trng v khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, c ch ca m
hnh ny c u im l xc nh s hu t nhn r rng, tuy nhin trong nhiu trng
hp n cng th hin tnh km hiu qu, bi l s hu t nhn c nhng mt hn ch
nht nh trong vic qun l nhng ngun ti nguyn s hu chung, kh nng kim sot
ca Nh nc sau khi giao quyn s hu.
M hnh c cu tn mcx.
M hnh ny da trn c s k hoch ho tp trung, s hu Nh nc v cc t liu sn
xut ch yu, Nh nc thng nht qun l kinh t, tin hnh nhng ci cch v c cu
v c ch x hi ch ngha, b qua ch phong kin v t bn ch ngha, xy dng x
hi XHCN.
Trong m hnh ny cc quc gia cng quan tm nhiu ti bo v mi trng v duy tr
cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, c ch ca n c u th l sc mnh qun l Nh nc
tp trung cao , tuy nhin do tnh cht s hu chung trong iu kin thiu lut php
nn dn n tnh trng cha chung khng ai khc, ti nguyn s hu chung l nguyn
nhn dn n xut hin ngi n khng. Do s hu Nh nc nng ln ton b hot
ng kinh t, nn c ch k hoch ho tp trung thng mang tnh ch quan duy ch,
n cng l nguyn nhn ca con dao hai li trong iu hnh v kim sot, nu chnh
sch ng th c tc dng tt cho bo v mi trng v duy tr cc ngun tai nguyn
thin nhin, nhng nu chnh sch sai th n l nguyn nhn dn n nhng thit hi
cho ti nguyn v mi trng khng lng trc c. iu ny tng gp phi cc
nc XHCN trc y.
M hnh c cu t bn ch ngha.
M hnh ny hot ng trn c s s hu t nhn v c ch th trng t do, k hoch
ho pht trin kinh t, nhng nhng k hoch do Nh nc ra ch mang tnh nh
hng, c tin hnh mt s ci cch v c cu v th ch kinh t nh ci cch rung t,
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tng cng mt s bin php kim tra v qun l ca Nh nc i vi cng nghip, c

xy dng mt s x nghip Nh nc lm ch lc cho nn kinh t, c ch n phn
phi cng bng nhng thnh qu pht trin kinh t trong x hi.
Thc t cho thy hin nay m hnh ny ang c tnh ph bin trn th gii, n l s k
tha tip theo ca hai m hnh trn. i vi bo v mi trng v duy tr, khai thc, bo
tn cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, c ch ca m hnh ny th hin c nhng
tnh u vit ca n, l s kt hp gia phn nh s hu t nhn r rng v s iu
hnh kim sot ca Nh nc thng qua h thng php lut, c ch ca m hnh ny cho
php phn nh thng tin hai chiu, kt hp c ch th trng, vai tr s hu t nhn v
s iu hnh kim sot ca Nh nc. C ch ca m hnh ny cng c nhng mt tri
ca n, gy ra nhng thit hi cho ti nguyn v mi trng, c bit l vic bung lng
qun l, thc thi lut php thiu nghim minh.
M hnh chin lc pht trin ca Vit Nam
Trc i hi VI ca ng (1986)
Xy dng mt nn kinh t x hi ch ngha da trn s hu XHCN v t liu sn xut,
hot ng theo c ch k hoch ho tp trung.
Sau i hi VI ca ng.
- Sau i hi VI, c bit l ir hi VII (1991) thng qua Cng lnh xy dng t
nc trong thi k qu ln CNXH v Chin lc n nh v pht trin kinh t - x hi
n nm 2000. Trong , xc nh m hnh chin lc pht trin kinh t ca nc ta
nh sau: Xy dng mt nn kinh t nhiu thnh phn hot ng theo c ch th trng,
nh hng XHCN, c s qun l ca Nh nc
- n i hi ng cng sn vit nam ln th IX (2000), trong chin lc pht trin
Kinh t - x hi 2001-2010, v mc tiu tng qut ca chin lc 10 nm ca Vit nam
l: "a nc ta ra khi tnh trng km pht trin, nng cao r rt i sng vt cht,
vn ha, tinh thn ca nhn dn; to nn tng n nm 2020 nc ta c bn tr
thnh mt nc cng nghip theo hng hin i".
Lin quan n chin lc pht trin Kinh t - x hi 2001-2010, i hi i biu ton
quc ln th IX ca ng cng sn vit nam khng nh " Pht trin nhanh, bn
vng, tng trng kinh t i i vi tin b cng bng x hi v bo v mi trng" v
" Pht trin kinh t - x hi gn cht vi bo v v ci thin mi trng, bo m s
hi ha gia mi trng nhn to vi mi trng thin nhin, gi gn a dng sinh hc.
Ch ng phng trnh v hn ch tc ng xu ca thin tai, ca s bin ng kh hu
bt li v tip tc gii quyt hu qu chin tranh cn li i vi mi trng. Bo v v
ci to mi trng l trch nhim ca ton x hi, tng cng qun l Nh nc i i

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vi nng cao thc trch nhim ca mi ngi dn. Ch ng gn kt yu cu ci thin

mi trng trong mi quy hoch, k hoch, chng trnh v d n pht trin kinh t-x
hi, coi yu cu v mi trng l mt tiu ch quan trng nh gi cc gii php pht
trin.
Vit nam c th gii xc nh l quc gia c nn kinh t chuyn i, thc t nh
nu trn, t cng lnh i hi ng ln th VI, n i hi ng ln th IX, tri qua
15 nm i mi v pht trin th hin tnh ng n ca n. Kinh t lin tc tng
trng, x hi n nh, chng ta l mt trong nhng quc gia tham gia tch cc vo cng
tc bo v mi trng, duy tr v bo tn cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, tham gia
nhiu cng c quc t trong lnh vc bo v mi trng, duy tr a dng sinh hc v
pht trin bn vng.
Bn cnh nhng thnh tu t c, thc tin thi gian va qua, vi c ch th trng
c s qun l ca Nh nc cng th hin nhng mt tri ca n. lin quan n bo
v mi trng v bo tn, duy tr cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, chng hn nh vn
ph rng, xm phm ti sn quc gia, vn khai thc v bun bn ng vt hoang
gi, s hn ch gim thiu nhim cc doanh nghip Nh nc.Nhng l do ny
i hi chng ta cn tip tc hon thin c ch qun l i vi bo v mi trng, song
song vi n l tng trng kinh t v n nh x hi trong chin lc pht trin ca
mnh, nhm hng ti pht trin bn vng nh trong chin lc pht trin ca t nc
n nm 2010 c i hi ng ln th IX khng nh.

PHT TRIN BN VNG

Khi nim "Pht trin bn vng"
+ y l khi nim hon ton mi m, xut hin trn c s c rt kinh nghim pht
trin ca cc quc gia trn hnh tinh t trc n nay, phn nh xu th ca thi i v
nh hng tng lai ca loi ngi.
+ Theo kinh t hc Herman Daly(
( ) Theo Conexion s 3, thng 9, 1992
) (lm vic Ngn hng th gii) th mt th gii bn vng l mt th gii khng s
dng cc ngun ti nguyn ti to (nh nc, th nhng, sinh vt) nhanh hn qu
trnh tm ra nhng loi thay th chng v khng thi ra mi trng cc cht c hi
nhanh hn qu trnh Tri t hp th v v hiu ho chng.
+ Nm 1987, y ban th gii v Mi trng v Pht trin cng b bo co: tng lai
chung ca chng ta. Bo co ny cp v phn tch mi lin kt cht ch gia mi
trng v pht trin. Theo nh li ca ch tch y ban, Gro Harlem Brudtland: "Mi
trng l ni chng ta ang sng; pht trin l nhng g chng ta lm c gng ci

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thin tt c mi th bn trong ni chng ta sng, v do vy hai v ny khng th tch

ri nhau". Thng ip chnh ca tuyn ngn ny l nu chng ta ph hy ni sng ca
chng ta th s khng c s pht trin. Trong Bo co ny cng a ra nh ngha v
khi nim pht trin bn vng (Sustainable Development). Theo pht trin bn vng
l: "s pht trin p ng c cc nhu cu ca hin ti m khng lm tn hi n kh
nng p ng cc nhu cu ca cc th h tng lai". C th coi y l nh ngha u
tin c dng chnh thc v hin vn c s dng trong cc vn bn ca chng trnh
mi trng lin hp quc (UNEP).
+ Nh vy, c th thy: "Pht trin bn vng l mt s pht trin lnh mnh, trong
s pht trin ca c nhn ny khng lm thit hi n li ch ca c nhn khc, s pht
trin ca c nhn khng lm thit hi n li ch ca cng ng, s pht trin ca cng
ng ngi ny khng lm thit hi n li ch ca cng ng ngi khc, s pht trin
ca th h hm nay khng xm phm n li ch ca cc th h mai sau v s pht trin
ca loi ngi khng e do s sng cn hoc lm suy gim ni sinh sng ca cc loi
khc trn hnh tinh (cc loi cng sinh). Bi v s sng cn ca con ngi l da trn c
s duy tr c sn lng, nng sut t nhin, kh nng phc hi v s a dng ca sinh
quyn.
Ni dung pht trin bn vng.
T khi nim pht trin bn vng, thc cht l mt s pht trin c tinh tng hp cao
v c h thng. Tip cn quan im h thng v tng hp cho php hai nh mi trng
hc Canaa l Jacobs v Sadler trnh by mi quan h bin chng gia pht trin v mi
trng trong s di y (H.1.2)

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+ Cc mi trng. Cng ging nh s pht trin ca sinh vt, s pht trin x hi phi
gii p c bi ton do mi trng t ra. Trong bt k phng n quy hoch pht
trin no theo hng bn vng cng u phi tnh ton k mi tc ng qua li gia con
ngi v thin nhin sao cho s pht trin kinh t - x hi khng lm suy thoi hoc hu
dit mi trng, bo tn ti nguyn, ngn chn nhim.
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+ Cc kinh t. Theo quan im ca trng phi pht trin bn vng, th sinh lc kinh t
ca mt x hi tu thuc vo kh nng gii quyt vn gi tr thng d bng cch s
dng gi tr thng d trao i v b p nhng thit hi do s pht trin kinh t n
thun gy ra. Gi tr thng d c th c to ra bng cch nng cao nng sut, i mi
cng ngh,... i vi nhng sn phm c ch to t ngun gc thin nhin, vn
ch yu l xt xem ti nguyn thin nhin c kh nng ti to hay khng. Nu khng
th phi tin hnh nghin cu v ch to cc sn phm c kh nng thay th. Mun vy,
phi cng thm vo gi thnh sn phm lm t ti nguyn khng ti to mt loi chi ph
khc nghin cu v pht trin cc sn phm thay th. Trong cc ny phi m bo
s tng trng, hiu qu v n nh.
+ Cc x hi. S pht trin kinh t phi i i vi pht trin x hi, ngha l nng cao v
ci thin cht lng cuc sng cho tt c mi ngi. cng chnh l s pht trin t
sinh do chnh x hi y ch ng thc hin, ch khng phi l mt s pht trin ngoi
sinh, sng nh hon ton vo ngun lc t bn ngoi, mun vy phi gim i ngho,
thng xuyn xy dng th ch tt v bo tn di sn vn ha dn tc.
- Tng hp li, ta thy: Pht trin bn vng l mt s pht trin cn i gia ba cc tng
trng Kinh t, x hi v mi trng, khng c xem nh cc no.
- Trn quan im ng, xem xt mi quan h kinh t, x hi v mi trng cho pht
trin bn vng c th hin thng qua s sau (H 1.4)

Cc ch s pht trin bn vng

Khi nim cng nh ni dung "Pht trin bn vng" nh trnh by trn, y l vn
rng ln, mang tnh tng hp cao. o lng pht trin bn vng c nhiu ch tiu
khc nhau, c nhng ch tiu nh lng c, nhng cng c nhng ch tiu kh nh
lng m ch dng mc nh tnh, c th dng cc ch s v sinh thi, ch s pht
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trin con ngi (Human Developed Index - HDI) do UNDP a ra (xem UNDP. Human
Developing Report 1992).
Lm th no nh gi c s pht trin l bn vng trn mt lnh th? C th nh
lng c khng? Mc chp nhn s nh lng ra sao? y l vn kh khn
nht, phc tp nht m con ngi phi vt qua chp nhn v thc hin. X hi loi
ngi gm cc dn tc rt khc bit v vn ho, lch s, tn ngng, chnh tr, gio dc
v truyn thng, h cng rt khc nhau v mc phn thnh v cht lng cuc sng
v iu kin mi trng m s nhn thc v s khc bit cng rt khc nhau, hn na
s khc bit li thng xuyn vn ng khi tng ln khi gim i. Bi vy, nh gi
th no l pht trin bn vng mang tnh tu thuc rt ln. iu d thng nht hn c l
ngy nay nhu cu c mt cuc sng m no d chu, iu kin sng ngy mt nng cao,
tnh a dng sinh hc v nng sut sn xut ca t nhin lun gi vng ang l nguyn
vng v quyt tm bo v ca nhn loi. Chnh v vy m qua mt thi gian di tho
lun, tranh lun quyt lit, cc chnh ph v cc nh khoa hc cng thng nht c
cc ch tiu nh gi pht trin bn vng. UNDP a ra mt h thng nhiu ch
tiu tp trung ch tiu pht trin ca con ngi (Human Development Index HDI) v
ch tiu v s t do ca con ngi (Human Free Index HFI). Tuy vy, hin nay ch c 2
nhm ch tiu ch yu sau y c vn dng nhiu nht.
Ch s v sinh thi:
Ch s ny rt kh lng ho v tu thuc rt nhiu vo hon cnh t nhin trn
tng lnh th. Mt cch tng qut l s pht trin gi l t ch tiu ny khi s pht
trin y va gii quyt c nhim v tng trng trin kinh t nhng vn bo v
c cc h sinh thi c bn trn lnh th xc nh, tc l bo v c mi trng
nn trn mt phm vi rng ca khng gian lnh th. o lng ch tiu ny trn mt
lnh th c th thng ngi ta cn c vo s a dng sinh hc, mc khai thc
cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ti sinh v khng c kh nng ti sinh.
Ch s pht trin con ngi (HDI).
T nhng nm u ca thp k 90 ca th k XX, cc t chc quc t c khuyn ngh s
dng ch s pht trin con ngi HDI lm thc o phn loi trnh pht trin kinh
t-x hi ca cc nc. Ngi ta cng khuyn ngh nn s dng ch tiu ny nh gi
v phn loi cc nc giu ngho. Vy ni dung v bn cht ca HDI l g?
Ch s HDI l thc o tng hp v s pht trin ca con ngi trn phng din sc
khe, tri thc v thu nhp.
K hiu v cch tnh ba ch tiu thnh phn nh sau:
- Trnh gio dc : D

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- Tui th : E
- Thu nhp u ngi: I
i vi mi vng (Hay mi nc) th k, trnh gio dc D c cu thnh bi hai
thnh t: t l ngi ln bit ch v t l nhp hc cc cp gio dc tiu hc, trung hc
v i hc. Ta c ch tiu tng hp:
DIk = a x T l ngi ln bit ch (Dik) + b x t l nhp hc cc cp (Dik).
Trong , a v b l hai h s dng, ngi ta xc nh c a = 2/3 v b = 1/3. i
vi cc ch tiu thnh phn, ch s pht trin gio dc DIk ca vng (hay nc) th k
c tnh theo cng thc:

Trong :
EIk l ch s tui th trung bnh.
EK l tui th bnh qun tnh t khi sinh

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Emin v Emax l tui th ti thiu v ti a ca dn c.

3.2.3. Ch s thu nhp u ngi.
Ch s thu nhp c o bng GDP thc t u ngi theo sc mua tng ng tnh
bng la M (PPP USD).

i vi s pht trin ca con ngi ngoi ch s HDI, hin nay ngi ta cn dng cc
ch s khc nh HPI-1; HPI-2 l cc ch s ngho kh con ngi cho cc nc ang pht
trin; Ch s GDI l ch s pht trin gii....
Ngoi ra, cn c nhng ch s c cc nc trn th gii s dng, c bit l cc
nc pht trin nh ch s v s t do con ngi (HFI - Human Free Index): vic lm,
tn trng quyn con ngi, an sinh, khng c bo lc, v.v...
Tm li, so vi pht trin kinh t n thun, pht trin bn vng l mt bi ton ht sc
phc tp, khng phi lc no cng c th gii quyt mt cch ti u c, bi v trong
thc t, ngi ta thng ng trc mt s la chn khng d dng, hoc ci ny hoc
ci kia. Song xut pht t mt cch nhn tng th, mt chin lc pht trin c tnh ton
y tt c cc nhn t, cc kha cnh, t kinh t n phi kinh t v mt kh nng d
bo tng lai c tnh hin thc, th pht trin bn vng vn c nh gi l mt phng
php pht trin lnh mnh v c gi tr nht d c x hi tha nhn.
Nhng nguyn tc ca mt x hi bn vng
S bn vng trong cuc sng ca mt dn tc ph thuc rt ln vo s ho hp ca dn
tc vi cc dn tc khc v vi thin nhin. Con ngi ch khai thc c nhng g
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thin nhin mang li ngha l con ngi ch pht trin trong gii hn thin nhin cho
php. Con ngi khng loi b nhng phc li do cch mng k thut mang li nhng
cng phi l nhng k thut tun theo nhng nguyn tc ni trn.
Cuc sng bn vng phi da trn nhng nguyn tc nht nh, nhng nguyn tc
lin kt cng ng con ngi li to nn mt x hi pht trin bn vng. Nhng nguyn
tc a x hi hng ti s pht trin bn vng lin h khng kht vi nhau, chng
hng dn hnh vi con ngi ch khng phi l mnh lnh, n hng ti tng lai ch
khng quay li qu kh, n lin kt cc dn tc vi nhau c hnh ng chung cn
mc vn dng li tu thuc vo tng dn tc.
Nhng nguyn tc l:
Nguyn tc 1: Tn trng v quan tm n cuc sng ca cng ng
Con ngi c trch nhim phi quan tm n ng loi v cc hnh thc tn ti khc
ca s sng trong hin ti v tng lai. Cn phi chia s cng bng nhng phc li v
chi ph trong vic s dng ti nguyn v bo v mi trng gia cc cng ng vi cc
nhm c lin quan gia ngi ngho vi ngi giu, gia th h hin ti vi nhau v th
h hin ti vi th h mai sau.
Ton th cc dng sng trn tri t to thnh mt h thng v i l thuc nhau, tc
ng ln nhau v cng ph thuc vo cc yu t ca sinh quyn. Gia cc x hi loi
ngi cng lin quan n nhau v cc th h tng lai chu nh hng ca nhng hnh
ng ca con ngi th h hin ti. Th gii t nhin ngy cng b tc ng mnh m
ca con ngi v vy phi lm sao cho nhng tc ng khng e do s sng cn ca
mun loi khc chng ta cn c c hi da vo sinh tn v pht trin. V vy
nguyn tc ny va th hin trnh nhim va th hin o c ca con ngi.
Nguyn tc 2: Ci thin cht lng cuc sng con ngi
Mc tiu ca s pht trin kinh t x hi ca con ngi l khng ngng nng cao cht
lng cuc sng, y l c th m con ngi t th h ny sang th h khc hng
ti. Pht trin kinh t l rt quan trng nhng n khng mang ngha t nhn, cc dn
tc c chin lc, sch lc v mc tiu c th khc nhau nhng ci chung nht c th
thng nht c l xy dng mt cuc sng lnh mnh no , c mt nn gio dc tt,
c quyn sng t do v chnh tr c bo m an ton v khng c bo lc, c ti
nguyn cho s pht trin lu di ... Tm li l con ngi ngy mt y hn, cuc
sng tt hn trong s pht trin chn chnh.
Nguyn tc 3: Bo v s sng v tnh a dng ca tri t

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Cuc sng m loi ngi hon ton ph thuc vo nhng h thng thin nhin trn tri
t. V vy s pht trin trn c s bo v phi bo v c cu trc, chc nng v tnh
a dng ca nhng h thng y. V th chng ta phi:
- Bo v h thng nui dng s sng, l cc qu trnh sinh thi nui dng v bo
tn s sng, n iu chnh kh hu, iu ho cht lng khng kh, ngun nc, chu
chuyn cc yu t c bn lm cc h sinh thi lun c hi phc.
- Bo v tnh a dng sinh hc khng ch l tt c cc loi ng thc vt cng cc t
chc sng khc m cn bo v ngun gen di truyn c trong mi loi v cc dng sinh
thi khc nhau.
Nguyn tc 4: Bo m chc chn vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn.
Ngun ti nguyn ti to bao gm t, nc, khng kh, th gii ng thc vt phi
c s dng sao cho chng c th phc hi c. Ngun ti nguyn khng ti to phi
c ko di qu trnh s dng bng cch ti sinh ti nguyn, dng ti nguyn c th ti
to thay th hoc s dng tit kim. Ch c nh vy mi c ngun ti nguyn cung
cp cho hng trm triu ngi tng ln hng nm v cuc sng con ngi ngy cng tt
p.
Nguyn tc 5: Gi vng trong kh nng chu ng ca Tri t
Kh nng chiu ng ca Tri t thc cht l tng hp kh nng chu ng ca tt c
cc h sinh thi c trn Tri t. Cc tc ng ln cc h sinh thi do tc ng ti
sinh quyn sao cho chng khng b bin i theo hng xu i nguy him, chng c th
t phc hi, chng "chu ng" c. Kh nng chu ng ny thay i theo tng vng
v r rng rt ph thuc vo mt tc ng tc l ph thuc vo s lng con ngi
v hnh vi s dng ca con ngi. Chnh sch kinh t, chnh sch dn s v cch sng
ca con ngi trn mt a bn v kh nng chu ng ca thin nhin rng buc cht
ch vi nhau v cn qun l cht ch.
Nguyn tc 6: Thay i thi v thi quen sng ca mi ngi
Cuc sng bn vng c xy dng trn nhng c s o c mi do con ngi phi
xem xt li cc gi tr v thay i cch ng x. Cuc sng x hi phi xy dng, ra
cc tiu chun o c v ph phn li sng khng da trn nguyn tc bn vng. Dng
mi hnh thc gio dc chnh thc v khng chnh thc mi ngi c cch ng x
c cc hnh vi cn thit trong vic tc ng ln thin nhin hng ti thin nhin vng
bn.
Nguyn tc 7: Cho php cc cng ng t qun l ly mi trng ca mnh.

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Phn ln cc hot ng sng to v c hiu qu ca c nhn v cc nhm u xy ra

trong cng ng, cc cng ng thng to ra nhng iu kin thun li v sn sng
thc hin cc hnh ng c ch cho x hi v cc cng ng hn ai ht bit quan tm
n i sng ca chnh mnh. Nh nm vng tnh hnh mi trng xung quanh nn khi
h c quyn lc h c th t qun l mi trng h sng mt cch thch hp nht, tit
kim v hiu qu nh m cht lng mi trng c nng cao.
Nguyn tc 8:To ra mt c cu quc gia thng nht cho vic pht trin v bo v.
Mi x hi tin b phi da trn c s ngun thng tin phong ph, kin thc di do,
c cu lut php vng chc, gio dc ton din, mt nn kinh t n nh v chnh sch
x hi ph hp. Tuy vy, cho x hi pht trin bn vng cc quc gia phi xy dng
cht lng pht trin tnh n tt c cc quyn li d kin cng nh ngn chn cc tr
lc c th xy ra do s suy thoi iu kin pht trin l cht lng mi trng, cc chnh
sch iu chnh lin tc hot ng pht trin ph hp cc nhu cu mi ca x hi
cng nh bo v c iu kin mi trng. V vy, chnh sch quc gia phi gn lin
chnh sch kinh t vi kh nng chu ng ca mi trng, nng cao hiu qu s dng
ti nguyn, bo m sao cho nguyn tc ngi s dng ti nguyn phi tr gi cho vic
s dng .
Nguyn tc 9: Kin to mt c cu lin minh ton cu
Trong th gii ngy nay khng mt quc gia no tn ti theo phng thc t cp t tc
c v vy s pht trin bn vng ton cu phi l hnh ng ca ton nhn loi, ton
cu phi l mt lin minh vng chc. Do mc pht trin khng ng u nn cc
nc c thu nhp thp phi c s h tr ca cc nc giu c v ca cng ng quc
t ni chung th mi bo v c mi trng ca mnh. Cc ngun ti nguyn ca hnh
tinh nht l khng kh, ngun nc v cc h sinh thi ch c th bo v bng s qun
l chung, mc ch chung v gii php thch hp. Ton th cc quc gia u c li t
s pht trin bn vng v cng b thit hi nu khng thc hin c iu .

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Mi trng v pht trin-Tm tt

Chng mt trnh by nhng ni dung c bn ca mi trng v pht trin. lm r
bn cht ca mi quan h gia mi trng v pht trin nhm hng ti mt s pht
trin bn vng, trong chng ny tp trung vo gii quyt nhng vn ch yu sau.
a ra nhng nh ngha v khi nim c bn v mi trng c chnh thc tha
nhn hin nay trn th gii v Vit nam, phn tch thnh phn, bn cht v chc nng
ca h thng mi trng, trn c s xem xt mi quan h rng buc gia kinh t v
mi trng.
Lin quan n ti nguyn thin nhin, trong phn hai ca chng cng lm r khi nim,
phn loi ti nguyn v xem xt bn cht ca Kinh t ti nguyn l g? c bit trong
phn ny a ra s phn tch v cn bng vt cht trong hot ng kinh t lin
quan n nng cao cht lng mi trng trn c s nhn nhn ca cn bng ng lc
hc.
Phn ba xem xt bin i mi trng, trong phn ny cng lm r nhng khi nim c
bn lin quan n bin i mi trng nh cht pht thit ra mi trng, cht lng
vng xung quanh v tn tht, cc loi cht nhim. Cc khi nim lin quan n bin
i mi trng nh nhim mi trng, suy thoi mi trng, s c mi trng, nhng
vn lin quan n tiu chun mi trng.
Trong phn bn cp n vn pht trin, trong lm r thm khi nim pht trin,
phn bit s khc nhau gia pht trin kinh t v tng trng kinh t, mi quan h gia
mi trng v pht trin. Trnh by cc m hnh chin lc pht trin c v ang tn
ti trn th gii, c ch ca chng lin quan n bo v mi trng v duy tr khai thc
hp l cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, t xem xt m hnh pht trin ca Vit nam
c ng ta khng nh. c bit trong chng ny i su vo phn tch v lm
sng t th no l pht trin bn vng, lin quan n pht trin bn vng c nhng ch
s no, mt trong nhng ch s c phn tch k v minh ha bng v d thc tin l
ch s pht trin con ngi HDI. Ba ni dung v chn nguyn tc pht trin bn vng
hin nay trn th gii v Vit nam l nhng phn kt thc ca chng I.

CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by cc khi nim: mi trng, mi trng sng v mi trng sng ca con
ngi. Gia cc khi nim c g ging nhau, khc nhau?
2. Trnh by cc thnh phn mi trng? Ti sao ni s phn chia mi trng thnh cc
quyn cng l tng i?

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3. Trnh by nhng c trng c bn ca h thng mi trng v cc cch phn loi mi

trng.
4 i vi con ngi v hot ng kinh t, mi trng sng c nhng chc nng c bn
no?
5. Thng qua s minh ha phn tch mi quan h gia kinh t v mi trng.
6. Trnh by khi nim, cch phn loi ti nguyn thin nhin theo quan im ca cc
Nh Kinh t mi trng. S phn loi c ngha g?
7. Bng s phn tch cn bng vt cht trong hot ng Kinh t. nng cao cht
lng mi trng chng ta cn c nhng gii php kh thi c bn no? Chng minh.
8. Bng s phn tch mi quan h nhn qu gia cht pht thi ra mi trng, cht
lng mi trng vng xung quanh v tn tht. Cho bit c cc loi cht nhim no?
ly v d thc tin chng minh.
9. Trnh by cc khi nim : nhim mi trng, suy thoi mi trng v s c mi
trng. Cho v d trong thc tin chng minh.
10. Tiu chun mi trng l g? C cu ca h thng tiu chun mi trng bao gm
nhng nhm no?
11. Trnh by khi nim: pht trin, pht trin kinh t v tng trng Kinh t. Phn bit
s khc nhau c bn gia pht trin kinh t v tng trng kinh t.
12. Phn tch mi quan h gia mi trng v pht trin.
13. Phn tch nhng u im v nhc im ca cc m hnh pht trin kinh t tn
ti trong lch s. Chng c nh hng nh th no n vic bo v mi trng?
14. Trnh by m hnh pht trin kinh t ca Vit nam t sau i hi VI ca ng. n
i hi ng cng sn Vit nam ln th IX m hnh c tip tc m rng v pht
trin nh th no?
15. Trnh by khi nim "pht trin bn vng" v cc ch s phn nh s pht trin bn
vng.
16. Trnh by ni dung pht trin bn vng. Phn tch bng s 3 cc hp thnh ca
ni dung pht trin bn vng: Kinh t, x hi v mi trng.
17. Trnh by nhng nguyn tc c bn ca mt x hi bn vng.

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KINH T HC CHT LNG MI

TRNG-PHN I
T VN
Chng ta ang thi k nhng nm u ca th k XXI, mt trongnhng vn thch
thc ln nht l bo v v bo qun nhng ngun ti nguyn ca tri t cng nh
tip tc pht trin kinh t khng ch trong tng quc gia m c trn qui m ton cu.
Hng trm nm trc y, vi mc ch tham vng tng trng kinh t nhanh v khuyn
khch pht trin cng ngh bng nhng thay i trong cc cuc cch mng cng nghip
lm nh hng rt nghim trng ti mi trng t nhin. S gia tng khi lng ca
giao thng, qu trnh sn xut; vin thng v ho cht nhn to nh hng su sc
ti c hai chiu l nng cao cuc sng vt cht con ngi cng nh hng th x hi v
s ph hu mi trng cng ln hn m hin nay chng ta ang phi i mt. Chng ta
ghi nhn mt iu c ngha l s nh i gia tng trng kinh t v cht lng mi
trng. Nhng chng ta khng th chuyn ho n cho tng lai.
Gii php cn c xem xt l mi quan h rng buc gia hot ng kinh t v cht
lng mi trng t nhin v s dng thng tin i n nhng quyt nh ng
n hn. D nhin s lun lun c mt tng hp ca s nh i khi lng chnh xc.
Vy cn phi s dng l thuyt kinh t g bao qut c ton b vn ny. Chng
ta khng th mong i c c mt bu khng kh trong lnh hon ho hoc mt ngun
nc tinh khit y , cng nh chng ta khng th tip tc tng trng kinh t m
khng ch ti tng lai. Tuy nhin c mt gii php, thng qua t c mt s
tho hip ca cc nhm. Th nht, chng ta phi quyt nh vi mc cht lng mi
trng nh th no th c th chp nhn c v th hai cn c nhng iu chnh thch
hp g trong vic ng x vi th trng hng ti pht trin bn vng, m bo v mt
cht lng mi trng trong kh nng pht trin x hi.
Qu trnh ng x khng phi d dng v ph thuc vo thi gian, v xt v mt x hi
con ngi vn ang tm hiu v nghin cu, cha th hiu ht v t nhin, v cch ng
x th trng v v mi quan h lin kt gia t nhin v kinh t. Liu kinh t hc s
ng gp c nhng g trong qu trnh nghin cu ny? nhng cng c phn tch s
gip cho vic gii thch mi tng tc ca th trng v mi trng nh th no v s
lin quan ca mi quan h cng nh nhng c hi tm c nhng gii php hiu
qu.
Trong chng ny, chng ta bt u a ra nhng gi nh vi nhng m hnh n gin
nhm minh ho mi quan h gia hot ng kinh t v cht lng mi trng. Cng vi
nhng phn tch c tnh minh ho v nhng quyt nh th trng c tnh nn tng nh

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th no nh hng ti mi trng. Chng ta s khm ph, gii thch nhng mi quan h

c bn lin quan n phn tch kinh t ca nhng gii php mi trng nh nhng vn
v hng ho cht lng mi trng; Ngoi ng; Kinh t hc nhim; Kinh t cht
thi. Tip theo l mt cch nhn tng th v pht trin chnh sch v vai tr ca kinh
t hc trong .

M HNH TH TRNG V HIU QU KINH T

Cung, cu v cn bng th trng
1.1 Th trng l bt k khung cnh no trong tp hp nhng ngi mua v
ngi bn h tc ng qua li ln nhau dn n kh nng trao i, mua bn cc
loi hng ho v dch v. Trong mt s trng hp, ngi mua v ngi bn c th
tip xc trc tip ti cc a im c nh nh cc th trng hng tiu dng: thc
phm, rau qu, qun o Trong nhng trng hp khc, cc cng vic giao dch
c th din ra thng qua v tuyn, in thoi hoc cc phng tin vin thng khc
nh trong th trng chng khon, giao dch ngn hng. im chung nht ca
cc thnh vin tham gia th trng l h u tm cch ti a ho li ch ca mnh.
Ngi bn (sn xut) mun ti a ho li nhun, cn ngi mua (ngi tiu dng)
mun ti a ho s tho mn hay li ch m h nhn c t hng ho hay dch v
m h mua.
V mt nguyn l, s tc ng qua li gia ngi bn v ngi mua xc nh gi ca
tng loi hng ho, dch v c th, ng thi xc nh c chng loi, s lng, cht
lng sn phm cn sn xut v qua s xc nh vic phn b v s dng cc ngun
lc khan him ca x hi. Ni cch khc, gi c l tn hiu c bn phi hp cc hot
ng ca ngi tiu dng, ngi sn xut v nhng ngi s hu cc ngun lc khan
him. y chnh l nguyn tc hot ng ca c ch th trng.
hiu c qu trnh ny mt cch y hn, chng ta cn mt m hnh th trng
in hnh trong tp trung vo cu - hnh vi ca ngi mua, v cung, hnh vi ca
ngi bn.
Cu v cung l tn ca cc mi quan h; cc mi quan h c th c th hin bng
cc bng s liu, biu , th hoc cc phng trnh (cc hm).
1.2 Cu l mi quan h gia gi (P) v lng cu (Q) ca mt loi hng ho hoc
dch v. l lng hng ho / dch v m ngi mua c kh nng mua v sn
sng mua ti mc gi cho trong mt thi gian nht nh. Trong nhng iu kin
nh nhau, gi cng thp th lng cu cng ln v ngc li. Nu biu th mi quan
h ny bng th ta s c ng cu. Thng thng, ng cu dc xung t tri
sang phi nh trong hnh di y:

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Ti mc gi P 1 , lng cu l Q 1
Ti mc gi P 2 , lng cu l Q 2
Chng ta cng c th biu th mi quan h gia gi v lng cu bng hm cu.
V d: Q = 450 - 25P
Nu gi P 1 = 4($), lng cu Q 1 = 350
Nu gi P 2 = 6($), lng cu Q 2 = 300
ng cu th trng l tng cng theo chiu ngang ca cc ng cu c nhn.
Cc yu t c bn xc nh cu v hng ho / dch v bao gm:
- Gi ca bn thn hng ho / dch v
- Thu nhp ca ngi tiu dng
- Gi c ca cc loi hng ho lin quan
- S lng ngi tiu dng

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- Th hiu ca ngi tiu dng

- Cc k vng v cc yu t trn
1.3 Cung l mi quan h gia gi (P) v lng cung (Q) ca mt loi hng ho / dch
v. l lng hng ho / dch v m ngi bn sn lng v c kh nng cung ti
mc gi xc nh trong mt thi gian nht nh. Trong nhng iu kin nh nhau,
gi cng cao th lng cung cng ln v ngc li. Chng ta c th biu th mi
quan h ny di dng th, l ng cung. Thng thng, ng cung c
dc i ln t tri sang phi nh trong hnh di dy:

Ti mc gi P 1 , lng cung l Q 1
Ti mc gi P 2 , lng cung l Q 2
Chng ta cng c th biu th mi quan h gia gi v lng cung bng hm cung.
V d Q = -20 + 10P
Nu gi P 0 = 2, lng cung Q 0 = 0
Nu gi P 1 = 4, lng cung Q 1 = 20
Nu gi P 2 = 6, lng cung Q 2 = 40

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Cung th trng l tng hp cc mc cung ca tng c nhn li vi nhau.

Cc yu t c bn xc nh cung v hng ho / dch v bao gm:
- Gi ca bn thn hng ho / dch v
- Cng ngh
- Gi ca cc yu t u vo (sn xut)
- Chnh sch thu
- Cc k vng v cc yu t trn
Cn bng th trng
Khi cu i vi mt hng ho / dch v no xut hin trn th trng, ngi sn xut
s tm cch p ng mc cu . Th trng trng thi cn bng khi vic cung hng
ho / dch v tho mn cu i vi hng ho / dch v trong mt thi k nht nh.
Ti trng thi cn bng ny chng ta c mc gi cn bng (P*) v sn lng cn bng
(Q*).
Trn th, mc cn bng c xc nh bng giao im ca hai ng cung v cu.

c im quan trng ca mc gi cn bng ny l n khng c xc nh bi tng c

nhn ring l m c hnh thnh bi hot ng tp th ca ton b ngi mua v ngi
bn. y chnh l cch nh gi khch quan theo "Bn tay v hnh" ca c ch th trng

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Trong iu kin th trng cnh tranh hon ho, mi doanh nghip u l ngi
chp nhn gi; ng cu ca mi doanh nghip l hon ton co dn ti mc gi
th trng hay ni cch khc l cc nh sn xut phi i mt vi ng cu nm
ngang. Rt d nhn thy doanh thu bnh qun (AR) v doanh thu cn bin (MR)
ca doanh nghip trong th trng cnh tranh hon ho u bng gi cn bng
th trng.
.
Ti nhng mc gi thp hn gi cn bng, s xut hin tnh trng d cu (thiu cung);
tnh trng ny s to ra sc p lm tng gi. Ngc li, ti nhng mc gi cao hn gi
cn bng, s xut hin tnh trng d cung; tnh trng ny s to ra sc p lm gim gi.
Khi gi thay i, lng cung v lng cu cng iu chnh cho ti khi t c trng
thi cn bng.
M hnh cung - cu c bn c th c dng nghin cu nhiu vn mi trng v
chnh sch.
Thng d tiu dng v thng d sn xut
Li ch v thng d tiu dng
Li ch
Thut ng li ch c hiu nh l s va , s hi lng do vic tiu dng hng ha/
dch v em li.
Li ch ton b (hay tng li ch - TB) l tng th s hi lng do ton b s tiu dng
hng ho/dch v em li.
Li ch cn bin (MB) phn nh mc hi lng do tiu dng mt n v sn phm em
li.

Khi nim tng li ch v li ch cn bin gii thch v sao chng ta li mua mt hng
ho / dch v cng nh v sao chng ta li khng mua chng vo mt thi im no .
Li ch cn bin ca mt hng ho / dch v no c xu hng gim i khi lng mt
hng c tiu dng nhiu hn mt thi k nht nh. Nh vy, khi ta tiu dng

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nhiu hn mt loi hng ho / dch v no , m li ch cn bin vn cn ln hn 0,

tng li ch s tng ln nhng vi tc chm dn i.
Li ch l mt khi nim tru tng dng trong kinh t hc ch cm gic thch th
ch quan, tnh hu ch hoc s tho mn do tiu dng hng ho / dch v m c. Chng
ta khng th o c li ch v li ch cn bin bng cc n v vt l nh chiu di,
cn nng. Tuy vy, chng ta c th dng gi o li ch cn bin ca vic tiu dng:
li ch cn bin ca vic tiu dng hng ho / dch v cng ln th ngi tiu dng sn
sng tr gi cao hn cho n, khi li ch cn bin gim th s sn lng chi tr cng gim
i. Nu vy, ng cu cng chnh l ng th hin li ch cn bin ca vic tiu dng.
Thng d tiu dng
Thng d tiu dng l khi nim phn nh s chnh lch gia li ch ca ngi tiu
dng khi tiu dng mt lng hng ho / dch v so vi chi ph thc t thu c li
ch .
Trong hnh 2.4, ng cu i vi mt hng ho l D, gi th trng ca hng ho l
P*; ngi tiu dng s tiu dng QD n v hng ho

Tng li ch ca vic tiu dng l din tch nm di ng cu t gc to n

sn lng cn bng, tc l din tch OBEQ D .
Ngi tiu dng l ngi ti a ho li ch nn s tiu dng hng ho cho n khi
li ch cn bin ca n v hng ho cui cng bng vi gi phi tr cho n v
hng ho . Ngi tiu dng khng mua nhiu hng ho hn Q D v li ch cn
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bin ca nhng n v hng ho ny (cng ng thi l s sn lng chi tr cho

nhng n v hng ho ny) nh hn mc gi m ngi tiu dng s phi tr nu
tiu dng chng.
i vi nhng n v hng ho nh hn Q D , ngi tiu dng, v c hng li
ch cn bin ln hn P* nn cng sn lng chi tr mc gi cao hn P* cho vic tiu
dng hng ho. Nhng thc t, ngi tiu dng ch phi tr gi P*, cho tt c cc
n v hng ho. Thng d tiu dng xut hin do ngi tiu dng c hng
nhiu hn mc h phi tr. Tng thng d tiu dng (k hiu l CS) c th hin
bng din tch tam gic BEP* (phn gch cho) trong hnh
2.2 Chi ph v thng d sn xut
2.2.1. Chi ph
Chi ph i vi mt doanh nghip c hiu l cc khon chi tr m doanh nghip phi
thc hin duy tr vic sn xut mt s lng hng ho / dch v.
? Tng chi ph (TC) ca vic sn xut mt lng hng ho bao gm gi th trng
ca ton b cc ngun lc c s dng sn xut ra lng hng ho . C th
phn bit hai loi chi ph: c nh v bin i.
? Chi ph c nh (FC) l nhng chi ph khng thay i khi sn lng thay i,
chnh l nhng chi ph m doanh nghip phi thanh ton d khng sn xut hoc
sn xut rt t; v d tin thu nh xng, khu hao thit b, bo dng thit b,
tin lng ca b my qun l.
? Chi ph bin i (VC) l nhng chi ph tng hoc gim cng vi mc tng hoc
gim ca sn lng, v d nh tin mua nguyn vt liu, nhin liu nng lng, tin
lng cng nhn
Tng chi ph l tng ca chi ph c nh v chi ph bin i. V tng chi ph c nh
khng thay i nn s tng gim ca tng chi ph ph thuc vo cc chi ph bin
i.
? Chi ph cn bin (MC) l chi ph phi chi b xung sn xut thm mt n v
sn lng hng ho / dch v:

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Nh ni trn, trong ngn hn chi ph c nh khng thay i khi sn lng thay i,

v th khi sn xut thm mt nv sn phm, ch c chi ph bin i tng ln. V vy,
chng ta cng c th ni rng chi ph cn bin l chi ph bin i b xung sn xut
thm mt n v sn phm b xung.
Nhn chung, ng chi ph cn bin c hnh dng ch U, song trong nhiu trng hp
n cng c th c hnh dng khc nh dng bc thang, nm ngang hoc tng lin tc.
ng chi ph cn bin i ln l kt qu trc tip ca quy lut nng sut cn bin gim
dn
Nng sut cn bin c hiu l mc gia tng ca tng sn lng khi s dng b xung
mt n v u vo bin i nh lao ng chng hn.
.
Chi ph cn bin cng cao, ngi sn xut cng i hi mc gi bn sn phm cao tng
ng. Vi mt ng chi ph cn bin xc nh th khi gi thay i, lng hng ho do
doanh nghip sn xut ra s tng hoc gim tng ng. Ngi sn xut ti a ho hi
nhun s sn lng cung cp hng ho / dch v cho th trng n chng no gi bn n
v sn phm cui cng bng ng vi chi ph cn bin sn xut ra n v sn phm y
(P = MC). V th ng chi ph cn bin cng chnh l ng cung ca doanh nghip.
Nu chng ta cng theo chiu ngang ton b cc ng cung mt loi hng ha ca cc
doanh nghip th chng ta s thu c ng cung ca th trng.
2.2.2 Thng d sn xut
Thng d sn xut l khi nim phn nh mc chnh lch gia s tin m ngi sn xut
thc s nhn c t vic cung cp mt lng hng ho / dch v so vi s tin ti thiu
m anh ta sn sng chp nhn chi tr.
Trong hnh 2.5 ng cung i vi mt hng ho l S, gi th trng ca hng ho l
P*, ngi sn xut s sn lng cung cp QS n v hng ho.

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V ng cung phn nh chi ph cn bin ca sn xut; ng thi nu chi ph c hi ca

tt c cc ngun lc ca sn xut c tnh y , th tng chi ph x hi ca sn
xut chnh l din tch nm di ng cung t gc to n sn lng cn bng, tc
l din tch OAEQS.
Trong hnh 2.5, ti bt k im no dc theo on ng cung AE, cc nh sn xut
cng sn sng cung ng mt lng hng ho nht nh vi gi thp hn gi cn bng
th trng P*, nhng thc t h vn bn c sn phm vi mc gi P*. Thng d xut
hin do ngi sn xut nhn c nhiu hn mc chi ph h b ra. Tng thng d
sn xut (k hiu l PS) c th hin bng din tch tam gic AEP* (phn gch cho)
trong hnh .
Li ch rng x hi
Chng ta va cp n nhng vn lin quan n li ch v chi ph. Tng li ch x
hi (TSB) ca vic tiu dng mt loi hng ho / dch v vi mt lng no c
xc nh l tng li ch ca tt c cc c nhn trong x hi c hng lin quan n
vic tiu dng hng ho / dch v ;
Tng li ch x hi cng c xc nh bng tng cng s sn lng chi tr ca cc c
nhn trong x hi cho vic tiu dng hng ho / dch v. Trn th TSB c biu th
bng din tch nm di ng cu t gc to n sn lng cn bng.
Tng chi ph x hi (TSC) ca vic sn xut mt hng ho / dch v c xc nh l
tng chi ph ca tt c cc ngun lc cn thit (k c chi ph c hi) sn xut ra hng
ho / dch v . Trn th, TSC c biu th bng din tch nm di ng cung t
gc to n sn lng cn bng.

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Chng ta c th xc nh li ch rng x hi (NSB) ca vic sn xut v tiu dng mt

hng ho / dch v no bng hiu s gia tng li ch x hi v tng chi ph x hi.
NSB = TSB - TSC (1)
R rng, li ch rng x hi l tng s ca thng d tiu dng (CS) v thng d sn xut
(PS).
NSB = CS + PS (2)

Chng ta c th d dng chng minh c rng ti mc sn lng cn bng Q*, li ch

rng x hi l ln nht hay cn gi l phc li x hi ln nht. Nu hot ng kinh t
bt c mc sn lng no ln hn hoc nh hn Q* u lm cho li ch rng x hi nh
hn din tch ABE; Phn tn tht phc li x hi c coi l "phn mt khng" v
khng mt ai, k c ngi sn xut v ngi tiu dng, c hng phn thng d .
Di nhng iu kin cht ch, im cn bng ca th trng cnh tranh l im c
tnh hiu qu Pareto. Nhng v tr nm ngoi im cn bng s khng t c hiu qu
Pareto. Chng ta s ni v hiu qu Pareto trong phn di y.
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Hiu qu Pareto
Hiu qu Pareto (
Thut ng Pareto mang tn nh ton hc, kinh t hc ngi Italy l Vilfredo
Domaso Pareto
) hay cn gi l hiu qu kinh t l mt tiu ch hu dng thng c dng so
snh kt qu ca cc cch phn b ngun lc cho cc hot ng kinh t khc
nhau. S phn b ngun lc hon ton l vic m t v sn xut ci g, nh th
no v cho ai.
Mt s phn b ngun lc l c hiu qu Pareto (hoc t c ti u Pareto) nu khng
c kh nng dch chuyn ti mt s phn b khc c th lm cho bt c ngi no kh
ln m cng khng lm cho t nht l bt c mt ngi no khc km i. Ni cch khc,
ti u Pareto l mt phc li ti a c xc nh nh mt v tr m t khng th ci
thin c phc li ca bt c ai bng cch thay i sn xut hoc trao i m li khng
gy hi n phc l ca mt ngi no khc. Vi mt mc nht nh ca cc ngun
lc v k thut, nn kinh t c th c rt nhiu im phn b c hiu qu Pareto, cc
im ny khc nhau trong vic phn phi ca ci gia mi ngi. Di nhng iu kin
cht ch, im cn bng ca th trng cnh tranh l im c tnh hiu qu Pareto.
c ti u Pareto, tc l ti a ha phc li kinh t ca cng ng, cn tho mn ba
iu kin.
Th nht, t l thay th cn bin trong tiu dng (t l m mt ngi tiu dng c th
i mt hng ho ly mt hng ho khc m khng b km i hoc tt hn ln) gia hai
hng ho bt k, tc t l li ch cn bin ca chng, phi bng nhau i vi tt c mi
ngi tiu dng. iu kin ny gi l hiu qu trao i.
Th hai, t l thay th cn bin ca k thut (t l m mt yu t sn xut c th c
thay th cho mt yu t khc trong khi vn duy tr cc mc sn lng), tc l t l sn
phm hin vt cn bin, gia bt c hai yu t u vo no ca sn xut phi bng nhau
trong bt c qu trnh sn xut no. iu kin ny gi l hiu qu sn xut.
Th ba, t l bin i cn bin (t l m nn kinh t, xt ton b, phi b qua vic sn
xut ca bt c mt hng ho no tng sn lng ca mt hng ho khc), tc t l
chi ph cn bin gia bt k hai hng ho no cng phi bng t l thay th cn bin
trong tiu dng ca hai hng ho . iu ny hm rng t l gia li ch cn bin v
chi ph cn bin ca cc hng ho phi bng nhau

MBX
MCX

MBY
MCY

)
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sao cho gi tr bng tin ca n v hng ho X cui cng phi to ra mc li ch ng

bng gi tr bng tin ca n v hng ho Y cui cng. iu kin ny c gi l iu
kin kt hp hay hiu qu kt hp.
Nu mt cch phn b ngun lc cha t c hiu qu Pareto th vn cn tn ti t
nht mt kh nng thay i lm cho mt ai tt hn ln m khng lm tn hi n bt
k ngi no khc.
V d, nu cha t c hiu qu tiu dng, ngi tiu dng c th ci thin phc li
ca mnh bng cch trao i hng ho cho nhau; Nu cha t c hiu qu sn xut,
x hi c th chuyn i u vo cho mc ch sn xut c hiu qu hn v nh m
rng sn xut ca mt loi hng ho trong khi vn gi nguyn mc s dng ngun lc;
Nu cha t c hiu qu kt hp, x hi s cn c li nu sn xut thm hng ho
em li li ch cn bin cao hn tnh trn mi n v chi ph cn bin.
Mt s thay i lm cho hon cnh ca t nht mt ngi tt hn ln m khng lm cho
hon cnh ca ngi khc b ti i nh vy c gi l mt hon thin Pareto.
Tht bi ca th trng
Phn b c hiu qu cc ngun lc khan him l mt yu cu rt quan trng ca
bt k mt nn kinh t no. Hiu qu Pareto c coi l mt chun mc chung
nh gi vic phn b ngun lc. Mt s phn b c coi l hiu qu Pareto i
vi mt tp hp nht nh cc s thch ca ngi tiu dng, khi m cc ngun lc
v cng ngh nu khng c kh nng dch chuyn ti mt s phn b khc c th
lm cho mt s ngi tt hn ln m khng lm cho mt s ngi khc ngho kh
hn. Trong iu kin tt c cc th trng ca nn kinh t l cnh tranh hon ho
th im cn bng ca nn kinh t s c tnh hiu qu Pareto. Bi l bo m
chi ph cn bin cho vic sn xut mi hng ho / dch v ng bng li ch cn
bin ca n i vi ngi tiu dng. Tuy nhin, nn kinh t th trng khng hon
ton ti u m chnh trong n cng vn c nhng mt tri, nhng tht bi v trc
trc m con ngi khng mong mun. Tht bi ca th trng l thut ng ch
cc tnh hung trong im cn bng ca cc th trng t do cnh tranh khng
t c s phn b ngun lc c hiu qu.
Tht bi ca th trng pht sinh do mt s vn nh:
Tnh trng cnh tranh khng hon ho
Trong th trng cnh tranh hon ho, quyt nh sn xut ca cc doanh nghip hng
ti iu kin cn bng chi ph cn bin v gi c ca hng ho v do vy cng bng li
ch cn bin i vi ngi tiu dng.

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Trong cc ngnh cnh tranh khng hon ho, ngi sn xut ti a ho li nhun khi
chi ph cn bin bng doanh thu cn bin; Trong khi ngi tiu dng li cn bng
gi c vi nhng li ch bin thu c t vic tiu dng n v hng ho cui cng. V
vy, trong th trng cnh tranh khng hon ho, li ch cn bin s vt qu chi ph
cn bin, ngi sn xut c xu hng thu hp sn xut v nh gi sn phm cao. Trng
thi cn bng ca th trng khng cn l trng thi hiu qu Pareto na.
Tc ng ca cc ngoi ng
Yu t ngoi ng xut hin khi mt quyt nh sn xut hoc tiu dng ca mt/mt s
c nhn tc ng trc tip n vic sn xut hay tiu dng ca nhng ngi khc m
khng thng qua gi c th trng.
Ngoi ng c th to ra tc ng tch cc (em li li ch) hoc tc ng tiu cc (to ra
chi ph) cho nhng ngi khc, dn n s chnh lch gia chi ph hoc li ch c nhn
vi chi ph hoc li ch x hi bi v khng c hot ng th trng no chi phi c
yu t ngoi ng. iu ny dn n kt qu l th trng t do c th tnh trng sn
xut qu nhiu v nh gi qu thp hoc ngc li, tnh trng sn xut qu t v nh
gi qu cao so vi im c hiu qu Pareto.
Vn cung cp cc hng ho cng cng
Hng ho c gi l hng ho cng cng nu cc n v ca n khng th chia ct v
phn bit r rng. i vi hng ho cng cng, mi ngi u t do hng th cc li
ch do hng ho mang li v s hng th ca ngi ny khng lm mt i kh nng
hng th ca nhng ngi khc. y s xut hin nhng "k n khng", l nhng
ngi c th tiu dng m khng phi thanh ton cho d vic sn xut ra hng ho l
tn km. Nu cc c nhn ring l m nhn vic cung cp cc hng ho cng cng
ni trn s dn n tnh trng cung khng vi s lng mong mun mc c hiu
qu. Hng ho cng cng chnh l mt trng hp c bit ca ngoi ng m tc ng
to ra hon ton l c li.
S thiu vng ca mt s th trng
Khi thiu vng mt s th trng, s cn bng ca th trng t do s dn n vic phn
b cc ngun lc khng hiu qu. C th gii thch cc th trng thiu vng bng ba
c tnh: thiu cc hng ho tng lai, ri ro v thiu thng tin.
? Thiu cc hng ho tng lai:
Hu ht cc hng ho trn th trng u khng nh hng y vo tng lai, v xy
ra tnh trng u t qu t cho nhng hng ho c th thch hp trong tng lai (v d,
chng no cn nng lng t cc ngun khc th cn thiu u t vo nng lng mt
tri cho tng lai). Khi thiu vng cc th trng nh hng v tng lai ny, khng
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th ch i rng h thng gi c s m bo cho chi ph v li ch ca cc hng ho

tng lai s bng nhau.
? Ri ro:
Thc t c nhng c ch th trng nh bo him cho php ri ro chuyn t ngi
ght n sang ngi sn sng gnh chu n vi mt chi ph no . Ph bo him c th
lm cn bng chi ph cn bin v li ch cn bin ca gnh chu ri ro. Tuy nhin, khng
c th trng bo him dnh cho cc hin tng nh s m ln ca tri t, mc nc
bin dng ln v cc ri ro di hn khc.
? Thiu thng tin:
Thu thp thng tin l mt vic tn km. Trong thc t, nhiu thng tin c gi b mt,
mt s thng tin khc nh kin thc k thut v mt s hng ho ph hp c th vn
tn ti nhng khng phi ai cng c th tip cn. Bn cnh , cc thng tin v gi tr
ca cc ngun ti nguyn (v d a dng sinh hc) hay thit hi do nhim nhiu
khi cng khng y , r rng; quyt nh sn xut hay tiu dng khi khng c y
thng tin s kh m t c im hiu qu ti u.

NGOI NG
Khi nim v phn loi
Khi xem xt v th trng phn trc, chng ta cp vic la chn v tiu dng
v sn xut do ngi tiu dng v cc doanh nghip thc hin nu nh cc la chn
khng c nh hng n ngi th ba.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t, rt nhiu trng hp cc hot ng kinh t li c nhng tc
ng ra bn ngoi, gy thit hi hoc em li li ch mt cch ngu nhin (khng ch )
cho nhng ngi khng tham gia vo cc qu trnh hot ng kinh t ; v cc thit hi
hoc li ch ny u khng c th hin trong gi c th trng, khng c tnh n
trong cc quyt nh sn xut hay tiu dng. Yu t ngoi ng xut hin khi mt quyt
nh sn xut hoc tiu dng ca mt / mt s c nhn tc ng trc tip n vic sn
xut hay tiu dng ca nhng ngi khc m khng thng qua gi c th trng. Ngoi
ng c th xut hin gia nhng ngi sn xut vi nhau, gia nhng ngi tiu dng
vi nhau hoc gia ngi sn xut vi ngi tiu dng. Vn chnh yu ca ngoi ng
l n to ra cc li ch v chi ph khng c bi hon, khng c s tham gia ca bt k
lung ti chnh no.
Cc ngoi ng c th l tiu cc hay tch cc.

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- Ngoi ng tiu cc ny sinh khi cc doanh nghip hoc c nhn gy ra tn tht, thit
hi cho ngi khc m khng phi thanh ton, bi thng cho nhng tn tht, thit hi
; Ni cch khc ngoi ng tiu cc l khi hot ng ca mt bn p t nhng chi
ph cho cc bn khc. V d mt doanh nghip sn xut giy v bt giy thi nc bn
xung sng m khng phi chu mt chi ph no c, mc d vic thi nc ny gy
nn nhng tn tht cho cc sinh vt di dng sng, lm gim thu nhp ca ng dn
v gy kh khn cho cc h tiu dng nc sng, gy ra mt s bnh do s dng nc
khng sch Lng cht thi vo sng cng ln th nhng tn tht gy ra cng nhiu;
R rng doanh nghip p t nhng chi ph cho ng dn v cc h tiu dng nc
khi a ra quyt nh sn xut ca mnh, tc l to ra ngoi ng tiu cc.
- Ngoi ng tch cc ny sinh khi cc doanh nghip hoc c nhn to ra li ch cho
nhng ngi khc m khng nhn c nhng khon th lao tho ng cho vic . V
d mt h gia nh sa sang li ngi nh ca mnh, xy bn trng hoa lm p cho c
khu ph. Cc gia nh trong ph c hng nhng tc ng tt p ny m khng phi
tr mt khon no, cn ch nhn ca ngi nh trn cng khng tnh n li ch ca xm
ging trong quyt nh sa nh, trng hoa ca mnh.
Mt s v d khc v ngoi ng c nu trong bng sau y.
Bng 2.1: V d v ngoi ng
Ngoi ng tch cc

Ngoi ng tiu cc

Ngoi
ng
trong
sn
xut

- Trng rng- Trng hoa hng

- S dng phn bn, thuc tr su- nhim
cho sn xut nc hoa- Sn
nc thi t nh my ho cht- nhim
xut sch hn- Nui ong v
khng kh do nh my nhit in
trng nhn

Ngoi
ng
trong
tiu
dng

- Thu gom v chai- Sn sa

nh ca- Tim vc xin phng
bnh- S dng li ti nilon

- Ting n, bi do xe my- Ht thuc l

trong phng, ni ng ngi- S dng CFC
trong my iu ho nhit v t lnh Cht ph rng

R rng, i vi mi trng, cc hot ng gy ra nh hng lm suy thoi mi trng,

nhim mi trng, suy gim cht lng ti nguyn v mi trng v.v chnh l
cc hot ng to ra ngoi ng tiu cc; Ngc li, cc hot ng gp phn phc hi,
ci thin cht lng mi trng, phc hi ti nguyn thin nhin, s dng tit kim ti
nguyn thin nhin l cc hot ng to ra ngoi ng tch cc.

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Ngoi ng v tht bi th trng

Chng ta hy nh li nh ngha ng cung v ng cu c nu phn
trc. ng cu m chng ta thu c phn nh "li ch c nhn cn bin" gn
vi vic tiu dng hng ho. Gi tr ca li ch cn bin c phn nh trong
mc gi m cc c nhn ngi tiu dng sn sng v c kh nng tr cho mi n
v hng ho. ng cung m chng ta thu c phn nh "chi ph c nhn cn
bin" gn vi vic sn xut hng ho. Gi tr ca chi ph c nhn cn bin c
phn nh trong mc gi m cc c nhn sn xut cn c sn xut thm mt n
v hng ho .
Chng ta tm hiu v hiu qu Pareto (Li ch rng x hi), chng ta o li ch x hi
nh tng s li ch c nhn cn bin i vi nhng ngi tiu dng; chng ta cng
o chi ph x hi nh l tng s cc chi ph c nhn cn bin tt c cc ngun lc m cc
nh sn xut phi thc hin. Khi nh ngha ch li x hi v chi ph x hi theo cch ,
chng ta n gi nh rng mi mt giao dch c nhn ch nh hng n li ch hoc
gy chi ph i vi cc thnh vin kinh t trc tip tham gia vo giao dch . Khi c
cc ngoi ng, gi nh ny khng cn ng na. Cc ngoi ng to ra cc li ch hoc
chi ph cho nhng ngi khc m khng thng qua th trng, do khng c phn
nh qua gi c.
S c mt ca ngoi ng, d l tiu cc hay tch cc, trong bt c giao dch kinh t no
cng lm cho li ch hay chi ph ca c nhn v x hi thay i. V cc ng cung ca
ngi sn xut c xc nh ch bng chi ph c nhn ca h (ci m h thc s phi
tr cho cc u vo), s hin din ca chi ph ngoi ng c ngha l gi c th trng
cha tnh chi ph x hi thc t ca sn xut v tiu dng hng ho . Tng t nh
vy, cc ng cu ca ngi tiu dng c xc nh ch bng li ch c nhn ca h
m khng tnh n li ch ngoi ng, c ngha l gi c th trng cng cha phn nh
ht ton b li ch x hi thc t ca vic tiu dng hng ho. Hu qu ca s chnh
lch v li ch v chi ph nh vy l s chch khi hiu qu Pareto, tc l xut hin tnh
phi hiu qu trong phn b ngun lc. iu ny c ngha l th trng tht bi trong
vic cung cp mc sn lng ti u v mt x hi vi mc gi hp l.
Chng ta c th minh ho tnh phi hiu qu ca th trng trong c hai trng hp
sau.
Trng hp ngoi ng tiu cc
? Trc ht chng ta xem xt li v d ca ngnh cng nghip giy. Gi thit rng cc
doanh nghip ca ngnh giy u phn b dc b sng v cng thi nc gy nhim
dng sng.
Trong hnh 2.7 a, ng D th hin cu th trng v sn phm giy

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Trong trng hp ny, n gin, chng ta gi nh rng li ch ngoi ng bng 0 (tc

l khng c ngoi ng tch cc) nn ng cu D cng ng thi va phn nh li ch
c nhn cn bin ca nhng ngi tiu dng giy va phn nh li ch x hi cn bin
(tc l D = MPB = MSB).
ng cung S th hin chi ph c nhn cn bin ca vic sn xut giy cc mc sn
lng khc nhau, l nhng chi ph cho cc yu t u vo m ngi sn xut phi tr
tin (v d lao ng, vn, nguyn liu, cc dch v khc). Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh
sn xut giy, cc doanh nghip s dng dng sng lm ni x nc thi m khng
phi tr tin, v th, chi ph ca vic x thi ny khng c th hin trong bng cn
i ti chnh ca cc doanh nghip v nh vy, cng khng c phn nh trong ng
cung ca ngnh giy. Nhng chng ta bit, vic x thi nc xung dng sng qu kh
nng hp th ca mi trng gy ra nhng chi ph thit hi cho cc loi thu sinh,
ng dn, nng dn Trong hnh 2.12a, chi ph thit hi c th hin bng ng
MEC, ng chi ph ngoi ng cn bin. Chi ph ny chnh l gi tr bng tin ca thit
hi do mt n v nhim ca ngnh cng nghip giy p t cho x hi (
Cn lu 2 c tnh quan trng ca ng MEC do nhim gy ra.Th nht, nhng
mc sn lng thp hn Qm, nhim c th rt nh v dng sng t phn hu cht
thi, khng gy ra chi ph ngoi ng nn MEC = 0. (Cng c nhiu trng hp MEC>0
ngay t n v sn lng u tin tc l MEC s xut pht t gc to ).Th hai,
ng MEC c coi l c dc dng; c ngha l vi mc hot ng ln hn Qm,
sn lng cng tng (c ngha l lng thi cng nhiu) th MEC cng tng vi tc
ngy cng ln. S d MEC tng nh vy l do nhim lm gim kh nng hp th
thm cht thi ca mi trng.
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)
Nh cp phn trc, s phn b ngun lc c hiu qu, tc l t c ti u
Pareto i hi s cn bng gia MSC v MSB. Trong hnh 2.12 a, iu kin ny tho
mn ti im E khi mc sn lng l QS v gi sn phm tng ng l Ps. Nh rng chi
ph x hi cn bin l tng s ca chi ph c nhn cn bin v chi ph ngoi ng cn bin
(MSC = MPC + MEC).
Tuy nhin, quyt nh sn xut ca cc doanh nghip ngnh giy li da trn c ch hot
ng ca th trng cnh tranh, tc l mc hot ng ti u ca ngi sn xut c
quyt nh ti im B khi mc sn lng l QM v MPB = MPC tng ng vi
mc gi sn phm PM. Nh vy, th trng tht bi trong vic t c mc sn xut
ti u theo quan im x hi. C th hn, th trng c xu hng sn xut nhiu hn so
vi mc hiu qu ti u Pareto.
Vic cc doanh nghip sn xut mc QM thay v sn xut ti QS to ra mt s tn
tht phc li x hi (m ta gi l phn mt khng) bng din tch hnh tam gic EAB.
Chng ta c th d dng xc nh c phn tn tht ny khi so snh s chnh lch trong
mc gia tng ca tng li ch x hi (TSB) v s gia tng ca tng chi ph x hi (TSC)
khi sn xut vt qu im ti u Pareto
QM

NSB = ( MSCMSB ).dQ

QS

? By gi chng ta s xem xt trng hp ca mt doanh nghip bt k no trong th

trng giy ni trn.
Trong hnh 2.7b, ng MC th hin chi ph c nhn ca vic sn xut giy ti doanh
nghip; V doanh nghip l ngi chp nhn gi, nn ng gi PM ca th trng cng
chnh l ng cu v ng doanh thu cn bin (MR) ca doanh nghip. Doanh nghip
s ti a ho li nhun ca mnh bng cch sn xut ti mc sn lng q1, ti MC =
MR = PM. Nhng v hot ng ca doanh nghip cng gy ra nhng chi ph ngoi ng
cn bin cho x hi, th hin bng ng MEC, nn chi ph x hi cn bin do vic sn
xut ca doanh nghip s l:
MSC = MC + MEC v mc sn xut ti u ca doanh nghip theo quan im x hi l
ti q*, MSC = MR = PM.

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Nh vy, doanh nghip ny cng sn xut qu nhiu sn phm, x ra qu nhiu nc

thi v gy ra tn tht kinh t i vi x hi bng din tch EAB.
? Tm li, d xt trng hp ca ngnh cng nghip hay mt doanh nghip c th th
kt qu vn l mt hot ng sn xut qu mc, thi qu nhiu cht thi vo mi trng
v gy ra tnh phi hiu qu kinh t. Ngun gc ca tnh phi hiu qu ny chnh l s nh
gi sn phm khng phn nh ht mi chi ph.
Trong hnh 2.7 a ta thy, gi th trng PP l qu thp, n ch phn nh chi ph cn bin
c nhn ca nhng ngi sn xut ch khng phn nh chi ph cn bin x hi.
? Phn tch trn c ngha g v kha cnh mi trng? Cu tr li c v rt r rng:
Gi s lng cht thi x xung sng tng t l thun vi lng giy c sn xut ra,
mc sn lng QM s to ra mc nhim cao hn mc nhim sn lng ti u
x hi QS. iu ny c ngha rng th trng cnh tranh c xu hng lm suy gim cht
lng mi trng. Trong di hn, do khng phi chu trch nhim v nhim, ngi
sn xut khng c ng c gim sn lng hoc tm kim cc gii php lm gim lng
cht thi. Li nhun cao do khng phi tr cho chi ph thit hi do nhim gy ra s
khuyn khch nhiu doanh nghip tip tc gia nhp ngnh sn xut, lm cho sn lng
v lng cht thi tip tc gia tng v vn mi trng ngy cng tr nn trm trng.

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Trng hp ngoi ng tch cc

Ngoi ng tch cc to ra s chnh lch gia li ch c nhn v li ch x hi.
Hnh 2.13 minh ho v d ca vic trng rng. Rng c trng vi mc ch chnh l
kinh doanh g, tuy vy, vic c rng li to ra rt nhiu li ch khc cho x hi nh ci
thin kh hu, hn ch xi mn ra tri t, gim hn hn, l lt, bo v lu vc sng,
bo v a dng sinh hc v.v, nh c th ci thin ma mng, lm tng thu nhp
ca nng dn, n nh i sng ca cc h s dng nc sng
Chng ta gi nh l khng c chi ph ngoi ng nn ng MPC va l chi ph cn bin
c nhn va l chi ph cn bin x hi cho vic trng rng (tc l S = MPC = MSC).
ng cu D th hin li ch cn bin c nhn ca ngi tiu dng, l nhng li ch
m ngi tiu dng nhn c t vic s dng g.
Tuy nhin, nhng li ch khc ca rng to ra cho nhng ngi khc khng c tnh
n trong quyt nh tiu dng (tc l ngi tiu dng g khng sn lng chi tr cho
nhng li ch m mnh khng c hng) nhng li ch gi l li ch bn ngoi vi
gi tr cn bin l MEB.

Trong hnh 2.8, li ch ngoi ng cn bin c th hin bng ng MEB, chnh

l gi tr bng tin ca nhng li ch do vic trng rng em li cho nhng ngi khc

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trong x hi. Nu vy, li ch cn bin x hi s l tng s ca li ch c nhn cn bin

v li ch ngoi ng cn bin (MSB = MB+MEB).
iu kin cn bng gia MSC v MSB t c hiu qu ti u Pareto trong phn
b ngun lc t c ti im E khi mc trng rng l Qs v mc gi tng ng l Ps.
Trong khi , quyt nh ca ngi trng v tiu th sn phm rng da trn c ch th
trng cnh tranh, tc l mc ti u c nhn c quyt nh ti im B khi mc trng
rng l QM v MB = MPC, tng ng vi mc gi PM. Nh vy, th trng tht
bi trong vic t c mc hot ng kinh t ti u theo quan im x hi. C th l
th trng c xu hng sn xut t hn so vi mc hiu qu ti u Pareto.
Din tch tam gic EAB l mc tng thm ca li ch rng x hi (Tng li ch - Tng
chi ph) khi tng mc sn xut v tiu dng t QM ln QS. Ni cch khc, chnh din
tch tam gic ny phn nh li ch tng ln ca x hi, y chnh l "phn c khng"
ca x hi.
Tnh phi hiu qu xut hin bi cc c nhn khng c hng tt c cc li ch ca
vic trng v s dng rng. Do , PS l qu cao khuyn khch hot ng kinh t
mc mong mun ca x hi. Cn c tr cp thay i chi ph - li ch nhm khuyn
khch mc trng rng c hiu qu. Mc tr cp c hiu qu ti im ti u c tnh
bng chnh gi tr ca MEB, chnh l PS - PN.

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KINH T HC CHT LNG MI

TRNG-PHN II
nhim mi trng l ngoi ng
Khi nim nhim mi trng theo quan im kinh t hc ph thuc vo 2 yu t: tc
ng vt l ca cht thi v phn ng ca con ngi i vi tc ng y. Tc ng vt
l ca cht thi c th mang tnh sinh hc nh thay i gen di truyn, gim a dng sinh
hc, nh hng n ma mng hoc sc kho con ngi. Tc ng cng c th mang
tnh ho hc nh nh hng ca ma axt i vi cc cng trnh, nh ca
Phn ng ca con ngi i vi cc tc ng ni trn c th l s khng hi lng, bun
phin, lo lng v nhng thay i lin quan n li ch. Khi c nhim vt l khng c
ngha l s c nhim v mt kinh t. nhim v mt kinh t ch xut hin khi con
ngi bt u nhn thy cc tc ng vt l ca nhim lm suy gim li ch ca mnh.
Nu mt ngi, b tc ng vt l ca cht thi nhng li hon ton bng quan vi tc
ng , th cng xem nh khng c nhim v kinh t (v d mt s ngi c th vn
ng ngon v khng quan tm n nhng ting n xung quanh).
Nh vy c th ni nhim mi trng l mt dng ngoi ng m tc ng c
to ra bn trong mt hot ng hoc qu trnh sn xut hay tiu dng no nhng li
gy ra nhng chi ph khng c tnh n cho nhng hot ng hoc qu trnh khc bn
ngoi.
Nu nhng chi ph ngoi ng ny c thanh ton hoc n b bng mt hnh thc no
th c th xem nh ngoi ng nhim c gii quyt v ta gi l "ni ho cc
chi ph ngoi ng".

nhim ti u - cc tip cn
nhim mi trng s gy ra nhng tc ng xu n cc thnh phn mi trng,
lm nh hng n sc kho, hot ng sn xut v phc li ca con ngi ni chung.
Nhng ngi theo quan im bo tn sinh thi cho rng cn phi chm dt nhim
bng cch no .

Cc nh kinh t th li cho rng chm dt nhim, chng ta c th c hai

la chn: hoc l gim thiu ti a (nu khng phi l ngng li) cc hot
ng kinh t, hoc l phi chi ph rt nhiu cho vic lm gim nhim. C
hai cch la chn trn u khng m bo l s c li nht cho x hi v
thc t x hi vn c th c li nu nhim mt mc nht nh. Vn
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m cc nh kinh t mi trng nu ra l: cn phi t c mc nhim

ti u. Kinh t hc mi trng ch ra hai cch tip cn t c mc
nhim ti u v mt kinh t ny; hoc l hot ng sn xut phi t c
mc sn lng ti u x hi, hoc l phi thi mc thi ti u i vi x
hi, mc nhim ti u s khng phi l bng khng.
nhim ti u ti mc cn bng x hi.
Chng ta hy quay tr li vi v d v ngnh cng nghip giy phn tch trn. Cc
doanh nghip ngnh giy x cht thi xung lm nhim dng sng, gim lng xy
ho tan trong nc nn lm c v cc sinh vt thu sinh khc b cht dn n lm gim
thu nhp ca ng dn. Trong v d ny, nhim gn vi vic sn xut mt loi hng ho
no . Nu cn tn ti hot ng sn xut th vic to ra nhim l khng th trnh
khi. Khi mc sn xut tng th nhim cng tng ln theo. Ti mc hot ng ti u
c nhn QM, mc nhim tng ng l WM.

Cc nh kinh t cho rng nhim to ra mt loi chi ph sinh thi ging nh bt c chi
ph kinh t no khc. V th khi tnh chi ph x hi ca sn xut nh l tng ca chi ph
c nhn v chi ph ngoi ng, chng ta t c mc hot ng kinh t ti u i vi x
hi ti im cn bng ca chi ph cn bin x hi v li ch cn bin x hi. Mc hot
ng kinh t t hiu qu Pareto ny cng c cho l s to ra mc nhim ti u i
vi x hi W*. Vi cch tip cn ny, chng ta xem xt mt s nh i ti u gia
hng ho kinh t v hng ho cht lng mi trng; theo , chng ta cn gim vic
sn xut v tiu dng hng ho kinh t c mt cht lng mi trng tt hn.
i vi c nhn cc doanh nghip, iu kin ti u cho vic gy nhim ca doanh
nghip khi tnh n cc chi ph ca nhim ch ra rng: cc doanh nghip ch nn thi ra
mt lng nhim m ti li ch cn bin t hot ng gy nhim (tc l phn li
nhun tng thm cho doanh nghip nh vic sn xut thm mt lng sn phm ng vi
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mc tng mt n v nhim) phi bng ng vi chi ph ngoi ng do n v nhim

gy ra, tc l iu kin sau phi c tho mn ti mc hot ng kinh t ti u Q*
v mc nhim ti u W*.
Nh vy trong trng hp hot ng ca doanh nghip trong iu kin th trng cnh
tranh hon ho th: MNPB = MR - MC = P - MC = MEC hay P = MC + MEC = MSC.

iu kin P = MSC cho thy gi c phn nh chi ph x hi ca vic sn xut, bao

gm c chi ph c nhn v chi ph ngoi ng. Mt khc, iu kin MNPB = MEC ni
ln rng ti mc hot ng v nhim ti u, li nhun do hot ng sn xut em li
l ti a theo quan im x hi.
Chng ta c th xy dng ng li ch c nhn rng cn bin MNPB nh sau:
Xut pht t cng thc MNPB = MR-MC, trong iu kin th trng cnh tranh hon
ho th MR = P, v th cng thc ny c th vit li l MNPB = P - MC. ng doanh
thu bin (trng vi ng gi) v ng chi ph cn bin c th hin nh trong hnh
2.11 a di y.

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Hnh 2.11: Xy dng ng MNPB

Hiu s MR - MC chnh l MNPB v c th hin trong hnh 2.11. ( b )
Khi cha tnh n chi ph mi trng, ngi sn xut ti a ho li nhun s sn xut
ti a ti QP v MNPB = 0 (MR = MC), tng li nhun l ton b din tch nm
di ng MNPB v c th tnh theo cng thc:
QP

QP

= MNPB.dQ = (P MC).dQ = TR(Qp) TC(Qp)

0

Nu tnh c chi ph mi trng, r rng l tng li nhun s gim xung cn bng

din tch OAB trong hnh (hnh s 2.15 v trang trc) v c tnh theo cng thc

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Q ( MNPBMEC )dQQ (P MC MEC)dQ = TR(Q ) TC(Q ) TEC(Q )

nhim ti u ti mc cc tiu ho chi ph nhim

phn trn chng ta gi nh rng mc nhim c th c iu chnh thng qua
vic iu chnh sn lng. Tuy nhin trong thc t, c th khng nht thit phi thay
i sn lng m ch cn chi ph cho vic kim sot nhim (nh gim thi do sn xut
sch hn, lp t cc thit b x l nhim) cng c th t c mc nhim ti
u. L lun c bn n y l: mt khi xut hin nhim, chng ta c th khng
hoc ch x l mt phn nhim v s chu ng nhng thit hi do nhim gy ra (chi
ph thit hi do nhim); Chng ta c th x l hon ton nhim trnh cc chi ph
thit hi do nhim gy ra, chng ta cng c th la chn kt hp va chi ph gim
mt phn nhim va chu ng mt phn thit hi do nhim gy ra. Theo quan im
ca cc nh kinh t, hiu qu kinh t s t c ti mt mc nhim m ti tng cc
chi ph mi trng bao gm chi ph kim sot nhim v gi tr thit hi mi trng l
thp nht. iu ny c ngha l chng ta cn xem xt s nh i ti u gia chi ph v
li ch ca vic gim nhim. hiu r hn v cch tip cn ny, trc ht chng ta
cn cp mt s khi nim c lin quan, l chi ph thit hi mi trng v chi ph
kim sot mi trng.
* Chi ph thit hi mi trng: Ni thit hi mi trng l ni n tt c cc tc ng
bt li m nhng ngi s dng mi trng gnh chu do mi trng b nhim, suy
thoi. Nhng tc ng bt li ny c nhiu dng khc nhau v hin nhin l khc nhau
i vi tng hon cnh c th. Trong v d v nhim dng sng, thit hi l s suy
gim thu nhp ca ng dn, l vic khng s dng c dng sng lm ni vui chi gii
tr na hoc nguy c cao hn cho con ngi nhim phi nhng cn bnh do ngun nc
nhim gy ra, v cc h dn c th phi ng thm tin x l nc trc khi a
nc sng vo s dng.
nhim khng kh gy ra thit hi i vi sc kho con ngi (gy ung th, vim phi
mn tnh), hu hoi cc vt liu xy dng v cnh quan.
Ni chung nhim cng nhiu th thit hi gy ra cng ln. Ngi ta thng dng hm
thit hi th hin mi quan h gia mc nhim v mc thit hi. Cc hm thit hi
c th biu din theo nhiu cch nhng trong phn tch ca chng ta s s dng hm chi
ph thit hi cn bin - MDC. Mt hm chi ph thit hi cn bin th hin mc thay i
(hay bin thin) v nhng thit hi khi lng cht thi hoc nng cht gy nhim
trong mi trng thay i mt n v.

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 dc v hnh dng ca ng chi ph thit hi cn bin ph thuc vo cht gy

nhim v iu kin mi trng c th. Ni chung ng chi ph thit hi cn bin c
dc i ln t tri sang phi th hin s gia tng nhanh ca thit hi khi lng cht thi
ngy cng nhiu.

Trn th, nhng din tch nm di ng thit hi cn bin tng ng vi cc mc

tng thit hi; Chng hn nh trong hnh 2.12 a, nu mc thi l W1 th tng chi ph
thit hi s l din tch W0AW1.
* Chi ph kim sot mi trng hay chi ph gim nhim
Chi ph gim nhim l nhng chi ph lm gim lng cht gy nhim c thi
vo mi trng hoc lm gim nng cc cht gy nhim mi trng xung quanh.
Chi ph gim nhim khc nhau tu theo loi nhim v nhiu yu t khc. Ngay c
vi nhng ngun to ra cng loi cht thi th chi ph gim thi vn c th khc nhau do
c nhng khc bit v c im cng ngh ca qu trnh vn hnh. Cng nn lu rng
t "gim nhim" c dng vi ngha rng v bao gm tt c nhng cch kh d
lm gim lng cht thi nh thay i v cng ngh sn xut, thay i nguyn liu u
vo, qun l ni vi tt hn, ti ch cc cht thi, x l cc cht thi, thm ch c cch
gim sn lng.

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Chi ph gim nhim hay gim thi cn bin (MAC) th hin s gia tng trong tng chi
ph gim thi lm gim c mt n v cht thi gy nhim hay ni cch khc
l chi ph gim thi gim c nu lng cht thi tng ln thm mt n v.
Trn trc honh, cc ng chi ph gim thi cn bin xut pht t nhng lng cht
thi khng c kim sot, tc l lng cht thi khi cha c s can thip ca c quan
qun l mi trng. Ni chung cc ng MAC c hng tng ln t phi qua tri, cho
thy chi ph gim thi cn bin tng dn. iu ny ph hp vi thc t l vic lm sch
mi trng ngy cng tr nn kh khn, thm ch khng th x l c nhng n v
cht thi cui cng do cc cng ngh x l cn cha ra i hoc c nhng rt khan
him nn gi rt cao.
Tng chi ph gim nhim c th c tnh bng din tch nm bn di ng MAC
trong nhng khong xc nh khc nhau. Chng hn nh trong hnh 2.18 a, nu mc thi
cui cng l W1 th tng chi ph gim thi s l din tch W1AWm.
By gi chng ta s xem xt m hnh v s nh i gia li ch v chi ph ca
vic lm gim nhim bng cch th hin c hai ng MAC v MDC trn
cng mt th nh trong hnh 2.14 sau y:

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Ti mc thi ln nht Wm, chi ph gim nhim bng khng v tng chi ph thit hi l
ln nht. Nu chng ta bt u thc hin gim thi, tng chi ph gim thi tng nh
lng cht thi gim v v th tng chi ph thit hi cng gim. Chi ph thit hi gim i
cng ng ngha vi vic li ch ca ngi b nhim tng ln hay chnh l li ch
ca vic gim nhim. Nu chng ta c gng gim thi v bng khng, chng ta s phi
chi ph rt ln cho vic ny v tng li ch ca vic gim nhim cng l rt ln. Liu
rng c phi l kt qu m chng ta mong i hay khng? Cc nh kinh t ni rng
ti mc ny c th chng ta phi b ra mt chi ph qu ln nhn c mt li ch
nh hn rt nhiu so vi chi ph .
Bng th, chng ta c th d dng thy c l ti mc thi W* (ti MAC = MDC),
tng chi ph mi trng l nh nht, bao gm tng chi ph gim thi l din tch tam gic
WmEW* v tng chi ph thit hi l din tch tam gic OEW*.
Nu mc thi ti W1 th so vi W*, thit hi do nhim gim nhng chi ph cho vic
gim nhim li tng thm qu nhiu. Kt qu l ti W1, tng chi ph mi trng ca
x hi tng thm bng din tch tam gic EAB.
Ngc li, nu mc thi ti W2 th so vi W*, chng ta tit kim c chi ph gim
nhim nhng li phi gnh chu nhiu thit hi mi trng hn v v th, tng chi ph
mi trng vn tng thm bng din tch tam gic ECD.
Chng ta cng c th chng minh tnh hiu qu ny v mt ton hc. Ti mi mc thi
chng ta lun c TEC = TAC + TDC
Trong : TEC: tng chi ph mi trng, W l lng thi.

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TAC: tng chi ph gim nhim.

TDC: tng chi ph thit hi do nhim

V TDC v TAC l hai hm nghch bin theo W nn o hm ca chng tri du, vy ta

c MDC- MAC = 0.
R rng, TEC l nh nht khi MAC = MDC. Mc thi W* ng vi v tr m MAC =
MDC c gi l mc thi hay mc nhim ti u.

Gii php kinh t th trng cho nhim ti u

Quyn ti sn (quyn s hu)
a) Trong thc t hot ng ca c ch kinh t th trng, trong mt s trng hp xy
ra nhm hn ch nhim tr nn c hiu qu m khng cn n s can thip ca Nh
nc, khi cc ngoi ng tc ng n t bn (tc ng trc tip n mt ch th kinh t
c th no ) v khi quyn ti sn hay quyn s hu c xc nh r rng.
Quyn ti sn (hay quyn s hu) l quyn c quy nh bi quy tc php lut (lut
nh) cho mt c nhn hay mt hng s dng, kim sot hoc thu ph i vi mt ngun
lc no , h c php lut bo v khi c s cn tr h s dng nhng quyn y.
Chng hn c quyn s hu t th c quyn trng trt loi cy thch hp, xy dng
nh ca hoc bn i.
b) Khi s dng khi nim quan trng ny ta thy xut hin mt cch x l cc ngoi
ng bng cch m rng quy m sn xut, mt ngi, mt hng hay tp on cng ty c
quyn ti sn i vi mt s ln cc ngun lc (s hu mt on sng, mt h, mt khu
m du, mt vng cha nhiu ti nguyn ...) th cc ngoi ng xut hin gia cc ch
th kinh t trong c ni ho "ngha l xt cho ton b tp on y mi chi ph
u phi c tnh ht khin cho MSC = MC (cc t chc Vietsopetro, OPEC, OEDC,
...).
Gii php ny c mu thun ln l to ra s c quyn sn xut lm x cng nn kinh
t khin cho tnh cnh tranh b tiu dit nn khng lm cho th trng hot ng c hiu
qu (gim lng du khai thc ca OPEC trong nhng nm 1970 gi gi du th
gii).
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M hnh tha thun nhim

a. Xt hai ch th kinh t trc tip m hot ng kinh doanh lin quan mt thit vi nhau
khi bn ny gy ra ngoi ng cho pha kia th nh vn dng quyn ti sn ta c mt gii
php khc.
Gi s c mt doanh nghip m trong qu trnh sn xut to ra mt lng cht thi c
nhiu cht gy nhim, chng hn nc thi ca h i vo ngun nc ca a phng
lm cho c dn quanh vng v b con nng dn gnh chu nhiu thit hi l s gim
nng sut cy trng, lm gim tc pht trin ca vt nui, sc kho ca ngi dn
b nh hng v.v... Nhng thit hi ca ngi dn do tnh trng nhim ngun nc l
mt ngoi ng kinh t do doanh nghip gy ra , doanh nghip p t mt chi ph cho
ngi dn quanh vng, gy ra thit hi cho h, bi l nu ngi dn mun c c nng
sut la v c nh trc khi c doanh nghip, h phi thc hin mt chi ph x l
nhim m l ra chi ph ny doanh nghip phi gnh chu.
Gi MEC l chi ph bn ngoi cn bin do doanh nghip gy ra trong qu trnh sn xut,
v nguyn tc ngi nng dn phi chu thit hi ln hn do tnh trng nhim mi
trng song n gin ta c th coi MEC cng chnh l chi ph thit hi cn bin ca
nng dn MDC bi v khc phc MEC ngi nng dn phi thc hin chi ph
gim thi cn bin MAC. Vy ta coi doanh nghip gy chi ph bn ngoi l bn A cn
ngi hng chu thit hi mi trng (nng dn quanh vng) l bn B th ta c MECA
= MDCB = MACB. Vic x l nc thi do doanh nghip gy ra cng c th do chnh
doanh nghip thc hin, gi MACA l chi ph gim thi cn bin ca doanh nghip
th th biu din cc chi ph gim thi ca A v B trnh by nh hnh v.

Khi doanh nghip gy ra lng thi q* ta c MACA = MDCB = MACB ngha l mc

nhim y thit hi m A gy ra ng bng chi ph m B gnh chu, cng l chi ph
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cn bin gii quyt nm l bng nhau cho d A hay B thc hin. q* l mc thi hay
mc nhim, khng ai b thit hi v mt kinh t, chnh l mc nhim ti u
do c ch th trng to lp nn.
- Nu nng dn quanh vng c quyn ti sn th h c quyn khng cho nh my thi
mt n v no, mun vy doanh nghip phi b ra mt chi ph gim thi rt ln l p2.
Mt chi ph gim xung n p2' nh s thng lng vi nng dn, doanh nghip c
mc gim q2' nn chi ph gim thi bt i mt lng ln trong khi nng dn phi
chu mt chi ph l OA2q2'. Doanh nghip phi chi tr nng dn t nht mt lng chi
ph y c hng phn li ch chnh lch do gim chi ph, phn li ch nh my thu
c c gi tr bng din tch OAA1A2 tnh theo:
q2

NBA = (MACA MDCB)dQ

0

Nu doanh nghip c quyn ti sn, tc l c quyn gy nhim i vi nng

dn quanh vng, khi v mc tiu li nhun, doanh nghip s sn xut vi s
lng ln, do vy lng pht thi mc nhim l ln nht l qm. Thit hi
do mt n v nhim gy ra cho nng dn quanh vng tng ng Pm, gim
lng nhim t qm xung q1, khi nng dn quanh vng phi n tha
thun vi doanh nghip, h s chp nhn n b cho doanh nghip t nht bng
din tch tam gic q1 B2 qm v h s c hng mt khon li ch thc do
gim nhim bng din tch t gic B1BqmB2 tnh theo:
qm

NBB = (MDCB MACA)dQ

q1

Nu hai bn tho thun c cc nguyn tc n b nh trn th c hai s dn n s

ng mc x thi ln nht l q* l mc thi c hiu qu x hi, mc chi ph gim
thi l hiu qu nht.
nh l Coase v nhng hn ch ca n
T s phn tch trn khi quyn ti sn c xc nh r rng, ta c th p dng cho mi
phn tch tnh hung. Vn c bn nht trong s phn tch ny l tnh tu thuc rt ln
trong vic phn phi li nhun ca cc bn trao i ai l ngi c quyn ti sn cn vic
tin n s cn bng chi ph x hi ti u ng vi mc thi ti u li khng ph thuc
vo iu . Xut pht t s pht trin ny, Ronald N Coase pht biu ni dung sau
y trong tp ch Lut php Kinh t di bi vit nhan "Vn chi ph x hi" xut
bn thng 3/1960, gi l nh l Coase rt ni ting:
Khi cc bn c th mc c m khng phi chi ph g thm v lm cho c hai bn cng
c li, c ch th trng s lm cho hot ng chng nhim tr nn c hiu qu bt k
quyn ti sn c n nh nh th no.
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Tnh kh thi ca nh l Coase:

Xt v mt Kinh t, phn tch theo m hnh tng ca nh l Coase l mt tng
tt, n th hin c quy lut c bn ca kinh t th trng l quy lut cung cu v th
hin tnh hiu qu Pareto trong hot ng kinh t. Tuy vy, tnh kh thi trong thc tin
khng cao v 4 l do c bn sau y:
- Vic vn dng m hnh mc c nhim ch ng trong trng hp th trng cnh
tranh, i vi hon cnh th trng khng cnh tranh th khng th thc hin c.
- Thng thng cc quyn ti sn c n nh khng r rng c bit l i vi nhng
loi ti sn s hu chung.
- Vic mc c thnh cng hay tan v ph thuc rt ln vo vic thng tin c chnh xc
khng, vic gim st c tn km khng. Khi mc c th c hai bn u tin rng mnh
c th v phi c li nhiu hn do mi bn u gi thi cng rn khi mc c
hoc mi bn u c thin ch nhng u khng xc nh c nn cng rn n mc
no hoc l khng xc nh c phn li ca mnh l bao nhiu nn a cao khi b
thit hi v chc rng bn kia phi nhng b. Thi gi l thi chin lc v l
nguyn nhn ca mi s tht bi khi mc c.
- Chi ph giao dch thng rt ln v thng ln vai ngi khng c quyn ti sn.
Trong trng hp mc c tn km nhiu v thi gian v chi ph, c khi phn tn km
cn ln hn phn li ch nhn c th qu trnh mc c t khi xy ra. Trong trng hp
cc ngoi ng l tnh trng nhim nghim trng phi gii quyt th buc phi nh n
vai tr chnh ph.
Gi C l chi ph giao dch ca mc c
Gi B l li ch thu c khi mc c
Gi T l chi ph giao dch ca chnh ph
Ta thy B > C c th giao dch (mc c)
C >B khng th mc c. Lc ny cn c s can thip ca chnh ph. Tuy vy nh chnh
ph khi B > T < C cn mt phn chi ph cho s tham gia x l ca chnh ph.

Gii php theo lut kin i bi thng.

Mt gii php theo php lut khc vi m hnh mc c l i kin c n b hay bi
thng v nhng thit hi. Khi mt bn b mt bn khc gy thit hi th u c quyn
kin i bi thng. Nu thng kin nn nhn nhn c khon tin bi thng bng s
thit hi m mnh gnh chu, khon tin ny do hai bn tr cho nhau qua vai tr phn x
90/317

ca lut php ch khng phi l ph thi (bt buc tr cho chnh ph) hoc n b chi
ph (tr cho nhau do t gic).
Vic xt x v kin gii quyt ngoi ng c cc hn ch sau:
- Chi ph giao dch ca mi cuc tranh chp u rt ln, c khi cn ln hn c chi ph
iu hnh mc x thi.
- Cc n v gy ngoi ng u bit kin tng tn km nn c xu hng gy ngoi ng
va bn thit hi thy nu c kin i th ch c li t thi.
- Vic xc nh quy m thit hi khng r rng nn kh phn x mc n b.
- Thng thng c nhiu tiu cc khi kin tng lm cho vic khc phc bng php lut
khng cng bng, khng chnh xc .
Vic kin tng mang li li ch cho rt ng ngi trong khi vic theo kin
hoc chi ph l ca mt hoc mt nhm ngi. iu to ra ngoi ng tch
cc ca cc v kin mi trng: nn xu hng chung l t khi xy ra.
Minh ho 2.1: n b thit hi v mi trng.
S c trn du t nm 1989 n nm 1999: 40 v. Trong c 14 v thc hin bi
thng vi tng s tin bi thng nhn c l: 5.501.000 USD v 885.500.000
ng.
Mt s v ni bt:
1.

V trn du Ct Li (thnh ph H Ch Minh), ngy 3/10/1994.

Lng du trn: 1.700 tn.
Bi thng thit hi v mi trng: 4.2000.000 USD.
V trn du Ct Li, ngy 27/1/1996.
Lng du trn: 72 tn.
Bi thng thit hi mi trng 600.000USD.
V trn du ti cng ty ng La Ng, ngy 12/9/1997.
Lng du trn: 2.780 lt
Bi thng thit hi cho cc b c: 178 triu ng.
Pht vi phm hnh chnh: 35 triu.
V trn du ti Bnh Khnh (huyn Cn Gi), ngy 16/8/1998.
Lng du trn: 41 tn
Bi thng thit hi mi trng: 500 triu ng.
S c r r ho cht.

91/317

Cc v ni bt:
R r kh m tan (CH4) gy sp hm l ti m than Mo Kh, Qung ninh,
thng 1 nm 1999.
R r gy ngt kh m tan ti cng ty thu sn Cam Ranh, khnh Ho.
H tr sn xut.
Cng ty VEDAN ng h tr kinh ph ng nghip: 15 t ng.
Nh my nhit in Ph li ng h tr sn xut nng nghip: 900 triu ng.
Ngun: S c mi trng, n b thit hi v mi trng. Cc mi trng 1993-2000
Xy dng v pht trin. H ni 2000.

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KINH T HC CHT LNG MI

TRNG-PHN III
S dng cc tiu chun trong chnh sch mi trng.
Cc tiu chun l mt trong nhng gii php c bn ca Nh nc s dng gim thiu
nhim. xc nh cc tiu chun phi tun th thng qua nhiu th tc kh di dng
bao gm cc nghin cu khoa hc v hng lot cc qu trnh nh gi. V d M
xc nh cc tiu chun mi trng c quan bo v mi trng (EPA) c giao nhim
v xem xt li ton b nhng nhim v ny v a ra kin ngh chnh thc lm th no
xc nh c cc nh mc chun, trn c s nh mc chun c quc hi quy
nh thc hin v c EPA theo di v kim sot.
Cc loi tiu chun mi trng.
Trong khun kh ca lut bo v mi trng cc nh mc chun c xc nh, thng
chng c qui nh r theo mt trong hai cch, hoc l da trn cc nh mc chun
ca cng ngh hoc da trn c s nh mc chun mc thi ( performance - based
standard). Nh hm ca tn gi, cc tiu chun da vo cng ngh qui nh mt dng
kim sot gim thiu p dng cho tt c cc ngun gy nhim , trn thc t thc
hin cng vic ny, c quan bo v mi trng chu trch nhim trong vic nghin cu
cng ngh sn c v nh gi hiu qu ca chng theo nhng tiu chun nht nh
c quy nh r trong lut. Nhng tiu chun cho php cc c s sn xut gy
nhim c c hi la chn cng ngh tt nht, ng c khuyn khch l rt r rng nhm
m bo gii hn c th v pht thi nhim thng qua vic kim sot mc gii hn y
t c bng cch no. V d gim mc pht thi Sulfudioxinde M, c quan bo
v mi trng yu cu tt c cc nh my nhit in s dng nhin liu t l than
phi s dng h thng kh bi, buc tng nh my phi t c cng mt mc thi
cho php theo cng quy nh ca cng ngh.
Mt loi tiu chun mi trng c th thay th khc l da trn c s chun thi. Nh
vy, chun mc thi l quy nh gii hn mang tnh php l v lng cht thi ti a
mt doanh nghip c php thi vo mi trng. Nu doanh nghip no thi qu gii
hn cho php th tu theo mc vi phm c th b pht hnh chnh hoc truy cu
trch nhim php l.
Tiu chun da trn c s chun thi qui nh r mc pht thi i vi tt c cc ch
th gy nhim nhng khng quy nh cng ngh c s dng t c mc chun
thi . Bng bin php s dng chun thi m bo tnh linh hot hn so vi tiu chun

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da trn cng ngh, to ra c ch mm do cc c s gy nhim c th tu chn

bin php gim thiu nhim.
C s l lun xc nh chun mc thi.

Trong hnh 2.16 mc thi c hiu qu S = W*, c chn lm chun mc thi l mc

ti u ni trn. Chun mc thi bo m vic cc doanh nghip s thi mc cho
php nu khng mun vi phm php lut.
Khi ch n thun quy nh chun mc thi, chi ph mi trng ca doanh nghip s
chnh l chi ph lm gim lng thi t Wm v W*, chnh l din tch tam gic
W*EWm trong hnh 2.16.
Nh nc c th kt hp s dng cng c chun mc thi vi cc cng c khc nh pht,
ph x thi nh s cp phn sau. Nu vy, chi ph mi trng ca doanh nghip s
thay i.
Trong thc t, nu khng c thng tin v MAC v MDC, chun mc thi quy nh c
th cao hn hay thp hn W*, tc l khng t c mc nhim ti u. Mt khc v
cc doanh nghip c cng ngh sn xut v cch qun l mi trng khc nhau, li phn
b cc khu vc a l c c im mi trng nn rt khc nhau nn chun mc thi
hiu qu cn c quy nh ring r. Vic lm ny s gy ra chi ph hnh chnh rt tn
km, v th Nh nc c th quy nh mt mc chun thi chung thng nht cho mt s
doanh nghip thuc cng mt ngnh, mt khu vc (ta gi l chun mc thi ng nht
- Uniform Standard). Nh nc cng c th cn c vo mc thi hin ti ca cc doanh
nghip ra quy nh mi hng phi ct gim bao nhiu % lng thi ca mnh.

94/317

 ngha Kinh t ca vic s dng cc tiu chun

Trong vic s dng cc tiu chun c hiu lc, trong cha ng hai hm kinh t
quan trng.
Th nht l mc m nhng tiu chun ny c t ra, y l mt vn ht
sc quan trng v nhng tiu chun ny gip xc nh nhng mc tiu ca cht lng
mi trng. V d nh tiu chun t ra cho mc pht thi CO2 xc nh mc c th
chp nhn c i vi nhng cht gy nhim c hi cho x hi . Xt v kha cnh
kinh t, vn cn xem xt y l liu mc chun t ra c t hiu qu phn b
khng. Nu khng t c iu , c ngha l x hi ang mt dn nhng phc li
hu hnh.
Th hai l trn c s cc tiu chun, s c nhng cch ng x nh th no i vi ngun
gy nhim. Nhng chnh sch c th thc thi lin quan n cc cng c kim sot, c
th l gii hn mc nhim hay cc loi thu, ph thi.Vic la chn khng nhng
ch quyt nh liu cc mc tiu t ra c tnh thc tin hay khng m cn phi xt ti
c t c chi ph hiu qu hay khng, nu khng t c iu c ngha l cc
ngun lc kinh t ang b lng ph, ngha l chnh ph phi gnh chu nhng chi ph
khng ng c.

Thu nhim ti u (thu Pigou)

5.2.1 Thu nhim v mc tiu ti a ho phc li x hi
Theo cch tip cn nhim ti u th nht va nu trn, ngi gy nhim cn phi
gim sn lng v mc ti u x hi. to c mt ng c kinh t cho ngi gy
nhim thay i mc sn lng ca mnh, cn phi buc h chu y chi ph x hi
ca vic sn xut, bao gm c chi ph c nhn (nguyn vt liu, nh xng, vn, lao
ng) v chi ph ngoi ng mi trng.
Pigou a ra tng v vic nh thu i vi nhng ngi gy nhim(
Arthur C.Pigou (1877-1959) l gio s kinh t chnh tr ti trng i hc
Cambridge t 1908-1944. tng v thu nhim ca ng c cp ln u
nm 1920 trong tc phm "Kinh t hc phc li"
). Nguyn tc nh thu do Pigou nu ra l: "Mc thu nhim tnh cho mi n v sn
phm gy nhim c gi tr bng chi ph ngoi ng do n v sn phm gy nhim
gy ra ti mc sn lng ti u x hi Q*".
Nu k hiu mc thu l t*, ta c t* = MEC(Q*)

95/317

Loi thu ny nhm mc ch buc nh sn xut phi "ni ho cc ngoi ng" v iu

chnh mc hot ng ca mnh v sn lng ti u x hi, v th ngi ta gi l "thu
nhim ti u". Ngi ta cng gi l thu Pigou k nim ngi c cng u tin
xut ra loi thu ny.

Ti sao thu Pigou li l ti u? Liu rng vic p dng thu c t c mc tiu ti a

ho phc li x hi hay khng?
Trong trng hp khng c ngoi ng, chng ta s c
NSB = TB - TC
Trong : NSB: li ch rng x hi (hay phc li x hi)
TB: tng li ch do tiu dng hng ho
TC: tng chi ph c nhn ca vic sn xut

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iu kin ti a ho NSB l MB = MC s t c ti sn lng QM. Nh rng MB

th hin bng ng cu v MC l ng cung i vi hng ho. Nu xut hin yu t
ngoi ng, phc li x hi thay i, lc :
NSB = TSB - TSC
V khng c li ch ngoi ng, TSB = TB;
Do c chi ph ngoi ng nn TSC = TC + TEC. Nh vy, mong mun ca chng ta by
gi l
Max NSB = TB - (TC + TEC) (1)
Mc tiu ny s t c nu
dNSB
dQ

dTB
dQ

dTC
dQ

dTEC
dQ

=0

tc l: MB - MC - MEC = 0
hay MB = MC + MEC (2)
Khi iu kin ny tho mn, chng ta s t c mc sn lng ti u x hi Q*, v
th, c th vit li (2) l:
MB(Q*) = MC(Q*) + MEC(Q*) = MSC(Q*) (3)
Nu ta nh thu t* = MEC(Q*), (3) s tr thnh:
MB(Q*) = MC(Q*) + t* (4)
v mc tiu maxNSB vn hon ton t c.
Sau khi nh thu, ng cung s dch chuyn vo trong. iu ny c th hin trn
th l ng cung mi (St = MC + t*) ct ng cu ti E, tng ng vi mc sn
lng Q*.
Sau khi thc hin thu, thng d ngi tiu dng s l din tch tam gic P*AE, cn
thng d ngi sn xut l din tch tam gic CP*E (hay cng chnh bng din tch OBD
= OP*ED - BP*ED)
Vn t ra l liu rng thu c to ra mt gnh nng chi ph mi cho ngi sn xut
hay khng? Cu tr li l khng v nu ta coi chi ph mi trng l mt loi chi ph
u vo nh cc chi ph khc th vic ngi sn xut phi tr tin cho chi ph y l tt

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nhin. R rng l, khi cha p dng thu, ngi phi tr chi ph mi trng l ngi b
nhim; cn sau khi p dng thu, ngi gy nhim phi tr khon chi ph .
5.2.2 Thu nhim v mc tiu ti a ho li nhun ca ngi sn xut
Hy nh li th 2.10 m chng ta cp khi ni v mc nhim ti u. Chng ta
s xem thu Pigou c tc ng nh th no n li nhun v hnh vi ca doanh nghip.

Khi cha p dng thu, mt doanh nghip vi ng MNPB nh hnh v 2.18 a, s sn

xut ti Qm v gy nhim mc Wm ln nht, li nhun ca doanh nghip lc ny l
din tch OAQm.
Khi p dng thu t* c ngha l vi mi n v sn lng u ra, doanh nghip u phi
tr mt khon thu t* cho Nh nc. Ti mc sn lng Q*, tng s thu m doanh
nghip phi np l din tch Qot*EQ* v li nhun sau thu ch cn l t*AE.
Gi s nu doanh nghip ny sn xut thm mt n v sn lng vt qu Q*, li
nhun cn bin m hng thu c do vic sn xut thm s nh hn mc thu t* m
doanh nghip phi tr cho n v sn phm thm v vic ny s lm cho li nhun
ca doanh nghip gim xung nh hn t*AE. Ngc li, doanh nghip cng khng c
gng gim sn lng xung mc nh hn Q* v ti li nhun cn bin sau khi tr
i thu vn cn dng, tc l doanh nghip vn cn c hi tng tng li nhun nu gia
tng mc sn lng.
Nh vy, bng cch nh thu t* = MEC(Q*) doanh nghip s c mt ng c kinh t
sn xut ti mc sn lng Q* l mc ti u i vi x hi v v vy cng to ra mc
nhim ti u W*.

98/317

Chng ta cng c th biu din s dch chuyn ca ng M nh trong hnh (b). ng

li nhun c nhn rng cn bin sau thu s l Mt = M - t*. R rng ng li nhun
mi ny ct trc honh ti Q* v tng li nhun l din tch OBQ* s bng ng din
tch t*AE trong hnh a.
Nu th hin nhng iu trn di dng hm s ton hc, ta c:
- Trc khi c thu, mc tiu ca doanh nghip l ti a ho li nhun
max ? = TR - TC
s t c khi tho mn iu kin
?' = MR - MC = 0,
tc l M = 0 hay MR = MC. Mc sn lng Qm tho mn iu kin .
- Sau khi p dng thu, doanh nghip vn theo ui mc tiu ti a ho li nhun
max ?t = TR - (TC + T)
Trong : T l tng s thu phi np, bng t*.Q
iu kin cn cho ti a ho hm ny l:
?'t = MR - MC - t* = 0, tc l MNPB - t* = 0 hay MR = MC + t*
Trong iu kin th trng cnh tranh hon ho th MR = P, do P = MC + t*
5.2.3 Mt s vn lin quan n p dng thu nhim ti u
? Trong thc t, vic xc nh ng mc thu t* cn thit l rt kh khn v chng ta
khng c thng tin v MNPB v MEC. Khi , mt mc thu t no c ban hnh
c th ln hn hoc nh hn t* v nh vy vic p dng thu t s khng t c mc
tiu ti u i vi x hi.
? Mt vn gy nhiu tranh ci l, mc d thu Pigou gp phn a mc sn lng
v nhim v mc ti u x hi nhng cch nh thu nh vy c v khng cng bng
lm v ngi gy nhim phi tr nhiu hn mc chi ph ngoi ng mi trng m h
gy ra cho x hi.

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Trong hnh 2.19 ny, chi ph ngoi ng mi trng ch l din tch a nhng ngi gy
nhim phi tr tng s thu bng din tch (a + b)
Tuy nhin, nhiu nh kinh t li cho rng lp lun v s "khng cng bng" ch ng
trong trng hp doanh nghip c quyn ti sn v mi trng. Trong trng hp doanh
nghip khng c quyn ti sn v mi trng, khon thu (a + b) s bao gm c vic chi
tr cho chi ph mi trng v chi tr cho quyn s dng cc ngun lc mi trng vn
l khan him, tc l (a + b) bao gm c chi ph thc v chi ph c hi ca vic s dng
mi trng.
? Nh cp phn trn, thu nhim nh vo tng n v sn phm c sn xut
ra m khng cn c vo lng cht thi gy nhim thc t c thi ra mi trng.
Hn ch ca cch nh thu ny l n khng to ra c nhng ng c khuyn khch
cc doanh nghip sn xut sch hn gim lng cht thi cng nh khng khuyn
khch doanh nghip tm kim cc gii php tt hn x l hay hu b cht thi.

Ph x thi
Ph x thi l mt loi ph nh vo lng cht thi thc t ca ngi sn xut. y
cng l mt dng thu Pigou, chng ta c th gi l ph pigou. xc nh mc ph tnh
trn mi n v cht thi, ngi ta cn cn c vo chi ph cn thit lm gim n v
nhim , tc l MAC ni trn. Khi p dng ph x thi, ngi gy nhim s c
phn ng ph hp nhm ti thiu ho chi ph ca mnh.
Chng ta s xem doanh nghip vi ng MAC = 72 3Q (trong Q l lng pht
thi) nh trong hnh 2.2.5 di y s phn ng nh th no vi mt mc ph F.

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Khi cha c s can thip ca Nh nc, doanh nghip thi 24 n v cht thi v khng
chi ph mt ng no cho vic gim thi.
Gi s Nh nc yu cu phi gim thi trit 24 n v, cn c vo cng ngh gim
thi v yu cu np ph mc quy nh ca nh nc c tnh ti u vi mt mc ph l
30$/n v cht thi, doanh nghip c th c nhng la chn khc nhau nh c tnh
ton trong bng 2.4 di y:
Bng 2.2: Cc la chn gim thi v chi ph ca doanh nghip
Tng chi ph
gim thi
(TAC)

Tng
ph
(TF)

Tng chi ph mi
trng (TAC +
TF)

Phng n 1 Khng chi ph gim thi

30$ x
24 =
720$

720$

Phng n 2 Gim thi ton b

1
2 x72$x

24=864 $ 0

864$

Phng n 3 np ph 14 n v (ti mc
c MAC = F). Chi ph gim thi 10 n
v.

1
2 x30$x

30$ x
10=150 $ 14 =
420$

570$

Tt nhin doanh nghip c th c nhiu phng n la chn khc m mc thi khng

phi l 14 n v. Chng ta c th d dng thy c l bt c phng n la chn no
khc vi phng n 3 trn s u c tng chi ph ln hn 570$. Mt doanh nghip
mun ti a ho li ch ca mnh s chn phng n cc tiu ho tng chi ph.
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Trn thc t, vi mi mc thi cao hn 14 n v, chi ph cn bin ca vic gim thi

thp hn mc ph phi np nn vi mt khon chi ph gim thi nh doanh nghip c
th trnh c vic np ph 30$ cho mi n v cht thi.
Nhng vi nhng mc thi nh hn 14 n v, do MAC ln hn mc ph F = 30$ nn
doanh nghip s thch np ph thi hn l b tin ra x l cht thi.
Cui cng th doanh nghip s thi 14 n v, np mt tng s ph bng din tch b v
gnh chu mt tng chi ph gim thi bng din tch a nh trong hnh v.
Qua vic phn tch mt v d nh trn, c th thy rng, nu mun t c mt mc
thi xc nh no , th Nh nc cn quy nh mc ph thi bng ng MAC ca chnh
n v cht thi .
Nh vy, theo cch tip cn nhim ti u th hai ni trn, mc ph ti u (hay mc
ph c hiu qu) s c xc nh ti mc thi W*, ti F = MAC = MDC.

Thc t khi p dng cng c ny, cng ging nh chun mc thi, do khng c thng
tin v MAC v MDC nn mc ph quy nh c th cao hn hoc thp hn F* v v th
kt qu l mc thi cui cng s khng trng vi mc ti u W*.
Bn cnh , tit kim chi ph hnh chnh, Nh nc cng c th quy nh mc ph
thi ng nht (Uniform Fee). Nu p dng mc ph thi ng nht, mt gii php c
hiu qu v chi ph (chi ph thp nht) i vi x hi s t c bi l chi ph cn bin
ca vic gim n v thi cui cng ca tt c cc doanh nghip s bng nhau v bng
chnh mc ph, tc l MAC1 = MAC2 = F.

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Minh ho 2.2: THU PH NC THI.

iu 6: Mc thu ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi quy nh nh sau.
1. Mc thu ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi sinh hot c tnh theo t l
phn trm (%) trn gi bn 1 m3 (mt mt khi) nc sch, nhng ti a khng
qu 10% (mi phn trm) ca gi bn nc sch cha bao gm thu gi tr gia
tng. i vi nc thi sinh hot thi ra t cc t chc, h gia nh t khai thc
nc s dng (tr h gia nh nhng ni cha c h thng cp nc sch),
th mc thu c xc nh theo tng ngi s dng nc, cn c vo s lng
nc s dng bnh qun ca mi ngi trong x, phng ni khai thc v gi
cung cp 1 m3 nc sch trung bnh ti a phng.
2. Mc thu ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi cng nghip tnh theo tng
cht gy nhim c quy nh nh sau:
STT
CHT GY
NHIM

MC THU(ng/kg cht gy
nhim c trong nc thi)

Tn gi

K hiu

Ti
thiu

Nhu cu xi sinh ho

ABOD 100

300

Nhu cu xi ho hc

ACOD 100

300

Cht rn l lng

ATSS 200

400

Thu ngn

AHg

10.000.000 20.000.000

Ch

Apb

300.000

500.000

Arsenic

AAS

600.000

1.000.000

Cadmium

Acd

6000.000

1.000.000

Ti a

Ngun:Ngh nh ca chnh ph v ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi. S 67/

2003/N-CP. Ngy 13 thng 6 nm 2003.

S la chn gia chun mc thi v ph thi trong qun l mi trng

Thc t p dng cc cng c chun mc thi v ph x thi cho thy, mt s quc gia,
trong mt s trng hp cc nh qun l da nhiu hn vo chun mc thi trong khi
mt s quc gia khc li s dng rt thnh cng cc loi ph thi iu tit mc thi.

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Vy, l do kinh t g lm cho ngi ta a thch cch ny hay cch khc. Cc nh kinh
t chng minh rng, trong trng hp thng tin hon ho, ni chung cc nh qun l
a thch dng cng c ph thi hn so vi cng c chun mc thi. Tuy nhin, khi khng
c thng tin, s a thch s cn tu thuc vo vic cn nhc chi ph - li ch ca tng
trng hp c th. Chng ta s xem xt cch la chn ca cc nh qun l trong c hai
trng hp, khi thng tin hon ho v khi thng tin khng hon ho.
5.4.1 Trng hp thng tin hon ho
Khi thng tin hon ho tc l chng ta hon ton xc nh c MAC v MDC v mc
thi ti u cng nh mc ph cn thit t c mc thi ti u . V d sau y s
cho thy trong trng hp thng tin hon ho, cc nh qun l a thch s dng cng c
ph thi hn.
Gi s c hai doanh nghip gn nhau, qu trnh sn xut cng to ra cht thi nh
nhau v vic x thi ca h gy ra nhng thit hi tng t nhau i vi mi trng.
Tuy nhin do s dng cc cng ngh sn xut khc nhau nn lng thi hin ti v chi
ph cn bin gim thi ca 2 doanh nghip ny khng ging nhau.
Trong hnh 2.2.7 di y, MAC1 v MAC2 l hai ng chi ph gim thi cn bin ca
hai doanh nghip. Gi s vi thng tin y ngi ta xc inh c hm chi ph gim
thi cn bin ca doanh nghip 1 v doanh nghip 2 nh sau:
MAC1 = 6500 50 Q1
MAC2 = 10000 40 Q2

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Hin ti doanh nghip 1 thi 130 n v cht thi / nm, doanh nghip 2 thi 250 n v
cht thi / nm. Nh vy, nu khng c s can thip ca c quan qun l mi trng,
tng lng thi ca 2 doanh nghip l 380 n v / nm. Gi s Nh nc mun gim
tng lng thi ca 2 doanh nghip xung cn 200 n v / nm tc l gim tng lng
thi 180 nv / nm. t c mc tiu mi trng nh vy, c quan qun l mi
trng c th thc hin mt trong hai gii php; mt l cho php cc doanh nghip thc
hin theo quy nh tiu chun pht thi S = 100 n v / doanh nghip / nm, hai l mt
mc ph thi 4000 $ / n v thi. Tuy nhin cc Nh Qun l cng cho rng mc tiu
kinh t phi t c l cng tit kim chi ph gim thi cho x hi cng tt (chi ph x
hi l tng chi ph gim thi ca 2 doanh nghip cng li).
Chng ta s th hin cc kt qu v mi trng v kinh t ca hai cch la chn trong
bng 2.5 sau y.
Bng 2.3: Cc la chn gii php gim thi v chi ph ca x hi

Tng lng gim thi

11
2 2 Chi

ph gim thi doanh nghip

Chun mc thi

Ph thi

30 + 150 = 180

80 + 100 = 180

x 1500 x 30 = 22.500$

x 4000 x 80 = 160.000$

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11
2 2 Chi

ph gim thi doanh nghip x 6000 x 150 =

450.000$

Tng chi ph x hi gim thi

472.500$

x 4000 x 100 =
200.000$
360.000$

Nh vy, c 2 cch thc hin chnh sch u t c mc tiu mi trng nh nhau l

gim 180 n v pht thi nhng vic s dng ph thi s tit kim cho x hi (472.500
- 360.000) = 112.500$/nm.
Nh thc hin ph thi, doanh nghip 2 s tit kim c chi ph gim thi (450.000 200.000) = 250.000$/nm so vi tun th chun thi. Doanh nghip 1 tuy phi tng chi
ph gim thi (160.000 - 22.500) = 137.500$/nm nhng nh th li khng phi np mt
khon ph (4.000 x 50) = 200.000$/nm nn vn thch t chi ph gim thi hn. Li
ch rng ca doanh nghip 1 khi thc hin gim thi thm 50 n v na l (200.000 137.500) = 62.800$/nm. n y chng ta thy r ti sao mt quy nh mc ph thi
4.000$ li c a thch hn quy nh mt chun mc thi 100 n v / nm. Ni chung
trong iu kin thng tin y , ph x thi thng c a thch hn cc chun mc
thi, bi v:
Th nht, so vi chun mc thi, ph thi t c hiu qu kinh t cao hn (tit kim
chi ph gim thi) trong khi cng t c hiu qu mi trng nh nhau.
Th hai, ph thi khuyn khch cc doanh nghip hng hi p dng cc bin php
gim thi (nh thay i cng ngh, thit b qun l ni vi tt, tit kim nng lng, nc,
x l cht thi) trong chng mc no cc chi ph cho vic ny vn cn thp hn mc
ph v v th c th cn gim c mc thi nhiu hn na.
Th ba, khi p dng trong thc t, nu Nh nc yu cu cc doanh nghip phi np ph
th ph x thi cn em li ngun thu ng k c th s dng cho cc chng trnh bo
v mi trng hoc cc chng trnh x hi khc.
5.4.2 Trng hp thng tin khng hon ho
Thng tin khng hon ho s gy ra tnh trng khng chc chn v cc chi ph gim thi
cn bin v chi ph thit hi cn bin, dn n vic xc nh chun mc thi v/hoc ph
thi thp hn hoc cao hn mc cn thit t nhim ti u. C th hn, c th ni
rng thiu thng tin s dn n vic ban hnh cc quy nh v chun thi hay ph thi
khng hiu qu v gy ra nhng ph tn gia tng cho x hi. Chng ta gi l s tht
bi ca chnh sch.
Cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v cc nh qun l tt nhin khng mun c s tht bi
v chnh sch. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp thiu thng tin, iu ny l kh trnh khi.
Cc nh hoch nh chnh sch mi trng s a thch s dng mt cng c no nu
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bit rng vic s dng cng c gy ra ph tn gia tng cho x hi nh hn so vi khi

s dng cng c khc.
Chng ta hy xem xt trng hp khi thiu thng tin v chi ph gim thi. Gi s ng
chi ph thit hi cn bin c dc (gi tr tuyt i) ln hn so vi dc ca ng
chi ph gim thi cn bin. Gi s tip rng MAC thc t c th hin bng ng
MACT trong hnh 2.28 nhng v thiu thng tin nn ta ch c s liu MACE nh hn
MACT.

Hnh 2..23: S la chn gia chun mc thi v ph thi khi khng c thng tin
Vi s liu thng tin c c, nh hoch nh chnh sch c th ban hnh mt chun
mc thi ti WS nh hn mc ti u W*. S chch khi mc thi ti u W* s to ra s
gia tng trong tng chi ph mi trng i vi ton x hi, th hin bng din tch EAB
trong hnh v trn.
Nu cng vi thng tin nu, vic ban hnh mt mc ph thi s dn n kt qu l
doanh nghip s thi ti WF thay v W* v thit hi rng gy ra cho x hi s bng din
tch ECD trong hnh v.
V MDC c dc ln hn dc ca ng MAC nn din tch ECD s ln hn din
tch EAB, hay ni cch khc, thit hi x hi do vic ban hnh mt chun mc thi
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khng ti u nh hn thit hi x hi do vic ban hnh mt mc ph thi khng ti u

gy ra. V nh vy th cc nh hoch nh chnh sch s a thch s dng cng c chun
mc thi hn.
Trng hp ngc li, nu dc ca MDC nh hn dc ca MAC th cng c ph
thi li t ra u th hn v c cc nh hoch nh chnh sch a thch hn.
Trong thc t cn c th xy ra rt nhiu trng hp khc lin quan n vn thiu
thng tin.
Khi khng c thng tin hon ho, vic p dng chun mc thi s n nh mc thi xc
nh nhng chng ta khng th xc nh chc chn chi ph ct gim cht thi v n
mc . Trong khi , nu p dng ph thi, chng ta li hon ton khng chc chn v
lng thi thc t s l bao nhiu.
Nh vy, cng c chnh sch no, ph hay chun thi, c a thch hn cn tu thuc
vo bn thn s khng chc chn, vo hnh dng v c dc ca cc ng chi ph cn
bin.
Vn kh khn trong thc t l cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, cc c quan qun l
mi trng c th khng bit v dc tng i ca cc ng MAC v MDC hoc
c th khng c mt nim g v s tng quan (ng bin hay nghch bin) ca cc
ng ny v v th kh nng tht bi v chnh sch s c th xy ra nhiu hn.

Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng

Nm 1968, nh kinh t hc ngi Canaa l Dales ln u tin a ra ngh v mt c
ch trong mt s lng nht nh "quyn gy nhim" (bng vi mc nhim m
x hi mong mun) c th c mua i bn li gia nhng ngi gy nhim.
"Quyn gy nhim" ca cc doanh nghip s c ghi nhn bng cc "giy php x
thi" do c quan qun l mi trng ban hnh. Gi s c quan qun l mi trng xc
nh tng mc nhim cho php l 100 n v, h s pht hnh 100 giy php, mi giy
php tng ng quyn c thi 1 n v nhim. Doanh nghip ch c php thi
trong phm vi s lng giy php mnh c. Nhng v c th mua bn, trao i giy php
nn doanh nghip no mun thi nhiu hn s phi mua thm giy php t nhng doanh
nghip khng c nhu cu s dng. Ngc li doanh nghip no c kh nng gim thi
tt c th tha ra mt s giy php v c bn s giy php tha .
Ni chung doanh nghip nn bn giy php khi chi ph gim nhim cn bin ca h
thp hn gi giy php v ngc li, nn mua giy php nu chi ph ny cao hn gi giy
php. Nh vy ng MAC thc t tr thnh ng cu i vi giy php gy nhim.

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ng lc ca th trng giy php chnh l c ngi mua v ngi bn giy php u

c li; ng thi tng chi ph gim thi ca ton x hi s gim xung.
V d, c hai doanh nghip A v B trong qu trnh sn xut thi ra SO2 gy nhim
mi trng. Mc thi hin ti ca mi doanh nghip l 60 tn, nh vy tng lng thi
m mi trng phi chu ti l 120 tn, vi mc qu b nhim, mc nhim ti u
ch c th l 60 tn, trc thc t Nh nc quyt nh s phn phi cho mi doanh
nghip 30 giy php, tng ng vi quyn c thi 30 tn cht thi, nu thi vt qu
quy nh cho php th phi c giy php thi chng minh cho quyn pht thi ca
mnh, mt khc sau khi cc doanh nghip c giy php thi trong tay h c quyn
trao i mua bn. Vic mua bn giy php gia A v B s din ra sau khi 2 doanh
nghip ny nhn thy c hi trao i do chi ph gim thi cn bin ca h c s chnh
lch nhau. Giao dch trn th trng c th dn n quyt nh v mt mc gi giy php
l 20$/tn. Doanh nghip B do c chi ph gim thi cn bin thp hn s gim i 40 tn
cht thi thay v ch gim c 30 tn theo s cho php ca s giy php m B c, v th
lng thi ca B by gi l 20 tn v B c th bn i 10 giy php khng cn s dng
n na. Ngc li doanh nghip A c MAC cao hn s quyt nh mua thm 10 giy
php ca B c quyn thi 40 tn cht thi v nh vy A ch cn x l 20 tn cht
thi. Tng chi ph gim thi i vi x hi gim i so vi vic phn phi giy php
ban u, c A v B u c li nh vic mua bn giy php

Hnh 2..24: Mua bn "quyn c gy nhim"

S thay i li ch v chi ph do vic mua bn giy php c tnh nh trong bng 2.5
sau:
Bng 2.5: So snh chi ph gim thi trc v sau khi c giy php thi

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Doanh
nghip A

Doanh
nghip B

- Tr i khon bn giy php

20$ x 10 =
200$

- Cng vi khon mua giy php

20$ x 10 =
200$

Tng chi ph gim thi v mua bn giy php

200 + 200 = 400 - 200 =

400$
200$

III. Thu li do mua bn giy php

450 - 400 = 225 - 200 =

50$
25$

1
2 x15$x30T

= 225$ 2 x30$x30T = 450$I. Chi ph gim thi lc

ban u
1
2 x20$x40T

= 400$ 2 x20$x20T = 200$II. Chi ph gim thi

sau khi mua bn giy php

Nh c mua bn giy php m tng chi ph gim thi i vi x hi gim c 75$,

trong A c li 50$ v B c li 25$. Phn c li ca 2 doanh nghip ny c
th hin bng din tch hnh tam gic c gch cho trong hnh ( 2.30)
Cng c giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng kt hp c nhng u im ca h
thng chun mc thi v ph x thi. Vic pht hnh mt s lng nht nh giy php
s c tc dng nh chun mc thi, bo m cho cc doanh nghip khng thi nhiu
hn mc cho php. Mt khc gi giy php trn th trng s c tc dng nh mt mc
ph thng nht, l c s ti thiu ho chi ph x hi ca vic gim thi do bo m
nguyn tc cn bng chi ph cn bin cu vic gim thi.
Quyn c bn giy php vi gi xc nh bi cu trn th trng s to ra ng c
khuyn khch cc doanh nghip gim thi nhiu hn c giy php tha m bn. Trong
mt s trng hp, gim thi c th tr thnh ngnh kinh doanh mi ca doanh nghip.

Tr cp
Tr cp thng c s dng trong nhng trng hp v nhng khu vc m c
kh khn ng k v kinh t. Tr cp ca Nh nc c th p dng cho cc hot ng
to ra ngoi ng tch cc nh trng rng, x l nhim Nguyn nhn dn n vic
tr cp l do trong cc hot ng ny li ch c nhn thng thp hn li ch x hi; do
chi ph m cc c nhn chp nhn b ra tin hnh cc hot ng trn khng t
mc cn thit i vi x hi.

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Nh nc c th iu chnh mc hot ng c nhn v n mc hiu qu x hi thng

qua mc tr cp c xc nh ng bng chnh lch gia li ch cn bin x hi v li
ch cn bin c nhn (tc l bng li ch ngoi ng cn bin).
Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp thc t, tr cp ca Nh nc khng t c hiu
qu mong mun, nht l i vi cc hot ng m li ch c nhn mu thun vi li ch
x hi, v d nh tr cp cho cc doanh nghip gy nhim nhm khuyn khch hn ch
nhim. Trong cc doanh nghip ny, nu khng c s gim st cht ch ca c quan
chc nng, tr cp s khng c hch ton ton b vo chi ph gim nhim, m mt
phn s c dng h thp chi ph c nhn trong sn xut nhm tng li nhun. Kt
qu l tr cp vn khng lm gim nhim n mc ti u x hi m li kch thch tng
s lng doanh nghip gy nhim v tng mc nhim c th tng ln.

H thng t cc - hon tr v vic ti s dng rc thi

Nu ngi tiu dng hoc ngi sn xut khng phi tr chi ph hoc phi tr rt t cho
vic vt b rc thi (chng hn h ch tn thi gian v cht cng sc b rc vo thng)
th h s thi ra qu nhiu rc thi. Chi ph thi rc ca c nhn cc h gia nh ni chung
l khng i hoc tng chm. Ngc li chi ph x hi ca vic rc bao gm c chi
ph thu gom v cc chi ph mi trng do rc vt ba bi (nh lm mt m quan thnh
ph, cc tn thng c th c do mnh thu tinh v cc vt sc nhn gy ra) c xu
hng tng nhanh khi mc thi gia tng.
Chng ta s biu din ng chi ph c nhn v x hi ca vic thi rc trong hnh
2.31di y.
Nu khng phi chi ph cho vic vt rc, cc h gia nh s thi rc mc ti a, v d
nh trong hnh 2.31l 12 n v / tun.
Vic thu gom, phn loi ti ch hoc ti s dng c th c thc hin bi mt doanh
nghip ca Nh nc hoc t nhn. ng chi ph cn bin ca vic ti s dng rc
MCR hnh 2.31 c c t phi sang tri, c ngha l khi lng rc thi l 12 n
v th khng c vic ti s dng v chi ph cn bin ti s dng bng khng. Khi lng
cht thi gim xung tc l lng ti s dng tng v chi ph cn bin (v tng chi ph)
ca vic ti s dng cng tng (
).
Lng ti s dng hiu qu l 6 n v, ti , chi ph cn bin ca ti s dng rc MCR
bng chi ph cn bin x hi ca vic thi rc MSC (lng thi l 6 n v)
Lng thi hiu qu x hi ny thp hn lng rc s pht sinh t th trng t nhn (8
n v thi).

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Hnh 2..25: Mc thi rc ti u v 1h thng t cc - hon tr

Mt gii php c s dng thnh cng nhiu nc trn th gii khuyn khch vic
ti s dng l tin t cc c th c hon tr li. Trong h thng t cc - hon tr,
ngi tiu dng phi tr mt khon tin cho ch ca hng khi mua cc sn phm m sau
c th ti ch, ti s dng (nh bia, nc ngt ng trong chai thu tinh, c quy t,
my git c); khon tin ny s c hon li nu sau , ngi tiu dng em tr li
thu tinh, c quy t cho ca hng hoc mt im thu gom no ti ch, ti
s dng.
Vic phi t cc v c th nhn li tin to ra chi ph c nhn b sung ca vic vt
rc, l chi ph c hi ca vic khng ly li c tin. Mc tin c th c hon li
cho mi n v thi l d lm cho chi ph vt rc tng t MC ln (MC + d). V nh
vy, vi chi ph thi rc cao hn, cc c nhn s gim mc thi v tng mc ti s dng
n mc ti u x hi.
H thng t cc - hon tr, ngoi u im iu tit mc thi rc v ti u x hi nh
nu trn, cn c mt u im khc na, l to ra mt th trng sn phm ti s
dng. nhiu ni, cc doanh nghip nh nc v t nhn cng nh rt nhiu lao ng
trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc chuyn mn ho vo hot ng thu gom, mua bn
v vn chuyn vt liu c th ti s dng. Khi th trng ny ln hn v c hiu qu hn
th cu v vt liu ti s dng s tng ln so vi cu v vt liu nguyn cht, v th s
lm tng tc ng tch cc i vi mi trng.

K qu bo v mi trng.
K qu bo v mi trng l vic c nhn hay t chc trc khi tin hnh hot ng
sn xut hay kinh doanh c xc nh l gy ra nhng thit hi cho mi trng phi
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c ngha v gi mt khon tin hoc kim kh qu, qu hoc cc giy t tr gi c

bng tin (gi chung l tin) vo ti khon phong to ti mt t chc tn dng m
bo thc hin ngha v phc hi mi trng do hot ng sn xut hay kinh doanh gy
ra theo quy nh ca php lut.
Nhng lnh vc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh thng s dng hnh thc k qu mi
trng l khai thc khong sn, khai thc rng hay mt s cc ngun ti nguyn khc
m vic khai thc i hi phi c phc hi li nhng mt mt cu cc thnh phn mi
trng.
Minh ho 2.3: CN C, PHNG PHP XC NH MC K QU PHC
HI MI TRNG TRONG KHAI THC KHONG SN.
1.- Cn c xc nh mc tin k qu: Mc tin k qu c xc nh cn c theo
tng d ton chi ph phc hi, thi hn khai thc theo bo co nghin cu kh thi, thit
k m v bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c c quan Nh nc c thm
quyn thm nh v ph chun; v thi hn c hiu lc khai thc ca giy php khai thc
khong sn.
2. Phng php xc nh mc tin k qu.
a) Trng hp k qu mt ln:
i vi nhng trng hp c thi hn khai thc theo bo co nghin cu kh thi v khai
thc khong sn di 3 (ba) nm phi thc hin k qu mt ln. Mc k qu bng 100%
(mt trm phn trm) tng d ton chi ph phc hi mi trng theo bo co nghin cu
kh thi, thit k m v bo co nh g tc ng mi trng (khng bao gm khon kinh
ph dng cho phng n cng ngh sn xut v cng ngh x l v mt mi trng c
tin hnh ngay trong qu trnh khai thc ca n v) c cc c quan Nh nc c
thm quyn thm nh v ph chun.
b) Trng hp k qu nhiu ln:
b.1. i vi nhng trng hp c thi hn khai thc theo bo co nghin cu kh thi v
khai thc khong sn t 3 (ba nm) tr ln th c php k qu nhiu ln.
b.2. S tin k qu (k hiu l A) c xc nh theo thi hn khai thc theo bo co
nghin cu kh thi, thi hn khai thc theo giy php khai thc khong sn c cp v
tng d ton chi ph phc hi mi trng theo bo co nghin cu kh thi, thi hn khai
thc theo giy php khai thc khong sn c cp v tng d ton chi ph phc hi mi
trng theo bo co nghin cu kh thi, thit k m v bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng c cc c quan Nh nc c thm quyn thm nh v ph chun, tnh theo
cng thc sau:

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Tg x Mcp
A = ------------------Tb
Trong :
A: S tin k qu cho mt i tng c php khai thc khong sn (ng Vit nam).
Tg: Thi hn khai thc theo giy php khai thc khong sn c cp (nm).
Tb: Thi hn khai thc theo bo co nghin cu kh thi, thit k m v bo co nh ga
tc ng mi trng c cc c quan Nh nc c thm quyn thm nh v ph
chun (Nm).
Mcp: tng d ton chi ph phc hi mi trng theo bo co nghin cu kh thi, thit k
m v bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (khng bao gm khon kinh ph dng cho
phng n cng ngh sn xut v cng ngh x l v mt mi trng c tin hnh
ngay trong qu trnh khai thc ca n v) c cc c quan Nh nc c thm quyn
thm nh v ph chun (ng Vit Nam).
b.3 S tin k qu ln u (K hiu l B) i vi tng trng hp nh sau:
b. 3. 1. i vi d n c thi hn khai thc theo giy php khai thc khong sn c
cp (Tg) di 10 nm th mc k qu ln u bng 25% (hai mi phn trm) s tin
phi k qu (A) xc nh theo cng thc trn.
b. 3. 2. i vi d n c thi hn khai thc theo giy php khai thc khong sn c
cp (Tg) t 10 nm n di 20 nm th mc k qu ln u bng 20% (hai mi phn
trm) s tin phi k qu (A) xc nh theo cng thc trn.
b. 3. 3. i vi d n c thi hn khai thc theo giy php khai thc khong sn c
cp (Tg) t 20 nm tr ln th mc k qu ln u bng 15% (mi lm phn trm) s
tin phi k qu (A) xc nh theo cng thc trn.
b. 4. S tin k qu nhng ln sau (k hiu C) cn c vo s tin phi k qu cn li v
thi hn khai thc khong sn c cp, tnh theo cng thc sau y:
(A B)
C = ---------------(Tg 1)
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C) Trng hp c gia hn, b sung thi hn khai thc:

c.1. Trng hp nu hot ng khai thc theo khong thi hn c gia hn, b sung
m khng gy tc ng xu n mi trng do cng sut khai thc cha v c
c quan qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng ng th khng phi thc hin k qu
na.
c.2. Trng hp nu hot ng khai thc theo khong thi hn c gia hn, b sung
m khng gy tc ng xu n mi trng th phi thc hin k qu mt ln theo tng
d ton chi ph phc hi mi trng do hot ng khai thc c gia hn, b sung gy
ra c c quan Nh nc c thm quyn thm nh v ph chun.
Ngun: Thng t lin tch Hng dn vic k qu phc hi mi trng trong khai
thc khong sn. Lin b ti chnh - cng nghip Khoa hc, cng ngh v mi
trng. S: 126/1999/TTLT BTC BCN BKHCNMT. Ban hnh ngy 22 thng 10
nm 1999.

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KINH T HC CHT LNG MI

TRNG-PHN 4
Hot ng kinh t l mt hot ng khch quan xut pht t yu cu tn ti v pht trin
ca nhn loi. Trong qu trnh con ngi lun lun tm cch c kt hot ng ca
mnh thnh l lun truyn cho i sau v c th tip tc. Do khi xem xt mt hin
tng kinh t - x hi, ta phi xut pht t iu kin lch s c th ca qu trnh sn xut
ca ci vt cht cho x hi ch khng th xut pht t mun ch quan ca c nhn hay
cng ng no. Chnh v vy m t duy kinh t ca con ngi lun vn ng, pht trin.
Trong qu trnh hot ng sn xut, con ngi phi lun lun ci tin cng c sn xut
nhm lm cho vic s dng ti nguyn c hiu qu nht, ng thi phi bo v c
mi trng sng ca mnh. Trong nn kinh t th trng mi quan h u c tin t
ho, u c coi nh l hng ho. Bi vy ta nhn mnh rng i tng nghin cu
ca mn hc l cht lng mi trng ch khng phi l mi trng chung chung.

Cht lng mi trng l hng ho

Khi nim cht lng mi trng l hng ho
Hng ho l sn phm ca lao ng c th tho mn c nhu cu no ca con ngi
v n c sn xut ra bn.
- Cht lng mi trng l yu t rt quan trng ca s sng, n p ng nhu cu c bn
ca con ngi (sng), iu khng nh vai tr quan trng ca cht lng mi trng.
- Qu trnh lao ng sn xut ca con ngi l qu trnh con ngi tc ng vo t nhin
lm cho cc vt th t nhin tr nn ph hp hn vi nhu cu s dng ca con ngi.
Hnh ng ca con ngi din ra trong mt khng gian c th v theo mt thi gian
nht nh, nh vy cht lng mi trng l iu kin cn cho lao ng sn xut.
- Mi qu trnh lao ng sn xut bao gi cng ng thi l qu trnh ti sn xut nh
ti sn xut t liu lao ng, sc lao ng, tch lu vn m rng quy m sn xut.
Trong qu trnh lao ng, cc yu t sn xut u b hao mn i cn phi b p li
qu trnh sn xut tip tc c thc hin. Chnh v vy m mi trng trong qu trnh
lao ng sn xut cng b hao ph (gim st cht lng) nn n cng cn phi ti sn
xut, l mt tt yu khch quan ca sn xut.
* Vic ti sn xut cht lng mi trng xt v hnh thc, phm vi trnh l do trnh
pht trin sn xut quy nh, n gn lin vi lch s pht trin sn xut xt c v chiu
rng v chiu su.
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- Trong nn vn minh nng nghip, kinh t t nhin, trnh lc hu, quy m nh v

phn tn, con ngi l thuc nhiu vo thin nhin nn con ngi khai thc t nhin
ch yu theo chiu rng, tn sut nh, vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin
khng nhiu, do vic ti sn xut cht lng mi trng khng cn t ra v vn trong
khun kh t iu chnh ca h thng mi trng. Ni cch khc, do trnh sn xut
ca con ngi thp nn khng nh hng n mi trng, con ngi khng cn chi ph
gii quyt v cht lng mi trng khng nh hng ti iu kin sn xut.
- Trong nn vn minh cng nghip, vi kinh t hng ho pht trin y tr thnh
kinh t th trng trnh trang b k thut ngy cng hin i, cng ngh tin tin,
lc lng sn xut pht trin trnh cao, quy m ln mang tnh cht x hi th mc
khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin rt mnh m, nhiu v s lng v chng loi, tc
phc hi mi trng khng kp vi s khai thc cc thnh phn mi trng ca con
ngi. ng c thc y sn xut hng ho l li nhun, li nhun cng cao th cng
ng vng trong th trng cnh tranh, iu thi thc cc nh sn xut h thp chi
ph. Chnh sc mnh ca li nhun, s khuyn khch ca c ch th trng dn dt c
ngi sn xut v ngi tiu dng khng quan tm n cht lng mi trng v mi
trng thng xuyn b bin i c tm vi m v v m.
* b p li s gim st v cht lng mi trng, xt v mt kinh t, mi qu trnh
ti sn xut u phi c u t, phi c chi ph. Chi ph mi trng c tnh cht x hi,
l nhng chi ph rt ln, do hn ch chi ph mi trng cc quc gia trn th
gii tm nhiu bin php hn ch chi ph bng cc gii php khc nhau nh lut l,
thu kho, khuyn khch bng tr cp hoc pht bng tin.
Trong my chc nm gn y, cc nc trn th gii xut hin mnh m ngnh
kinh t dch v nhm tho mn nhu cu i sng tinh thn v chm lo sc khe cho
cng ng (ngh ngi, hng th thin nhin v i sng ngh thut...). Cht lng mi
trng tr thnh a bn kinh doanh ca ngnh dch v, ng thi tn ti vi ngnh cng
nghip v nng nghip. Ni khc i, khi ngnh dch v tr thnh mt ngnh kinh t th
cht lng mi trng tr thnh i tng tiu dng v sn xut, n tr thnh mt loi
hng ho v n c th trng tiu th.
- Trong nn kinh t th trng cc yu t sn xut hu hnh c tin t ho, v vy yu
t sn xut l cht lng mi trng cng phi c tin t ho, bi l qu trnh ti sn
xut cht lng mi trng cn rt nhiu lao ng v tin vn.
- Vi t cch l chi ph u vo ca qu trnh sn xut, cht lng mi trng phi c
tnh ng tnh nh cc yu t qu trnh sn xut khc, coi nh l ci gi phi tr
cho vic s dng cht lng mi trng tt.

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- Vi t cch l chi ph u ra trong iu kin th trng cnh tranh th gi c ca hng

ho v dch v phi bo m chi ph ti sn xut cht lng mi trng, ngha l
khng ch lm cho cht lng mi trng khng nhng khi phc nh c m cn tt
hn ln.
Tm li:
- Khi sn xut pht trin trnh cao th ti sn xut cht lng mi trng c t
ra nh mt yu t khch quan cho qu trnh sn xut c lin tc, l iu kin
cn (nhu cu con ngi).
- Kinh t hng ho cng pht trin, cc quan h kinh t c tin t ho th vic thc
hin chi ph khc phc cht lng mi trng cng phi c biu th di hnh thi
tin t, tc l phi c s trao i mua bn cht lng mi trng. y l iu kin .
Lc no, u cha hi 2 yu t th cht lng mi trng cha th tr thnh
hng ho c.
c im ca hng ho cht lng mi trng
Bt c hng ho g cng c hai thuc tnh l gi tr s dng v gi tr
- Gi tr s dng l cng dng ca sn phm tho mn nhu cu no ca con ngi, n
c quyt nh bi thuc tnh t nhin ca sn phm v th hin vic s dng hay
tiu dng ca sn phm trong i sng x hi, n th hin mt vt cht ca sn phm
bt k sn phm c s dng di th ch chnh tr hay hnh thc x hi no. Gi tr
s dng l mt phm tr vnh vin, n th hin c quan h gia con ngi v gii t
nhin.
- Gi tr l lao ng x hi cn thit ca ngi sn xut hng ho kt tinh trong sn
phm. Gi tr c nh lng bng lng gi tr gm thi gian lao ng v trnh lao
ng (gin n hay phc tp). Gi tr l mt phm tr lch s gn lin vi nn kinh t
hng ho. Trong kinh t th trng, ngi sn xut ra sn phm khng phi ch cho
mnh s dng m ch yu trao i mua bn, thng qua s dng x hi v quan h trao
i trn th trng gi tr trao i c xc nh, l gi bn. Ni khc i, gi tr biu
hin gi tr trao i tc l gi bn. Gi tr s c xc nh chnh xc khi nn kinh t
hng ho pht trin cao, c ch th trng vn hnh nhp nhng, cht ch v th trng
cnh tranh hon ho.
Hng ho cht lng mi trng mang y hai thuc tnh v ni r nhng im
khc bit sau y:
* V gi tr s dng

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- Hng ho cht lng mi trng nh vo cc thuc tnh vt l, ho hc, sinh hc vn

c ca n (tnh cht vt cht ca t, nc, khng kh ...) tho mn rt nhiu nhu cu
ca con ngi, do vic tiu dng cht lng mi trng l iu khng th thiu trong
i sng x hi.
- Tuy vy v gi tr s dng hng ho cht lng mi trng th hin mt s im khc
bit sau y:
+ Mang tnh cng ng cao, tnh x hi tuyt i
+ Va l u vo (t liu sn xut) va l u ra (t liu tiu dng), va l nguyn liu
va l nhin liu ca mi qu trnh sn xut t gin n n phc tp.
+ Tnh c th rt c bn l hng ho cht lng mi trng trong qu trnh s dng
kh c th phn nh c. V vy xt trn tnh c th ny hng ho cht lng mi
trng l hng ho cng cng.
* V gi tr
- Cht lng mi trng c xc nh bng thi gian lao ng x hi cn thit sn
xut ra n, n kt tinh c lao ng c th v lao ng tru tng: lao ng c th to
ra gi tr s dng cht lng mi trng, phi c hao ph sc lc ca con ngi mi c
cht lng mi trng mong mun. Gi tr hng ho cht lng mi trng c quyt
nh bi lao ng tru tng (cht lng lao ng, hao ph thi gian, lao ng tr tu).
Vy cht gi tr hng ho cht lng mi trng l lao ng tru tng.
- V lng gi tr hng ho cht lng mi trng c o bng lng thi gian lao
ng x hi cn thit v n c lng ho theo quy tc: n t l thun vi s lng lao
ng v t l nghch vi nng sut lao ng.
Nu con ngi tm cng nhiu phng php lm sch mi trng, cng c nhiu phng
tin lm sch mi trng th cht lng mi trng cng cao nn gi tr mi trng tt
gim i, khi v con ngi khng cn phi mua hoc mua vi gi r mt do lng
gi tr cht lng mi trng gim i, vic kinh doanh x l cht thi s khng cn l
nhu cu bc bch na.
- S khc bit v lng gi tr hng ho cht lng mi trng l so vi hng ho thng
thng gi c c xu hng gim xung do nng sut lao ng x hi tng nhanh, cn
hng ho cht lng mi trng c xu hng tng gi mnh m. Nguyn nhn th nht
l nng sut lao ng x hi tng nhanh, ti sn xut phi m nhng ti sn xut cht
lng mi trng chm hn khng tng xng v th hai l nhu cu x hi v mt cht
lng mi trng trong lnh ngy cng tng c v lng v cht. Mt khc, trong iu
kin sn xut x hi pht trin mnh m hin nay cng c nhiu sn phm vt cht vi
v s chng loi trong tiu dng x hi th chi ph lm tng cht lng mi trng cng
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cao: thun li gim i, kh khn tng ln , chi ph lao ng v vt cht cho cht lng
mi trng tr nn rt ln tc l chi ph ti sn xut cht lng mi trng cao hn
nhiu so vi chi ph ti sn xut vt cht dn ti lng gi tr cht lng mi trng tng
nhanh.

Trong nhiu trng hp, mt ti nguyn mi trng c th cung cp cc loi dch v tri
ngc nhau. Chng hn, mt vng t hoang d c th c s dng vo nhng mc
ch gii tr m khng h b xm phm, hoc khai thc cho mc ch thng mi thng
qua vic khai thc g. Mu thun trong vic s dng t tr nn ngy cng nghim
trng trong hn hai thp k qua. nhiu nc, c bit l nhng nc ang pht trin,
chng ta thy mu thun gia li ch ca s pht trin v li ch ca s bo tn mi
trng tr nn nghim trng. S la chn l khng th trnh khi lin quan n cc
ti nguyn mi trng nn chng ta cn phi c mt tiu ch lm tiu chun cho vic
chn la. Tiu ch chng ta s dng y l phi cn bng gia li ch v chi ph kinh
t bin Q*: MSB = MSC hoc W*: MAC= MDC.
Tiu ch ny bt buc chng ta phi nh ra gi tr tin mt ca cc loi hnh dch v m
cc ti nguyn mi trng em li. Chng ta phi nh ra c mc li ch v cc
chi ph trong vic s dng cc ti nguyn mi trng nh ra mc s dng ti u.
Chng ta s i su vo phng thc nh gi li ch thu c t cc ti nguyn mi
trng. S nh gi li ch ny l rt kh. Ni chung vic tnh ton cc chi ph th d
hn.
1.3.1. Cc li ch th trng v li ch phi th trng
(i) Cc hng ho t nhn

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Mi lin h gia li ch v bng lng chi tr l mi quan h rng buc t l thun vi

nhau. S bng lng chi tr ca mi c nhn (i vi mt mt hng) cho thy gi tr tin
t m ngi nh ra cho mt hng . V ngc li, gi tr tin t cng cho thy sc
ht ca mt hng vi mi c nhn.
Chng ta thy tng s sn sng chi tr ca mi c nhn hoc tng li ch t vic tiu th
hng ho nh sau:
Tng WTP = gi th trng x s lng cu + thng d tiu th
Vng bn tri pha di ng cu biu th cch o TWTP hoc tng li ch thu c t
vic tiu th mt loi hng ho. Nu chng ta mun c lng TWTP ca c nhn i
vi mt loi hng ho th c lng tt nht ban u v li ch phi l c lng v sc
tiu th (ca khch hng) i vi mt hng . Sc tiu th ny cho thy nh gi cht
lng ban u ca ngi tiu dng i vi mt hng. Chng ta gi li ch ny l li ch
th trng bi v gi tr c nh ra trn th trng.
(ii) Hng ho mi trng
Vic nh gi li ch thu c t cc loi hng ho v dch v t mi trng hin nhin
l kh hn nhiu so vi vic nh gi li ch thu c t cc loi hng ho c nhn.
(a) Li ch th trng: vic kim sot c mc nhim mi trng s nng cao cht
lng ca mi trng. iu ny c th dc gi l li ch th trng. V d, vic no vt
mt con sng s lm tng sn lng c, to ra sc ht ln i vi cc loi hnh du lch;
chi ph cho y t v s ngy ngh vic do mc bnh t nc ca ngi lao ng s c
gim xung.
Tt c cc li ch ny c th tnh c ra thnh tin bi v cc loi hng ho v dch v
ny u c nh gi.
(b) Li ch phi th trng: cc hot ng vui chi gii tr trn sng v d nh bi thuyn,
bi li, cu c s tng ln; chng loi cc loi sinh vt sng s a dng hn rt nhiu
v s ngi cht sm do mc cc bnh v ngun nc bn s gim xung.
ng tic l cc loi hng ho trn khng c a ra kinh doanh trong bt c th
trng no, do chng khng h c nh gi, l cc loi hng ho phi th trng.
nh gi li ch phi th trng chng ta phi c lng hay suy on s tin m mi
ngi sn sng chi tr (hay sn sng chp nhn) cho nhng li ch ny.
V vy, chng ta phi xc nh cch mi ngi nh gi v cc li ch th trng v phi
th trng thu c t cc ti nguyn mi trng.
1.3.2. Nhng kh khn trong vic nh gi li ch
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1. Cc ti nguyn mi trng l loi hng ho phi th trng, khng c mt th

trng no m ngi ta trao i hay mua bn cht lng ca mi trng, cho
nn chng ta khng c gi c sn c trn th trng lm thc o tng i
cho vic nh gi gi tr hay li ch.
2. Cc ti nguyn mi trng em li c li ch th trng ln li ch phi th
trng.
3. Nhu cu ca c nhn i vi cc ti nguyn mi trng nhn chung l khng
th kim sot c bi v l hng ho phi th trng.
1.3.3. Gi tr ca cc hng ho mi trng: Tng gi tr kinh t
Gi tr, xt v gc kinh t, l mt khi nim nhn tm, ngha l gi tr c xc nh
bi con ngi trong x hi ch khng phi do chnh quyn hay quy lut ca t nhin
quy nh.
Cch tip cn vic nh gi gi tr gm c tip cn sinh tm v hc thuyt nng lng
ca gi tr. Tip cn sinh tm khng nh gi gi tr da trn s tho mn nhu cu ca
con ngi. Gi tr phi da trn vai tr sinh thi hay quan im su sc v sinh thi,
ngha l vic s dng cc ti nguyn mi trng nhm tho mn bt k nhu cu no ca
con ngi, ngoi tr cc nhu cu cn cho s sng ca con ngi, u l phi o c. Bi
v tt c cc thnh phn ca h sinh thi, bao gm h sinh thi, u c gi tr thc cht
ca n v c quyn c tn ti di dng bt bin. Thuyt nng lng ca gi tr coi
nng lng nh l mt n v tin t trao i v gi tr ca bt c thnh phn no ca
h sinh thi cng c tnh bng nng lng th hin trong chnh n. Vn then cht
trong hc thuyt nng lng ny l ch n khng coi trng tnh khan him ca mi
thnh phn. V d nh mt con ngng nh c th c coi l c gi tr hn mt con su
l mt trong nhng loi b e do.
Mc d nh ngha ca cc nh kinh t v gi tr vn cha c hon ton chp nhn, n
vn l mt ng gp to ln khi n em n cho chng ta mt cch nhn su sc gip cho
chng ta c nhng quyt nh ng n.
Cc nh kinh t pht trin mt nguyn tc phn loi cc gi tr kinh t khi lin h vi
mi trng t nhin. C 3 phng php khc nhau nh gi gi tr: gi tr s dng,
gi tr la chn v gi tr tn ti.
1. Gi tr s dng: cc nh kinh t phi tnh gi tr s dng, l loi gi tr c rt
ra t hiu qu s dng thc ca mi trng. Ngi cu c, th sn, ngi i
do tt c u s dng mi trng v thu c li ch m khng phi tr tin
thc tip.
(ii)Gi tr la chn: mi c nhn c th t nh gi cch la chn s dng mi trng
hay ti nguyn mi trng trong tng lai. Gi tr la chn l gi tr ca mi trng nh

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l li ch tim tng trong tng lai khi n tr thnh gi tr thc s dng trong hin ti.
Mi c nhn c th biu l s sn sng chi tr cho vic bo v mi trng chng li
nhng kh nng s dng ca mt ngi no trong tng lai.
Gi tr la chn cn c th bao gm c gi tr s dng ca nhng ngi khc (ngha l
li ch gin tip m bn thu c t gi tr s dng ca nhng ngi khc. Bn cm thy
hi lng khi thy nhng ngi khc cng thu c nhng li ch nn bn sn sng chi
tr cho vic bo v mi trng em li li ch cho ngi khc) v gi tr s dng bi
cc th h tng lai (gi tr truyn li l s sn lng chi tr bo v mi trng em
li li ch cho con chu ca chng ta).
Gi tr la chn = gi tr s dng c nhn + gi tr s dng bi nhng ngi khc + gi
tr s dng bi cc th h tng lai
Tng gi tr ngi s dng thu c = gi tr thc s dng + gi tr la chn
(iii) Gi tr tn ti: cc ti nguyn mi trng u c gi tr thc ni ti ca chnh bn
thn chng. Gi tr ny khng lin quan n vic s dng nn c gi l gi tr phi s
dng. Gi tr s dng l nhng vn o c nh s xung cp ca mi trng, s
cm thng i vi cc loi sinh vt. V d nh mi c nhn u cm thy hi lng vi
vic bo v cc c th cn li ca mt s loi nh loi c m hay loi c voi xanh lng
g. Hu nh tt c mi ngi u coi trng s tn ti ca cc loi ny hn l ch n
gin thch th ngm nhn chng. H nh gi cao s tn ti ca chnh cc loi vt ny.
Tng gi tr ca cc ti nguyn mi trng c tnh bng tng ca c 3 thnh phn ni
trn:
Tng gi tr kinh t = gi tr thc s dng + gi tr la chn + gi tr tn ti
= gi tr s dng + gi tr khng s dng
1.3.4 Cc phng php nh gi gi tr
nh gi gi tr ca hng ho mi trng, ngi ta xem xt cc mt sau:
(i) Tng gi tr kinh t ca ti nguyn mi trng. L tng nht l chng ta c th s
dng mt phng php m nh gi c c gi tr s dng ln gi tr khng s dng.
(ii) Li ch thu c t s thay i (tng ln hay gim i) ca cht lng mi trng
Ngi ta thng s dng 2 phng php sau nh gi nhng li ch thu c t vic
ci to cht lng mi trng:

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1. nh gi trc tip thng qua s gim xung ca nhng thit hi v mi trng.

Vi phng php ny ta c th tnh c hm s thit hi cn bin.
2. nh gi cc loi li ch (chnh sch, WTA, WTP) gin tip (gi tr ca sc
kho con ngi c nh gi thng qua cc chi ph b qua; gi tr cuc sng
ca con ngi c tnh bng t l dng; gi tr ca cht lng mi trng
c tnh bng gi nh hay cn gi l nh gi kh quan; s trong lnh ca mi
trng c nh gi thng qua chi ph i li) hoc trc tip (nh gi ngu
nhin). Vi phng php ny, ta tnh c hm s cu.
Phng php nh gi gin tip, cn gi l phng php tnh da trn s la chn ca
c nhn, xem xt quyt nh ca c nhn da trn tnh hu dng hay trong lnh ca
mi trng bi v quyt nh ny cho ta thy gi tr ca trong lnh. Nhc im chnh
ca phng php tnh gin tip ny l ch nh gi c gi tr s dng ch khng nh
gi c gi tr khng s dng.
Phng php nh gi trc tip cho ta bit cc gi tr bng cch phng vn trc tip cc
c nhn. u im ln ca phng php ny l ngi ta c th o c c gi tr s dng
ln gi tr khng s dng.
1.3.5. Hm s tng quan ca MD v WTP
V phng din l thuyt, mt hm s thit hi cn bin biu th chnh xc nhng thng
tin v cu hoc l hm s WTP v cht lng mi trng.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t, nhng hm s ny s trng nhau khi v ch khi chng ta c
lng chnh xc ton b nhng thit hi m con ngi hoc h sinh thi phi gnh chu
cng nh ton b nhng li ch tch lu c ca con ngi hoc h sinh thi.
Sau y l nhng vn gp phi khi nh gi thc t. nh gi c chnh xc
nhng thit hi hay nhng li ch chng ta phi tnh c nhng gi tr th trng
v phi th trng. Nhn chung, nh gi nhng thit hi phi th trng kh hn nh gi
nhng li ch phi th trng.
V d: nhng nh gi nhng li ch thu c t vic gim lng ch trong nc ung.
Khi lng ch trong nc ung c gim i th s tt cho sc kho con ngi. V d
nh t l mc phi bnh huyt p cao v bnh tim ngi ln cng nh gim tr thng
minh tr em s c gim xung. xc nh c nhng li ch chng ta cn
phi:
1. nh gi nhng thit hi v sc kho trc tip thng qua vic tnh ton s
tng tc gia lng ch c trong nc v t l mc bnh.
2. p dng cc phng php gin tip xc nh s lng tin cc c nhn
thc s chi tr trnh hay ngn nga lng ch .
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3. S dng phng php trc tip suy ra WTP/WTA ca mi c nhn lm

gim nhng nguy hi cho sc kho do lng ch trong nc gy ra.
(i) nh gi thit hi:
tnh c hm s thit hi mi trng chng ta cn:
1. o lng pht thi
2. Xc nh kt qu cht lng mi trng Cc nh vt l hc
3. c tnh tnh trng ca con ngi
4. nh gi nhng tc ng n sc kho, thm m, gii tr cc nh sinh vt hc, cc
nh dch t hc
S lin h gia 3 v 4 c gi l hm s tng tc. Hm s ny cho ta bit mi quan
h tng tc gia sc khe con ngi vi cc cp tnh trng khc nhau vi tc nhn
gy nhim mi trng.
5. c lng gi tr ca nhng tc ng ny Cc nh kinh t
V d: nh gi nhng thit hi v sc kho
Chng ta c th nh gi c nhng thit hi v sc kho do nhim khng kh gy ra
(v d nh cc bnh vim ph qun, trn kh, ung th phi c ngun gc mt phn do s
lu cu cc cht thi l tc nhn gy nhim mi trng nh kh SO2 v cc cht kh
khc) bng cch c tnh mi quan h tng tc gia sc kho con ngi vi cc cht
thi l tc nhn gy nhim mi trng.
ng tic l sc kho con ngi cn b nh hng bi nhng yu t khc nh li sng,
ch n ung, nhng yu t di truyn. Chng ta cn nhng s liu chun v nhn
t sc kho phn loi nhng tc ng ca mi trng. Nghin cu vn ny cho
thy cc kt qu m ta thu c l tng i khp vi cc s liu ta s dng nhng
li cha tnh thuyt phc. Chng ta cn phi tm ra cc phng php nh gi khc
thuyt phc hn v hon chnh hn. Chng ta cng c th kim tra chi ph tr cho dc
phm v s liu hiu sut mt i o nhng thit hi sc kho. Vn ch y l
nhng tiu chun nh gi m qua chng ta o c gi tr hng ho trn th trng
v nhng dch v ch khng nh gi c nhng gi tr phi th trng ca sc kho.
Nh cp trn, hm s thit hi cn bin khi yu t pht thi tng ln cha ng
nhng thng tin nh mt hm cu / hm s WTP cho cc yu t pht trin gim xung.
Vn ni ln trong vic nh gi nhng thit hi trc tip l chng ta ch c th c
lng nhng gi tr th trng hoc gi tr s dng, iu ny s cho chng ta mt tiu
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chun nh gi hon chnh. Tuy nhin chng ta cng s mt i nhng gi tr phi th

trng nh gi tr la chn v nhng gi tr tn ti. iu kh khn khi nh gi nhng
thit hi thc m li khng ng nh khi nim ca chnh n.
(ii) nh gi nhu cu hay WTP
c lng chnh xc c gi tr, chng ta phi nh gi c c nhng gi tr li
ch th trng hoc phi th trng. Nhn chung, vic nh gi li ch phi th trng bng
vic xc nh s tin c nhn s chi ra cho vic ci thin mi trng l kh d dng.
V d:Gi s kt qu ca mt cuc iu tra vo ma h i vi vic tiu dng mt khu
cnh quan thin nhin biu din bng cc bng sau:
Bng 2.4. Nhm ngi thu nhp trung bnh. (1)
WTP (10.000)

0,5 1

1,5 2

2,5

S ngi (100) chp nhn

A

3,3 2,6 2

1,3 0,7

5,2 4,3 3,5 2,5

Bng 2.2. Nhm ngi thu nhp cao. (2)

WTP (10.000)

7 8

S ngi (100) chp nhn

A

6,8 5,4 4

8,6 8

2,8 1,4 0

7,2 6,3 5,2 4,8 4 3,2

T bng 2.1 ta v ng cu tng nhm v dng quy tc cng theo chiu dc ta c cu

th trng ca nhm (1) suy ra D1 = f1(Q).
T bng 2.2 ta v ng th trng ca nhm (2) suy ra D2 = f2(Q).

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(1). Nhm thu nhp trung bnh.

(2). Nhm thu nhp cao.
T hai ng D1 v D2 dng quy tc cng theo chiu dc ta tm c ng DS l cu
th trng ca vic tiu dng khu bo tn m din tch di ng cu l tng li ch
ca x hi khi s dng khu bo tn, cng l gi tr hng ho mi trng ca khu bo
tn tnh thnh tin.
Vy chnh ph nn cung vi gi bao nhiu cho vic tiu dng? Trn th ta thy:
- Nu chnh ph c MC = 20.000 th nhm A tiu dng min ph.
- Nu chnh ph c MC = 60.000 th nhm A khng c c hi tiu dng.
- Vy chnh ph c th t mc 60.000 > MC = P>20.000.

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p dng phng php ny ta c th nh gi cht lng mi trng khi tiu dng n

trong rt nhiu trng hp chng hn:
- Vic nh gi thu gom rc thi trn ng ph nhm to ra mi trng khng kh trong
lnh.
- Vic nh gi tiu dng nc sch ca cng ty nc sch.
Vn cn xem xt l: nhng hm cu ca hng ho mi trng khng th kim sot
c mt cch trc tip. Chng ta khng th thy c gi tr th trng trc tip ca
nhng hng ho ny cho nn chng ta cn dng bin php ni suy hoc c lng nhng
hm cu.
Cng vic u tin khi nh gi nhng li ch l phi vt qua nhng vn thin v
pht gic, sau quay li kim tra nhng thng s k thut m cc nh kinh t d
kin, qua tm ra nhng gi tr o nhng li ch ca mi trng.
1.3.6. Phng php nh gi gi tr li ch trc tip v gin tip
a. Phng php gin tip:
Phng php nh gi gi tr gin tip c da trn s la chn ca c nhn. S liu
sn c cha ng nhng thng tin v s la chn ca cc c nhn da vo tm quan
trng ca mi trng.
Phng php nh gi gin tip i vi gi tr ca hng ho mi trng c tm ra t
nhng gi tr ca cc th trng lin quan nh th trng bt ng sn, chi ph cho hot
ng gii tr hay mc n b tho ng cc c nhn sn sng chp nhn mo him. S
u i hay WTP ca mt c nhn i vi hng ho mi trng c th hin qua WTP
ca h i vi cc loi hng ho lin quan gin tip n mi trng. Phng php nh
gi gin tip p dng cho tng c nhn v c lng tng s WTP v WTA s dng gi
tr gin tip.
Mt s gi tr thng thng s dng nhng phng php nh gi gin tip l:
- Gi nh gn nh my, khu cng nghip thp hn gi nh xa cc khu v nhim
khng kh, ngun nc.
- Nhng ngi sng gn cc khu cng nghip thng c chi ph v sinh, y t cao hn
cc vng khc, l gi mi trng m h mua.
- Chnh lch gi gia gi nc c cung cp v gi nc phi t kim thay th cho
ngun nc b nhim l mt chi ph do mi trng nhim.

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- Xy dng h thng thot nc hoc xy dng iu gim l lt bo v t to

ra cm gic an ton trong cuc sng, l nhng li ch mang li rt to ln. Vy nh
gi nhng li ch bng cch no? Nhng li ch ny c th c xem xt thng qua
nhng kha cnh c bn nh: Gim chi ph cu tr, chi ph t thin khi c l lt. Gim
chi ph chng lt, di dn, ngng sn xut ngoi vng l lt gy thit hi kinh t cho
cng ng dn c ln hn. Cng ng dn c nng nghip c ngh ph th thu nhp t
ngh ph ca ngi sng trong vng c l lt thp hn ngoi vng v h phi chi
ph thi gian v tin bc cho chng l lt.
- Khi c vic bo v t qua chng l lt th nng sut tng ln do ph sa h lu sng
hoc lng in c pht tng ln do t khng lng ng h cha nc, tng tui
th ca cc my pht in, l phn nh gi li ch ca vic chng l bo v t.
b. Phng php trc tip:
Cc phng php trc tip c ra nhm tnh gi tr cc ngun ti nguyn mi trng
bng cch nghin cu thi ca ngi dn s nh th no khi cht lng mi trng
thay i (la chn thnh ph, nh trong thnh ph, ngh nghip, hot ng gii tr).
Cc phng php nh gi gi tr bng cch s dng phng php trc tip nn da trn
vic t ra cc cu hi mang tnh gi thit cho tng c nhn hn l xem xt s la chn
thc s ca bn thn h.
nh gi trc tip cn c th da trn c s nhng chi ph b ra cho khc phc mi
trng c th nhn thy c.
V d:Cc thng k cho thy khi phc mt khu rng do b ph khai thc khong
sn bao gm cc chi ph.
Tr li tng a giao (cht liu t trn b mt) 3,1%
t lp t tht (tng canh tc)

2,6%

Ri lp t mu v cht hu c

86%

Ph thm c xanh b mt

6,5%

Trng cy con to lp che ph nh c

1,8%

Chi ph khi phc li mi trng t l ch yu trong chi ph khi phc v l chi ph

c bn cy c th pht trin. Kinh nghim Australia cho thy chi ph khi phc ny
l 232854$/ha.
y ch l chi ph ti thiu v trong ta cha tnh n chi ph chm bn sao cho mt
s nm ti thiu, vng t khai thc s c ph xanh; cha tnh n chi ph v s xo
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trn iu kin mi trng ca ng vt hoang d, s gim st nghim trng ng vt

rng; cha tnh n chi ph do s nhim, cn kit ngun nc m hot ng khai thc
trc y gy ra...

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KINH T HC CHT LNG MI

TRNG-PHN 5
Ti nguyn mi trng v quyn ti sn c nhn
Trong nn kinh t th trng, khi khng c tht bi th trng, bn tay v hnh ca vic
cnh tranh s hng cc ngun ti nguyn vo vic s dng hu hiu nht-v cc c
nhn theo ui li ch s nh v cc ngun ti nguyn d v mt x hi. Ni cch khc,
nn kinh t t nhn mang li hiu qu v mt x hi.
Song chng ta khng sng trong mt th gii hon ho. Cc tht bi trong nghin cu v
th trng lun tn ti quanh chng ta. Ta thy xut hin nhng cuc cnh tranh khng
hon ho, nhng thng tin sai lch; v iu ct yu ca vn ny l cc mi quan h
ngoi ng tn ti nhng ni hot ng ca hng ny c th nh hng trc tip n
cc hng khc trong nn kinh t.
Lun c bn tay v hnh phn chia th gii vi nhng mi quan h ngoi ng. V sao?
Cc hng theo ui li ch khng tha nhn cc chi ph hay li ch m hot ng ca h
mang li cho cc hng khc. Rt cc, gi tr c nhn tch ri khi gi tr x hi v tnh
cn bng ca th trng t nhn khng cn hiu qu v mt x hi.
Chng ta hy xem xt li. Bn tay v hnh hot ng khi no?
Bn tay v hnh hot ng khi quyn s hu c nhn c xc nh r rng.
Quyn s hu cho php mt c nhn c s dng ti sn khi h thy ti sn thch
hp vi mnh; ng thi h c quyn bn li ti sn . Quyn s hu khuyn khch cc
c nhn s dng ti sn di s kim sot ca chnh h mt cch hu hi; ngi s hu
s quyt nh vic s dng c li nht ca ngun ti nguyn v anh ta c th gi li hay
trch li mt phn li nhun kim c t ngun ti nguyn . V vy, ng c kim
c li nhun kt hp vi quyn t hu s khuyn khch cc c nhn s dng ngun
ti nguyn mt cch hiu qu.
Nu mt ngun ti nguyn khng thuc s hu c nhn th khi bn tay v hnh khng
cn tc dng. Ti sao? Th trng cnh tranh khng h khuyn khch vic s dng hay
qun l nhng ngun ti nguyn mt cch hiu qu - vic thiu i quyn s hu lm
gim ng c mun kim li nhun v khng mt c nhn s dng no c th qun l
c ngun ti nguyn ti a ho v trch li li nhun t ngun ti nguyn . V
d r rng nht chng minh nhng hu qu tiu cc do thiu s s hu c nhn chnh
l vic s dng sai mc ch v lm dng mi trng, ci m khng c c nhn no s
hu.
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Mt trong nhng gii thch r rng nht i vi nhng vn mi trng chnh l thiu
s xc nh r rng v lut bn quyn i vi mi trng. Chnh l do dn n
thiu s bo h hay qun l mt cch c hiu qu i vi ngun ti nguyn mi trng.
Chng ta khng cn phi khng nh rng quyn s hu s gii quyt mi vn v mi
trng. Trong nhng phn sau, khi chng ta nghin cu cc gii php cho th trng t
nhn, chng ta s kim nghim xem liu vic k kt lut bn quyn c th gii quyt cc
vn mi trng hay khng. Chng ta s bit c nhiu ti nguyn mi trng khng
ph hp vi quyn s hu c nhn v iu c th dn n s tht bi ca nhng cuc
m phn c nhn v vic s dng ngun ti nguyn.
Mt trong nhng l do khin ngun ti nguyn mi trng khng ph hp vi s hu
c nhn l v n th hin l mt ti sn khng th loi tr: vic loi b con ngi ta khi
ngun ti nguyn mi trng hay khi ngn chn con ngi khng c tn dng ngun
ti nguyn mi trng, l iu khng th c khi xt v mt vt cht, ng thi cng l
khng hin thc khi xt v mt kinh t.
Mt iu tt nhin l rt nhiu ngi c th s dng ngun ti nguyn mi trng -
chnh l ti nguyn s hu chung.
nh ngha: Ti nguyn s hu chung l ngun ti nguyn khng phi do n l c
nhn hay cng ty no kim sot. Nu vic s dng nhng ti nguyn ny khng b hn
ch s dn n vic chng b khai thc qu mc bi nhng ngi n trc chim dng.
Ngun ti nguyn s hu chung l mt v d c in v vic tnh khng th loi tr ca
ti nguyn mi trng c th c tc dng nh th no trong vic to ra chi ph ngoi ng.
Kh khn ca vic s dng chung to nn vic mi ngi s dng c th can thip
vo ngi khc, lm gim kh nng phc v ca ngun ti nguyn i vi mi ngi s
dng. Chng ta cn phi l gii ti sao con ngi li c t ng c x s theo cch c
x hi mong mun i vi ngun ti nguyn s hu chung.
Nhng v d v ti nguyn s hu chung bao gm y bin y c ca i dng; nhng
kho du hay ngun nc di lng t, vic s dng khng kh v ngun nc lm ch
thi cc sn phm, nhng cnh rng nhit i nhiu ma cc nc ang pht trin,
nhng con chim di c, nhng ng vt hoang d, v.v
Chng ta s xem xt nhng vn lin quan n ngun ti nguyn mi trng thuc s
hu chung.

Ngh nh bt c i dng:
C c l khng phi l ngh u tin v ngun ti nguyn mi trng ny sinh khi
chng ta ngh n nhng vn ng lu ca mi trng. Tuy nhin, c l mt ngun

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ti nguyn c kh nng ti sinh, nhng chng cng c th b cn kit v thay i mi

trng do vic khai thc thiu kim sot hin nay ang e do ngun c ca th gii.
Hu nh mi mt ca sng v mi vnh trn th gii u b e do bi nhng ngoi ng
t hot ng kinh t ca con ngi. Cc con sng mang nhim ra cc ca sng, s
loang du v ho cht lm nh hng n sinh thi, vic dng nc trn thng ngun
lm nh hng ti h lu v i dng v.v Nhng s e do ln nht i vi ngun
c chnh l vic nh bt ba bi v khai thc trn lan ca hot ng kinh t.
Cng ngh nh bt c hin i, i km vi nhu cu ngy cng gia tng ca con ngi,
thm vo vic t do nh bt dn n nhiu ngun c gim xung mc thp. Mt
s loi c c nguy c tuyt chng. V d: loi c mi di v to Vng Vnh, c mi
kim, c ng gim mt cch ng k trong vi thp k tr li y. Vin Ti nguyn
hc Th gii thng bo mt cng trnh nghin cu vo nm 1993, ch ra rng 30%
loi c hin nay ang b gim (c ngha l t l nh bt cao hn nhiu so vi t l ti
sinh t nhin ca nhng loi ny).
S d ngun c c vai tr quan trng vi chng ta bi nhng l do c bn:
- C l ngun cung cp m ch yu cho mt t l ln dn c trn th gii;
- C cng l mt phn quan trng ca ngun thc n trong bn thn h sinh thi (v d
trong bi Globe v Mail loi c Pecca mu da cam b e do l ngun thc n chnh
ca nhng loi mc khng l v nhng loi c nh tng). Vic nh bt c v mc ch
thng mi l ngun gc ch yu cung cp vic lm cng nh thu nhp. Cn vic cu
c c tnh cht tiu khin, gii tr l ngun li trc tip ca ngnh dch v du lch v gii
tr.

Phn tch kinh t v ngun ti sn chung:

hiu r hn bn cht kinh t ca ngun ti nguyn s hu chung, chng ta s nghin
cu mt m hnh kinh t trong vic ti to li ngun ti nguyn, s dng v d ngh nh
bt c i dng l v d gip chng ta hiu r bn cht ca vn nh bt t do,
dn n vic khai thc trn lan ngun ti nguyn ny.
Gi s chng ta xem xt mt bi nh bt c vi din tch 200 dm xa b l mt ti
nguyn s hu chung. Cc quc gia c quyn t do khai thc a phn nh bt ny.
Vy iu g s xy ra i vi ngun c ny? Ti sao? V phn ng ca cc chnh ph
trn th gii s nh th no i vi vn ny?
Chng ta hy xem xt m hnh kinh t ca mt khu vc c c tm ra li gii thch cho
vic khai thc vt qu mc cho php.

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Gi s rng chng ta ang c mt s lng c nht nh. Gi Q l s cc tu nh c

hin ang c mt khu vc ny. S lng c (tnh bng tn) ca s c nh c, ta gi
l y, l hm ca s cc con tu nh c y: y = f(Q), vi f(Q) l hm sn xut.
R rng vic nh c yu cu cc u vo khc nh lao ng v thit b nh bt.
n gin, chung ta s cho tt c cc bin u vo thnh mt bin v coi l nhng
chic tu nh bt

Hm sn xut th hin quy lut li tc gim dn (do din tch ng trng c nh)- v
khi lng tu tng ln th tng s lng c nh bt tng, nhng t l c ca mi tu th
li gim, l do nh hng ca s tu tng ln. V kt qu l khi s lng tu tng
ln, lng c nh bt trung bnh trong mt t hay cn gi l sn lng ca mi tu
(f(Q)/Q) s gim, ging nh cc m hay sn phm cn bin, f(Q). Lu rng sn lng
cn bin gim xung mt t l nhanh hn sn lng bnh qun.
Chng ta hy lu rng m c trung bnh ca mt ng dn khng ch ph thuc vo s
lng tu nh bt m mt ng dn tng ln m cn ph thuc vo s tu ca nhng
ng dn khc. Khi s lng tu nh bt cng ln cao, s c bnh qun mt m ca mi
ng dn li t dn i. Thc t, khu vc nh bt s ng n mc mi m c bnh qun
ca mi ng dn s cn rt nh.
Gi nh rng chi ph cn bin ca lng c trn s tu, k hiu l MC, l c nh v
bng c v gi nh gi mt tn c l p.

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Chng ta c th minh ho bng th gi tr kinh t ca (tng thu nhp thu c) t

vic nh bt c l hm s lng tu nh bt trong vng bng cch nhn s c nh bt
c vi gi trn th trng: TR(Q) = py = pf(Q). Cng thm tng chi ph nh bt, ta
c TC(Q) = cq. th ng thu nhp cn bin k hiu l MR(Q), v chi ph cn bin
MC c biu th bng cch phn bit tt c cc ng cong vi th ca thu nhp
bnh qun AR(Q) tng t ng biu th pf(Q)/Q.

ng th MR biu th thu nhp ph thm mt thuyn nh c trong khu vc. ng

th AR biu th gi tr trung bnh ca m c nh bt trn mi tu: AR = pf(Q)/Q =
AP. Mt ln na ta phi ch rng AR vt ra ngoi MR.

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S hu c nhn
Nu nh trng hp ng trng do mt c nhn n l s hu, th c nhn c th gi
li li sut thu c t ng trng . Ch s hu c khuyn khch ti a ho li
nhun (li ch kinh t rng) t ng trng. Li nhun c tnh bng s chnh lch gia
tng doanh thu v tng chi ph:
? (Q) = py cQ = pf(Q) cQ
Vy ch s hu s quyt nh cho bao nhiu tu vo nh bt ti ng trng? Hay ni
cch khc, quy lut quyt nh c nhn mang tnh hiu qu ca ngi ch s hu ng
trng l g?
Ch s hu s chn ra mt s tu a vo ng trng lm sao ti a ho c li ch
kinh t rng hay cn gi l li nhun. t c mc ch ny, ch s hu phi chn
ra nhng con tu lm sao li ch cn bin ca vic a con tu cui cng ra cn bng
vi chi ph cn bin.
Vy li ch ca vic a thm mt con tu na l g? n gin ch l doanh thu cn
bin hay ph thu ly c con tu cui cng.
V th ngi ta s ch a vo ng trng thm tu nh bt khi ga tr thu thm c
ca mt tu i vi ton b s tu nh bt (MR) cn bng vi chi ph c hi ca vic
a ra thm con tu (MC). Ta c:
Q*: MR = MC
V mt hnh thc, quy lut quyt nh ca ch s hu c hiu l cch phn bit hm
li nhun v t iu khon t hng ban u bng 0.
max ?(n) = TR TC = p*f(Q) cQ
n
iu khon t hng ban u hay quy lut quyt nh i vi ch s hu l
Q*:p*f(Q) c = 0
m n gin l:
Q*:MR=MC
Hy gi nh rng:

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MC = c = $150
p = $1
TP = f(Q) = 300Q 25Q2
V th,
MP = f(Q) = 300 50Q
AP = f(Q)/Q = 300 25Q
Cc sn lng thay th,
1 * (300 50Q) = 150
50Q = 150
Q* = 3
Q* c biu din trn th

Thu khan him

Li ch rng thu c t vic a Q* s tu nh c ra khi l g? Li ch rng l:
NB(Q*) = TB(Q*) TC(Q*)
Tng li ch l phn nm di ng gi tr trung bnh (gi tr nh bt trung bnh)
pha tri ca ng th. Tng chi ph l phn nm di ng chi ph cn bin, cng
pha bn tri ca th. Phn chnh lch gia hai phn ny chnh l li ch rng (phn
gch cho)

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Thut ng k thut dng cho li ch rng thu c t mt ngun ti nguyn no c

gi l khan him hay thu mn ti nguyn.
Thu mn khan him c tnh bng:
Thu mn khan him = ?(Q) = Q*[AR(Q) MC(Q)]
Lu rng ch c ti im Q*, ta mi c th xc nh thu mn khan him l:
Thu mn khan him = ?(Q) = Q*[AR(Q*) MC(Q*)]
v MR(Q*) = MC(Q*)

Ti nguyn S hu chung Quyn t do khai thc

Gi nh rng nu ng trng l ti sn chung, th khi quyn s hu khng c phn
nh r rng. Nu quyn s hu khng c phn nh, th ng trng thuc v tt c
mi ngi v bt k ai cng c th vo trong a phn ny nh bt c.
Vy, mt ng dn n l s quyt nh a bao nhiu tu nh bt c vo ng trng?
Mt ng dn n l s tip tc a thm cc tu vo ng trng cho n khi anh ta c
th trang tri c ht chi ph, c ngha l n im ho vn. V vy, ng dn ny s cn

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a thm tu nh bt c ca mnh ra min l li nhun bnh qun ca mt tu, ?(Q)/Q

= ?(Q) khng m, ngha l:
?(Q)/Q = ?(Q) 0
Mi ngi s tip tc vo ng trng chng no c th kim c li nhun. Ngc li,
vic tham gia nh bt s gim khi nh bt c khng cn mang li li nhun cho h.
Nh th, ta s quyt nh cho bao nhiu tu vo ng trng khi ng trng l ti sn
s hu chung? Vic tham gia nh bt s cn tip tc cho ti khi li nhun thu c t
nh bt bng 0:
Qp: ?(Q) = 0
?(Q) = p*f(Q) cQ = 0
pf(Q)/Q= C
Hoc
Qp:AR = MC
Thay phng trnh ta c:
300 25Qp = 150
Qp = 6
Qp c biu din trn biu hnh 2.2

Nhng kt lun ng ch
1. Khi mt ngun ti nguyn c qun l ti a ho li ch kinh t th thu khan
him hay cn c gi l thu ti nguyn ca ngun ti nguyn s tng.
2. Khi mt ngun ti nguyn khng c qun l, th quyn s dng t do s dn ti
vic khai thc qu mc ngun ti nguyn . Qu nhiu tu nh bt trn cng mt a
phn ng trng s hu chung s dn n gi tr Qp > Q*.
3. Vic khc thc qu mc ti nguyn s hu chung s dn ti vic tiu hao thu khan
him. Vic gia nhp vo ng trng s cn tip din cho n khi li nhun gim ti mc
bng 0, v vy thu khan him s khng cn.

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Hng ho cng cng

Nh chng ta thy tc hi ca vic thiu quyn s hu c th dn n khai thc cn
kit ngun ti nguyn mi trng trong nn kinh t th trng. Nguyn nhn tip theo
cn xem xt ti sao cc th trng t nhn khng phn b hiu qu ngun ti nguyn
mi trng, nguyn nhn c bn l ngun ti nguyn mi trng c c tnh khng loi
tr.
Cc nh kinh t hc xy dng l thuyt v hng ho cng cng v h qu ca n
phn tch cc vn c lin quan n vic phn b cc ngun lc trong nn kinh t m
n to ra li ch v/hoc chi ph bn ngoi v th hin tnh cht khng loi tr.
hiu r bn cht ca vn , chng ta cn phn bit s khc nhau gia hng ho c
nhn v hng ho cng cng.
Hng ho c nhn khc vi hng ho cng cng.
Lm th no chng ta c th phn bit hng ho cng cng v hng ho c nhn?
- Hng ho c nhn (bnh m) c 2 tnh cht sau:
+ Chuyn hu (ring bit): th hng ho s l ca ring bn nu mt khi bn mua
n v sau th khng ai ngoi bn c quyn tiu dng n.
+ Knh ch (cnh tranh): Th hng ho b cnh tranh trong tiu dng, v d c mt
ai mua 1 bnh m v tiu dng n v th l bn b y ra khi phm vi c th
tiu dng cng chnh bnh m y. Hng ho cnh tranh l loi hng ho b suy kit.
H qu k thut ca tnh cht cnh tranh hay tnh suy kit c th hin ch c tiu
dng thm mt s hng ho cnh tranh s phi tn mt s chi ph sn xut cn bin.
- Tri li, hng ho cng cng (kh quyn, quc phng, i dng) th hin 2 tnh cht
sau:
+ Phi chuyn hu (khng ring bit): hng ho c coi l khng ring bit nu khng
c ai b loi ra khi phm vi hng li ca th hng ho , hay tiu dng th hng ho
mt khi n c sn xut ra. Tnh cht khng ring bit c th hin ch n c
th s dng hng ho m khng phi tr tin trc tip.
+ Phi knh ch (khng cnh tranh): S tiu dng hng ho ca 1 ngi khng lm gim
bt s lng hay cht lng hng ho c sn i vi nhng ngi khc. Hng ho phi
cnh tranh c gi l hng ho khng suy kit.
V d v tn hiu i mt khi i pht thanh pht i tn hiu, bt k ai c my thu u
c th bt c. Bt k c nhn no cng c th nghe c chng trnh pht thanh m
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khng lm gim i s sn c ca n i vi nhng ngi khc nghe chng trnh pht

thanh . Hay ni cch khc, thm mt ngi nghe chng trnh pht thanh khng cn
s dng thm mt ngun chi ph no v cng khng lm gim mc tiu dng chng
trnh pht thanh ca nhng ngi khc. Cc phn tch k thut ch ra rng chi ph x hi
cn bin sn xut thm mt ngi nghe chng trnh pht thanh l bng 0.
Bi vy, chng ta c nh ngha sau:
Hng ho phi knh ch nu bt k mc sn xut no a ra, chi ph cn bin ca vic
cung cp n cho thm mt n v ngi tiu dng bng 0 (MC = 0).
Tt c hng ho cng cng u c tnh cht phi chuyn hu nhng khng c ngha l
u c tnh cht phi knh ch.
Hng ho cng cng c tnh phi knh ch c gi l hng ho cng cng thun tu, v
d a dng sinh hc.
Hng ho cng cng c tnh cht phi knh ch c gi l hng ho cng cng khng
thun tu, v d: nh c, chiu cu qua li
Phn tch kinh t v qun l thc tin hng ho cng cng ph thuc vo vn th
hng ho cng cng l thun tu hay khng thun tu.
Hng ho cng cng
Thun tu

Khng thun tu

- Phi chuyn hu

- Phi chuyn hu

- Phi knh ch: nhng ngi s dng khng can

thip ln nhau m cng khng lm tng hiu qu
s dng hng ho i vi mi ngi

- Knh ch: Nhng ngi s

dng gy nh hng n hiu
qu s dng hng ho ca nhau

- Vn t do khai thc

- S can thip ln nhau ca

nhng ngi s dng l v d
ca nhng ngoi ng tiu cc

- Cc v d v ngm phong cnh v tng -zn

- Vn t do tip cn
- Cc v d v li xe trn ng
cao tc v nh c ngoi bin

Xy dng tp hp ng cu cho hng ho cng cng v t nhn:

3.2.1. Hng ho t nhn:

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Hng ho t nhn khc vi hng ho cng cng ch n c tnh cnh tranh cao v tnh
loi tr ngi khc ra khi vic tiu dng th hng ho .
ng cu ca mt c nhn cho hng ho t nhn tr li cho cu hi sau:
mt mc gi cho trc cc c nhn (ngi tiu dng) sn sng mua bao nhiu?

xy dng tp hp ng cu hay hm li ch cn bin cho hng ho t nhn, chng

ta phi tm ra tng hng ho m ngi tiu dng c nhu cu cc mc gi khc nhau.
lm c iu , chng ta tp hp hay tng hp s lng hng ho m mi c nhn
c nhu cu mc gi cho trc.
Bi vy tp hp ng cu ca hng ho t nhn c hnh thnh t tng cc ng
nm ngang ca cc ng cu c nhn.
V d, mc gi 50$/1n v sn phm, c nhn A c nhu cu l 100 n v sn phm
hng ho trong khi c nhn B c nhu cu l 150 n v sn phm, bi vy tng
cu hay tng li ch x hi cn bin o c mc gi 50$/1 n v sn phm s l
100+150=250 n v sn phm.

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Chng ta c th tip tc bi tp ny v tm ra tng sn phm c nhu cu mi mc gi

khc nhau. Tp hp ng cu ca hng ho t nhn l qu tch ca cc cp gi - s
lng ny.
Hng ho cng cng:
Hng ho cng cng khc hng ho t nhn ch cc c nhn (ngi tiu dng) khng
th b loi tr ra khi phm vi tiu dng hng ho v n c th khng cnh tranh.
Cu ca c nhn hay ng cu li ch cn bin c nhn ca hng ho cng cng tr li
cu hi rt khc: Vi mc gi no th cc c nhn sn sng tr cho mt s lng hng
ho nht nh?

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Ti sao cu hi ny li rt khc bit? Bi l hng ho cng cng c tnh cht khng loi
tr ch c mt s lng hng ho nht nh c sn v khng ai c th b loi tr ra khi
phm vi tiu dng n. Nh vy, chng ta mun o gi tr ca s lng hng ho i
vi nn kinh t x hi v mi c nhn th tp hp cu hay ng cong li ch x hi cn
bin ca hng ho cng cng c th hin bng mt ng thng ng ca tng cc
ng cu c nhn. Ti sao? Bi v ng tng thng ng th hin tnh khng ring
bit mi ngi u c th ng thi tiu th chnh s hng ho cng cng . Nh
vy, chng ta cng thm s bng lng chi tr ca cc c nhn cho cc mc gi khc nhau
ca hng ho cng cng.
V d, A v B phi tiu dng cng mt khi lng hng ho cng cng. Gi s c 100
n v sn phm sn c. A sn sng tr 50$/1 n v sn phm trong khi B sn sng
tr 70$/1 n v. Do , gi tr thu c ca 1 n v sn phm ca 100 l 120$. V tng
gi tr ca n l 120$*100=12.000$.

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Tp hp ng cu ca hng ho cng cng o c li ch x hi cn bin, MBs, c

to thnh t tiu dng hng ho. Chng ta c th biu din ng li ch x hi cn bin
nh sau:
MBs=MBa + MBb
Phn tch kinh t hng ho cng cng v h qu ca n
Chng ta xem xt 2 v d: a dng sinh hc (bo qun mi trng sng) c coi l
hng ho cng cng trong sch v nhim c coi l h qu ca hng ho cng cng.
V d: a dng sinh hc c coi l hng ho cng cng trong sch.
a dng sinh hc bao gm mt s bin i di truyn hc gia cc c th trong mt loi
n v mt s loi trong cng ng sinh vt.
Ti sao a dng sinh hc li quan trng?
- a dng sinh hc lm thc y s bn vng sinh thi - a dng hn trong h thng,
kh nng chu ng nhng c sc v cng thng cao hn. S loi trong a dng sinh hc
v cng quan trng nhng loi ng gp vo s cn bng v n nh i vi cc
cng ng sinh hc ca chng bng cch cung cp ngun thc phm hay kim ch gia
tng s lng ca cc loi. a dng sinh hc khng ch thc y pht trin h sinh thi,

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m cn thc y tt c cc dch v khc bt ngun t h sinh thi: sn xut xy, ht cc

bon i xt, ti to cht dinh dng, cung cp mi trng sng v.v
- a dng sinh hc l mt ngun hng ho kinh t rt quan trng. S phong ph a dng
ca cc loi cung cp ngun thc n mi, nng lng, cc cht ho hc cng nghip,
nguyn liu th v thuc men. Cc loi cy c v ng vt c th cung cp hng ho
trc tip (hoa qu, c, ht v.v) Mt s cc phng php cha bnh ung th ha hn
nht c lin quan n cc cht ho hc c tm thy trong thc vt; mt th thuc rt
quan trng cha bnh bch cu cho tr em c tm thy trong loi cy da cn mu
hng c trong rng ma nhit i ca Madagascar, trong khi cy thy tng c tm
thy rng gi vng Ty Bc Thi Bnh Dng ca M c cha cht ho hc tng c
s dng lm tiu khi u. Cc loi ng vt cng c th cung cp ngun cha bnh tim
nng, tuy nhin n c s dng t hn so vi thc vt; v d, cht enzim trong da con
ch chu Phi c th cung cp cht cha bng.
- a dng sinh hc cn l mt ngun a dng thng tin v ngun zen c th s dng
trong vic ci to ma mng v to ra cc loi vt nui mi n to ra cc c hi lai
ging v pht trin cc ging cao hn. V d, cc c im mi nh sng gi hay s
khng c li bnh tt c th c chuyn giao t thc vt hoang d vo thc vt trng
trong vn nh bng cch lai ging (chuyn giao ging) hay thng qua lai to gien.
- Bn thn a dng sinh hc cng c vai tr quan trng trong tnh phong ph ca n, con
ngi s dng c rt nhiu th t h sinh thi a dng hn l t mt h sinh thi km
a dng.
C mt thc t ng c xem xt l a dng sinh hc ngy cng gim. Ngi ta c
tnh rng trong s 5-10 triu loi hin ang tn ti, c khong t nht 12% loi chim v
15% loi thc vt s b tuyt chng.
Nguyn nhn no dn n s gim st a dng sinh hc? C rt nhiu nguyn nhn
nhng c bn l do thin nhin v con ngi. Tuyt chng t nhin xy ra khi mi
trng bin i, v cc loi ang tn ti b t vo trong mi trng khng thun li v
c thay th bi cc loi ang tn ti c kh nng thch nghi vi iu kin mi hn. S
tuyt chng t nhin thng xuyn xy ra, thng mc tng i chm. Nhng con
s thng k sau y gip chng ta c c t l tuyt chng nhanh hin nay v nhng
nguyn nhn c bn chng ta c mt bc tranh ton cnh.
Bng 2.5: D on tc tuyt chng ca loi ng vt c v
Khong thi gian

Tuyt chng Phn trm loi vt

mi th k
nui hin nay b mt

Nguyn nhn c bn

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Pleitoxen (3.5 triu

nm)

0.01

Tuyt chng t nhin

Late
pleistocene(100,000 0.08
nm)

0.002

Thay i kh hu, sn
bn thi k mi

1600-1980 AD

17

0.4

S m rng chu u,
sn bn v thng mi

1980-2000

145

3.5

S ph v mi trng
sng

Nguyn nhn do con ngi bao gm s khai thc cc loi qu mc, lm mt i mi

trng sng, v s cnh tranh t cc loi nhp c. Tt c nhng nguyn nhn ny xut
pht t tht bi th trng, ni con ngi c nhng quyt nh kinh t khng tnh n
cc chi ph hay li ch x hi vi cc hnh ng ca h.
Chng ta ni n vn khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn t nhin c th phc hi.
Tuy nhin vn ph v mi trng sinh sng ca chng l mt vn ht sc bc xc
hin nay. C rt nhiu loi c tm thy ch mt s mi trng sng nht nh v
nu mi trng sng ny b ph v do s chuyn bin thnh vic s dng t cho mc
ch khc, hay b nhim th cc loi s b tuyt chng. y l mt vn ht sc quan
tng c lin quan n s ph rng t cc rng nhit i, rng nhit i chim n
3/4 trong tng s cc loi sng trn tri t. Mt vn khc cng ht sc quan trng
c lin quan n vic lm mt i mi trng sng l s mt dn rng n i, ph v
ngm san h, lm mt i nhng khu vc m ly v nhim mt s mi trng sng
ca cc loi sng mi trng nc.
Chng ta c th s dng nhng cng c phn tch kinh t tr li cc cu hi sau:
Mc li ch x hi ca a dng sinh hc l g? (gn gi mi trng sng)?
(Mc a dng lm ti a hiu qu x hi thu c t s a dng ).
Liu li ch x hi ca hng ho cng cng s c cung cp trong kinh t t
nhn nh th no?
u l c ch c th coi l thch hp? Thu, ph hay tr cp?
Phn b hiu qu x hi
Gi s chng ta c hai c nhn, c nhn A v c nhn B, vi cc ng gi tr cn bin
c nhn sau cho nhu cu a dng sinh hc

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R rng l c nhn B c nhu cu a dng sinh hc cao hn c nhn A.

Chng ta gi s rng chi ph cn bin ca a dng sinh hc l khng i (v d: chi ph
mua mt ha rng nhit i)
c th xc nh phn b li ch x hi ca a dng sinh hc chng ta phi ti a ho
li ch x hi rng c c t a dng sinh hc. Chng ta bit rng quy tc: Q*: MBS =
MC s mang li s phn b hiu qu x hi.
Nhim v ca chng ta trc tin l xy dng hm li ch x hi cn bin. Chng ta c
th xy dng ng li ch x hi cn bin t cc ng li ch cn bin c nhn. Minh
ho Q* trn th.
u l li ch thc x hi cn bin, NB (Q*) = TB-TC? Chng ta c th nhn thy rng
khu vc nm di ng li ch x hi cn bin n pha bn tri s o c t a dng
sinh hc khu vc OabQ*. Tng t, khu vc nm di ng chi ph cn bin tnh
n pha tri s l tng chi ph cho x hi khu vc OcbQ*. Li nhun rng s l OabQ*
- OcbQ* = abc.
V d v s phn b hiu qu a dng sinh hc:

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MBA = 80 Q l hm li ch cn bin c nhn ca c nhn A thu c t a dng sinh

hc.
MBB = 100 Q l hm li ch cn bin ca c nhn B
MC = 70 l chi ph cn bin sn xut ra mt n v sn phm a dng sinh hc (mua
mt mu rng nhit i Brazil)
Bc 1: Xy dng hm li ch x hi cn bin t cc hm li ch cn bin c nhn.
MBS = MBa + MBb
MBb = 80 Q + 100 Q = 180 2Q
Bc 2: Tm phn b hiu qu x hi bng cch cn bng MBS v MC.
Q*: MBS=MC
180 2Q=70
2Q = 110
Q* = 55.
ng gp tnh nguyn v ngi n khng (free rider)
Liu trong kinh t t nhn mc hiu qu x hi c tn ti bi cung cp a dng sinh
hc hay khng?
Gi s rng trong vic xem xt a dng sinh hc mt nhm chng ta quyt nh thu thp
cung cp mt s phng tin nhm ngn nga mt s loi nguy him (v d, mua mt
s mu rng nhit i ca Chnh ph Brazil bo v). Da trn gi tr thu thp a dng
sinh hc; n v Q* a dng sinh hc c th s c ngn nga c th ti a ho li
ch x hi c c.
Cu hi ca chng ta t ra nh sau: Liu mt c nhn c doanh thu t cc li ch c
tr cho mc hiu qu x hi ca a dng sinh hc hay khng?
Chng ta hy bt u vi c nhn A. A nhn vo hp thu nhp v nhn thy ci hp
trng rng.
A s chn mc ng gp sao cho ti a ho li ch c nhn rng thu c t a dng
sinh hc.

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Vy th A s sn sng ng gp hay tr l bao nhiu? ng li ch c nhn cn bin

ca A cho chng ta bit s sn sng ng gp ca anh ta cho cc mc a dng sinh
hc khc nhau. Mc ng gp ti u ca c nhn A s l s tin mua s n v Qa a
dng sinh hc. Ni cch khc, c nhn A s mua:

Hnh 2.36: Kh nng c th ng gp ca A v B i vi a dng sinh hc

Chng ta nhn thy rng c nhn A khng cn nhn thy rng c nhn B s cng c
hng li t nhng ng gp ca mnh, c nhn A ch xem xt li ch c nhn ca anh
ta/ch ta v khng cn xem xt li ch bn ngoi c c cho nhng ngi khc t nhng
ng gp ca anh ta ban cho.
Vy th A s ng gp l bao nhiu? Nu A ng gp gi tr c nhn ng bng hng
ho cng cng th s ng gp ca A s bng khu vc nm di MC cho n pha bn
tri ca Qa: t gic 0abQA.

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Sau y chng ta xt n c nhn B. Liu B s ng gp l bao nhiu? B cng s ng

gp chng no m li ch c nhn rng ca anh ta l ti a. Mt ln na chng ta thy
s thin ch tr tin ca B tnh c bng cch tnh tng tng li ch cn bin ca B vi
chi ph cn bin ca a dng sinh hc.
QB: MBB = MC
ti a ho li ch rng c nhn B nn c thin ch tr bng din tch 0acQB. Thm
vo na ta thy B khng tip nhn ngoi ng tch cc do s ng gp ca B mang li
cho c nhn A.
Nhng liu B c thc s ng phn 0acQB khng? Khi B nhn vo thu nhp v anh ta
nhn thy A ng phn 0abQA tr cho vic mua nhng n v A a dng sinh hc
ri. Nn nh rng B khng th khng c hng li thu c t vic mua ca A. Liu
B s ng bao nhiu? Anh ta s ng l 0acQB 0abQA = QAbcQB
Nhng ci g xy ra nu A phng on rng B s mun ng gp mt qu m
bo rng QB s c cung cp. Nu A thy trc c rng B rt mun c s n v QB
a dng sinh hc th A s khng c thin ch ng gp phn 0abQA cho lm. Qu tht l
nu A khng ng gp mt t no th B s ng gp 0acQB v A s hon ton c th n
khng trn phn ng gp ca B bi v anh ta hay c ta khng th khng c hng
li t s ng gp ca B.
Lm th no c th dng c ng ny? Cc c nhn s chn mc ng gp ti u
nht, c ngha l h s chn mc ng gp sao cho ti a ho li ch rng c nhn ca
h, cho rng nhng ngi khc cng s hnh ng nh cch thc h lm.
C nhn A s cung cp: C nhn B s cung cp
QA: MBa = MC

QB: MBb = MC

80 (QA + QB) = 70

100 - (QA + QB) = 70

QA(QB) = 10-QB

QB(QA) = 10-QA

Th hin bng th

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 y QA(QB) l mc c nhn A t nguyn ng gp, c ngha l mc tt nht i

vi A hay ni cch khc l s ng gp lm ti a ho li ch rng c nhn i vi s
ng gp ca c nhn B. S cn bng ng gp mt cch t nguyn (s cn bng lm
ti a ho li ch rng ca mi c nhn) c ch ra ch ct nhau ca 2 c nhn: c
nhn A s tr 0 n v v c nhn B s tr s n v QB = 30 n v a dng sinh hc.
Nh vy, c nhn B s ng gp 0acQB hay 30 x70$ = $2100 v c nhn A s ng gp
0.
Vy iu g s xy ra y? c th mua Q*, mc a dng sinh hc c kh nng
lm ti a ho phc li x hi, th 0adQ* = 55*$70 = $3850 cn phi c thu thp t
mi c nhn trong x hi. Nhng s ng gp ca mi c nhn ch c $2100 khng
s tin c th mua Q*. Bi vy, s tin thu c t mi c nhn l khng cung
cp mt mc a dng sinh hc c hiu qu cho x hi.
Vn ngi n khng.
S khng c hiu qu tt yu xy ra bi v cc c nhn khng chu tip nhn nhng ngoi
ng tch cc, s ng gp ca h cn c bn cho ngi khc na khi h c nhng
quyt nh c nhn v bi v cc c nhn khc c th n khng i vi s cung cp mt
hng ho cng cng Cc c nhn ch cn nhc li ch rng ca h, b qua nhng li
ch bn ngoi m nhng ngi khc c c t nhng ng gp ca h nhng li ch
bn ngoi khng c nhc n trong nhng quyt nh c nhn. Thm vo , nh
ch ra trong v d, cc nhn A cn c th t do khai thc trn nhng ng gp ca c
nhn B. T do hnh ng xy ra l nh tnh khng chuyn hu v phi cnh tranh ca
hng ho cng cng.

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C nhn A c th thu c tt c li ch t vic a dng ca B. Bi v c nhn A khng

th b loi tr ra khi qu trnh hng th nhng li ch t nhng ng gp ca B, v s
khch l anh ta/c ta ng gp b gim bt. Cc c nhn hnh ng nh l nhng ngi
li xe t do, bo co khng ng s tht v gi tr hng ho sao cho h c th hng
li m khng phi tr tin cho n. V kt qu l s ng gp ca x hi s khng
cung cp hng ho cng cng theo mun n s l di mc cung.
S hin din ca n khng khng th c trong nn kinh t t nhn cung cp hng
ho cng cng mt cch hiu qu. S cn bng c nhn l s khng hiu qu v mt x
hi bi v nh gi c nhn i vi hng ho cng cng khc vi nh gi ca x hi.
Nhng kt qu chnh:
1. Kh nng cung cp hng ho cng cng ca t nhn rt thp: Qp <Q*
2. Vic cung cp hng ho cng cng khng trong nn kinh t t nhn dn n
s thit hi cho x hi
3. Chng no m li ch cn nm bn ngoi, kinh t t nhn khng th mang li
mt cht khuyn khch no cho mi c nhn tip thu nhng li ch cho nhng
ngi khc vn t do khai thc.
1. C ch ng n: S nh thu Lindahl
Lindahl, l tn gi ca Nh kinh t hc ngi Na uy Erik Lindahl, ng a ra nguyn
l cn bng, gi l nguyn l cn bng Lindahl. Nguyn l ny cho rng nu mi ngi
tr theo thin c nhn mun tr ca h, th khng nhng lng va hng ho hu
ch cng cng c cung cp m ngn qu cng s c cn bng, ngha l lng thu
v s cn bng vi lng cn thit phi cung cp.
S nh thu Lindahl c th c s dng ti tr cho mc s dng hiu qu cc
hng ho cng cng ca x hi. Trong c cu nh thu Lindahl mi c nhn s b nh
thu sn phm ca WTP thc s ca h cho vic tiu dng mt mc hng ho cng
cng tu ca x hi:
Thu Lindahl = MBi (Q*) x Q*
Chng ta tnh c thu Lindahl cho mi c nhn A nh sau:
Thu Lindahl = MBA(Q*)xQ* = PA x Q*
y PA l im m c nhn A thc s bng lng chi tr hay l gi tr ca Q* n
v a dng sinh hc.

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Trong nn kinh t m mi c nhn c s nh gi hng ho cng cng khc nhau, s

nh thu Lindahl s dn n cc mc thu khc nhau cho mi c nhn. R rng l thu
Lindahl m c nhn B phi tr l PB x Q*.
Vn chnh: cc nh lp k hoch x hi phi suy lun ra c s Bng lng chi tr
thc t mi c nhn mi c khuyn khch bo co ng s tht gi tr thc bi v
h c th c hng li t vic tr tin ca nhng ngi kh. Vn cn xem xt l
khm ph trung thc s thch ca mi c nhn cng nh vn n khng.
Mt s vn khc c lin quan n thu Lindahl l s cng bng v s cng bc
chng ta c nn bt mi c nhn trong x hi phi tr cc mc khc nhau cho cng mt
loi hng ho khng? Chng ta c th bt buc c loi hnh thu ny hay khng, y
l vn rt phc tp ph thuc vo hon cnh c th a ra quyt nh.
V d 2: nhim c coi nh l h qu ca hng ho cng cng.
C phi l cc phn tch v hng ho cng cng u tng t nh nhau khng? hiu
r vn ny chng ta hy xem xt dng nc to nn cc nhnh sng lm ni cha
cht thi c th c coi nh l mt th hng ho cng cng. Tip theo, chng ta c th
ngh n nhnh sng b cha y cht thi vo nh l h qu ca hng ho cng cng:
nhnh sng l phi cnh tranh v v th nn khng ai b loi tr ra khi vic s dng dng
nc .

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S khc bit rt quan trng gia cc v d v nhim v a dng sinh hc l s

nhim do hot ng sn xut to ra nhng ngoi ng tiu cc i vi nhng ngi s
dng nc dng sng .
Chi ph cn bin ngoi ng phi chi ra cho nh ngh khch sn c coi nh l kt qu
ca vic sn xut gy ra thit hi cho kinh doanh khch sn MCeh

Mt khc, gi s rng c mt ng dn nh c cui dng sng. Nhnh sng s lm gim

mc xi b phn hu trn sng, do vy lm gim mc c nh bt. Bi vy, vic
sn xut to ra nhng ngoi ng tiu cc ln vic nh c.
Chi ph cn bin ngoi ng gy ra cho vic nh bt c c ch ra l MCef.
Cu hi t ra l phn b hiu qu x hi l g?
Trc tin, chng ta phi dng ng tng cung nm dc (tp hp cc chi ph sn xut
c nhn cn bin) v cc ng chi ph cn bin ngoi ng c c ng chi ph x
hi cn bin.
MCS = MCP + MCeh + MCef
Nn nh rng chng ta tng hp li c ng li ch c nhn cn bin hay ng
cung chi ph mt ai chun b tiu dng hay b nh hng bi mt mc nh th
ca hng ho cng cng hay h qu ca n. ng tng thng ng l cn thit bi v
khng mt ai trong s nhng ngi s dng con sng c th b loi tr ra khi qu trnh
155/317

 nhim ca con sng do nh my sn xut gy ra. xc nh c mc thit hi hay

chi ph phi b ra cho tt c nhng ai s dng dng sng b nh hng bi nhim ca
con sng, chng ta phi tnh c ng chi ph x hi cn bin bng chi ph c nhn
ca vic sn xut v cc chi ph ngoi ng m vic sn xut to ra cho mi ngi s
dng sng.
S cung cp hiu qu cho x hi l h qu ca hng ho cng cng, nhim, c th
c xc nh bng cch la chn mc sn xut nh nhau.
Q*: MBS = MCS
Liu kinh t t nhn c th cung cp hng ho cng cng mc hiu qu hay khng?
D nhin l khng. S khng phi l qu nhiu hay, qu thng thng, m s l s cung
cp qu mc cn thit, l h qu ca hng ho cng cng ca nn kinh t t nhn.
Ti sao? Cc nh gy nhim mi trng s chn mc sn phm u ra hay ni cch
khc i to ra nhim mc sao cho ti a ho li ch c nhn rng hay li nhun. Gi
sn phm bn trn th trng s l mc gi m ti cung v cu gp nhau.
PP: Qd(PP) = QS(PP)
QP: Qd(PP)
R rng rng bt c mt nh my sn xut no (v bi vy nn ngnh cng nghip) ch
xem xt n chi ph sn xut c nhn cu h khi a ra nhng quyt nh sn xut m
khng tnh n nhng chi ph ngoi ng do hot ng ca h gy ra cho nhng ngi
khc.
S phn b khng hiu qu s tt yu xy ra bi v c s khc nhau gia s nh gi cc
chi ph c nhn v x hi ca hng ho cng cng. Bi vy, kinh t t nhn s khng th
a ra mt phn b nhim cho x hi mt cch hiu qu.

156/317

KINH T HC CHT LNG MI

TRNG-PHN CUI
Nguyn l kinh t cht thi
Khi nim v kinh t cht thi
Kinh t cht thi bao gm tt c cc kha cnh ca hot ng kinh t lin quan n pht
sinh, thu gom, phn loi, ti ch, ti s dng, vn chuyn, thiu t hoc chn lp cht
thi.
Phn loi cht thi
Vic phn loi cht thi hin nay cha c nhng quy nh thng nht, tuy nhin bng
nhng nhn nhn thc tin ca hot ng kinh t v ngha ca nghin cu qun l i
vi cht thi, c th chia ra cc cch phn loi sau y:
- Phn loi cht thi theo ngun gc pht sinh:
+ Cht thi t cc h gia nh hay cn gi l rc thi hoc cht thi sinh hot c pht
sinh t cc h gia nh.
+ Cht thi t cc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, thng mi: L nhng cht thi c
ngun gc pht sinh t cc ngnh kinh t nh cng nghip, nng nghip v dch v.
- Phn loi cht thi theo thuc tnh vt l: gm c cht thi rn; cht thi lng v cht
thi kh.
- Phn loi cht thi theo tnh cht ho hc: theo cch phn loi ny ngi ta chia ra cht
thi dng hu c v v c hoc theo c tnh ca vt cht nh cht thi dng kim loi,
cht do, thu tinh, giy ba v.v
- Phn loi cht thi theo mc nguy hoi i vi con ngi v sinh vt nh cht thi
c hi, cht thi c bit.
Mi cch phn loi c mt mc ch nht nh nhm phc v cho vic nghin cu, s
dng, ti ch hay kim sot v qun l cht thi c hiu qu.

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Cht thi rn th
Cht thi rn th (MSW - Municipal Solid Waste) l mt loi cht thi rn tng hp
khu vc th, bao gm c cht thi sinh hot ca cc h gia nh thi ra, cht thi rn
ca hot ng thng mi v dch v, cht thi rn ca hot ng cng nghip, cht thi
rn t hot ng xy dng, cht thi rn bnh vin, v.v, chng c mt c th ring
v ang tr thnh vn quan tm c bit ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii trong vic
thu gom, vn chuyn, ti ch, ti s dng, thiu hu v chn lp.
Cng vi qu trnh th ho, MSW gia tng khng ngng. Vit Nam, ch tnh ring
lng cht thi sinh hot th, theo s liu thng k t nm 1996 n nm 1999,
lng cht thi sinh hot bnh qun khong 0,6 - 0,8 kg/ngi/ngy. Mt s th nh,
lng cht thi sinh hot pht sinh dao ng t 0,3 - 0,5 kg/ngi/ngy.
Vic thu gom v qun l cn rt hn ch, theo s liu nm 1999 thu gom MSW cc
th trong c nc mi ch t khong 40 - 70% (H Ni: 65%; Hi Phng: 64%;
H Long: 50%; Vinh: 60%; Vit Tr: 30%; Hu: 60%; Nng: 66%; Bin Ho: 30%;
Vng Tu: 70%; Thnh ph H Ch Minh: 70-75%). Nhiu th x, t l thu gom cht
thi rn trung bnh ch t t 20-40%, thm ch c mt s th x v nhiu th trn cha c
t chc thu gom cht thi rn, cha c bi t chc thu gom cht thi rn v cha c bi
rc chung ca th. cc th ln, cht thi t cc ng ph chur yu c cng
ty mi trng th, dch v cng cng hoc cng ty v sinh thu gom v vn chuyn ti
cc bi rc hoc x nghip ch bin rc.
M hnh th trng cho dch v qun l cht thi rn th
Trong th trng cho dch v MSW, cc hng ho c lin quan thc s l kt hp ca
mt vi hot ng c trng ring bit - bao gm thu gom, vn chuyn v phn hu
rc thi th. Da vo c s xc nh u ra ny, chng ta xy dng mt m hnh th
trng cc dch v MSW theo hnh 2.32, trong s dng ng cu gi thuyt (D)
hoc ng li ch c nhn cn bin (MPB) v ng cung (S) hoc ng cung chi ph
c nhn cn bin (MPC). Hai ng ny xc nh gi cn bng cnh tranh hoc chi ph
cho dch v MSW, Pc v lng cn bng Qc.

158/317

Hnh 2.40: M hnh th trng cho dch v rc thi th.

- ng cung cc dch v MSW.
ng cung ca th trng dch v MSW l ng i din cc quyt nh v sn xut
ca cc cng ty theo hp ng k vi cc thnh ph v th trn hoc chnh quyn cc
khu th ni cung cp cc dch v ny trc tip cho cng ng. Trong th trng ny,
cc chi ph cho sn xut phn nh bao gm chi ph thu gom rc, vn hnh i xe ch rc,
qun l bi rc hoc cc thiu hu rc thi v tt c nhn cng trong lnh vc ny. Theo
gi nh thng thng v sn xut v hon tr gim dn, ng MPC c dng dc ln.
Trong cc yu t phi gi c nh hng ti ng cung trong th trng ny c c din
tch t v quy nh ca Chnh ph.
V d: Do din tch t chn lp rc th hn ch, buc thnh ph phi ct gim
cc bi chn lp rc v phi vn chuyn i xa, do vy gi c cho vic chn lp rc s
buc phi tng ln, hnh 2.32 cho thy kt qu th hin trn m hnh l vic dch chuyn
ln trn ca ng MPC, v lm tng mc gi ln im Pc' v gim lng cn bng
xung Qc'.
- ng cu cc dch v MSW
ng cu ca th trng dch v MSW i din cc quyt nh tr gi ca cc c s
to ra rc thi MSW. Trong bi cnh ny, lng cu phn nh cc thay i v gi c s
c mt ngha quan trng cho thy rc thi c qun l nh th no. hiu c
iu ny, chng ta cng xem xt li vic gim lng cu t Qc n Qc' do vic tng gi
gy ra bi quy nh ca chnh quyn thnh ph nh nu ra trn. Vy lm th no
cc c s to ra rc thi c kh nng thay i hnh vi ca h t c vic gim

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lng rc thi v mc ny? Mt kh nng c th xy ra l h vn to ra mt lng rc

thi nh vy nhng cn t cc dch v hn bi v h s ti ch rc thi. Cui cng, h
cng c th duy tr c mc sn sinh rc thi nh c cng nh cng mt mc
ti ch, nhng li c th tin hnh tiu hu rc thi khng ng theo quy nh ca lut
php nhm trnh phi chi tr gi cao hn cho dch v MSW, hin tng ny tng xy
ra mt s doanh nghip ca Vit Nam l vic t rc trong bc tng ro ca doanh
nghip sn xut. Vy gii php no c chn ph thuc vo tnh sn c ca n i vi
c s sn xut sinh ra rc thi v cc mc gi ca cc gii php tng ng hay
ngang bng vi mc gi cc dch v MSW. Nhn ra c phn ng th trng t nhin
ca cc c s c nhu cu i vi cc dch v MSW gi cao hn, chnh quyn a phng
c th khuyn khch ti ch bng cch a ra mt chng trnh chi ph hiu qu cho dn
c khu vc . Nu thiu mt chng trnh nh vy, mt s c s sn sinh ra rc thi
c th c ng c tiu hu rc thi ca h mt cch bt hp php.
ng cu hay MPB, ca cc dch v rc thi th cng c phn ng vi s thay i
phi gi c nht nh. V d, nhng c nhn giu c th c xu hng sn sinh ra
mt lng rc thi ln hn, v h mua nhiu sn phm hng ho hn v thay i chng
thng xuyn hn. Nh vy, cu v dch v MSW c th s dch chuyn sang bn phi
khi thu nhp ca cng ng tng ln, vi iu kin cc yu t khc gi nguyn. Mt
nhn t phi gi c khc ca nhu cu l s thch v th hiu. Khi cc c s sn sinh, rc
thi c trch nhim hn vi mi trng, chng ta c th hy vng nhu cu ca h v cc
dch v ny s gim, v h iu chnh mua bn nhng sn phm t cn bao gi hn. Ni
tm li, cc c s sn sinh rc thi mi cng ng c th s c mt ng cu vi hnh
dng ca ring mnh theo nhng thay i v gi v phi gi c.
Nu cc th trng MSW thc s hnh ng theo m hnh ny v nu khng c ngoi
ng, chng ta c th kt lun rng th trng MSW s t c gii php hiu qu ti
im m MPC = MPB.
Tuy nhin, phi chng trong th trng MSW nhng iu kin ny hon ton b vi phm.
Kt qu s phn b sai cc ngun lc do n gy ra l mt vn quan trng i hi cn
phi c thm cc cuc iu tra.

Kinh t cht thi i vi hot ng doanh nghip

Mc tiu hot ng ca bt c mt doanh nghip no trong nn kinh t th trng hng
ti l ti a ha li nhun, mt trong nhng nhn t quan trng nh hng ti li nhun
ca doanh nghip l gii quyt cht thi do qu trnh sn xut to ra. Nhng la chn
Kinh t t mc tiu qun l mi trng m cc doanh nghip c th tin hnh gim
thiu cht thi, tng hiu qu sn xut bao gm:

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Gim t ngun.
t c mc tiu gim thiu cht thi t ngun, nhng phng thc m cc doanh
nghip c th tin hnh nh : Thay i cc nguyn liu th cho u vo sn xut; thay
th hoc ci tin sn phm; thay i cng ngh sn xut; ci thin dy chuyn sn xut
nhm gim hoc loi b s sinh ra cht thi trong mt qu trnh no . Trong thc tin
thc hin c nhng ni dung ny v mt k thut ngi ta phi tin hnh nh
gi vng i sn phm (LCA), tc l phn tch ton b vng i ca sn phm, bao
gm vic nhn dng v nh lng nng lng v nguyn liu s dng, cht thi ra mi
trng, nh gi tc ng ti mi trng v c hi ci thin mi trng theo quy trnh
bn bc, bt u t b sung-khi u, kim k, tc ng v ci thin.
Hnh thc ny hng ti mc tiu sn phm u ra khng i, thm ch cn tng ln,
nhng s gim nguyn liu u vo v gim cht thi. Hiu qu kinh t ca doanh nghip
s tng ln v ci thin cht lng mi trng.
Ti ch, ti s dng cht thi.
- Ti ch cht thi: thc cht l ngi ta ly li nhng phn vt cht ca sn phm hng
ha c v s dng cc nguyn liu ny ch to ra sn phm mi. Cc nguyn liu
phi c gia cng li v cc cng on ca quy trnh cng ngh s c b sung. Bn
cnh nhng li ch do ti ch a li nh gim tiu dng ti nguyn, gim nhu cu nng
lng, gim s dng nc, gim s pht thi ra khng kh, t, nc, gim cht thi cho
x l v thi b. cc quc gia c trnh cng ngh thp nhng cng ngh lc hu
ny s phn no tng thm mc tc ng ti mi trng do ti ch gy ra. V d in
hnh nh nhng lng ngh truyn thng ti ch st thp a hi; ti ch giy Dng
(Bc ninh); ti ch nha v ti ni lng ti x Minh Khai, Nh Qunh, huyn Vn Lm
(Hng Yn) v.v...
- Ti s dng cht thi: Thc cht c nhng sn phm hoc nguyn liu c qung i
hu dng ko di, ngi ta c th s dng c nhiu ln m khng b thay i hnh
dng vt l, tnh cht ha hc. V d nh cc v chai hon li, nhiu dng bng vt
liu g, my tre an v.v...
Trong ti s dng thng thng nhng sn phm hoc nguyn liu khi a vo s dng
c cng mc ch hoc c mc ch tng t nh nhau.
Do cht thi c th ti ch hay ti s dng m donh nghip c th tng doanh thu ca
mnh thng qua vic bn hoc s dng li cht thi, ngha l gin tip lm gim chi ph
trong hot ng sn xut.

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X l cht thi.
X l cht thi hay ngi ta cn gi l "X l cui ng ng". Nhng hnh thc x l
ny ca cc doanh nghip thng l:
- X l ni vi, hay cn gi l x l ti ch trong hng ro ca doanh nghip, chi ph cho
vic x l ti ch bao gm: Xy dng l thiu t, bi chn lp, x l vt l, ha hc,
x l nc thi, ti ch, ti lc cc cht thi du m.
- X l ngoi vi hay cn gi l x l bn ngoi hng ro ca doanh nghip: Nhng chi
ph cho x l ngoi vi bao gm l thiu, ti ch, phc hi, ti s dng, bi chn lp v
cc nh my x l cht thi thnh ph. i vi cc doanh nghip thng phi chi tr
mt khon ph cht thi cho cc dch v lm nhim v thu gom v x l cht thi.
Ngoi hai hnh thc x l c bn trn vi x l cht thi cn din ra di nhng hnh
thc nh xut khu cht thi sang cc nc khc; ct gi ni vi hoc ngoi vi; trao i
cht thi.
Kinh nghim thc tin cho thy vic x l cht thi cui ng ng thng chi ph tn
km, phn no t hiu qu mi trng nhng tng chi ph cho doanh nghip.
Minh ho 2.4: NH GI RC THI, TRNG HP CA LNG SN.
T thng 6 nm 1993 tr v trc, dch v thu gom rc th x Lng sn (nay l thnh
ph Lng sn) do cng ty mi trng th Lng sn thc hin. y l mt doanh
nghip ca Nh nc. Dch v thu gom rc c tnh min ph, bi l doanh nghip ny
do Nh nc tr cp ton b v ch c ngun thu c phn b t ngn sch Nh nc.
Nhn chung, ngun thu thng khng lm tt cc dch v, v th cht lng dch
v thng km.
gii quyt vn ny, thng 6 nm 1993 U ban nhn dn tnh Lng sn giao cho
Cng ty mi trng th Huy Hong nhim v thu gom rc thi trn a bn th x v
bn th trn v tinh quanh th x (Quyt nh N-487/QD/UB-KT, ngy 1 thng 7 nm
1993).
Cng ty Huy hong l mt cng ty trch nhim hu hn, do trang tri chi ph hot
ng ly thu b chi, cng ty phi xin php c quyn thu ph t cc h gia nh, cc
doanh nghip (ph rc thi).
Trong bng di y th hin biu ph c tnh t 8.000 50.000 ng, tu thuc vo
khi lng rc thi ca mi h gia nh v ca tng doanh nghip. Cng ty thng
tho hp ng c nhn vi cc i tng pht thi vi khi lng ln.

162/317

i tng thu ph

Ph hng thng

H gia nh

8.000

H gia nh c ca hng

12.000

Doanh nghip nh (VD: nh hng n) 30.000 50.000

Nh my, khch sn ln

Theo hp ng tho thun

Ph c giao cho 130 nhn vin ca Cng ty thu hng thng. Mi nhn vin chu
trch nhim thu ph cc h gia nh, cc x nghip hay nh my trn a bn c phn
cng. khuyn khch vic thu ph, mi nhn vin c hng 7% tng ph nu thu ,
ng thi hn. Nu ngi khng thu c ph, Cng ty s khu tr khon khng thu
c vo lng hng thng ca h. Cho ti nay t l thu ph t mc cao.
Cn c Ngh nh v Ph v L ph ca Chnh ph ban hnh, mi khon ph phi c
np vo Ngn sch Nh nc. Tuy nhin cc khon ph thu c sau s c chuyn
t Ngn sch Nh nc cho cng ty thanh ton cc dch v. Ph thu gom hin chim
khong 30% tng ngun thu ca cng ty; 70% ngun thu cn li cng ty c ngn sch
Nh nc tr cp. y l bc tin ng k, v trc nm 1993 Nh nc phi tr cp
cho doanh nghip thu gom rc thi (l DNNN) 100% tng chi ph. Bng di y cho
thy khon ph do cng ty Huy hong thu c tng u t nm 1993.
Khi lng rc thi c thu
gom (m3)

Ph c thu (triu
ng)

Tr cp NS Nh nc
(t ng)

1993 13.305

163

0,417

1994 26.864

246

1,8

1995 25.349

391

1,4

1996 23.915

412

1,2

1997 23.800

399

1,4

1998 23.839

394

1,4

1999 25.295

400

1,6

2000 25.986

450

1,6

Nm

Cc h gia nh Lng sn t ra sn sng chi tr ph rc thi. B li l h c hng

dch v thu gom rc tt hn v hiu qu hn. Gim c cng ty Huy hong cng cho
bit nu cng ty c php tng ph, cc h gia nh, cc doanh nghip vn s sn sng

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chi tr v do s khng cn n tr cp Nh nc. Tt c cc bn lin quan u tha

nhn tnh Lng sn c tin b r rt trong cng tc thu gom rc thi.
Ngun: : S tay hng dn s dng cc cng c kinh t cho cc mc tiu mi trng
trong k hoch ho pht trin. Thng 5 nm 2001. D n VIE/ 97/007. B k hoch v
u t
TM TT CHNG II
Chng II bn v nhng vn c bn ca kinh t hc cht lng mi trng nhm
gii quyt t c s l lun n thc tin bn cht kinh t ca nhng vn mi trng,
chnh v vy phng thc tip cn mi vn ca chng ny i t ngun gc l lun
ca kinh t, c bit l Kinh t vi m. Nu ngi hc chng ny cha c trang b
nhng kin thc c bn ca Kinh t vi m s gp nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh hc tp.
Mt khc v c bn mi cch tip cn gii quyt ni dung kinh t ca cht lng mi
trng c xem xt v nhn nhn trong hon cnh cu trc ca nn kinh t th trng.
T gc m hnh th trng v hiu qu kinh t xc nh thng d ca nh sn xut
v thng d tiu th, lin quan n ni dung ny cn phi xt ti hiu qu Pareto cng
nh nhng nguyn nhn dn ti tht bi th trng.
Nguyn nhn dn n s v hiu qu trong hot ng kinh t, hay ngi ta thng gi
l tht bi th trng c lin quan cht ch vi hng ho cng cng v ngoi ng. l
gii nhng vn , trong ni dung ca chng, bc u a ra nhng m hnh
n gin c tnh gi nh lm c s gii thch, bnh lun ngun gc khoa hc ca vn
xut pht t nhn nhn kinh t.
Mt vn c tnh bao trm rng ln hin nay lin quan n hot ng kinh t l
nhim mi trng. Xem xt v gim thiu nhim di gc Kinh t l ni dung
ca Kinh t hc nhim. Gii quyt hi ho gia kinh t v nhim gy ra bi hot
ng kinh t chnh l nhim ti u. Thng qua quan im tip cn nhim ti u c
nhng gii php hp l nhm gim thiu nhim trong bi cnh ca kinh t th trng
c s iu hnh v kim sot ca Nh nc. Mt l gii php th trng, quan im
ny c tip cn trn c s nhn nhn v mt l thuyt ca tc gi c tn l Ronald N
Coase. Th hai l gii php ca chnh ph cho vn nhim nh thu nhim ti u
(thu Pigou); ph thi; chun thi; giy php thi c th chuyn nhng, tr cp, t cc
hon tr v k qu mi trng. c bit trong ni dung ca phn ny cn bn thm rt
k lng l nn s dng hnh thc chun thi hay ph thi, iu ng lu y l d
hnh thc no th mc tiu mi trng nh nhau nhng hiu qu kinh t phng n c
la chn phi tt hn.
t trong bi cnh xem xt cht lng mi trng l mt loi hng ho c nh gi
trn th trng, thng qua vic xem xt bn cht v gi tr s dng v gi tr ca loi
hng ho ny xc nh tng gi tr kinh t ca hng ho mi trng, t tip cn

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nhng quan im v phng php nh gi trc tip v gin tip l nhng vn c

phn tch trong ni dung ca chng.
Trong nhng ni dung lin quan n ti nguyn s hu chung, s phn tch cp ti
nhng vn nh ti nguyn mi trng v quyn ti sn c nhn, thng qua v d v
ngh nh bt c i dng c c s l lun cho phn tch kinh t v ngun ti sn
chung, s hu c nhn cng nh nhng vn lin quan n thu khan him v quyn
t do khai thc.
Trn gc kinh t hc mi trng xem xt nhng vn lin quan n hng ho
cng cng, trong ni dung ca phn ny tp trung vo nhng vn chnh nh phn
bit s khc nhau gia hng ho c nhn v hng ho cng cng, xy dng tp hp
ng cu cho hng ho cng cng v hng ho c nhn, c bit tp trung vo phn
tch kinh t hng ho cng cng v h qu ca n l ni dung ct li c cp nhiu.
Gii quyt vn nhim cn c quan im tip cn hin nay ang c bn lun nhiu
trn th gii l phng thc tip cn gii quyt cui ng ng hay cn gi l
Kinh t cht thi; Phng thc tip cn ny khc vi quan im ly phng nga l
chnh.
Trong ni dung ca chng, minh ho cho phn c s l lun, c nhng v d in
hnh c t trong khung cui mi phn. Nhng v d ny v c bn c ly t thc
tin ca Vit nam.

CU HI N TP.
Trnh by cc khi nim: cung, cu, cn bng th trng, thng d sn xut, thng d
tiu dng? Gii thch khi no th mt s phn b ngun lc c gi l t hiu qu
Pareto?
Tht bi ca th trng l g? Phn tch cc nguyn nhn lm pht sinh tht bi ca th
trng?
3. Trong trng hp no th xy ra ngoi ng? Nhng i tng no c th to ra ngoi
ng?
4 .Phn tch tc ng ca ngoi ng tch cc n s tht bi ca th trng? Lm th no
khc phc nhng tht bi ?
5. Phn tch tc ng ca ngoi ng tiu cc n s tht bi ca th trng? Lm th no
khc phc tht bi ?

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6. Nu ni rng ngoi ng tiu cc l nguyn nhn dn n s suy thoi v xung cp

mi trng th c ng hay khng? Phn tch v chng minh?
7. Gii thch v hnh dng ca ng chi ph ngoi ng cn bin? Ti sao trong nhiu
trng hp, ng chi ph ngoi ng cn bin li khng xut pht t gc to ?
8. Trnh by khi nim v ng chi ph gim thi cn bin MAC v ng chi ph thit
hi mi trng cn bin MDC? Chng minh rng mc nhim ti u l mt mc thi
m ti MAC=MDC?
9. Quyn ti sn mi trng l g? Dng th phn tch m hnh mc c nhim
trong nn kinh t th trng? Nhng hn ch ca nh l Coase khin cho m hnh mc
c nhim kh xy ra trong thc t.
10. Ti sao ni kin i bi thng l gii php ca c ch th trng nhng mang mu
sc php lut nhiu hn?
11. Trnh by gii php thu mi trng ca Pigou? Ti sao ni thu Pigou to ra mt
ng c kinh t lm cho cc doanh nghip khng ch c xu hng hot ng ti mc sn
lng ti u i vi x hi m cn c nhng tc ng tt i vi mi trng?
12. Chun mc thi l g? Da trn nhng cn c no xc nh mc chun thi c
hiu qu? Cc doanh nghip c ng MAC khc nhau s ng x nh th no khi phi
tun th mt mc chun thi thng nht? S dng th phn tch.
13. Ph x thi l g? Da trn nhng cn c no xc nh mc ph thi c hiu qu?
Cc doanh nghip c ng MAC khc nhau s ng x nh th no khi phi tun th
mt mc ph thi thng nht? S dng th phn tch.
14. Trnh by nhng u im v hn ch ca ph x thi so vi chun mc thi? Dng
th gii thch: trong trng hp no cc Nh qun l x hi a thch s dng ph
thi hn chun thi v ngc li?
15. Th no l giy php thi c th chuyn nhng? Th trng giy php thi l g?
ng c no khin cc doanh nghip mun mua/ hoc bn giy php?
16. Ti sao ni giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng l s kt hp cc u im ca
chun mc thi v ph x thi? Ly v d gi nh gii thch.
17. Hy phn tch bn cht ca cc vn : Tr cp; t cc hon tr; k qu cho bo v
mi trng? Ly v d thc tin phn tch v chng minh.

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18. Khi no cht lng mi trng tr thnh hng ho? Cc li ch th trng v li ch

phi th trng ca hng ho mi trng l g? Th no l tng gi tr ca cc hng ho
mi trng? Hy nu cc phng php nh gi gi tr i vi hng ho mi trng?
19. Th no l ti nguyn s hu chung? Chng c phi l hng ho cng cng hay
khng? Phn tch tnh phi hiu qu ca chng.
20. Bng m hnh gi nh hy phn tch kinh t i vi ngun ti nguyn s hu chung.
Xc lp thu khan him, phn tch quyn t do khai thc
21. Hng ho t nhn khc hng ho cng cng nhng im no? Ti sao ni cht
lng mi trng l hng ho cng cng? Loi hng ho ny c nhng tnh cht g v
ti sao n li gy ra s tht bi ca th trng? Ly v d thc tin minh ho.
Bng m hnh gi nh hy phn tch s phn b hiu qu x hi ca hng ho cng
cng, vn ng gp tnh nguyn v ngi n khng lin quan n kinh t t nhn.
Phn tch bn cht ca vic s dng nguyn l nh thu Lindahl
24. Kinh t cht thi l g? Phn tch m hnh th trng cho dch v qun l cht thi
rn th. i vi hot ng sn xut ca doanh nghip c nhng phng thc gim
thiu cht thi nh th no?

BI TP.
1. Gi s c mt ch nui ong cnh mt ch trng nhn. Ch trng nhn c li bi
l mt t ong th phn c cho khong mt ha nhn. Ch trng nhn khng phi chi
tr g cho ch nui ong v ong c th t do. Tuy nhin theo tnh ton gia s lng
ong v din tch vn nhn hin c th s t ong qu t khng th phn cho ton b
vn nhn, do vy ch vn nhn phi hon tt vic th phn bng nhn to, khon chi
ph ny c tnh khong 10$ cho mt ha nhn. Cn i vi ch nui ong ngi ta xc
nh c hm chi ph cn bin l MC=10 + 2Q (Q l s t ong). Mi t ong to ra mt
lng mt l 10 kg, gi th trng l 2$ cho mt cn mt ong.
Hy cho bit ngi nui ong nui bao nhiu t?
c phi l t ong hiu qu khng? V sao?
c hiu qu v mt x hi hy cho bit ngi nui ong nn nui bao nhiu
t?
Th hin cc kt qu tnh ton ln th.
2. Gi s hot ng sn xut xi mng trn th trng c hm chi ph cn bin MC = 16 +
0,04Q, hm li ch cn bin MB = 40 - 0,08Q v hm chi ph ngoi ng cn bin MEC
= 8 + 0,04Q.

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(Q l sn phm tnh bng tn, P l gi mt sn phm tnh bng USD)

1. Xc nh mc sn xut hiu qu c nhn v mc gi sn phm tng ng.
2. Xc nh mc sn xut hiu qu x hi v gi tng ng.
3. So snh phc li x hi ti mc hot ng ti u c nhn v x hi thy
c thit hi do hot ng sn xut ny gy ra cho x hi?
4. iu chnh hot ng v mc ti u x hi, cn p dng mc thu l bao
nhiu? Tnh tng doanh thu thu?
5. Th hin kt qu trn th.
3. Gi s hot ng khai thc than trn th trng, c hm li ch cn bin l MB = 20 Q, hm chi ph cn bin l MC = 14 + Q v hm chi ph cn bin ngoi ng l Q (Q l
sn lng tnh bng nghn tn, P l mc gi sn phm tnh bng triu ng).
a. Tnh mc khai thc than hiu qu c nhn? mc gi sn phm l bao nhiu?
b. Tnh mc khai thc than hiu qu x hi? mc gi sn phm l bao nhiu?
c. Tnh phn thit hi m hot ng khai thc gy ra cho x hi?
d. a hot ng khai thc than v mc hiu qu x hi, cn p dng mc thu mi
trng (thu Pigou ti u) l bao nhiu?
1. So snh tng s thu m hot ng khai thc than phi np vi tng chi ph
ngoi ng do hot ng gy ra khi khai thc mc hiu qu x hi? (Ch r
trn th).
4. Gi s c hai hng sn xut ho cht c cht thi xung mt dng sng gy
nhim ngun nc dng sng . gim mc nhim, cc hng lp t thit b
x l nc. Cho bit chi ph gim thi cn bin ca cc hng nh sau:
MAC1 = 800 - Q
MAC2 = 600 - 0,5Q
(Trong , Q l lng nc thi (m3), chi ph gim thi tnh bng USD)
a. Nu c quan qun l mi trng mun tng mc thi hai hng ch cn 1000 m3 bng
bin php thu mt mc ph thi nh nhau cho mi m3 nc thi. Hy xc nh mc ph
thi v lng nc m mi hng s thi ra sng?
b. Xc nh tng chi ph gim thi ca 2 hng trn?

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c. Nu c quan qun l vn mun t mc tiu mi trng nh trc nhng ch quy nh

chun mc thi ng u cho hai hng th chi ph gim thi mi hng s l baonhiu?
d. Th hin cc kt qu trn th?
5. Ga s c hai doanh nghip dt cng a nc thi sn xut vo mt h nc t nhin
v gy ra nhim h nc . Bit rng cc hm chi ph gim thi cn bin mi doanh
nghip nh sau:
MAC1 = 900 - Q
MAC2 = 400 - 0,5Q
(Trong Q l lng nc thi (m3); Chi ph gim thi l USD).
1. Nu khng c s qun l ca Nh nc, tng lng thi ca 2 doanh nghip l
bao nhiu?
2. Doanh nghip no c kh nng gim thi km hn. Ti sao?
3. bo v h nc, c quan qun l mi trng mun tng mc thi hai doanh
nghip ch cn 800m3 bng bin php thu mt mc ph thi nh nhau cho mi
m3 nc thi. Hy xc nh mc ph thi , v lng nc thi m mi hng
s x vo h.
4. Xc nh tng chi ph gim thi ca 2 doanh nghip trn.
5. Th hin cc kt qu trn th.
6. Cho bng s liu v chi ph cn bin c nhn v x hi ca vic sn xut mi ngy
ca mt loi ho cht c hi nh sau:
Sn lng (tn)

1 2

Chi ph c nhn cn bin ($/tn) 2 6

Chi ph x hi cn bin ($/tn)

10 14 18 22 26 30

6 18 30 42 54 66 78 30

Gi bn loi ho cht ny trn th trng l 30$/tn

a. Xc nh v so snh mc sn lng ti a ho li nhun ca c nhn vi mc sn
lng ti u ca x hi?
b. C quan qun l c th p dng gii php no buc ngi sn xut phi sn xut
mc sn lng ti u i vi x hi? Gii thch c th v gii php ?

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c. Li nhun ca ngi sn xut b nh hng nh th no bi gii php ca c quan

qun l?
d. Th hin cc kt qu trn bng th?

170/317

NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
V PHN TCH KINH T CA
NHNGTC NG MI TRNGPHN I
NH GI TC NG MI TRNG (TM)
Khi nim v nh gi tc ng mi trng.
Cho n nay c nhiu nh ngha v TM; nhng nh ngha v ni dung c bn
thng nht vi nhau, trong nhiu cch din t khc nhau l do s ch nhn mnh ca
tng tc gi ti mt kha cnh no trong TM.
Trn c s xem xt nhng nh ngha c nhiu nh nghin cu xut, v cn c
vo s pht trin v l lun v thc tin ca TM trong thi gian qua, c th a ra mt
nh ngha y v TM nh sau:
"TM ca mt hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi l xc nh, phn tch v d bo
nhng tc ng li v hi, trc mt v lu di m vic thc hin hot ng c th
gy ra cho ti nguyn thin nhin v cht lng mi trng sng ca con ngi ti ni
c lin quan n hot ng, trn c s xut cc bin php phng, trnh, khc phc
cc tc ng tiu cc".
Lut bo v mi trng c Quc hi nc Vit Nam thng qua vo thng 12 nm
1993 c a ra khi nim TM nh sau:
"nh gi tc ng mi trng l qu trnh phn tch, nh gi, d bo nh hng n
mi trng ca cc d n, quy hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi ca cc c s sn xut
kinh doanh, cng trnh kinh t khoa hc, k thut, y t, vn ho, x hi, an ninh quc
phng v cc cng trnh khc, xut cc gii php thch hp v bo v mi trng".
Tc ng mi trng l vn ct li ca nhng s quan tm ti pht trin bn vng.
nh gi tc ng mi trng l mt cng c gip cho s phng nga v ngn chn
nhng nh hng ti mi trng trong chnh sch mi trng v y l cng c lng
ghp trong qu trnh k hoch ho v mi trng. Mc ch ca TM l xem xt bao
qut ton din v nh gi nhng nh hng mi trng tim nng ca nhng d n
cng cng hay c nhn c xut trong la chn u tin thc hin. Mt TM cn
phi c xem xt tt c nhng nh hng mong i i vi sc kho con ngi, h
sinh thi (bao gm thc vt v ng vt), kh hu v kh quyn. Mt TM cn phi m
171/317

bo rng tt c nhng hu qu cn phi c xem xt trong sut qu trnh thit k, thc

hin v vn hnh ca d n.
Tng t, mt TM bao gm nhng s quan tm ca cc ng phi v t chc (c
ngha l cng ng a phng, cc nh chnh tr, cc nh u t) v lng ghp nhng
nh hng x hi lin quan n nhng gii php v gii hoc lin quan ti cc nhm x
hi c bit trong cc d n (c ngha l ti nh c ca ngi dn bn a v s thay i
cnh quan hoc mi trng, v tr kho c hc, i tng nim)
Mt TM i hi phi u tin cho nhng d n l nguyn nhn ca nhng thay i
ng k i vi ngun ti nguyn c kh nng ti sinh, s thay i c ngha i vi
hot ng thc tin ca ngh nh c v ngh nng v xem xt ti khai thc ti nguyn
thu in. Cc d n h tng, hot ng cng nghip, cc d n b v qun l cht
thi cng cn mt TM.
Tt c nhng hu qu c hi ti mi trng cn phi c tnh ton bng bin php gim
nh, bin php bo v mi trng hoc thay th. Nhng bin php gim nh ny thng
c trnh by bng mt k hoch qun l mi trng. Mt kt lun ca TM cn phi
c xem xt li, sau cc nh lm k hoch d n c th thit k xut d n vi
mc tiu ti thiu ho tc ng ti mi trng
Lch s ca TM.
TM c bit n nh l mt s p li lin quan n nhng biu hin ca qun l mi
trng trong nhng nm ca thp k 60. Trong nhng nm nhng s vn ng biu
hin quan tm v nh hng nghim trng ca hot ng con ngi, c bit l nhim
cng nghip, vi s tn ti cc bin php kim sot nhim v k hoch ho nhng quy
nh khng p ng y yu cu thc tin.
Vo nm 1969 ln u tin TM c gii thiu M, sau TM tr thnh ph
bin thc s tt c cc nc cng nghip trn th gii. Hin nay TM tr thnh
cng c chnh cho thc hin qun l mi trng v cho s thnh cng trong vic t ti
mc tiu pht trin bn vng.
Vit nam TM bt u thc hin vo nhng nm thp k 80. T n nay TM
c coi nh l mt cng c ra quyt nh cng nh gim st cc hot ng pht trin.
Mc d c mt khun kh tt c xy dng v mt s TM c iu chnh,
vn cn mt s cc lnh vc cn phi c tip tc quan tm (Chng hn nh s tham
gia v ng h cng cng ca cc vin c lp thc hin TM) v nhng vn cn gii
quyt nh o to i ng chuyn mn qun l v thc hin TM.

172/317

i tng ca TM
Nh nh ngha nu th i tng ca TM l cc hot ng pht trin kinh t - x
hi. C hot ng mang tnh v m, tc ng n ton b nn kinh t x hi ca quc
gia, ca mt a phng ln, hoc mt ngnh kinh t, vn ho - x hi quan trng. V d
nhng lut l, chnh sch quc gia, nhng ch trng, chin lc, nhng chng trnh
quc gia v pht trin kinh t - x hi, nhng k hoch quc gia di hn, nhng s
phn b lc lng sn xut trn a bn ln. C nhng hot ng mang tnh vi m nh,
nhng n cng trnh xy dng c bn,d n pht trin kinh t c th, cc d n x
hi khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, cc c s sn xut, cc cng trnh ang c vn
hnh. Vi cc ni dung ny c th khi qut nhng i tng cn nh gi tc ng mi
trng l rt rng t quy m d n n quy m ngnh v cao hn l mc tng hp
quy m vng.
Vit nam hin nay theo ngh nh 175/CP quy nh ti iu 9, cc i tng sau y
phi thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng:
1. Cc quy hoch tng th pht trin vng, quy hoch, k hoch pht trin ngnh, tnh,
thnh ph trc thuc trung ng, cc quy hoch th, khu dn c.
2. Cc d n Kinh t, khoa hc, y t, vn ho, x hi, an ninh, quc phng;
3.Cc d n do t chc hoc c nhn nc ngoi, t chc quc t u t, vin tr, cho
vay hoc lin doanh thc hin trn lnh th Vit nam
4.Cc d n ni ti khon 1, 2 v 3 ca iu ny c duyt trc ngy 10/04/1994
nhng cha tin hnh nh ga tc ng mi trng theo ng yu cu.
5.Cc c s kinh t, khoa hc, y t, vn ho, x hi, an ninh, quc phng hot ng
t trc ngy 10/01/1994.
Cc phng php TM
nh gi tc ng mi trng l vic ht sc phc tp, i hi nhiu cn b chuyn mn
ca nhiu khoa hc khc nhau, v phi s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau mi thc
hin c. Cc phng php c s dng trong TM c gi l cc phng php
TM. Cc phng php mang tnh k thut, cc phng php nh gi tc ng mi
trng thng qua cc thng s mi trng c la chn, bao gm cc phng php:
? Phng php lit k s liu v thng s mi trng
? Phng php danh mc cc iu kin mi trng
? Phng php ma trn mi trng
173/317

 Phng php chp bn mi trng

? Phng php s mng li
? Phng php m hnh
Do yu cu mn hc kinh t mi trng trong trng i hc Kinh t cho nn ni dung
cc phng php trn y khng c trnh by.
Trong nh gi tc ng mi trng cn s dng phng php kinh t, phng php
ny s dng gi tr ng tin nh thc o nh gi mc tc ng n mi trng
ca mt hot ng pht trin. Phng php ny c gi l phng php phn tch chi
ph - li ch m rng (CBA - Cost Benefit Analysis). Phng php ny s c cp
gio trnh ny.
Ni dung bo co TM
Ni dung ca TM c th tu thuc vo: ni dung v tnh cht ca hot ng pht trin,
tnh cht v thnh phn ca mi trng chu tc ng ca hot ng pht trin, yu cu
v kh nng thc hin nh gi.
Khng th c mt khun mu c nh v TM chung cho mi nc trn th gii, cng
nh chung cho mi hot ng pht trin ti mt nc.
Nhng kt qu ca TM ca mt hot ng pht trin c th hin trn mt vn bn
c gi l bo co TM. Ni dung ca bo co TM bao gm 9 ni dung sau:
? M t i bn ni s tin hnh hot ng pht trin, c trng kinh t, k thut ca h
thng pht trin.
? Xc nh iu kin bin, hoc ni cch khc l phm vi nh gi.
? M t hin trng mi trng ti a bn nh gi.
? D bo nhng thay i v mi trng c th xy ra trong v sau khi thc hin hot
ng pht trin.
? D bo nhng tc ng xy ra i vi ti nguyn v mi trng, cc kh nng hon
nguyn hin trng hoc tnh trng khng th hon nguyn.
? Cc bin php phng trnh, iu chnh.
? Phn tch li ch - chi ph m rng.

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? So snh cc phng n hot ng khc nhau

? Kt lun v kin ngh
nh gi tc ng mi trng gm c nhiu bc, v vy ni dung bo co TM c th
cc bc c thc hin theo mu hngdn ca c quan qun l mi trng. (Ngh
nh 175 CP ban hnh 18 - 10 - 1994 - Ph lc 11,12)
S dng ca mt TM c th hin nh sau.

175/317

PHN TCH CHI PH - L CH CHO TC NG TI MI TRNG

Kht qut v phn tch chi ph - l ch v phn tch chi ph li ch m rng
Phn tch chi ph - l ch
Phn tch chi ph - li ch (CP - LI) l mt k thut gip cho cc nh ra quyt nh a
ra nhng chnh sch hp l v s dng bn vng cc ngun ti nguyn khan him, lm
gim hoc loi b nhng tc ng tiu cc pht sinh trong cc chng trnh, k hoch
pht trin kinh t - x hi.
Phn tch chi ph - li ch l mt cng c chnh sch cho php cc nh hoch nh chnh
sch quyn c la chn gia cc gii php thay th c tnh cnh tranh vi nhau. Chng
hn nh khi cn nhc vn c tnh chnh sch: c nn cp giy php khai thc g
cc khu rng nguyn sinh vng Ty Nguyn lm g x cho mt d n sn xut g
c u t vo vng ven bin Nam Trung B hay khng? Cu hi ny c xem nh
l mt vn la chn gia mt s gii php thay th. Sau y l mt vi trong s cc
gii php :
Cp giy php khai thc g cc rng nguyn sinh vng Ty Nguyn..
Khng cp giy php, nhng cho php khai thc v vn chuyn g t mt khu
rng nhn to pha Nam thuc vng ng Nam B.

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 Khng cp giy php, nhng cho php khai thc v vn chuyn g t mt khu
rng nhn to pha Bc, thuc vng ven Bin Bc Trung B.
Khng cp giy php, nhng cho php khai thc v vn chuyn g t cc khu
rng nhn to nhiu a phng khc nhau thuc cc vng ni trn.
Cm khai thc g ti bt c mt khu rng no v ngng cc hot ng lm g
x vng ven bin Nam Trung B. y chng ta cn nhn thc c s khc
nhau gia rng nguyn sinh v rng nhn to. Rng nguyn sinh l rng t
nhin cha b con ngi lm xo trn, cn rng nhn to l do con ngi mi
trng li v pht trin theo mun ca con ngi. Khi Chnh ph phi i mt
vi vn mang tnh cht chnh sch nh cp trn th mt lot cc gii
php la chn nh lit k cn phi c phn nh r rng, v li ch thc
m mi gii php mang li cho x hi cng cn phi c tnh ton t m.
Vic lm s gip chng ta sp xp c cc gii php theo th t u tin.
Nu nh chng ta ch chn ra mt gii php th chng ta cn phi bit r gii
php no s mang li cho x hi li ch thc cao nht. T cc gii php ny s
l cc m hnh cho cc k hoch qun l hoc phn b ngun lc v gia chng
s c s cnh tranh vi nhau.
Nh vy phn tch chi ph - li ch c p dng vo vic nh gi cc h thng t nhin
v nh gi cht lng mi trng, l mt b phn hu c ca qu trnh ra quyt nh
mi cp: a phng, vng, quc gia, quc t.
Phn tch chi ph - li ch m rng
Phn tch chi ph - li ch m rng l mt phng php phn tch kinh t, so snh nhng
li ch thu c do thc hin cc hot ng pht trin em li vi nhng chi ph v tn
tht do vic thc hin cc hot ng gy ra. nhn mnh chi ph v li ch mi
trng thng ngi ta tch phn mi trng ra gi l Et, cng thc ho nh sau:
(Bt- Ct Et )/(1+r)t

Chi ph v li ch y c hiu theo ngha rng, bao gm c chi ph v li ch v ti

nguyn, mi trng v cc thnh vin khc trong x hi cho nn c th gi phn tch CP
- LI l phn tch CP - LI m rng.
Mc d phng php ny c v nh kh n gin, nhng kh khn th vn c ny sinh
bi v li ch v chi ph x hi cn phi c tnh ton. iu c ngha l phng
php phn tch chi ph - li ch m rng c tnh phm vi ton x hi. Chng hn, nu
nh chng ta c yu cu cc nh u t g x nh gi vn c tnh chnh sch nh
nu trn, th vic m h a ra nh gi u tin s l liu rng u t ca h c mang
li li nhun hay khng. iu ny thc s l mt s phn hi rt c l v mt phn tnh
ton ca nh u t. Vic nh gi nh th gi l phn tch ti chnh, bi v n ch lin
quan n chi ph v li ch nh hng trc tip n cc nh u t. Vic phn tch chi

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ph - li ch m rng c lin quan n phm vi x hi. iu ny c ngha l chng ta

cn phi xc nh xem u l chi ph v li ch nh hng n mi thnh vin trong x
hi. Vic thc hin thng xuyn phng php phn tch rng ri ton x hi ny l mt
iu kh c th thc hin c. Tuy nhin, cc nh kinh t u c gng m rng phm
vi ca phng php ny theo kh nng c th. V d, i vi mt trong cc gii php
nu trn, ngoi vic p ng c li nhun ca cc nh u t, mt lot cc cu tr
li cho cc cu hi di y cng cn phi c xem xt trong phn tch chi ph - li
ch m rng.
Liu hot ng kinh doanh g x c khuyn khch hot ng kinh t ca vng
ven bin Nam Trung B hay khng.
Liu rng s khuyn khch hot ng kinh t ny c lan rng ra cc vng khc
ngoi vng ven bin Nam Trung B hay khng.
Chi ph mi trng b p cho s nhim do hot ng kinh doanh g x
gy ra l bao nhiu?
Sau khi c c mi s gii p, hy quy gi tr ca chng ran thnh tin, v khng
phi l mt nhim v d dng. V d: phm vi nh hng ca hot ng kinh doanh g
x c th s lan rng ra tn cc vng xa nh Ty Bc, ng Bc Bc B ca Vit Nam.
Vic tnh gi tr cc chi ph mi trng, c bit l nhng chi ph lin quan n vic bo
tn cc loi ng - thc vt qu him l rt kh khn. iu l tng nht l chng ta
nn xem xt tt c cc chi ph c th tnh c ca mi mt phng php vo vic c
tnh li ch thc, iu ny trong thc t khng phi lc no cng c th lm mt cch d
dng. Chng ta c th tm tt v bn cht v phm vi p dng ca phn tch chi ph - li
ch m rng nh sau:
Phn tch chi ph - li ch m rng l mt phng php m qua c nhiu cc gii
php thay th khc nhau cnh tranh vi nhau, c lin quan n mt quyt nh c tnh
chnh sch c thm nh trn phng din li ch thc mang li cho x hi.
Tm li trong ni dung ca cun sch ny, chng ta s dng thut ng phn tch chi ph
li ch vi ngha c bit m cc nh kinh t thng dng m ch vic nh gi
cc d n v mt x hi.
Trnh t tin hnh phn tch chi ph - li ch
Cc bc chnh c thc hin trong phn tch chi ph - li ch c tm tt thng qua
s 3.1 nh sau:

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Xc nh cc gii php thay th

Nh chng ta trnh by phn trn, bc u tiu l xc nh cc gii php khc nhau
cho mt quyt nh chnh sch. Vi nhng quyt nh c nhng tc ng mi trng
nghim trng th bo v mi trng lun lun l mt gii php ring bit. V d nh vi
vic tn trng quyt nh v khai thc g khu vc xung quanh vng ven bin Nam
Trung B, bo v rng c ngha l gi nguyn vn, khng khai thc chng l mt gii
php r rng.
Phn nh chi ph v li ch
Vic phn nh rch ri ton b cc chi ph v li ch tc ng n mi thnh vin trong
x hi l vic lm tip theo ca bc th nht. Trong bc ny chng ta cn phi lp
mt danh mc y v cc khon chi ph c th pht sinh trong qu trnh thc hin cc
hnh ng ca mt gii php thay th. V d, khi chng ta cn nhc gii php u tin
trong nm gia php lit k trn lin quan n vic khai thc g sn xut g x.
Danh mc cc li ch cng cn c k ra, bao gm:
Mt ln tng thu nhp nh bn g x, v
S tng ln thu nhp ngoi ngnh cng nghip g x. Nh vy, trong vic xem
xt nhng li ch, khng ch xt ring trong ngnh g x m cn xem xt nh
hng tng ln trong cc hot ng kinh t khc ngoi ngnh g x.
Danh mc lit k i vi cc khon chi ph bao gm:
Vn u t
179/317

 Tin lng v nguyn liu th, v

Nhng chi ph mi trng nh chi ph bo tn cc loi ng thc vt qu him,
chi ph chng xi mn t.
Cc chi ph bo tn i vi cc loi ng thc vt qu him c th xem l nhng chi
ph ngi s dng. Chng ta bit rng l ngun ti nguyn c kh nng ti sinh. Bi
vy, iu cc k quan trng l chng ta phi tin hnh kim nghim xem phng php
khai thc g c th m bo c s phc hi ca rng trong kh nng chu ng ca
chng hay khng, hay chng ta c th duy tr mt tiu chun rng bn vng.
Trong bi cnh chng ta ang xem xt cn phi ch rng mt s khon tin m c
th thng xuyn c xem nh l mt khon chi ph hay li ch c th s khng c
coi l c ngha x hi. V d nh, mt nh u t ca Vit Nam ng thu cho Nh
nc, r rng i vi nh u t ny l mt khon chi ph. Tuy nhin, xt v mt x
hi, s thu phi tr ny n gin ch l s chuyn nhng thu nhp t ngi Vit Nam
ny (nh u t) sang cho ngi dn Vit Nam khc m thi. Nhng i vi mt nh
u t nc ngoi cc th thu m h phi ng gp cho chnh ph Vit Nam th l
mt khon thu nhp c tnh x hi, s d nh vy l v cc nh u t nc ngoi h s
chuyn s tin li trong u t v nc h v vic chia li nhun u t cho Vit Nam
l khon thu m h phi tr. T phn tch v d ny cho ta thy vic xc nh li ch
thc phi da trn c s phn nh r rng li ch v chi ph.
nh gi chi ph v li ch
Trong bc ny, mi khon chi ph v li ch ca cc gii php c xc nh
bc trc cn phi c nh gi bng tin. i vi nhng mt hng c trao i trn
th trng, gi tr ca n c th c tnh n gin bng cch nhn s lng ca mt
hng vi gi th trng ca n. Tuy nhin do tnh qui lut s lng ln gi c
tnh gi th trng khng ng do th trng thng xuyn khng hon ho. Ch khi th
trng i vi mt mt hng c tnh cnh tranh th gi th trng ca mt hng mi
c xem l mt ch s tt i vi gi tr x hi. Chnh v vy, theo kh nng c th,
chng ta nn s dng gi th trng th gii i vi cc mt hng c trao i trn th
trng th gii. Bi v th trng th gii c tnh cnh tranh mnh hn nhiu so vi th
trng trong nc, cho nn gi th gii l nhng ch s tt hn v mt gi tr. Hn na,
do tnh lm pht hin thi cho nn vic nh gi thng c d tnh trn c s gi thc
hoc gi c nh. iu c ngha l gi c phi c th hin trn c s nguyn tc
chung v c iu chnh bng mt ch s gi. i vi nhng yu t nh hng khng
c gi th trng, nh gi chng thng ngi ta phi s dng gi tham kho.

180/317

Tnh ton gi tr cc ch tiu lin quan

Trn c s nh gi cc gi tr lin quan bc ba, cn c vo cc ch tiu chng ta s
tnh ton cc gi tr phc v cho xem xt so snh gia cc gii php v nu ra bc
mt.
Thng nhng ch tiu thng dng nht c s dng trong vic phn tch chi ph - li
ch l gi tr hin ti rng (NPV); t sut li ch - chi ph (BCR) v h s hon vn ni
b (IRR).
Sp xp th t cc gii php thay th.
Trn c s cc ch tiu tnh ton bc bn, chng ta s sp xp th t u tin ca
cc gii php ra bc mt. S sp xp ny cn c vo:
i vi ch tiu NPV, thng thng chng ta thch dng gii php mang li gi
tr dng v sp xp cc gii php no c NPV cao nht ln u.
i vi ch tieu BCR, thng chng ta dng gii php no c t sut ln hn 1
v sp xp gii php no c BCR cao nht ln u.
i vi ch tiu IRR, sp xp u tin ln u i vi nhng h s hon vn ni
b ln hn t l chit khu, bi l chng ta t u tin chuyn li ch cho th h
tng lai.
Chit khu v bin thi gian
Do tnh cht c bit quan trng ca vic xc nh trc thi gian v h s chit khu
trong phn tch d n, cho nn di y s cp n mt cch tng i k cc cng
thc tnh ton chun v mt s biu bng quan trng tr gip cho vic tnh ton.
Chn bin thi gian thch hp
V mt l thuyt, phn tch kinh t cc d n phi c ko di trong khong thi gian
va c th bao hm ht mi li ch v chi ph ca d n. Trong vic la chn bin
thi gian thch hp, cn lu n hai nhn t quan trng sau y:
Thi gian tn ti (sng) hu ch d kin (Expected Useful Life) ca d n
to ra cc sn phm u ra v cc li ch kinh t c s m da vo d n
c thit k.
T l chit khu c s dng trong phn tch kinh t ca d n.
i vi nhn t th nht, khi li ch u ra tr nn rt nh, th thi gian sng hu ch d
kin ca d n (Effective Project Life) c th xem nh kt thc.

181/317

i vi h s chit khu (Discount Rate), nu gi tr chn la ngoi ng ny cng ln,

th thi gian sng hu ch d kin s cng ngn, bi v n lm gim i gi tr ti li ch
ca d n theo thi gian trong tng lai. V vy, i vi mt d n c thi gian sng
hu ch di, cn c vo li ch ca n (v d: 100 nm), nhng vi mt h s chit khu
cao (v d: 10%), th bin thi gian s ngn hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian sng hu ch
d kin, bi v li nhun rng trong nhng nm sau s nh hng khng ng k n
gi tr hin ti rng. Do , quy lut chung l bin i thi gian thch hp cho mt d
n s "ngn hn" so vi thi gian hu ch d kin ca d n hoc so vi thi gian hiu
dng kinh t ca d n khi tnh n chit khu.
Bng 5.1 cho thy mi quan h gia h s chit khu vi vic la chn bin thi gian
thch hp, qua ta thy vic la chn h s chit khu l ht sc quan trng.
Chit khu
so snh cc li ch v chi ph xut hin cc thi gian khc nhau bng cch gn
chng vi mt trng s quy i v cc gi tr hin ti tng ng. Mi trng s l
mt hm s ca t l chit khu v thi gian xy ra ca kt qu
T l chit khu l ca li sut lu tch (cn gi l li kp tnh theo t l phn trm)
dng iu chnh a cc li ch v chi ph trong tng lai v gi tr hin ti tng
ng. Qu trnh iu chnh ny gi l Chit khu.
Nh vy chit khu l mt c ch m nh n ta c th so snh li ch v chi ph cc
thi im khc nhau trn trc thi gian. y l mt khi nim thng d b lm ln nht
trong phn tch kinh t.
Chit khu c mt vai tr ht sc quan trng, bi l mt s thay i nh ca t l chit
khu s lun lun lm thay i gi tr hin ti rng, v nh vy s dng t l chit khu
sai s cho gi tr sai. Quan trng hn na l s thay i v t l chit khu s c th lm
thay i li ch x hi rng ca mt phng n cho bit t dng sang m (hay ngc
li), hoc lm thay i th t ca nhiu phng n la chn.
Trong vic s dng chit khu, cn bo m hai iu kin tin quyt:
Mt bin s a vo tnh ton chit khu (v d: chi ph ti nguyn, li ch u
ra, v.v...) phi c quy v cng mt h n v. thun tin, trong tnh ton
ngi ta thng dng la lm n v tin t. Cng c th s dng cc ng
tin chuyn i khc nh Yn, Mc, Phrng, v.v...
Phi tha nhn gi nh cho rng: gi tr mt n v chi ph hoc li ch hin ti
l ln hn mt n v chi ph hoc li ch trong tng lai.
Bng 3.1. Mi quan h gia t l chit khu v thi gian la chn.

182/317

Thi gian, nm
T l chit khu (%) nm
2

10

15

100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00

10

82,03

61,39

46,32

38,55

24,71

20

67,30

37,69

21,45

14,86

7,56

25

60,95

39,53

14,60

9,23

7,05

40

45,29

14,20

4,6

2,21

0,57

60

30,48

5,35

0,99

0,33

0,04

100

13,80

0,76

0,05

0,01

Khi a cc nhn t mi trng vo qu trnh phn tch, hai iu kin tin quyt ny s
c kh khn. Trong thc t, c rt nhiu yu t cht lng mi trng khng th nh
lng cng nh khng th n nh gi tr bng tin, do , khng th a vo vic phn
tch v xt duyt d n mt cch r rng, chng hn nh gi tr ca ti nguyn gen ca
mt khu rng nhit i hay ca vic duy tr nng CO2 trong bu kh quyn ton cu.
V iu kin tin quyt th hai, nhiu ngi tin rng cc dch v v hng ho to ra
trong cc h thng t nhin s tng ln theo thi gian do nhu cu v mc khan him
tng ln. i vi a s hng ho v dch v th iu ny l hon ton ng, do vn
ny c th c x l khi phn tch kinh t bng cch thay i gi tng i (Relative
Prices) ca dch v hay hng ho.
Nh ni trn, vic phn tch kinh t ca cc d n, thng s dng gi tr khng
thay i ca ng la, ch khng phi gi tr b thay i do lm pht. Bi v chit
khu khng phi l cng c iu chnh gi lm pht, v vy, ch c th s dng gi tr
tng i do s thay i ny. V d, nh d n d kin sn xut g x nhit i. Do s
tng ln ca nhu cu trn th gii v loi g ny, nn gi ca n s tng ln nhanh hn
mc gi chung. V vy, trong phn tch kinh t ca d n, c th a vo nhn t hiu
chnh s tng gi thc s ca g c sn xut ra (v d 2% nm) trong khi tt c cc
cc gi khc (li nhun cng nh chi ph) vn gi mc khng i, gi ca g s tng
ln khong 50% trong hai mi nm, do cng lm tng mc hp dn ca d n.
T l chit khu thch hp
Th no l mt t l chit khu thch hp c s dng trong phn tch kinh t ? y l
mt vn khng n gin. Cn ch n mt s iu kin sau y:

183/317

 Trong mt php phn tch kinh t, ch c s dng mt t l chit khu, mc

d khi phn tch c th thc hin lp i lp li nhiu gi tr khc nhau ca t l
chit khu (php phn tch nhy).
T l chit khu khng phn nh lm pht, mi gi c s dng trong phn tch
l thc hoc gi la la khng i.
T l chit khu thc = T l chit khu danh ngha T l lm pht
V l thuyt, t l chit khu c th l dong, 0 hoc m. Trong phn tch
kinh t, li sut (Interest Rate) c s dng phn nh mt t l th trng
i vi u t v ng tin hot ng v, v vy, n nhy cm vi t l lm
pht hin ti hay d kin cho tng lai. T l chit khu s dng trong phn
tch kinh t thng khng th quan st c trong mt nn kinh t. Cc nh
kinh t hc pht trin nhiu phng php, xut pht t cc quan nim kinh t
v x hi, xc nh v iu chnh t l chit khu. l:
+ Chi ph c hi ca ng tin: phng php tip cn ny da trn vic on nhn mt
qu trnh sn xut l kt qu ca vic u t vo mt d n ny m khng phi l d n
khc hoc l u t ca Nh nc vo mt d n c th no .
Phng php ny c Ngn hng th gii p dng khi cho mt d n no vay tin,
khi d n tho thun mt t l hon tr hng nm ti thiu bng mt t l no
c xc nh da trn chi ph c hi ca ng tin.
+ Chi ph ca vic vay mn tin: Chnh ph thng phi vay tin hoc t cc ngun
trong nc hoc nc ngoi u t cho cc d n pht trin.
+ H thng x hi v u tin theo thi gian (Time Preference): da trn quan im cho
rng, kh nng ca x hi phn ng chnh xc hn th trng t nhn trong cn nhc sc
tiu th gia hin ti v tng lai. Xt theo quan im x hi, mi c nhn s tiu th
qu mc trong hin ti hn l tit kim cho u t hay l sn xut sau ny. H s x hi
v u tin theo thi gian s dn ti vic a ra mt t l chit khu thp hn so vi s
la chn ca cc c nhn trong th trng t nhn (thi gian sng mi cc nhn ngn
hn rt nhiu so vi trc thi gian ca x hi).
Tm li, t l thc c s dng trong phn tch kinh t s l c trng cho mi quc
gia v c th c xc lp trn c s cc chnh sch ca chnh ph. Nhn t quan trng
i vi vic la chn t l chit khu l chi ph c hi ca t bn, yu cu ca t chc
ti tr, chi ph cho tin t ca Chnh ph, v quan im hin thi ca Chnh ph i vi
s tiu th v u t ca t nhn trong mi quan tm n cc th h tng lai.
Nhng ngi phn tch d n cn thit tm s hng dn ca c quan ra quyt nh ca
Nh nc i vi t l chit khu ang c s dng. Trong trng hp khng c cc
hng dn c th, khi thc hin cc phn tch d n c th s dng cc t l chit khu
184/317

 v ang c s dng trong nc i vi cc d n u t ca t nhn hay cng

cng.
Cc ch tiu s dng khi nh gi mt d n
Mt khi mc thi gian thch hp v h s chit khu c la chn, nhng tnh ton
thc t c th cn c vo nhiu dng cng thc khc nhau. Trong phn ny, s trnh by
mt s cng thc thng dng.
Gi tr hin ti (Present Value - PV)
i vi a s cc d n, vic phn tch, kim tra c thc hin bng cch so snh dng
li ch v chi ph theo thi gian (xem hnh 3.2)

Mt vi gi thit c bn v dng tin t nh sau: (1) Nm khi u ca mt d n c th

c gn cho ci tn nm 0 hay nm 1 (th nht); (2) Tt c dng tin t (chi ph
hay li ch) xy ra vo cui mi nm, c ngha l, bt k chi ph hay li ch xut hin
trong nm s c chit khu cho thi gian ton nm. V d, mt chi ph no xy ra
vo bt c thi gian no nm th 5 s c chit khu theo thi gian 5 nm. Gi thit
ny s dn ti mt sai s nh, bi v chi ph thc t hoc doanh thu phi c chit khu
t khi n xut hin; (3) Mi chi ph v li ch cng c x l tng t nh dng tin
t (Cash Flow).

185/317

Mt s cc k hiu thng c s dng trong cc cng thc tnh ton:

r T l chit khu
n - s nm trn trc thi gian,
t - thi gian tng ng, thng l 1, 2, ..., n,
Bt - li ch ti nm t,
Ct - chi ph ti nm t (vn, chi ph vn hnh, bo dng, thay th thit b),
? - tng trong khong thi gian t nm th nht n nm th n.
Gia tr hin ti rng (NPV)
Cng thc hay s dng nht trong phn tch kinh t l gi tr hin ti rng (Net Present
Value) ca mt d n. i lng ny xc nh gi tr li nhun rng hin thi khi chit
khu dng li ch v chi ph tr v vi nm c s bt u (nm th nht). Hai cng thc
c s dng:
NPV = nt = 0

Bt Ct
(1 + r)t

hoc
NPV = nt = 0

Bt
(1 + r)

nt = 0

Ct
(1 + r)t

Bng 3.2: V d v tnh gi tr hin ti rng vi r = 10%

Nm
0

Chi ph ($)

1000 100 100 100

100

Li nhun

700

Nhn t chit khu (1+r) 1,0

NPV

600 700 800

1,1 1,21 1,331 1,46

-1000 455 496 526

410

Gi tr hin ti rng = -1000 + 455 + 496 + 526 + 410 = 867$

T sut li ch - chi ph (BCR)
186/317

( )
( )

Bt
t = 0 (1 + r)t

BCR =

Ct

t = 0 (1 + r)t

T sut li ch - chi ph l t l ca tng gi tr hin ti ca li ch so vi tng gi tr

hin ti ca chi ph
T sut ny so snh li ch v chi ph c chit khu. Trong trng hp ny, li ch
c xem l li ch th bao gm c li ch mi trng, cn chi ph bao gm vn cng
vi cc chi ph vn hnh, bo dng v thay th cng nh nhng chi ph mi trng.
H s hon vn ni b (IRR)
H s hon vn ni b k (Internal Rate of Return - IRR) c nh ngha nh l h s
m qua gi tr hin thi ca li ch v chi ph l bng nhau. H s k tng ng vi
t l chit khu (r), c th xc nh bng cch suy din khi tho mn biu thc sau:
nt = 0

Bt Ct
(1 + k)t

)=0

Hoc
nt = 0

Bt
(1 + k)

= nt = 0

Ct
(1 + r)t

IRR c cc t chc ti chnh s dng rng ri.

Gi tr IRR sau khi tnh ton s c so snh vi li sut v ti chnh hoc t l chit
khu xem xt mc hp dn v ti chnh hoc kinh t ca d n.
nt = 0

Bt Ct
(1 + x)t

xc nh IRR, ngi ta phi gii phng trnh trn. Nhng vic gii n nhiu khi rt
phc tp, nn ngi ta thng dng phng php ni suy tnh IRR. Cch tnh nh
sau:
gi f(x) =
ta bit rng khi f(x) = 0 th x = IRR;
Chn x1 sao cho f(x1) >0 v gn bng 0;
v chn x2 sao cho f(x2) <0 v gn bng 0.

187/317

R rng, trong khong gia x1 v x2 s c 1 im f(x) = 0. V f(x1) >0 v f(x2) < 0 v

hm f(x) l hm lin tc.
Mc khc, f(x1) 0, f(x2) 0, tc l khong cch t f(x1) n f(x2) rt ngn. Nh vy,
trong khong x1 v x2, hm s f(x) c th coi l tuyn tnh phng trnh f(x) = ax + b c
th l ng thng.
Ta c:
f(x1) = ax1 + b
f(x2) = ax2 + b
a=

f(x1) f(x2)
x1 x2

Suy ra:
b = f(x1)

f(x1) f(x2)
x1 x2 x 1

b
a

Ta bit rng, khi th ct trc honh th f(x) = 0 v x = IRR hay f(x) = a.IRR + b = 0
IRR = - ab
Thay a v b vo v rt gn ta c:
IRR = x1

f(x1)
f(x1) f(x2) (x1

x2)

f(x1)
f(x1) f(x2) (x2

x1)

hoc
IRR = x1 +

T l hon vn ni b (IRR) c mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic xc nh t l chit

khu (r) ph hp cho mt d n hoc chng trnh. i vi nhng d n hoc chng
trnh mi trng c tnh di hn, n li cng c ngha c bit quan trng. Trong nhiu
trng hp, thng qua vic xc nh (IRR), ngi ta c th suy on cc ch tiu khc
ca d n hoc chng trnh nh gi tr hin ti rng (NPV), t sut li ch v chi ph
(B/C). Mi lin h ca 3 i lng ny c th hin nh sau:
NPV

T sut B/C IRR

Nu > 0 th > 1

v > r
188/317

Nu < 0 th < 1

v < r

Nu = 0 th = 1

v = r

Nu ch xt mi quan h gia gi tr hin ti rng (NPV) v t l chit khu, cng nh

h s hon vn ni ti IRR, ta c th xem th hnh 3.3.

Ba i lng trnh by trn u cn c vo gi tr hin ti (Present Value) ca dng li

ch v chi ph. Gia chng c mi lin h khng kht vi nhau.
C v nh s khng c vn g khi s dng ba i lng trn trong vic hnh thnh v
chn la cc d n pht trin, bi v chng u s dng n cng cc gi tr li ch v
chi ph c chit khu. Tuy nhin, Gittinger (1982), khi thc hin vic phn tch so
snh i vi 3 loi d n:
1. Cc d n c lp, khng b gii hn v chi ph
2. Cc d n c lp b gii hn chung v chi ph
3. Cc d n c kh nng loi tr ln nhau (v d, hai ba d n s dng chung mt
khu vc), cho kt qu trnh by trong bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2 Bng so snh cc i lng ca gi tr hin ti.
Quy tc chn
NPV
hoc xp hng

IRR

B/C

189/317

Cc d n c
lp
Chi
ph
khng
hn
nh

Chn mi d n
vi NPV >0,
Chn mi d n vi
khng cn xp
IRR>r
hng.

Chn mi d n vi B/C
>1 khng cn xp hng

Chi
ph
hn
nh

Khng thch hp Xp hng d n IRR

cho xp hng d c th dn ti s xp
n
hng khng ng

Xp hn d n theo B/C
khi C l chi ph hn nh
lun lun cho kt qu
ng

Cc d n loi
Chn la
tr.(Chi ph
phng n vi
khng hn
NPV ln nht
nh).
H s chit
khu

Phi s dng h
s chit khu
thch hp

Chn la phng n
Chn la phng n vi
vi IRR ln c th dn
B/C cao nht c th cho
ti kt qu khng
kt qu khng ng
ng.
Khng cn h s chit
khu

Phi s dng h s chit

khu thch hp.

Ngun: UNEP EIA Training Resource Manual

190/317

NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
V PHN TCH KINH T CA NHNG
TC NG MI TRNG-PHN 2
Khi s dng phng php CBA mt vn kh khn c t ra l phi c lng bng
tin cc tc ng tch cc v tiu cc n mi trng ca d n xem xt, bi v khng
phi tt c cc tc ng n mi trng u c th xc nh c gi tr bng tin.
Tuy vy, c mt s k thut s dng gi th trng v khng s dng gi th trng
nh gi tc ng mi trng c p dng. Cn ch rng vic la chn phng php
thch hp do nhiu yu t chi phi, mc sn c ca s liu, kh nng ti chnh v qu
thi gian.

nh gi vi gi th trng.
Trong vic s dng gi th trng thng thng ngi ta cp ti hai loi th trng l
th trng cnh tranh v th trng khng cnh tranh.
Th nht, i vi th trng cnh tranh, ta c th s dng trc tip gi c trn th trng
nh gi li ch v chi ph
Th trng cnh tranh v c bn c xc nh trn c s cu trc ca n. Mt th trng
cnh tranh c c im l cc thnh vin trong th trng c nh hng nh n th
trng, xut v nhp khu d huy ng, c hi phn ng khng b hn ch, hng ho
ng nht v mi ngi c s hiu bit y v th trng. Tuy nhin mt th trng
vn c th hot ng cnh tranh tng i ngay c khi cu trc ca n khng p ng
c cc c im trn. Trong trng hp ny, chng ta cn phi c s nh gi v th
trng hot ng c cnh tranh hay khng cnh tranh, t chng ta s bit c gi
th trng c s dng c khng hay phi thay bng gi n.
i vi th trng cnh tranh, vic s dng gi c th trng thng cn c vo hai tiu
ch c bn sau y:
nh gi s thay i cn bin v lng.
V l th trng cnh tranh nn mt s thay i nh v lng khng lm nh hng ln
v gi, do vy vic xc nh li ch hay chi ph chng ta vn s dng gi hin hnh
tnh ton. Gi l gi th trng.
nh gi s thay i khng cn bin v lng
191/317

Trong trng hp c s thay i v gi v lng khng phi l cn bin (S thay i

ng k), vic xc nh chi ph v li ch khng th c nh gi bng cng thc n
gin l gi c nhn vi thay i v lng. Tuy nhin chng ta vn c th nh gi c
trn c s cc ng cung v ng cu, mc d chng ta cn c mt cch tnh chi tit
hn cho trng hp ny.
Th hai, i vi th trng khng cnh tranh l th trng c nhng c im ngc vi
th trng cnh tranh, chng ta khng th s dng gi c th trng, thng thng ngi
ta s dng gi n.
Gi n ca mt hng ho hay dch v l gi sn lng tr thc s ca x hi cho hng ho
hay dch v . Gi n ca mt lng hng ho no l chi ph c hi thc ca x hi
cho vic sn xut ra lng hng ho
i vi th trng khng cnh tranh, vic s dng gi n thng cn c vo ba iu
chnh c bn sau y:
iu chnh can thip ca chnh ph (thu, thu quan v tr gi).
Khi chnh ph can thip thng qua cng c thu, thu quan v tr cp s lm cho th
trng khng t ti cn bng thc. Trong trng hp ny, gi c v s lng s di
chuyn chch khi cc mc cn bng v gi c th trng l thc o b bin dng ca
li ch v chi ph, chnh v vy chng ta phi xc nh gi n.
iu chnh i vi trng hp s dng ngun lc khan him hay d tha.
Tuy theo tng loi ngun lc, chng hn nh t ai, lao ng hay vn m do tnh cht
khan him hay d tha kgc nhau, gi c khng phn nh ng gi th trng cnh tranh
chng ta c cch iu chnh ph hp vi mc gi n. V d i vi gi n lao ng
ngi ta xc nh trn c s chi ph c hi nh l chi ph x hi thc ca lao ng. S
dng khi nim chi ph c hi v gi tr ca lao ng tht nghip l gi tr ca s ngh
ngi ta c gi n nh sau
Gi n (Trung bnh cho = (T l c vic lm x tin cng th trng)
mt cng nhn) + (t l tht nghip x gi tr ca ngh ngi)
iu chnh i vi trng hp s hu nc ngoi
Thng thng trong phn tch chi ph li ch ngi ta quy c tt c chi ph v li ch
xy ra bn trong bin gii quc gia nhng li khng tnh ti nhng g xy ra bn ngoi
bin gii quc gia, do vy cc kt qu quc t thng b b qua. Chnh v vy cn c
nhng iu chnh i vi trng hp s hu nc ngoi.

192/317

Chng hn mt cng ty thuc s hu nc ngoi, thng d sn xut s chuyn ra nc

ngoi nhng thu v thu ti nguyn phi tr cho nc s ti. Chnh v vy trong trng
hp ny cn c s phn bit rch ri v chi ph li ch lin quan n s hu c s
iu chnh ph hp. Chng ta mun xc nh doanh thu rng ca cng ty ny, cn c
trn c s cng thc sau:
Doanh thu rng = Doanh thu gp Lng Chi ph hot ng thu ti nguyn
Gi th gii nh l gi n: th trng th gii ca mt loi hng ho hay nhp khu
thng ln hn v cnh tranh mnh hn th trng ni a. Do th trng th gii
l th trng thch hp t suy ra gi m ca nhng loi hng ho hay nhp khu
c trao i gia cc nc. Gi tr ca mt hng ho xut khu hay nhp khu c th
c suy ra t gi th gii.

nh gi trong iu kin khng c gi th trng.

Trong thc t chng ta thng gp phi cc trng hp l phn ln cc d n to ra cc
li ch hay chi ph khng c em trao i trn th trng. Nhng kt qu ny khng
c gi c th trng, chnh v vy chng ta gi chng l cc li ch v chi ph khng c
gi (hay khng c nh gi). V d d n xy dng mt h cha nc cng cng c
th cung cp thm c hi gii tr hoc phng chng l lt. Nhng c hi ny thng
n vi ngi hng th m khng h thu mt mc ph no, bi l chng khng c
nh gi v thc t vic phng chng l lt khng c mua hay bn trn th trng.
Ting n, nhim khng kh, v nn tc nghn giao thng gy ra nhng thit hi cho
mi ngi v cho x hi r rng chng bao gi c em ra trao i mua bn trn th
trng.
Chnh v nhng li ch v chi ph khng c nh gi trn th trng cho nn cn phi
c a vo phn tch v thc t chng lm thay i li ch x hi rng.
Vic nh gi v a vo tnh ton thng da vo m hnh li ch rng x hi.
Li ch x hi rng = Gi sn lng chi tr - Chi ph c hi
Nh vy, vn t ra l chng ta phi s dng cc phng php k thut khc nhau
xc nh gi sn lng chi tr, chi ph c hi lm c s cho vic xc nh li ch x hi
rng.
Nhng phng php c lng gi tr trong iu kin khng c gi c trn th trng
c dng kh ph bin trong kinh t mi trng nh:
Phng php chi ph du lch.
Phng php nh gi hng th

193/317

Phng php nh gi ngu nhin

Phng php chi tiu cho bo v
Phng php thay i chi ph
Phng php thay i sn lng
Phng php chi ph thay th

Tt c cc phng php ny v mt k thut, mi phng php c mt cch tin hnh

khc nhau tu thuc vo yu cu v c im ca tc ng ti mi trng ca mi loi
d n hay loi hnh hot ng. Mi phng php c nhng th mnh v hn ch nht
nh
Minh ho 3.1: GI TR HIN TI CA DU TM V C PH B MT DO XI
MN T HUYN BO LC, TNH LM NG.
o lng bng tin mc sn lng gim i do xi mn t, tr s ny c nhn vi
gi th trng ca sn phm. Vi cc gi th trng ca c ph v l du c cung cp
t phng Nng - Lm - Thu li Bo lc (1998), c th c tnh c chi ph s sn
lng b mt do xi mn t. V d, gi c ph nm 1991 l 13.000 ng/kg, th chi ph
trc tip ca xi mn t trn mt hecta trong nm l 286.000 ng (13.000 ng/kg
x 22kg). Nh vy, gi tr tng ca phn chi ph xi mn t hng nm i vi tng loi
cy trng c tnh ton bng cch ly gi th trng ca sn phm trong nm nhn
vi phn sn lng b mt i do xi mn. c th thy c gi tr thc t ca phn
thu nhp b mt i trong mt khong thi gian di, ngi ta p dng cch quy chng v
gi tr hin ti (nm 2000), nh c trnh by trong bng 1 v bng 2 sau y:
Bng 1. Gi tr hin ti ca sn lng du b mt i do xi mn t

Nm

t b mt
Sn lng Gi th
do xi
mt i(kg/ trng.(ng/
mn(kg/
ha
kg)
ha)

Gi tr
hin
ti(ng/
kg)

Gi tr
hin
ti(ng/
kg)

Gi tr
hin
ti(ng/
kg)

r = 10%

r = 10%

r = 5%

1995

140

-26

900

-37.686

-47.066

-29.865

1996

210

-41

1.200

-72.034

-86.051

-59.803

1997

360

-74

1.400

-137.892 -157.563 -119.930

1998

470

-98

1.500

-177.870 -194.408 -162.068

1999

610

-128

1.500

-211.200 -220.800 -201.600

2000

740

-156

2.000

-312.000 -312.000 -312.000

194/317

2001

870

-184

2.000

-334.545 -320.000 -350.476

2002

1.000

-212

2.000

-350.413 -320.605 -384.580

Gi tr hin
ti rng, r
-1.633.640
= 10%
(ng/ha)
Gi tr hin
ti rng, r
= 15%
(ng/ha)

-1.658.492

Gi tr hin
ti rng, r
= 5%
(ng/ha)

-1.620.322

Bng 2. Gi tr hin ti ca sn lng c ph b mt i do xi mn t

Nm

Tch lu
t xi
mn(kg/
ha)

Gi tr
Sn lng Gi th
hin
mt i(kg/ trng.(ng/
ti(ng/
ha
kg)
kg)

Gi tr
hin
ti(ng/
kg)

Gi tr
hin
ti(ng/
kg)

r = 10%

r = 10%

r = 5%

-108.613 -68.919

1995

60

-3

18.000

-86.968

1996

90

-6

22.000

-193.261 -230.869 -160.447

1997

150

-12

22.000

-351.384 -401.511 -305.613

1998

190

-16

18.000

-348.480 -380.880 -317.520

1999

250

-22

13.000

-314.600 -328.900 -300.300

2000

300

-27

8.000

-216.000 -216.000 -216.000

2001

350

-32

10.000

-290.909 -278.261 -304.762

2002

400

-37

10.000

-305.785 -279.773 -335.601

Gi tr hin
ti rng, r
-2.107.387
= 10%
(ng/ha)

195/317

Gi tr hin
ti rng, r
= 15%
(ng/ha)

-2.224.807

Gi tr hin
ti rng, r
= 5%
(ng/ha)

-2.000.162

T kt qa tnh ton cc bng trn cho thy, gi tr hin ti ca phn sn lng l du b

mt i vo khong 1,6 triu ng/ha v ca c ph l 2,1 tr /ha.
Ngun: Bo co k thut s 5, ti liu tham kho: Phn tch chi ph - li ch v cc vn
mi trng trong k hoch ha pht trin, nghin cu tnh hung xi mn t Bo
lc, Lm ng. MPI, UNDP, SDC. Nhng vn mi trng trong lp k hoch u
t. Thng 7 nm 2001.

CC BI TP MU
Bi tp tnh NPV
Mt d n khai thc khong sn d nh tin hnh trong mt thi gian no m s liu
v chi ph - li ch trong 7 nm u c cho bng bng sau:
Li ch hoc chi ph

Nm
0

Chi ph xy dng v khai

thc

Nm
1

Nm
2

Nm
3

Nm
4

Nm
5

Nm
6

Nm
7

1700 500

600

700

800

900

100

1100

Chi ph mi trng

200

350

300

400

400

500

500

300

Li ch do bn sn phm

100

1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1600

Coi rng hot ng kinh doanh trong th trng n nh, t l chit khu th trng l
08%. Tnh NPV sau thi gian trn xt 2 trng hp (v a ra nhn xt).
1. Khng tnh n chi ph mi trng
2. C tnh n chi ph mi trng
Bi gii:

196/317

Nm th

Khi khng tnh n EC

Khi c tnh n EC

Bt/(1+r)t

Ct/(1+r)t

01234567 01018,521028,801031,981029,041020,871008,27933,58 1700462,76514,40555,68588,0

Sau 7
nm
Kt qu trn cho thy khi tnh y mi chi ph th hot ng khai khong ny khng
hiu qu sau 7 nm hot ng. Trong thc t khong sn l u vo ca mi qu trnh
sn xut. V vy, vi cc doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh vc khai thc ti nguyn
h thng c tr gip ca chnh ph nh gim thu ti nguyn, khng buc phi tnh
n mt s chi ph mi trng, c bn sn phm khai thc vi gi cao, ...
Tnh h s hon vn ni b IRR
H s hon vn ni b IRR l ch tiu c dng kh ph bin, l mc li sut m
nu dng n lm t l chit khu chuyn cc khon chi ph - li ch ca u t v gi
tr hin ti th tng thu s bng vi tng chi tc l

IRR tm c cn phi ln hn t l li sut vay. t l li sut vay c th l t l li sut

tin vay gii hn (li sut trn) hoc l li sut vay vn thc t, cng c th l mc chi
ph c hi. V th IRR ca d n l t l li sut phi tr cho cc khon vay trong thi
gian hot ng ca d n d n khng b l.
C nhiu cch tnh IRR, c th nu 3 phng php sau:
1. Dng bng tnh sn cc h s chit khu theo cc t l chit khu r th dn
vo cng thc trn. Tr s no ca r lm cho cng thc trn tho mn th l
IRR cn tm.
2. Dng phng php th: lp h to 2 chiu m trc honh biu din cc
gi tr ca t l chit khu, trc tung biu din cc gi tr NPV hin ti. Cc cp
to (r, NPV) cho ta ng cong m giao im ca n vi trc honh l gi
tr IRR cn tm.

197/317

1. Dng phng php ni suy ta c th suy ra cng thc tnh IRR v coi nh l
cng thc s dng trc tip.

Trong gi tr r1 c xc nh sao cho gi tr tng ng NPV1>0 v ln cn im 0

Gi tr r2 c xc nh sao cho NPV2<0 v ln cn im 0
Nh vy r2>IRR>r1
V d: Mt d n u t ci to mi trng c s vn 500 triu ng. Cc li ch thu
c k c li ch mi trng t d n l 100 triu ng mi nm. Ngi ta d kin sau
10 nm hot ng th phi u t mi v lc ti sn thanh l d tnh theo gi hin ti
khong 100 triu ng. Tm IRR ca d n. Nu li sut ngn hng l 10% th c nn
u t khng. Coi rng th trng l n nh v t l chit khu giao ng trong khong
t 8% n 12%.
Bi gii:
Theo bi ta t r1 = 8% v r2 = 12%. Ta cn tnh NPV ng vi tng t l r theo:

198/317

Dng cch tnh tng cc s hng u dy s nhn ta c:

q=

1
1,08

= 0,926

vi:

Tng t nh cch tnh trn c:

199/317

So vi li sut vay ngn hng l 10% th d n ny rt c hiu qu v IRR gp i gi tr

li sut vay, ha hn thu ht nhiu nh u t.
Biu th kt qu tnh ton bng th
Biu th trc quan kt qu phn tch chi ph - li ch ca d n ngi ta dng th
biu din: Trn mt h to vung gc trc honh biu din cc khong thi gian u
nhau (thng, qu hoc nm) cn phn dng ca trc tung biu din cc gi tr li ch
thu c, phn m ca trc tung biu din cc gi tr chi ph phi thc hin. Cc gi tr
ny u a v gi tr hin ti.
Ni cc im biu din li ch cc thi im khc nhau ta c th ca B t
Ni cc im biu din chi ph cc thi im tng ng ta c th ca C t
Qu tch tt c cc im biu th Bt - Ct ti tng thi im l li ch thc NBt
ca d n .

200/317

TM TT CHNG III
nh gi tc ng mi trng l mt ni dung c bn trong khoa hc mi trng. Khoa
hc ny i hi nhng k thut nh gi rt t m v chun xc, trn c s ca nhng
kt qu nh gi lng ho kinh t hoc hoch nh chnh sch. Vi yu cu ni
dung trang b kin thc cho sinh vin kinh t v qun tr kinh doanh trnh kin
thc c s, trong ni dung ca chng ch dng li mc khi qut v khi nim
TM, i tng, cc phng php v ni dung ca TM.
Ni dung chnh ca chng tp trung ch yu vo phn tch chi ph - Li ch l mt
phng php c bn phn tch kinh t tc ng ti mi trng, trong ni dung ny
phn tch v lm sng t khi nim CBA m rng hay cn gi l phn tch kinh t, quan
dim s dng l quan im x hi ; khi tin hnh CBA cn tin hnh trnh t theo nm
bc; ngi hc cng s c nm bt tt hn v chit khu v bin thi gian. Tng
hp ton b kt qu ca CBA c s nh gi, la chn cc chong trnh, d n hay
phng n chnh l cc ch tiu s dng khi tin hnh nh gi mt d n, trong tp
trung vo phn tch ba ch tiu c bn l gi tr hin ti rng (NPV); t sut li ch - chi
ph (B/C) v h s hon vn ni b (IRR).
tin hnh phn tch chi ph li ch tc ng ti mi trng, v mt kinh t th k thut
s dng gi th trng v khng s dng gi th trng l nhng vn ct li, gi th
trng c xem xt v cn nhc trn cc kha cnh nh gi th trng cnh tranh v th
trng khng cnh tranh. Trong iu kin khng c gi th trng nguyn l tip cn l
li ch rng x hi trn c s gi sn lng chi tr v chi ph c hi, by phng php k
thut s dng nh gi cng c gii thiu.

201/317

Nhm mc ch rn luyn k nng trong phn tch CBA v s dng cc ch tiu cho tnh
ton, trong ni dung ca chng a ra ba dng bi tp mu v cch gii v phng
php tnh NPV, tnh h s hon vn ni b IRR v phng php th hin kt qu bng
th.
Hin nay nhng phn tch kinh t tc ng ti mi trng s dng phng php CBA
cha nhiu, tuy nhin cng c nhng nghin cu th im ng lu , nhm mc ch
lm sng t tnh thc tin cho ni dung ny, trong hp minh ho gii thiu trng hp
nghin cu ca d n VIE/ 97/ 007 do b k hoch v u t (MPI) ch tr v xi mn
t v thit hi ti c ph v du tm huyn Bo lc, tnh Lm ng.

Cu hi n tp
1. nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) l g? V sao phi tin hnh nh gi tc ng
mi trng?
2.Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng l g? Hy nu cc ni dung ca bo co nh
gi tc ng mi trng?
3.Nhng i tng no ca hot ng pht trin cn phi TM. Quy nh ca Vit nam
nh th no?
4.Th no l phn tch chi ph - li ch m rng (CBA)? Phn tch chi ph li ch m
rng l phn tch kinh t hay phn tch ti chnh? Gi thch v sao? Ly v d minh ho.
5. Trnh by cc bc tin hnh CBA? Gi thch ni dung thc hin tng bc.
6. Trnh by cc ch tiu thng s dng trong CBA: cng thc xc nh, ngha v mi
quan h gia cc ch tiu trong vic la chn d n?
7.Hy nu v phn tch cc k thut s dng gi tr th trng v khng s dng gi th
trng phn tch chi ph li ch tc ng ti mi trng?

BI TP.
1. Mt d n khai thc khong sn d nh tin hnh trong vng 5 nm. Nhng s liu
v li ch v chi ph c cho trong bng di y (n v tnh: Triu ng).
Li ch hay chi ph

Nm 0 Nm 1 Nm 2 Nm 3 Nm 4 Nm 5

1. Chi ph xy dng v khai thc 1700

500

600

700

800

900

2. Chi ph mi trng ngoi ng 200

100

100

100

100

100

202/317

3. Li ch do bn khong sn

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

Cho t l chit khu l 12%

1. Vit cng thc tnh NPV cho nh gi d n?
2. Da vo vic tnh ch tiu NPV, hy gii thch: ch d n c thc hin d n
ny khng?
3. Cc nh qun l c mong mun thc hin d n ny khng?
4. Nu cn cho php thc hin d n, c quan qunl phi c chnh sch nh th
no i vi ngi khai thc khong sn?
5. Th hin cc kt qu tnh ton trn th.
2. Mt d n sn xut ch phm vi sinh t rc thi d tnh thc hin trong vng 5 nm.
Nhng s liu v li ch v chi ph c cho trong bng di y (n v tnh: triu
ng)
Li ch hay chi ph

Nm 0 Nm 1 Nm 2 Nm 3 Nm 4 Nm 5

1. Chi ph xy dng v sn xut 1500

400

450

500

550

600

2. Li ch do bn sn phm

600

650

700

750

800

3. Li ch mi trng

200

200

200

200

200

Da vo vic tnh ton ch tiu NPV, hy gii thch:

a. D n c hiu qu hay khng nu b qua vic chit khu cc gi tr li ch v chi ph
(t l chit khu bng 0).
b. Hiu qu ca d n thay i nh th no nu s dng mt t l chit khu l 12% cho
cc gi tr li ch v chi ph?
c. Th hin cc kt qu tnh ton trn bng th bin trnh t nm 0 n ht nm th 5
3. Mt d n nui tm vng ven bin c nhng s liu c bn nh sau:
n v tnh: triu ng
Thi gian (nm)Li ch/chi ph

Doanh thu t sn phm

290 280 270 260 250

Chi ph u t v sn xut

450 120 130 140 150 160

Chi ph mi trng (ngi nui tm khng phi tr) 0

10

20

30

40

50
203/317

Ngi nui tm c vay tin t ngn hng vi li sut 8%/nm; Cc nh kinh t li

tnh rng chi ph c hi ca tin trong giai on ny l 10%
a. Ngi nui tm s tnh NPV cho d n ny nh th no? C nn thc hin d n ny
khng?
b. Cc nh qun l kinh t v mi trng s nh gi nh th no v hiu qu ca d
n?
c. Nu d n ny thc hin, cc nh qun l nn c chnh sch nh th no i vi
ngi nui tm?

204/317

Khan him ti nguyn khng c kh nng

ti sinh-phn1
Gii thiu chung.
- c tnh ring bit ca nhng ngun ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh l c mt
tng tr lng c nh do thin nhin to ra, do vy hin ti cng s dng nhiu th trong
tng lai tnh khan him li cng cao, khi nim v sn lng bn vng s khng ph
hp i vi ngun ti nguyn ny, thay vo iu chng ta cn quan tm trong qun l
ngun ti nguyn khng ti sinh l tc cn kit dn va s lng nn khai thc l bao
nhiu cho nn kinh t.Lin quan n vn ny,chng ta cn xem xt ti nhng nguyn
tc kinh t trong khi nim khan him ti nguyn thin nhin v cch o s khan him
.
- Kh nng sn c v s khan him ti nguyn .
+ Thut ng kinh t n gin,s khan him s c phn nh bng chi ph v gi c.
Thc t cho thy vic o lng v d on kh nng sn c v s khan him ca ti
nguyn thin nhin hin nay v tng lai l rt phc tp.Vic i hi phi c mt s
kt hp hi ho ca cc ngnh khoa hc nh vt l, khoa hc k thut nguyn vt liu
v d liu, cc phng php v k thut phn tch kinh t.em i chiu tr lng tim
nng ca cc ngun ti nguyn khng ti sinh vi tc s dng ti nguyn trong tng
lai (gn vi s gia tng dn s, tin b ca khoa hc k thut v cng ngh, kh nng
p ng v yu cu ca nn kinh t quc dn vv...) r rng y l mt vic lm khng
chc chn. Cho nn nhng s tranh lun v khan him s l mt phn ca vn thc
h mi trng.
+ Quan im gii hn v s tngtrng(LTG- Limits to growth) ng ngha vi gii
hn kh nng c sn ti nguyn i vi s tng trng bao hm hai gi hn thch hp
c th i vi s tng trng kinh t l :
. Kh nng hn ch ca mi trng thin nhin tip nhn cht thi do cc h thng kinh
t thi ra
. Tnh cht gii hn ca ngun ti nguyn thin nhin khng ti to .
Chng gn lin vi nhng nhn nhn trin vng ca Malthus ( theo tn ca Malthus,
ngi c bi vit ni ting v s khan him c xut bn nm 1798). T trin vng
ny,s khan him vt cht tuyt i

205/317

- S cn kit ht ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, c tin on s l hu qu c th xy

ra nht trong tng lai gn v trung hn. Mt lun im khc lin h hc thuyt tn
Manthus nhn mnh s quan trng ca cc gii hn mi trng i vi cc hot ng
khai thc ti nguyn. Lp lun ny ch yu cho rng tip tc khai thc cc ti nguyn
c cht lng ngy cng thp hn s phi i hi mt khi lng rt ln nng lng,do
s to ra mt mc nhim khng th chp nhn c v lm tn hi n cnh
quan v nhng tin nghi p ng cho con ngi
Sau khi tc phm ca Ricardo c xut bn vo nm 1817, vi quan im i lp li
ca Ricardo, mt bc tranh lc quan hn nhiu v s khan him ti nguyn c ni
ln cho rng, cc nh hng ca s cn kit ti nguyn s t biu hin vic tng chi ph
v gi nguyn vt liu qua thi gian khi cc cng ty khai thc cc m ti nguyn phm
cht thp. Tuy nhin nhng nh hng ny s c b tr bi nhng yu t khc.Cc
cng ty khai thc s t nhiu n lc hn vo vic thm d v khm ph nhng m mi,
ng thi nhng tin b cng ngh s cho php s dng cc m thay th, chng hn cc
phng php khoan v thm d cho php khai thc c hiu qu hn v cc phng php
ch bin mi s nng cao cht lng ca ngun ti nguyn. Ngoi ra th trng s phn
ng li i vi cc tn hiu tng chi ph hoc gi c bng cch cho s thay th nguyn
liu mi hoc cch thc mi v s dng nguyn vt liu, kh nng tng cc hot ng
ti s dng ph liu s l xu hng c cc doanh nghip la chn v a thch hn .

M hnh khai thc v kh nng cn kit i vi ngun ti nguyn khng c

kh nng ti sinh.
Nhn nhn thc tin v s khan him ti nguyn; cc ch tiu khan him vt l
Nhng s o lng vt l v s khan him c th tnh ton bng cch kt hp s liu
a l v tr lng khong sn hoc nng lng vi mt s cc d on v nhu cu cho
cc ngun ti nguyn ny. Tuy nhin i vi cc s liu c tnh quy m tr lng ti
nguyn khng ti sinh c iu chnh thng xuyn.Theo nh cch nhn nhn ca c
quan iu tra a cht Hoa k, a ra cc c tnh theo quc gia v ton c v tr
lng v tr lng tim nng ca cc m khong sn., h thng phn loi nm 1972
ca c quan ny da trn s s phn chia ca Mckelveys chp nhn rng ri nht v
phn bit r rng gia tr lng v ngun ti nguyn.Loi tr lng bao gm tt c cc
khong sn xc nh v mt a cht cho khai thc kinh t v phn thnh nhm tr lng
c xc nh, tr lng c kh nng v tr lng c th da trn c s xc nh
v mt a cht.Tt c cc m khc c gi l ngun ti nguyn v l do cha c
khm ph hoc v s khai thc khng c tnh kh thi (c th do kh khn v cc vn
kinh t v k thut lm cn tr s khai thc). Loi ti nguyn ny oc chia ra thnh 2
nhm thuc phng din cn bin v di cn bin. Xc nh nhm cn bin l nhng
ti nguyn c th khai thc vi gi cao gp 1,5 ln mc gi hin hnh v nhm di v
nhm di cn bin l nhng ti nguyn khng th khai thc ngay c mc gi cao hn

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gi ny. Bng phn loa ca Mckelvey c a ra xut bn nm 1976, chng ta c th

xem xt bng ny s IV.1

Thng qua s trn, nhng cm t cn c hiu nh sau

+ Ti nguyn ban u : l s lng ca ti nguyn trc khi a vo sn xut
+ Ti nguyn xc nh : L nhng ti nguyn m a im phn cp, cht lng v s
lng ca chng,c bit hoc c c tnh t nhng xc nh a cht c th. Loi
ny bao gm cc thnh phn : Kinh t v di kinh t v c th c chia nh da vo
cc l do chc chn v mt a cht thnh cc nhm o lng (c chng t), c
ch bo (c kh nng cao) c suy ra (c th c)
+ Ti nguyn c chng minh, c o lng cng vi c ch bo .
+ c o lng- quy m, hnh dng, su v hm lng khong sn cc ngun ti
nguyn c xc lp r rng
+ c ch bo tc l s liu a cht khng y nh s liu ca ti nguyn c
o lng nhng vn c th tt c tnh quy m, hnh dng v.v... cc c tnh ca
khong sn .

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+ c suy ra : Tc l tnh lin tc c gi thit cho s liu, cc c tnh khng c

h tr nh vo cc mu v o c .
+ C s tr lng: l b phn ca ngun ti nguyn c xc nh tho mn cc
tiu chun ti thiu v mt vt l v ho hc c nh trc lin quan n vic khai
thc m hin nay v thc tin ca sn xut, bao gm cc tiu chun v phm cp, cht
lng, dy v chiu su.C s tr lng ny l ngun ti nguyn c chng
minh a im, tr lng c c tnh t ngun ti nguyn c chng minh. Cn
c vo tr lng xc nh nhng ngun ti nguyn thuc v tr lng kinh t hin
ti, kinh t cn bin v mt s hin ti nhng di cn bin.
+ Tr lng - l phn tr lng c th khai thc hoc sn xut kinh t thi im
xc nh
+ Ti nguyn khng c khm ph - S tn ti ca ti nguyn ny ch c gi nh l
c tht bao gm cc khong sn tch bit khi ti nguyn c xc nh r.
+ Ti nguyn gi nh: l ti nguyn cha c khm ph tng t nh cc khi
lng khong sn nhn bit v c th c kh nng tn ti hp l trong cng mt khu
vc ang sn xut hoc trong vng c nhng iu kin a cht tng t .
+ Ti nguyn suy on, l nhng ti nguyn cha c khm ph, c th d on xy
ra cc loa m c nhn bit trong cc lp a cht thun li, ni y khong sn
cha c khm ph, hoc nhng loi khong sn cho ti nay cha c nhn bit v
tim nng kinh t.
Mc ch c bn ca h thng Mckelvey l tr gip cho vic hoch nh chnh sch c
tnh di hn trong vic khai thc v s dng ti nguyn thin nhin, bng cch kt hp
cc thng tin v kh nng c th khm ph cc khong sn mi, v s pht trin quy
trnh khai thc kinh t cho cc khong sn khng th khai thc hin nay cng nh cc
khong sn c sn bit c th c khai thc ngay. Nh vy cc ngun ti nguyn
s lin tc c nh gi li trn c s nhng kin thc a cht mi, tin b ca khoa
hc k thut v s thay i cc iu kin kinh t v chnh tr. V th cho nn ngun ti
nguyn c bit, c phn loi da trn c s ca hai dng thng tin : cc tnh cht
v a cht hoc vt l. ho hc (bao gm phm cp cht lng, trng ti, dy v
su ca nguyn vt liu a im m) v kh nng sinh li v mt ti chnh da trn
chi ph khai thc v tip th mt thi im nht nh .
Cc ch tiu khan him da trn c s chi ph hay gi c
Trong o lng kinh t ba ch tiu khan him c s dng v truyn b rng ri l
- Chi ph thc tin ca sn xut ( tc l nhng chi ph cn thit ca cc nhn t u vo
khai thc v ch bin mt n v sn phm u ra ) .
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- Gi thc (c ngha l gi tng i c lin quan )

- Gi tham kho (gi bng- tc l cc i din nh chi ph ca vic sn xut thm mt
n v ca tr lng c xc nh) cho chi ph ngi s dng khng th quan st
c ca ti nguyn (gi tr b mt do vic s dng mt ti nguyn hin nay hn l trong
tng lai).
Mt s nguyn tc kinh t c bn i vi khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn khng
ti sinh.
i vi vic khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn khng ti sinh chng hn nh khai thc
khong sn, cc cng ty khai thc phi tri qua mt tin trnh gm 3 giai on c quan
h ln nhau v rt phc tp l thm d pht trin v khai thc. Cc giai on ny c
th hin bng s sau :

Mt c im ca cng nghip khai thc khong sn l khng ging hu ht cc khu vc

sn xut khc, sn xut trong thi k bt k no khng c lp vi sn xut trong thi
k bt k no khc.Tc hin nay ca vic khai thc mt khong sn s nh hng ti
lng c th khai thc ca khong sn trong thi k tng lai.Do o ph tn ca vic
khai thc mt khong sn hm nay ph thuc khng ch vo mc s dng hin ti
cc u vo sn xut cn thit (lao ng, nng lng v.v...) v gi c ca chng m cn
vo mc s dng u vo trong qu kh v s nh hng ca vic khai thc hin nay
vo kh nng sinh li tng lai ca m khong sn .
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- Hot ng khai thc hin nay c th nh hng ti mc tr lng c sn dng trong

tng lai bng 2 cch ngc nhau. Mt s tng t l khai thc giai on hin nay c
th lm gim mc tr lng ca mt m c th. Ngc li, mt t l khai thc nh
th c th tng cc hot ng d tm v pht trin s dn n s tng mc tr lng
tng lai.
Cng nghip khai thc khong sn cng chu s can thip ng k ca Chnh ph. S
can thip ny do cc mc tiu chnh sch nh s kch thch tng trng kinh t, s cn
thit m bo t tc quc gia i vi cc nguyn vt liu chin lc, tng cng tnh
cht ch trong bo v ti nguyn thin nhin mi trng.
i vi ti nguyn ti sinh v khng ti sinh t l chit khu c vai tr quan trng trong
vic xc nh tc s dng cc ngun ti nguyn . C th l :
+ i vi ti nguyn ti sinh :
T l chit khu = tc tng trng sinh hc + tng trng gi tr vn
+ i vi ti nguyn khng ti sinh
V khng c chc nng tng trng v c mt quy m c nh, cho nn cng thc tr
thnh :
T l chit khu = tng trng gi tr vn
Ngha l ti nguyn khng ti sinh s phi b cn dn theo phng thc tc tng gi
ca cc ta nguyn c khai thc phi bng t l chit khu.Cng thc ny c bit
n nh cng thc ca Hotelling n gin (sau bi phn tch ca Hotelling c xut
bn nm1931), v n ch ng dng cho trng hp n gin nht.Chng hn nh cc
hng hay cng ty c chi ph ca vic khai thc bng khng .
Kinh t hc ti nguyn thin nhin coi ti nguyn trong lng t nh vn t bn. Bng
cch gi nguyn ti nguyn trong lng t (bo tn chung), ngi ch ti nguyn c th
ch i thu nhp t bn v gi ti nguyn tng theo thi gian. Ngi ta s khng quan
tm gia vic gi ti nguyn mt t v khai thc n nu t l sinh li thu nhp ca
vn bng t l li sut cc ti sn thay th khc, bi v ngi ch c th khai thc by
gi v bn u t doanh thu bt k ni no khc trong nn kinh t ( mt li sut
dng ) .
Nh chng ta gi nh khng c tnh thc t v s khai thc khng c chi ph, gi c
ti nguyn trong lng t ging nh gi c ca ti nguyn c khai thc (c hiu
bit nh gi ngun). Tuy khi chng ta b gi thit ny(v by gi chng ta c cc chi ph
khai thc dng), chng ta c hai gi khc nhau. Ga trong lng t (c hiu mt cch
khc nhau nh tin thu, m hoc tin t ) by gi l nh hn gi ngun ( s khc nhau
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l chi ph khai thc).Cho rng mt s lng c nh ca khong sn cho khai thc, chi
ph ton b ca vic khai thc s bao gm mt yu t b sung (chng ta gi l chi ph
ngi s dng). Chi ph ngi s dng phn nh chi ph c hi ca vic khai thc hin
nay vo li nhun tng lai bi v mt n v u ra c khai thc hin nay khng cn
c khai thc tng lai (v c ly li nhun vi gi ph bin trong tng lai). Li
nhun tng lai b mt ny do vic gim s lng khong sn c sn tht s l mt
chi ph cho ngi khai thc m, ging nh mt chi ph u vo hin nay, v vy :
Chi ph khai thc = chi ph ngi s dng +chi ph hot ng hin nay
v Gi ti u = chi ph khai thc + chi ph ngi s dng
Xem m hnh n gin hnh 4.1 ta thy r kt qu va phn tch c lin quan n chi
ph ngi s dng :

Thng qua hnh IV.1, vic phn tch ca chng ta bt u trong thi gian t, thi gian
hin ti .Gi s cng ty khai thc ng u vi cc chi ph hot ng cho mi n v
u ra (khai thc) c xc nh bng ng cong MCt (chi ph cn bin thi gian t
) . Mc tng vi u ra mt khong thch hp. ng cong chi ph cao nht l MCt+UC
bao gm c thnh phn chi ph ca ngi s dng .
Nu chng ta gi nh rng cng ty khng c nh hng vo gi c (c ngha l cc iu
kin th trng cnh tranh), nh vy c ngha l thi im t, gi c l Pt c biu
din bng mt ng nm ngang. By gi cng ty s tng tc khai thc ca mnh v
phi tnh thm chi ph ngi s dng Uc. Nu gi Pt khng i th r rng buc cng ty
phi gim mc sn lng khai thc c tnh ti u l Yt* .
Thng thng ngi ch ti nguyn s c gng ti a ho tng li nhun (doanh thu-chi
ph) theo trc thi gian nm ngang v s la chn t l khai thc hp l, v ton b lng
khong sn ni chung khng b khai thc ht, iu c nghi l tng mc khai thc
c ti a ho gi tr hin ti ca dng li nhun chit khu. Do vy mt ngi ch
c th thc hin ti a ho li nhun bng cch tr hon s khai thc nu h d on
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c rng gi c ca khong sn s tng ng k trong tng lai.(tc l s tng chi ph

ngi s dng trong khai thc hin hnh) hoc nu chi ph khai thc c xem nh l
gim trong tng lai v c mt s t ph k thut v cng ngh trong cc phng php
khai thc hoc ch bin qung .
Mt khc, nu li sut hin nay i vi u t ti chnh tng th mc tng ny s lm tng
tc khai thc khong sn hin ti cc m bit n. Mt ngi ch ti nguyn s
c phng n la chn khai thc m n mc ti a hin nay v u t li nhun ca
mnh c c li sut cao, v trn thc t li nhun hin ny to ra gi tr ln hn so
vi li nhun tng lai (theo thut ng kinh t, ngi ch s chit khu li nhun tng
lai cao hn ).
Vic thay i li sut cng c th nh hng n mc cc cng ty khai thc s n lc
thm d v pht trin a im mi nhm khai thc trong tng lai, s thay i li sut
cng nh hng ti vic u t vo cc thit b c bn mi cc m ang hot ng ln
cc m mi .
Kt lun
i vi m hnh kinh t n gin, chng ta c th hiu rng cc cng ty khai thc s i
ph vi hai quyt nh lin c quan c bn l :
-Tc khai thc ti nguyn v
- Khong thi gian khai thc (hoc tng d tr khai thc )
Tc khai thc kinh t c xc nh bng cch cn bng gi mong mun c
chit khu, ta cn lu rng cc chi ph khai thc bao gm khng ch nh hng ca
khai thc hin nay vo chi ph hin ti m cn nh hng ca khai thc hin nay vo chi
ph v li nhun tng lai (chi ph ngi s dng)
Tng s ca mt tr lng khai thc kinh t ph thuc vo gi tng lai ca ti nguyn
c ni n v s nh hng ca vic khai thc hin nay n chi ph khai thc tng
lai .
Nhn chung mc d s o lng khan him ti nguyn l mt cng vic khng n gin
v kt qu nghin cu s khan him kinh t khc nhau c tranh lun v xut bn
ph bin c nhiu im khng nht qun, tuy nhin iu khng c ngha th gii s
t ngt thiu ht hn cc khong sn v nhin liu m th gii cn cho pht trin trong
tng lai .

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KHAN HIM TI NGUYN C KH NNG TI SINH

Gii thiu chung.
Ta nguyn c th ti sinh nh c,cy ci l loi ti nguyn s ti to bn thn chng
trong mt ch qun l thch hp,iu ny c ngha l ti nguyn c th ti sinh ,cng
vn c kh nng b cn kit nu chng khng c qun l theo kiu bn vng .
Phn ny chng ta s xem xt v cc ti nguyn c th ti sinh v t ra vn xem
nhng ti nguyn ang c qun l nh th no v chng cn phi c qun l ra
sao,thng qua chng ta hiu c v sao cc ti nguyn c th ti sinh thng b lm
dng ,thm ch b hu dit .
M hnh khai thc v kh nng cn kit i vi ngun ti nguyn c kh nng ti
sinh.
Mi quan h gia sn lng khai thc v tr lng sn c ca ti nguyn
-Sn lng khai thc l s lng ti nguyn c chng ta ly ra t ngun ti nguyn
thin nhin ti sinh phc v cho mc ch kinh t .
-Tr lng sn c ca ti nguyn ngha l vn ti nguyn t nhin c c trong mi
trng .
-Nh vy i vi ti nguyn ti sinh, gia sn lng khai thc v tr lng vn c c
mi quan h rng buc rt cht ch.Nu chng ta khai thc sn lng vt qu mc ti
sinh do tr lng vn c to ra th nguy c cn kit tr lng l tt yu. Ngc li, nu
chng ta khai thc sn lng nh hn mc ti sinh do tr lng vn c to ra th tr
lng ta nguyn tip tc gia tng.Phng n ti u nht l khai thc sn lng ng
bng mc ti sinh do tr lng vn c ca ti nguyn trong mi trng to ra .
V d :Chng ta hy tng c 1.000 con c v mi nm tr lng ny ti sinh 10%, tc
l 100 con, vy ba kh nng sn lng nh bt xy ra.Th nht, cui nm chng ta
nh bt 11% tr lng sn c ca ti nguyn thin nhin, ngha l nh bt 110 con,
nh vy so vi ti sinh chng ta nh bt vo tr lng sn c l 10 con, nguy c tr
lng c s cn kit dn.Th hai cui nm chng ta ch nh bt mc sn lng l
9%, ngha l n c c nh bt l 90 con, so vi mc ti sinh cn d li 10 con .Tr
lng n c c xu hng sinh si ny n .Th ba l chng ta nh bt mc sn lng
ng bng 10% ngha l nh bt 100 con, ng bng mc ti sinh do tr lng sn c
to ra, nh vy chng ta vn bo tn c tr lng sn c nhng ng thi khai thc
ti u mc sn lng ti sinh to ra.Trng hp ny c th gi 100 con c nh bt hng
nm l sn lng c tnh bn vng .

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Trong thc tin nghin cu v ti nguyn c th ti sinh, cc nh khoa hc v kinh t

sinh thi pht hin ra rng c th ti sinh th tr lng c th ca ti nguyn phi
c mt mc gii hn no rt thp th kh nng ti sinh ca ti nguyn cng s b
mt, ngi ta gi l ti nguyn b tuyt chng.Trong v d nu trn, thay v 1000 con
c, chng ta bt u vi 500 con, chng ta khng th gi thit rng sn lng nh bt
l 10% tc l 50 con .V rng 500 con c liu chng ta xc nh l mc tr lng
gii hn ti thiu cho ti sinh hay cha.V c m bo rng 500 con c ti sinh 10% mi
nm tng ln 50 con hay khng. Mt khc, i vi cc ng vt, chng sinh tn v
ti sinh cn lin quan cht ch ti ni c tr t nhin, tc l khi mt vng qun c ca
mt s loi no b gim xung di mt kch thc no th n s khng nui sng
c cc loi hoang d. iu ny xy ra vi n voi rng ni Ty nguyn ca
nc ta. Khi din tch rng b thu hp chng khng cn ni sinh sng v dn n hu
qu l quay tr v bn lng ph phch, nguy c b suy gim v tr lng
Trong qun l kinh t i vi cc ngun ti nguyn ti sinh, vn lin quan cht ch
vi nhau l sn lng ti sinh, tr lng sn c v n lc khai thc, i vi n lc khai
thc s lin quan cht ch vi mc thu nhp em li so vi mc chi ph b ra. Nh vy
m hnh ho nhng vn ny l mc tiu chnh qun l kinh t nhm khai thc c
hiu qu cc ngun ti nguyn c th ti sinh .
Nhm mc ch minh ho cho vn l lun nu trn, thng qua cc m hnh gi nh
sau chng ta phn tch bn cht kinh t ca khai thc ti nguyn c th ti sinh, t
a ra quan im qun l bn vng i vi loi ti nguyn ny trong thc tin khai thc
nh th no .
Gi s thng qua th hnh VI.2(a,b,c) biu hin mc tr lng v sn lng ti sinh
cng nh n lc nh bt c mt vng bin hay mt h t nhin hoc mt on sng
no .

214/317

Thng qua hnh 4 .2 (a,b,c) ta ch ti c mt mc sn lng ti a bn vng

(MSY.Maiximum sustainable Yield) sau sn lng gim xung.N s tip tc gim
cho n khi sn lng bng khng. iu ny trong thc t cho thy tr lng c tip
tc tng nhng ch tng n mc c th chu c ca mi trng xung quanh. Mi s
gia tng hn tr lng s dn n mt s c th cht do thiu ngun thc n.Tr lng
c tng quan n kh nng c th gnh chu ca mi trng gi l tr lng cn bng
215/317

t nhin: chnh l sn lng c s tn ti nu nh chng hon ton khng b nh

bt.Trong s cn bng t nhin s lng c cht i s cn i bng s lng sinh ra, nu
v mt vi l do no , s lng cht tng ln th ngun c c th xung di mc kh
nng chu ng ca mi trng v quy nh pht trin s tng nhanh hn t li mc
c th chu ng. Nu s lng c vt qu mc ny th tc cht s tng nhanh hn
s c sinh ra v ngun c s tr li mc cn bng .
Hnh 4.2 (a) minh ha sn lng v tr lng c mi lin h ln nhau nh th no.Ta
thy rng khi tr lng nh th sn lng ca c s cao. Khi cnh tranh ngun thc n
xy ra, tc gia tng ca sn lng ( dc ca ng cong) bt u nh dn v sn
lng t cc i ta SMSY.Tc tng trng ca sn lng sau s bt u m (tc
l ng cong bt u nghing dc xung) cho n im Scc, ni m sn lng bng
khng , ngha l tc sinh v tc t vong hon ton bng nhau (chng ta lu
rng : sn lng l khong cch tung gia trc honh v ng cong tng trng.Tc
tng trng ca sn lng chnh l dc ca ng cong tng trng ).
Hnh 4.2 (b) th hin n lc nh bt v sn lng, y chng ta cn lu rng n
lc nh bt v quy m ca tr lng c quan h nghch o. Khi n lc nh bt tng
ln th tr lng gim xung, v ngc li . Do vy ng th tng trng ca hnh
(a) ,trong hnh(b) c th quay ngc tr li ph hp vi mi quan h gia sn lng
v n lc nh bt .Ngha l n lc nh bt tng th giai on u sn lng tng,
n mc ti u EMSY no th n lc nh bt cn bng vi sn lng, sau l qu
trnh n lc nh bt tng th sn lng gim, sn lng gim ti 0 khi n lc nh bt
l EMAX
Hnh 4.2(c) th hin mi quan h doanh thu chi ph v n lc ca s nh bt. m
hnh ho m phng ng cong tng trng, lin quan n mc sn lng nh bt vi
doanh thu, chi ph ngi ta gi thit mi tn c thu hoch bn cng mt gi v sn lng
c nh bt lun bng sn lng. Do vy ng cong sn lng c th c din t li
nh l ng cong doanh thu, bi v doanh thu =(lng nh bt )x(gi). By gi chng
ta bt u gii thch th khai thc c nh mt th kinh t hc. tnh c chi ph
v t xc nh ng cong chi ph, hay ng cong ca s n lc nh bt ngi ta
cn c vo s nga lm vic v mi ngy chu mt khon chi ph trung bnh nh nhau
cho tt c thi gian nh bt. Nh vy n lc nh bt cng ln th chi ph cng cao,
ng cong chi ph c xu hng dc ln pha trn, iu ny cng rt ph hp vi thc
tin .
Nh vy trong hnh 4.2(c) chng ta xc nh c ng tng thu nhp v tng chi
ph, lm c nhim v chuyn i t th sinh hc thun tu sang th kinh
t.Tuy nhin cn lu , trong thut ng chuyn mn ca ngnh kinh t th th ny l
tnh v n khng cho php a vo yu t thi gian .Vic a yu t thi gian vo cn
phc tp hn nhiu.Tuy nhin th tnh vn mang li nhng hu ch rt quan trng cho
cc nh kinh t v qun tr kinh doanh: Th nht, n cho thy rng im c v nh mt
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im hp l hng ti l sn lng ti a bn vng MSY li khng phi l im li

ch ti a theo cch nhn ca ngnh nh bt c, v MSY khng cp g n yu t chi
ph, do cng khng c g ngc nhin khi n khng phi l mt im hiu qu . Thc
cht trong hnh 4.2(c) vic khai thc c c li nht l ti im EPROF, cn lu rng
l im c mc n lc thp hn so vi mc cn thit MSY .S thu ht ca ngnh nh
c i vi nhng ngi nh c mi tip tc u t nh bt cng ch m rng n mt
chng mc no .Gii hn ca n l ti im EOA, ni li nhun thu v bng khng,
EOA gi l im cn bng t do tip cn hay cn gi l im cn bng khai thc t
do cho vn qun l nh c. Nu n lc nh bt ti a tip cn ti (EMAX) s dn
ti nguy c ca vic khai thc qu mc , th 4.2(c) cho thy khng phi l s ti
a ho li nhun hoc s khai thc t do dn ti nguy c .Tuy nhin nu ng tng
chi ph t dc hn th im cn bng khai thc t do s tin gn n vng nguy c hn .
Tm li qua hnh 4.2(c) im EOA l gii php t do tip cn ,hay khai thc t do cho
vn qun l nh c. Nu c s cnh tranh t do th vn l vic s dng ngun c,
s cnh tranh t do c khuynh hng xut hin khi ngun ti nguyn khng c quyn
s hu hoc khi quyn s hu c xc nh khng r rng, c ngha l khng c ngi
no lm ch ngh c hoc nu c th hn ch tham gia v t ngun c di mt s hu
duy nht, c th l mt cng ty hoc mt tp on. Nh vy im EPROF l im thch
hp
Chng ta a ra mt v d phn tch v ti nguyn c th ti sinh tiu biu nh c
t nhin. Trong thc tin, tt c cc loi ti nguyn c th ti sinh nh ng vt hoang
d, rng t nhin u c ngha c trng chung nh vy.Trong vic qun l chng vai
tr ca mi quan h gia doanh thu, chi ph v n lc khai thc gi vai tr ch o .
Nhng nguy c e do i vi cc ti nguyn ti sinh thuc s hu chung trong
hot ng kinh t .
Nhng s phn tch trn dn n vic nhiu nh bnh lun cho rng khng nn cho
php tham gia t do vo khai thc cc ti nguyn c th ti sinh nh c, khng ch
khng c hiu qu m cn to ra nguy c dn ti cn kit ngun ti nguyn.
Ta c th chng minh iu va phn tch trn da vo hnh 4.2(c) ti im EOA l im
cn bng gn nht i vi n lc ti a EMAX. So snh vi th hnh 4.2.(a) v 4.2.(b)
ta thy im n lc ti a trng vi mc tr lng ti thiu. Do vy nu chng ta c mt
tr lng ti thiu ti hn th c mt nguy c thc s l n lc nh bt ti a s lm
cho ti nguyn b tuyt chng. Khi t ra mt gii php khai thc t do, tc l chng
ta tin gn ti EMAX nht, ngha l khai thc t do s dn n nguy c tuyt chng
ln nht. Mt khc trong hnh 4.2.(c) ta thy ng tng chi ph cng thp bao nhiu th
EOA cng tin gn v EMAX by nhiu, do vy nguy c tuyt chng cng cao. Mt khc
trong thc tin cng cho thy tng chi ph thp tc l nh bt tng i d dng. iu

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ny l gii ti sao ngi ta li nh bt c gn b m khng u t cho vic nh bt c

ngoi khi xa .
- hn ch nguy c suy gim v tuyt chng cc ngun ti nguyn c th ti sinh, r
rng nh cch minh ho hnh 4.2(c) chng ta phi tm cch nng tng chi ph ca n
lc nh bt, cng c ngha l nng cao gi tr ca ti nguyn. Chng hn trong thc tin
i vi ng vt qu him cn bo tn trn rng nh h, c nhn no sn bn ngi ta
s c nhng quy nh pht tin nng, truy cu hnh s pht t hoc t hnh, iu cng
c ngha l nng cao ng tng chi ph lm cho im EOA cch xa im EMAX
Thi gian v chit khu
- Nh chng ta phn tch trn thng qua m hnh 4.2(a.b.c) mi ch l phn tch cc
yu t tnh trong hot ng kinh t, v mt qun l ngi ta cn ch ti yu t ng,
l gi tr ca ng tin bin i theo thi gian, lin quan ti vn ny chnh l thi
gian v chit khu
Trong thc tin hin nhin ca hot ng kinh t c bn ngi ta ch quan tm ti li
ch v chi ph. iu r rng l ngi ta thch c c li ch ngay lc ny hn l sau
v thch tr chi ph sau hn l tr ngay lc ny .c im ny c gi l thc u tin
v thi gian.
T l chit khu c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong vic xc nh t l m theo cc
ti nguyn c th ti sinh (v cn kit ) c s dng .Khng i su vo chi tit, chng
ta c th trnh by theo quy tc c bn nh sau :
T l chit khu = Tc tng trng sinh hc + Tc tng gi tr vn
Chng hn i vi c :Tc tng trng sinh hc l tc tng trng ca c, tc l
s tng trng lng ca tr lng c.Tc tng trng trong gi tr t bn l kh nng
thu c li ch do vic khng thu hoch c. Ci li ny s xy ra nu gi c tng ln
theo thi gian, cho nn vic c li di bin lm cho gi tr ca n tng thm .
-Theo quy tc trn, ngi ta mun bit c mt khi lng c trong bin xc nh
cn phi c thu hoch nh th no m bo ng quy tc . Gi s minh ho
cho quy tc nu ra, chng ta hy a ra mt vi con s c tnh gi nh nh sau:
Ta bit c t l chit khu l 10% , tc tng trng sinh hc l 3% v tc tng
gi l 5%. Chng ta nn la chn gia thu hoch 100 tn c hin ti vi gi 100. 000
ng cho mt tn hoc ch i. Nhng tnh ton tng ng cho chng ta kt qu nh
sau :
Thu hoch c hin ti

Ch i (thu hoch sau)

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Doanh thu Gi tr chit khu 10.000. 000 10.000 000 10.815 000 9.832 000
Qua bng phn tch trn ta thy :
+ Th nht : i vi thu hoch c hin ti, khng phi tr chit khu, cho nn tng gi
tr c c ca ng tin l 10.000 000 (v 100 tn x 100000 =10.000000 )
+ Th hai ch thu hoch
Sau mt nm gi c tng 5% c ngha mt tn c l 105000, tc tng trng sinh
hc l 3% vy tr lng c s l 103 tn. Nh vy sau 1 nm chng ta c doanh thu l
:103 tn x105000 =10.815000 . Nhng ta bit rng t l chit khu l 10%. Do vy
thc cht v gi tr tin t l :
10.815000 = 9.832 000
1,1
Ta i n kt lun l trong trng hp ny, vic thu hoch phi c tin hnh ngay,
nu sut chit khu cao hn tng cng ca phn t tng ca sn lng v tng t bn
cng li, ti nguyn s c khai thc sm hn l mun .
Gi s t l chit khu l 6%, bi ton c tnh li v c kt qu nh sau :
Thu hoch c Hin ti

Ch i (Thu hoch sau )

Doanh thu Gi tr chit khu 10.000000 10.000000 10.815000 10.203 000

Nh vy trng hp t l chit khu 6% thp hn tng gi tr tng sinh hc v tng t
bn cng la, phng n qun l tt nht l ch nm sau khai thc .
Cui cng nu tc chit khu va bng tng mc tng trng sinh hc. Khi gi
tr khai thc ca nm sau l :10.013000 gn xp x vi gi tr khai thc ca nm u.
Nh vy t l chit khu l 8% ta c th khai thc hin ti hoc nm sau u c .
Qua thc tin phn tch mt v d n gin trn cho ta thy vai tr quan trng ca t
l chit khu i vi vic qun l khai thc ngun ti nguyn c th ti sinh. Nu t l
chit khu ca ngi s dng ti nguyn rt cao, hoc ch n gin l cao hn so vi
tc tng trng sinh hc ca tr lng th ngi ta c khuynh hng khai thc ngay
hn l ch i. Hn na t l chit khu cao s dn ti vic khai thc qu mc v iu
to ra nguy c cn kit ngun ti nguyn ti sinh. Qua nhn nh ny chng ta c
th thy rng nhng chng loi b sn bt n cn kit hoc gn cn kit ,kh nng
tng trng sinh hc chm, chng hn voi v c voi l nhng v d tiu biu, tc tng
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trng sinh hc ca chng c kh nng thp hn t l chit khu v do vy chng c

nguy c b khai thc qu mc .

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Khan him ti nguyn khng c kh nng

ti sinh-phn2
Cng vi qu trnh gia tng dn s, nhiu vn thch thc ny sinh. Nhiu nh kinh
t bn n mi quan h gia dn s vi pht trin kinh t - x hi, s dng ti nguyn
v mi trng trong cc hc thuyt v dn s.

Cc l thuyt v dn s.
Hc thuyt Malthus
Ni dung c bn ca hc thuyt ca Thomas R. Malthus c trnh by trong cun sch
"Nhng hiu bit v quy lut dn s v tc ng ca n n nng cao i sng x hi"
(1798). Theo Malthus, dn s th gii c 25 nm li tng gp i v tng ln nh vy t
thi k ny sang thi k khc, theo cp s nhn: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256. Trong
khi , da vo quy lut " mu m ca t ai gim dn" ng cho rng ca ci vt
cht ch tng theo cp s cng: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
V th nu mt quc gia c 50 triu dn v hin c lng thc cho 50 triu dn ny,
sau 25 nm na s c 100 triu dn v vn c th lng thc cho 100 triu dn.
Nhng sau 50 nm na, dn s s l 200 triu ngi v sn xut lng thc ch c th
tng cung cp cho 150 triu ngi m thi. Sau hai th k, dn s s ln hn gn 30
ln kh nng cung cp lng thc thc phm; sau ba th k, mi tng quan ny l 315
ln v sau hai ngn nm, s chnh lch ny l v cng ln, khng th tnh c. Theo
cch tnh ton v lp lun ca Malthus nh vy, nn tha nhn khu, i ngho, dch
bnh v chin tranh l cc hu qu tt yu s xy ra. M hnh ca hc thuyt Malthus
rt n gin v phn nh c im lch s ca quy lut dn s, nhng s suy lun ca
ng cha ng vi thc t. Hc thuyt ny cha tnh n kh nng pht trin ca khoa
hc k thut v quan nim v gia nh hin i. Malthus cho rng dn s c tng ln
mi theo kh nng sinh sn t nhin m khng quan tm n mt thc t l mc sinh
chu tc ng mnh m ca nn kinh t ng thi, ca nhng quan im x hi v nhu
cu c nhn ca tng kiu gia nh. Malthus ct ngha khng chnh xc cc hu qu
x hi ca bin ng dn s v ra phng php gii quyt khng ng. Thc t, cc
yu t kinh t - x hi hon ton c kh nng tc ng vo hin tng ti sn xut dn
s (mc sinh, mc cht) to ra s tng dn s hp l.
Mc d hc thuyt Malthus khng c s ng h hi th k 19, nhng trong nhng
nm gn y ngi ta li quan tm tr li hc thuyt ny do s tng trng dn s nhanh
cc nc ang pht trin, s lng ph ti nguyn thin nhin, xung cp mi trng v
mi quan tm n ngun cung cp lng thc.

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Hc thuyt v qu dn s
Hc thuyt qu dn s xem xt mi quan h gia tng trng v pht trin kinh t x hi vi mc tng dn s.
Thc t cc nc pht trin cho thy cc nc ny tri qua cc giai on din bin
dn s nh sau:
Giai on 1: Thi k trc cch mng cng nghip. Trong thi k ny t sut sinh v t
sut cht ca dn s u kh cao (khong 50 phn nghn) vi mc sinh cao hn cht t
so vi mc cht, v vy dn s tng rt chm, thm ch n nh.
Giai on 2: Thi k cch mng cng nghip. Cng vi nhng tin b trong cng
nghip, mc sng vt cht, tinh thn, chm sc sc kho ban u v phng php y t
cng ng c nng cao, nh t l t vong gim r rt, tui th trung bnh tng
dn t 40 ln 60 tui. Trong khi , t l sinh li khng thay i ng k so vi thi k
trc. Kt qu l dn s trong giai on ny tng ln mt cch nhanh chng v i khi
c gi l "bng n dn s".
Giai on 3: Tc ng ca cng nghip ho ti cc iu kin kinh t - x hi dn n
nhng thay i lm tng tui th trung bnh ca con ngi ng thi li lm cho mc
sinh gim dn. n cui giai on ny, mc sinh v mc cht u thp v cn bng
mc khong 10 phn nghn, dn s n nh. Nguyn nhn ch yu l lc ny i sng
cao, chm sc y t tt, ph n tham gia lao ng sn xut v cc cng tc x hi khc
nn s ch em ly chng mun chim t l cao; bn thn cc gia nh cng c thc
sinh t con b m t phi u t thi gian v tng dn u t vt cht, tinh thn cho
con (chuyn t nhu cu "s lng" sang "cht lng" i vi con ci)
Nh vy dn s cc nc pht trin i t trng thi cn bng lng ph (sinh nhiu,
cht nhiu) sang trng thi cn bng tit kim hn (sinh t, cht t). Gia hai trng thi
ny l mt thi k ko di khong 150 nm Chu u. Thuyt qu dn s rt hu
ch trong nghin cu i vi cc nc ang pht trin; mc d tun theo s tng qut
ca qu dn s nhng thc t cho thy bin i mc sinh v mc cht cc nc
ngho din ra nhanh hn, qu dn s rt ngn li, ng lc v cc hu qu ca qu
dn s cng c nhiu im khc vi qu dn s Chu u. Cu hi t ra l liu cc
quc gia ngho c t ng chuyn i sang giai on 3 khi m mc sng ca cc quc
gia ny tng ln v liu qu trnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho c phi l gii php
kh thi cho vn dn s khng i hi nhng nghin cu su hn v nguyn nhn ca
nhng thay i trong thi k ny.

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Hc thuyt kinh t vi m v mc sinh

Trong cc phn tch mc sinh da vo l thuyt kinh t vi m, tr em c nhn nhn
nh nhng hng ho mang li tho dng cho ngi tiu dng trong mt thi gian di.
Theo l thuyt hnh vi ngi tiu dng, cc c nhn (trong trng hp ny l cc ng
b, b m) vi mc thu nhp nht nh s c gng ti a ho mc tho dng ca mnh
thng qua vic la chn tiu dng cc hng ho hng ngy, cc hnh thc dch v, ngh
ngi, d lch v la chn vic cn sinh bao nhiu con c th bo m iu kin thu
nhp, lao ng cng nh cc nhu cu hc hnh, chm sc sc khe, chm lo i sng
tinh thn cho con ci. S la chn ca h chu nh hng ca thu nhp v gi c ca cc
loi hng ho. Gi c ca con ci chnh l cc chi ph kinh t cho tr em, bao gm chi
ph ti chnh (thc n, qun o, nh , hc hnh, thuc men) v chi ph c hi (chi ph
hay thu nhp m cha m mt i nh ngh vic hoc t b c hi tham gia cc hot ng
x hi khc nui con).
cc nc pht trin, chi ph kinh t cho tr em kh cao; c bit, s gia tng mc
tham gia ca ph n vo lao ng v tin lng cao hn trn th trng lm tng
thm chi ph c hi ca tr em (
M, tng chi ph kinh t cho a con th nht, n 18 tui ca mt gia nh c mc
sng trung bnh c tnh khong 100.000 la M (1977) cn Auxtralia, chi ph c
hi ca mt b m c 2 con l 400.000 la c (1986).
). Mt khc, khi thu nhp tng, cc ng b b m mun con ci h c chm sc, hc
hnh tt hn, tc l h thch mt "cht lng" hn l "s lng".
S la chn s con mong mun, mt khc, cn ph thuc vo nhng li ch kinh t m
cha m hy vng nhn c t con ci trong tng lai. Trong x hi pht trin, con ci t
c thi gian chm sc v tr gip b m hn, ng thi cc khon lng hu v tr
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cp x hi c m bo khin cho cha m gi khng b l thuc vo s phng dng

ca con ci na. Nh vy, vi cc nc pht trin, tr em khng phi l mt lnh vc
u t tt v chi ph th cao m li ch kinh t li thp.
Ngc li, cc nc ang pht trin, chi ph cho tr em thp hn nhiu, c bit l
vng nng thn v nhng ni tr em khng i hc, ph n t tham gia lao ng x hi.
nhng ni ny, li ch t con ci li tng i ln v ngay t lc cn t tui, tr em
c th lao ng ng gp vo thu nhp ca gia nh; khi cha m gi, con ci c th
tr gip v kinh t v chm sc lc m au. Do , khi kinh t - x hi cha pht trin,
th mc sinh cao, hin tng "con n chu ng" l iu d thy.
S phn tch hnh vi sinh c th hin trong m hnh cung - cu c bn nh sau:

MC1: Chi ph cn bin ca con ci khi kinh t - x hi cha pht trin

MC2: Chi ph cn bin ca con ci khi kinh t - x hi pht trin
D1 = MB1: Cu = Li ch cn bin ca con ci khi kinh t - x hi cha pht trin
D2 = MB2: Cu = Li ch cn bin ca con ci khi kinh t - x hi pht trin
Tm li, mi quan h gia pht trin v hnh vi sinh con l quan h hai chiu. T l sinh
gim xung l do cc yu t c bn:
- Ph n c trnh ngy mt cao, c vic lm v thu nhp n nh, c v tr x hi
- Thu nhp ca cc gia nh tng, nhu cu nui dng v chm sc con ci cao hn

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 H thng chm sc sc kho v dch v x hi tt, c quan h x hi to cuc

sng tinh thn thoi mi.

Pht trin kinh t, dn s v mi trng

Tc ng ca gia tng dn s n vic s dng ti nguyn v cht lng mi
trng
Dn s c mi quan h trc tip n mi trng thng qua vic s dng ti nguyn thin
nhin, pht trin kinh t v pht thi vo mi trng. Tc ng n ti nguyn v mi
trng (gi tt l tc ng mi trng) ca dn s c Paul Ehrlich v John Holdren
cp nm 1971 di dng mt ng nht thc nh sau:
I = P x F (1)
Trong :
I: Tc ng mi trng ca dn s v cc yu t lin quan n dn s
P: Quy m dn s
F: Mc tc ng mi trng tnh bnh qun theo u ngi
Mc tc ng mi trng bnh qun u ngi li l mt hm s c xc nh bi
mt lot bin s.
F = f[P, c, t, g(t)] (2)
Trong :
c: mc tiu dng bnh qun u ngi
t: tc ng mi trng ca cng ngh tnh trn mt n v ti nguyn c s dng
g: lng ti nguyn c s dng
ng nht thc (1) cng c th c biu din di mt dng khc l:
I = P x A x T (3)
trong :
A: Mc s dng ti nguyn bnh qun u ngi

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T: Tc ng mi trng ca vic s dng ti nguyn (hay l tc ng ca cng ngh)

R rng, tng tc ng ca dn s n mi trng ph thuc vo tng s dn P v cc
bin s lin quan n mc tc ng bnh qun u ngi. M hnh ny cho thy khng
th c s tip tc gia tng dn s m li khng gy ra nhng nh hng nghim trng
n hnh tinh ca chng ta, bi l xu hng t nhin ca con ngi l lun mun c
hng th nhiu hn, tc l tiu th bnh qun u ngi s tng v v th tc ng ca
cng ngh thng qua vic khai thc v ch bin ti nguyn thin nhin cng khng th
gim ng k. Nh Ehrlich pht biu sau vo nm 1994:
Khng th c s pht trin bn vng nu khng c nhng hn ch i vi tc gia
tng dn s Thm ch ngay c khi nui ngi n gin nh sn xut g hng lot th
cng vn cn mt ngun nng lng v vt cht ti thiu cho mi ngi (A) v nh lut
th hai ca nhit ng hc cng ch r mc gii hn ca hiu sut s dng (T) i
vi cc ngun nng lng v vt cht . Cc tc ng tiu cc ca tnh trng gia tng
dn s hin nay trn th gii biu hin cc kha cnh:
- Sc p ln ti ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng tri t do khai thc qu mc cc
ngun ti nguyn phc v cho cc nhu cu nh , sn xut lng thc, thc phm, sn
xut cng nghip
- To ra cc ngun thi tp trung vt qu kh nng t phn hu ca mi trng t nhin
trong cc khu vc th, khu sn xut nng nghip, cng nghip.
- S chnh lch ngy cng ln gia tng v tc pht trin dn s gia cc nc cng
nghip ho v cc nc ang pht trin, dn n tnh trng nhim do ngho i cc
nc ang pht trin v nhim do tiu ph d tha cc nc cng nghip ho. S
chnh lch ngy cng tng gia th v nng thn, gia cc nc pht trin v ang
pht trin l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca s di dn di mi hnh thc.
- S gia tng dn s th, hnh thnh cc thnh ph ln - siu th gy ra tnh trng
qu ti, lm cho mi trng nhiu khu vc th c nguy c b suy thoi nghim trng.
Ngun cung cp nc sch, nh , cy xanh khng p ng kp cho s gia tng dn s;
nhim mi trng khng kh, nc, cht thi rn tng ln; Cc t nn x hi gia tng
v vn qun l x hi trong th ngy cng kh khn.

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T gia th k 20 n nay, dn s th gii tng nhanh, c bit l cc nc ang pht

trin. Nu nm 1930, dn s th gii ch c 2 t ngi th n nay t mc trn 6
t ngi v c th t 10 t ngi vo nm 2050. Do dn s tng nhanh, duy tr s
sng v pht trin sn xut, con ngi khai thc mt cch khng thng tic ngun
ti nguyn thin nhin v cng a dng v tr thnh th phm ca s tn ph v lm
nhim mi trng, ph v cn bng sinh thi.
Theo tnh ton ca cc nh khoa hc, nu dn s tng 1% th thu nhp quc dn phi
tng 3 - 4% bo m n nh mc sng, m nu tng 5% thu nhp quc dn hng
nm th trong vng 10 - 15 nm lng s dng ti nguyn thin nhin s tng gp i.
Trong vng mt th k qua, con ngi khai thc t lng t 130 t tn kh t, tn
ph hng lot cnh rng - nhng "l phi xanh ca hnh tinh"
Vic khai thc, ch bin cc nguyn nhin liu thi ra nhiu khi, bi, kh SO2, NOx
gy ma axit hi ma mng, gy ra cc bin i mi trng v bnh tt cho con ngi.
Tng lng cc cht gy nhim trong nm 1970 l 19 t tn th n nay tng ln
hn 40 t tn. Ti nguyn rng ca th gii cng b suy gim nghim trng do nhu cu
v g, ci, cc loi c sn, dc liu tng ln, ng thi nhiu din tch rng cn b
tn ph ly t trng trt v chn th gia sc; nn chy rng cng tr nn trm trng
nhiu ni trn th gii. Suy gim din tch rng li dn n nhng sc p ln i vi
t: xi mn, ra tri, bc mu, nhim mn t; hn hn, l lt cng gia tng; cc loi
ng thc vt hoang d mt ni c tr nn suy gim c v chng loi v s lng

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Lng nc thi do sinh hot v sn xut nng, cng nghip cng gia tng cng vi qu
trnh tng dn s v gy ra hu qu l gn 50% dn s th gii khng c p ng cc
nhu cu v nc sch.
Mc d lp lun ca Ehrlich ch yu tp trung vo s cn thit hn ch mc tng dn s,
ng nht thc I = PAT cng c s dng gii thch cho s cn thit hn ch tiu
dng v tc ng ca cng ngh. Thc t cho thy cc nc ngho vi tc tng dn
s nhanh c th gy ra t nh hng xu n mi trng hn so vi cc nc giu c
mc tiu dng cao hn v cng ngh hu dit hn. Nh vy, mt trong nhng gi tr c
bn ca m hnh I = PAT l n ch r dn s khng phi l yu t duy nht sn sinh
ra tc ng mi trng; Sn xut v tiu dng cng l 2 yu t chng km phn quan
trng. iu ny khin ta nh li trong cun Cu ly Tri t ca IUCN (1991) c vit:
"Tri t c gii hn ca n. sng trong s gii hn , cn thc hin hai vic: chm
dt vic gia tng dn s v cc nc giu phi n nh vic tiu dng ti nguyn ca
h".
Ngho i v mi trng
Mc d cc quc gia khc nhau trn th gii c nhng quan nim rt khc nhau v chun
mc i ngho, nhng c th ni i ngho trc ht l thiu thn cc nhu cu c bn
ca con ngi nh n, mc, , hc hnh. Hin tng i - ngho ca th gii ch yu l
do s phn phi thiu cng bng lm cho mt s ng dn khng t mc sng cn thit
ti thiu, lm cho th lc, tr lc ca ngi lao ng b hn ch, tnh sng to ca ngi
lao ng khng c t pht trin.
c nhiu bng chng thuyt phc cho thy nhng tc ng tiu cc n mi trng
c lin quan n tng trng dn s khi mt b phn ngi dn phi i mt vi ngho
i.
Do phi i mt vi s sng cn trc mt, nhng ngi ngho va l nguyn nhn gy
ra cc vn mi trng, va l nn nhn ca chnh s tn ph mi trng y. chnh
l mt "vng trn lun qun" ca ngho i. Do thiu vn, thiu kin thc v phng
tin sn xut, ngi ngho khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin mt cch ba bi, lng
ph, gy ra s cn kit ti nguyn, gy nhim v suy thoi mi trng, lm cho nng
sut cy trng v vt nui gim, cc iu kin v sinh mi trng xu i. iu ny khin
cho con ngi ngy cng ngho i hn v mc nhiu bnh tt hn.
Chnh nhng b phn dn c ngho nht li thng sng nhng vng nhy cm nht,
d b tn thng nht v mi trng. Trong nhng vng nh vy, cc vn mi trng
thng c pha trn vi nhng n lc tho mn cc nhu cu thit yu ca ngi ngho
nh lng thc, thc phm, cht t, nh , y t v gio dc.

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S gia tng v tc v quy m khai thc ti nguyn bin ni chung v hi sn ni ring

mt cch qu mc cng nhng phng tin k thut ngho nn v phng thc nh
bt lc hu, mang tnh hu dit nh dng mn, thuc n, li qut hu hoi mi
trng bin trn quy m ln. Ti nguyn bin, ngun sng ch yu ca dn ngho ven
b, ngy cng cn kit khin cho cuc sng ca h cng kh khn hn, ngho i hn.
Do yu cu thm canh, tng v nn khi lng s dng ngy cng tng thuc tr su v
phn ho hc cng lm tn hi khng nh n mi trng. t trng la c lng cht
c ngy cng tng, lm cht c - tm - cc ng thc vt thu sinh, ngun sng quan
trng cung cp protein, lm nh hng khng nh n sc kho con ngi. Do thiu
kin thc, nhiu vng lnh th ni c tr ca ngi ngho, vn cn tn ti mt s thi
quen, tp qun sinh hot mt v sinh, gy nh hng tiu cc n mi trng nh phng
u ba bi, dng phn ti bn rung, vt x rc v xc ng vt cht ra ng, ao h,
sng sui; th rng ln, tru, b
Thiu cc cng trnh v sinh bo m, phn ln dn ngho phi phng u ngay trn cc
khu t trng hoc sng, sui, h, ao gy nhim ngun nc, t hoc l s dng
cc nh v sinh chung khng bo m yu cu v sinh.
Thiu nc sch, phi s dng nc ao, h, sng, sui hoc cc ging nng khng bo
m an ton v v sinh l nguyn nhn gy ra v lan truyn cc bnh truyn nhim v
nhim trng nh bnh ng rut, au mt, tiu chy, cc dch st
Ngi ngho nng thn, do mc thu nhp rt thp nn c gng tn dng cc ngun
cht t r tin v d kim nh rm r, l cy, phn gia sc v.v., cn ngi ngho
thnh ph cng dng cc loi cht t r tin nh ci, than y chnh l nhng
nguyn nhn ca tnh trng " nhim trong nh", gy nhim rt c hi v nh hng
rt tiu cc n sc kho con ngi, c bit l ph n v tr em
Tnh trng ngho i, lc hu, km pht trin cng l l do khin t l gia tng dn s
cc khu vc ngho i cao. Ngi ngho thiu hoc khng c tip cn ti cc kin
thc, cc bin php v dch v k hoch ho gia nh; Chi ph kinh t cho con ci thp
so vi li ch ca con ci khin ngi ngho mun c nhiu con hn.
Ni mt cch ngn gn, gia ngho i v mi trng c mi quan h tc ng ch yu
bao gm:
- Ngho i lm cho cc cng ng ngho vn ph thuc vo cc ngun ti nguyn
mng manh ca a phng tr nn d b tn thng do cc bin ng ca t nhin v
x hi.
- Ngho i dn n thiu vn u t cho sn xut, cho kt cu h tng, vn ho, gio
dc v cc d n ci to mi trng.

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- Ngho i lm gia tng tc khai thc ti nguyn theo hng qu mc hay hu dit.
- Ngho i l mnh t l tng cho m hnh pht trin ch th tp trung vo tng trng
kinh t v xy dng mt x hi tiu th.
- Ngho i gp phn vo bng n dn s

Cc chnh sch nhm bo m cn i gia gia tng dn s, pht trin kinh

t v bo v mi trng.
Dn s - Pht trin v Mi trng ngy cng c nhn nhn nh l mt th hu c
trong chin lc pht trin ca mi quc gia cng nh ca ton cu. Mc tiu c mt
cuc sng tt hn, vi mc sng, iu kin hc hnh, chm sc sc kho v c hi kinh
t cao hn khng ch c t ra cho cc th h hin ti m cn cho c cc th h trong
tng lai. Mc tiu pht trin bn vng y cn c thc hin thng qua s kt hp ca
cc chnh sch.
Chnh sch nhm t c t l gia tng dn s hp l.
Trc tnh hnh gia tng dn s hin nay, con ngi ang b e do bi 3 nn i: i n,
i hc v i vic lm. Dn s tng nhanh lm cho khong cch chnh lch gia ngi
giu v ngi ngho ngy cng ln. Nm 1991, ch c 20% s ngi giu nht nhng
chim ti 85% thu nhp ca ton th gii trong khi ngc li, 20% s ngi ngho nht
ch t c 1,4% tng thu nhp ca ton th gii. Hin tng ngho i kh ph bin
cc nc ang pht trin cng vi tc tng dn s nhanh cc nc ny l nguyn
nhn dn n tc khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin cao (nht l cc ti nguyn h nui
dng), lm cho ti nguyn b cn kit, suy thoi, gim a dng sinh hc.
Bn cnh , cc nc ang bc vo giai on cng nghip ho s dng mt khi
lng ln ti nguyn tho mn nhu cu i sng cho s dn ng li pht thi vo
mi trng mt lng cht thi ln hn bao gi ht.
Hng i ti ca th k 21 l phi gim t l tng dn s c th thc hin mi quan
h: c tng 1% dn s, cn tng 3-4% thu nhp quc dn nhm bo m n nh v nng
cao mc sng ca cng ng x hi ng thi bo m s pht trin khng vt qu
gii hn chu ng ca cc h sinh thi.
Tuy nhin, t l tng dn s ph hp cn c xc nh c th cn c vo kh nng pht
trin lc lng sn xut, tc pht trin kinh t - x hi ca mi nc, mi khu vc.
Vi nhng nc cng nghip pht trin, trnh lc lng sn xut cao, s lng my
mc s dng trong sn xut chim t l ln v ngy mt hin i, nng sut lao ng
cao nn nhu cu lao ng hng nm tng khng ng k, thm ch n nh. Vi nhng
nc ny, ch cn tng dn s 0,3 - 0,5% l tho mn ngun lao ng.

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Nhng cc nc ang pht trin, s dng lao ng ca con ngi (bao gm c lao
ng chn tay) chim t l ln, nng sut lao ng thp nn nhu cu v s lng lao
ng cao. Ngoi ra, trong thi gian ti, nhu cu pht trin cc ngnh dch v, du lch, y
t, gio dc, giao thng s i hi gia tng lc lng lao ng c v s lng v cht
lng. Trong mt vi thp k ti, cc nc ang pht trin cn t l tng dn s mc
trn di 1%, thm ch 1,5%/nm. Tuy nhin, do t l gia tng dn s cc nc ang
pht trin hin nay ni chung kh cao nn vic t c mc tiu tng dn s mc 1 1,5% i hi cc nc ny phi c chin lc v chnh sch thch hp kim sot dn
s.
C th s dng chnh sch c cc bin php tc ng trc tip ti bin s dn s, v d
nh chnh sch sinh 1 con Trung Quc, cung cp cc bin php v dch v y cho
k hoch ho gia nh
Hng tip cn kinh t trong vic kim sot dn s l cc bin php chnh sch nhm
gin tip lm gim mc sinh, gim quy m gia nh. N c thc hin thng qua vic
xc lp cc nhn t c th tc ng n quy m ca gia nh, tin hnh thay i cc
nhn t . c th s dng hng tip cn ny, chng ta phi bit c quyt nh v
mc sinh b tc ng nh th no bi hon cnh kinh t ca cc gia nh. Pht trin kinh
t - x hi, nng cao mc sng v cc c hi hc hnh, vic lm, chm sc sc kho ca
con ngi, c bit l to iu kin pht trin cho ph n c coi l nhng bin php
chnh sch dn s gin tip.
Chnh sch phn b li dn c v s dng hp l lao ng
V nhng l do lch s, tnh hnh chung ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii l dn c phn
b khng u, khng hp l. Phn ln dn c th gii tp trung mt s vng ng
bng, ven bin. Cc ng bng ln trn th gii nh Hong H, Dng T, Cu Long,
Hng H, Nile u l nhng vng tp trung ng dn c ca cc nc.
Ngy nay, nhiu nc trn th gii sang giai on cng nghip ho nn vic hnh
thnh cc khu cng nghip, cc vng kinh t mi khai thc ti nguyn khong sn,
nhin liu v cc ti nguyn khc ngoi t v nc tr thnh nhu cu mi ca nhiu
nc. iu i hi phi c chnh sch di dn p ng nhu cu pht trin kinh t x hi.
to c sc ht i vi vic iu dn t vng ng dn n vng t dn, cn phi t
chc tt sn xut v c chnh sch gi dn nhng vng tip nhn nhp c. Kh nng
gi dn tt nht l t chc xy dng h thng kt cu h tng y , thun li, p ng
tt nhu cu sn xut v i sng cho ngi dn, lm cho ngi nhp c sm thy ho
mnh vo cng ng mi. Vic di dn cng cn c bit quan tm n mi quan h gia
s dn tng c hc v kh nng v ti nguyn, mi trng ca vng tip nhn, cn chun
b "sc cha" cho vng tip nhn nhp c mt cch ton din.

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Do cn c mt h thng chnh sch ph hp nh quy nh v s dng ti nguyn, v

xy dng nh , hnh thnh khu dn c mi, xy dng hoc b xung trng hc, bnh
vin, cc h thng dch v khc nh in, nc, ngn hng, giao thng vn ti v thng
tin.
Hin tng di dn t nng thn ra thnh th cng cn c quan tm ng mc v c
nhng chnh sch lm gim p lc cho qu trnh th ho. H thng th ca cc
nc ang pht trin hin nay u b sc p ca 3 vn c bn l nh , giao thng v
thu gom, x l cht thi. mt s nc, gii quyt sc p ny, ngi ta xy dng
cc thnh ph v tinh, cc khu cng nghip ngoi , m rng th, dng chnh sch
dn dn vng trung tm th v hn ch nhp c vo thnh ph vi nhng tiu chun
cao.
i i vi chnh sch phn b li dn c cn c mt h thng chnh sch s dng
ngun lao ng mt cch hp l, t hiu qu cao nh cc chnh sch v gio dc, o
to, u i ngnh ngh, pht trin vic lm
Lng ghp cc yu t dn s vo chin lc v k hoch pht trin ca quc gia
cng nh ca cc a phng.
Lng ghp cc yu t dn s vo chin lc v k hoch pht trin l mt gii php rt
quan trng nhm t c mc tiu gim mc sinh, gim quy m gia nh, nng cao
cht lng dn s; pht trin ngun nhn lc cht lng cao p ng cho nhu cu pht
trin kinh t - x hi nhanh v bn vng.
Thc t ca nhiu nc trn th gii v ca Vit Nam cho thy, gii quyt vn dn
s s gp nhiu kh khn v tn km c v thi gian, cng sc nu khng c lin kt
vi cc vn mi trng v pht trin, gim ngho i v to c hi cho pht trin,
nng cao trnh dn tr, tng cng vai tr gia nh v thc hin bnh ng gii trong
gio dc v o to, dy ngh v phn cng lao ng, ci thin v th ca ph n trong
gia nh v x hi, u t hp l cho cc vng kh khn, vng su, vng xa
Vic thc hin cc chng trnh lng ghp c coi l cch thc tt nht t c
cc hiu qu tng hp v hn ch t l gia tng dn s, lm cho vn dn s hi ho
vi pht trin bn vng trn c s bo v mi trng.
TM TT CHNG IV.
Gia ti nguyn, dn s, Kinh t v mi trng c mi quan h vi nhau. S gia tng dn
s nhanh l sc p i vi ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v mi trng. Ngc
li khng c mt lng dn s nht nh s gy ra nhng kh khn cho pht trin
Kinh t. Vn thch thc t ra l lm th no gii quyt mi quan h hi ho gia

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cc yu t ni trn. l gii nhng vn c bn trong ni dung ca chng IV

ch yu tp trung vo ba vn .
Th nht bn v vn khan him ngun ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh, t c
s l lun, bng nhng s v m hnh khi qut ho, ngi c c th hiu c ti
sao li xy ra khan him ngun ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh. Nhng ch tiu
no c coi l khan him, trn c s xy dng nguyn tc kinh t c bn g cho khai
thc cc ngun ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh.
Th hai bn v s khan him i vi ngun ti nguyn c kh nng ti sinh. Khc vi
ngun ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh, ngun ti nguyn ny phng thc tip
cn Kinh t v sinh thi c phi hp cht ch vi nhau, s gn kt c th hin
thng qua vn t l chit khu, nguyn tc xc nh nh sau:
T l chit khu = Tc tng trng sinh hc + Tc tng gi tr vn.
Th ba khi qut ho chnh sch dn s, nhng vn l thuyt v thc tin, y l
nhng ni dung mi c a vo lng ghp nghin cu trong Kinh t mi trng
khng ch Vit nam m c trn th gii. Trong ni dung ny c tp trung bn lun
ch yu ba vn ln: i). Cc l thuyt c bn v dn s, bao gm 3 hc thuyt c bn l
hc thuyt Malthus, hc thuyt qu dn s v hc thuyt kinh t vi m v mc sinh;
ii). Pht trin kinh t, dn s v mi trng, trong ni dung ny tp trung gii quyt 2
vn c bn l xem xt m hnh tc ng ti mi trng ca s gia tng dn s v vn
lin quan gia nho i v mi trng; iii). Cc chnh sch nhm bo m cn i
gia gia tng dn s, pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng. Trong ni dung ny bn v
3 nhm chnh sch c bn gm c Chnh sch nhm t c t l gia tng dn s hp
l; Chnh sch phn b li dn c v s dng hp l lao ng v chnh sch Lng ghp
cc yu t dn s vo chin lc v k hoch pht trin ca quc gia cng nh ca cc
a phng.
CU HI N TP.
1. Phn tch biu dng hp v ti nguyn v tr lng ca Mckelvey i vi ngun
ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh.
2. i vi ngun ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh, trong o lng kinh t nhng
ch tiu khan him no thng c s dng?
3.Trnh by nguyn tc kinh t i vi vic khai thc ngun ti nguyn khng ti sinh.
4.Phn tch bng th m hnh khai thc v kh nng cn kit i vi ngun ti nguyn
c kh nng ti sinh.

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5. Tnh by mi quan h gia chit khu, tc tng trng v tc tng gi tr vn

c s dng trong phn tch kinh t la chn khai thc ti nguyn c kh nng ti
sinh theo thi gian. Ly v d minh ho.
6. Trnh by ba hc thuyt c bn v dn s.
7.Mi quan h gia pht trin kinh t, dn s v mi trng
8.Phn tch mi quan h gia ngho i v mi trng. Ly v d thc tin chng
minh.
9.Trnh by nhng chnh sch c bn cn thc hin nhm m bo cn i gia gia tng
dn s, pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng.

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QUN L MI TRNG-PHN I
QUN L MI TRNG V VAI TR CA NH NC TRONG
QUN L MI TRNG.
Khi nim qun l mi trng.
Qun l mi trng l tng hp cc bin php, lut php, chnh sch Kinh t, k thut,
x hi thch hp nhm bo v cht lng mi trng sng v pht trin bn vng kinh
t - x hi quc gia.
Vi ni dung trn qun l mi trng cn phi hng ti nhng mc tiu c bn sau
y:
Th nht l phi khc phc v phng chng suy thoi, nhim mi trng pht
sinh trong hot ng sng ca con ngi.
Th hai l Pht trin bn vng Kinh t v x hi quc gia theo 9 nguyn tc ca
mt x hi bn vng do hi ngh Rio-92 xut v c tuyn b
Johannesburg, Nam phi v pht trin bn vng 26/8-4/9/2002 ti khng nh.
Trong vi ni dung c bn cn phi t c l pht trin Kinh t - x hi
gn cht vi bo v v ci thin mi trng, bo m s hi ho gia mi
trng nhn to vi mi trng thin nhin, gi gn a dng sinh hc.
Th ba lXy dng cc cng c c hiu lc qun l mi trng quc gia v cc
vng lnh th. Cc cng c trn phi thch hp cho tng ngnh, tng a
phng v cng ng dn c.
C s Qun l mi trng.
Khi xem xt c s cho qun l mi trng ngi ta da vo bn yu t c bn sau y.
C s trit hc ca qun l mi trng.
Trong trit hc ngi ta bn nhiu v nguyn l thng nht ca th gii vt cht, trong
s gn b cht ch gia t nhin, con ngi v x hi thnh mt h thng thng nht,
yu t con ngi gi vai tr quan trng. S thng nht ca h thng c thc hin
trong cc chu trnh Sinh a Ho ca 5 thnh phn c bn:
Sinh vt sn xut (to v cy xanh) c chc nng tng hp cht hu c t cc
cht v c di tc ng ca qu trnh quang hp.
Sinh vt tiu th l ton b ng vt s dng cht hu c c sn, to ra cc cht
thi.

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 Sinh vt phn hu (vi khun, nm) c chc nng phn hu cc cht thi, chuyn
chng thnh cc cht v c n gin.
Con ngi v x hi loi ngi.
Cc cht v c v hu c cn thit cho s sng ca sinh vt v con ngi vi
s lng ngy mt tng.
Tnh thng nht ca h thng T nhin Con ngi X hi i hi vic gii quyt
vn mi trng v thc hin cng tc qun l mi trng phi mang tnh ton din v
h thng. Con ngi cn phi nm bt ci ngun ca s thng nht , phi a ra c
nhng phng sch thch hp gii quyt cc mu thun ny sinh trong h thng. Bi
l con ngi gp phn quan trng vo vic ph v tt yu khch quan l s thng
nht bin chng gia t nhin con ngi X hi. Chnh v vy khoa hc v qun l
mi trng, hay sinh thi nhn vn chnh l s tm kim ca con ngi nhm nm bt
v gii quyt cc mu thun, tnh thng nht ca h thng T nhin con ngi X
hi.
C s khoa hc k thut cng ngh ca qun l mi trng.
Khoa hc v mi trng l mt lnh vc khoa hc mi, thc s n xut hin v c
pht trin mnh t nhng nm 1960 tr li y, lm c s cho nghin cu, c rt kinh
nghim, pht hin nhng nguyn l, quy lut mi trng gip cho vic thc hin qun
l mi trng.
Nh nhng k thut v cng ngh mi trng, cc vn nhim do hot ng sn xut
ca con ngi ang c nghin cu, x l hoc phng trnh, ngn nga. Cc k thut
phn tch, o c, gim st cht lng mi trng nh k thut vin thm, tin hc c
pht trin nhiu quc gia trn th gii gip cho vic Qun l mi trng hiu qu hn.
C s kinh t ca qun l mi trng.
Hin nay Qun l mi trng c hnh thnh trong bi cnh ca nn Kinh t th trng
v thc hin iu tit x hi thng qua cc cng c kinh t.
Trong nn Kinh t th trng mi nguyn l hot ng c da trn c s cung v cu
ca th trng, thng qua cnh tranh, hot ng pht trin v sn xut ca ci vt cht
din ra di sc p ca s trao i hng ho theo ga tr. Loi hng ho c cht lng tt
v gi thnh r s c tiu th nhanh, ngc li nhng hng ho km cht lng v gi
thnh cao th s khng c ch ng. Trn c s nhng nguyn l ca kinh t th trng,
ngi ta a ra cc chnh sch hp l v cc cng c kinh t iu chnh v nh
hng hot ng pht trin sn xut c li cho cng tc bo v mi trng.

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C s lut php cho Qun l mi trng.

C s lut php cho qun l mi trng thc cht l cc vn bn v lut quc t v lut
quc gia v lnh vc mi trng.
Lut quc t v mi trng thc cht l tng th cc nguyn tc, quy phm quc t iu
chnh mi quan h gia cc quc gia, gia quc gia v t chc quc t trong vic ngn
chn, loi tr thit hi gy ra cho mi trng ca tng quc gia v mi trng ngoi
phm vi tn ph quc gia. Cc vn bn lut quc t v mi trng c hnh thnh
mt cch chnh thc t th k XIX v u th k XX, gia cc quc gia chu u, chu
M, chu Phi. T hi ngh quc t v Mi trng v con ngi t chc nm 1972 ti
Stockholm, Thu in v sau hi ngh thng nh Rio 1992, Brazin c rt nhiu vn
bn lut quc t c son tho v k kt. Cho n nay c hng ngn cc vn bn
lut quc t v mi trng, trong s c nhiu vn bn c chnh ph Vit nam
k kt.
Trong phm vi quc gia, chng ta cng c nhiu vn bn php l lin quan n bo
v v qun l mi trng. Vn bn quan trng nht l Lut bo v mi trng c quc
hi thng qua ngy 27/12/1993.
Cc vn bn php lut Quc t v Quc gia l c s quan trng thc hin cng tc
qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng.
Qun l Nh nc v mi trng.
Khi nim Qun l Nh nc v mi trng.
Qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng xc nh r ch th l Nh nc, bng chc
trch, nhim v v quyn hn ca mnh a ra cc bin php, lut php, chnh sch Kinh
t, k thut, x hi thch hp nhm bo v cht lng mi trng sng v pht trin bn
vng kinh t - x hi quc gia.
Nh vy chng ta c th nhn thy rng Qun l Nh nc v mi trng xt v bn
cht khc vi nhng hnh thc qun l khc nh Qun l mi trng do cc t chc
phi chnh ph (NGO: None Goverment) m nhim; Qun l mi trng da trn c s
cng ng; qun l mi trng c tnh t nguyn., Hnh thc qun l Nh nc v
mi trng ch yu l iu hnh v kim sot (CAC: Comment And Control).
Tnh tt yu khch quan ca Qun l Nh nc v mi trng.
a). Vn ngoi ng v hng ho cng cng.
Nh chng ta nghin cu chng II, ngoi ng v hng ho cng cng l nhng
nguyn nhn gy ra tht bi th trng, ngha l tht bi v mt chnh sch trong qun l
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mi trng, hu qu l gy ra nhng thit hi cho mi trng, e do nghim trng ti

s pht trin bn vng ca quc gia. Vy khc phc tnh trng nay i hi phi c s
Qun l Nh nc v mi trng.
b). S hu Nh nc v ti nguyn v mi trng.
Xem xt v s hu ti nguyn v thnh phn mi trng, chng ta u tha nhn cc
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v thnh phn mi trng thuc s hu Nh nc, nh
vy Nh nc khng th giao cho i tng no khc chu trch nhim chnh v qun l
mi trng, trch nhim phi thuc v Nh nc.
c). Nhng bi hc ca cc quc gia trn th gii.
Nhng bi hc Kinh nghim ca cc quc gia trn th gii cho thy rng cn phi c s
Qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng. i vi cc nc pht trin, v d nh Nht
bn l quc gia tin phong i u trong nhm cc nc pht trin, hin nay ang
truyn b kinh nghim cho cc quc gia pht trin sau l cng v s pht trin Kinh t
x hi phi c s qun l Nh nc v mi trng, bi l nh h trc y do khng
quan tm ti vn mi trng m ch ch trng ti pht trin kinh t nn phi tr gi
qu t cho s pht trin ca mnh. T kinh nghim ca cc quc gia pht trin sau nh
Singapo, rt ra t bi hc ca cc nc pht trin trc, ngay trong chin lc pht
trin Kinh t x hi ca mnh, Nh nc rt ch trng ti Qun l mi trng, chnh
v vy m thnh tu t c ca h hin nay c th gii tha nhn l c tnh bn
vng.
d). Thc trng v nhng thch thci vi mi trng ton cu v Vit nam.
i vi nhng vn mi trng ton cu.
Sau hn 30 nm k t Hi ngh u tin v mi trng ca th gii (Stockholm 1972)
n nay, cng ng th gii c nhiu n lc a vn mi trng vo cc chng
trnh ngh s cp quc t v quc gia. Tuy vy hin trng mi trng ton cu c
ci thin khng ng k. Mi trng cha c lng ghp vi k hoch pht trin kinh
t x hi. Dn s ton cu tng nhanh, s ngho i, s khai thc, tiu th qu mc
cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, s pht thi qu mc kh nh knh v.v l nhng
vn bc xc c tnh ph bin trn ton cu.
Trong tuyn b Johannesburg v pht trin bn vng nm 2002 ca lin hp quc
khng nh v nhng thch thc m nhn loi ang v s phi i mt c nguy c ton
cu l:
Mi trng ton cu tip tc tr nn ti t. Suy gim a dng sinh hc tip din, tr
lng c tip tc gim st, sa mc ho cp i ngy cng nhiu t ai mu m, tc
ng tiu cc ca bin i kh hu hin hin r rng. Thin tai ngy cng nhiu v
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ngy cng khc lit. Cc nc ang pht trin tr nn d b tn hi hn. nhim khng
kh, nc v bin tip tc ly i cuc sng thanh bnh ca hng triu ngi.
i vi nhng vn mi trng ca vit nam.
+ Thc trng v nhng vn mi trng ca Vit nam.
. S bin i kh hu.
T thc t v din bin ca thi tit kh hu nc ta trong nhng nm va qua cho thy
tnh cht bin i rt phc tp, tht thng. Din bin nhit ang c xu th tng ln
vi c im l gi tr phn ho mnh theo c khng gian v thi gian. So snh vi bin
i kh hu ton cu cho thy trong khi nhit trung bnh ton cu tng khong 0,7%
sau gn 150 nm (1854-2000) th nhit trung bnh nm ca H ni tng khong
0,75% sau 42 nm (1960 2001). Lng ma phn b khng u, nhiu vng lng
ma tp trung kh ln dn n l lt. Mt s ni nh vng Ty nguyn, vng Bc trung
b thiu ma nghim trng dn n hn hn. Nhn chung, trong 30 nm gn y lng
ma min Bc c xu hng gim nh, ngc li lng ma min Trung v min
Nam c xu hng tng. Bo, l, lt din bin phc tp, thng xut hin sm vi cng
mnh.
T nhng nh gi trn cho thy xu hng bin i kh hu Vit nam theo chiu hng
xu.
. Mi trng khng kh.
Khng kh chu tc ng mnh m ca qu trnh cng nghip ho v th ho, thc t
cho thy cht lng khng kh th v cc khu cng nghip Vit nam trong nhng
nm gn y c s thay khng ng k. iu ng ch nht i vi mi trng
khng kh l nhim bi c tnh in hnh v ph bin khp mi ni. Hu ht cc
th nc ta u b nhim bi, nhiu ni b nhim bi trm trng ti mc bo ng.
Nng bi trung bnh hu ht cc th u vt TCCP t 2-3 ln, c bit c ni
vt TCCP ti 5-7 ln. Nguyn nhn chnh gy nn tnh trng nhim bi l do thi cng
xy dng mi v sa cha nh ca, ng s, cng rnh, h tng k thut th xy ra
thng xuyn v khng qun l tt.
Nhn chung, mi trng khng kh Vit nam cha b nhim bi cc kh c hi
nh SO2, NO2, CO. Tuy nhin mt s nt giao thng ln, nng ch v kh CO
xp x hoc vt tr s TCCP. K t sau khi trin khai s dng xng khng pha ch, s
liu quan trc 6 thng u nm 2002 cho thy hm lng ch trong khng kh gim
40-50% so vi cng k nm trc.

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Cht lng khng kh vng nng thn, min ni, vng su, vng xa nhn chung cn
rt tt, nhiu ni mi trng trong lnh, ph hp vi mc ch an dng, du lch v ngh
ngi.
. Mi trng t.
Thoi ho t l xu th ph bin t ng bng n trung du v min ni. Thc t cho
thy cc loi t b thoi ho chim hn 50% din tch t nhin ca c nc. Cc loi
hnh thoi ho t ch yu l xi mn, ra tri, t c ph nhiu thp v mt cn bng
dinh dng, thoi ho hu c, kh hn v sa mc ho, ngp ng, ngp l, t trt, st
l t, mn ho, phn ho, t mt kh nng sn xut.
t c dc ln v t trng i ni trc, c bit l vng Ty nguyn v vng Ty
Bc, t d b xi mn khi c ma ln. Nhim phn v nhim mn xy ra nghim
trng vng ng bng sng Cu long.
S thoi ho t l nguyn nhn dn n nng sut cy trng gim. Nhiu vng c nguy
c hoang mc ho, t cn ci khng th canh tc c v s dn n gim t l t
nng nghip trn u ngi.
Vic s dng cc ho cht trong nng nghip nh phn ho hc v thuc tr su tuy cn
thp nhng khng ng k thut, l nguyn nhn gy ra nhim mi trng cc b
mt s a phng v xu hng ngy cng gia tng.
. Mi trng nc.
nc ta do p lc ca gia tng dn s cng vi tc ca cng nghip ho v th
ho nhanh l nguyn nhn c bn gy nn p lc i vi mi trng nc. Hu ht nc
thi sinh hot (bao gm c nc thi bnh vin) cc th v 90% nc thi t cc
c s cng nghip c cha c x l, x trc tip vo knh, mng, sng, h, gy ra
nhim nghim trng i vi mi trng nc mt s a phng. Nhiu ch tiu nh
BOD5, COD, NH4, tng N, tng P cao hn tiu chun cho php i vi ngun nc loi
A t 2-3 ln.
nh gi tng hp mi trng nc nc ta cho thy, cht lng nc ca 9 lu vc
sng chnh cn tt, iu ng lu l cc vng h lu phn ln b nhim, c ni
b nhim trm trng, nh sng Cu, sng Cm, sng Tam bc pha Bc, sng Th
vi, sng ng nai min Nam. Cht lng nc cc sng min Trung, ni chung
cn tt hn cc sng min Bc v min Nam. Hin nay t l s dn c s dng nc
hp v sinh vo khong 53%, t l ny thnh th trung bnh l 60-70%, nng thn
trung bnh l 30-40%.
Nc bin ven b bt u c du hiu nhim. Hm lng cc cht hu c, cht
dinh dng, kim loi nng, ho cht bo v thc vt mt s ni vt tiu chun
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cho php. Hm lng du mt s vng bin vt qu tiu chun v ang c xu hng

tng ln. Nc ngm mt s th ln ang c xu hng cn kit dn v lng, c
du hiu nhim v suy gim v cht. Nhng nm gn y xy ra hin tng suy
gim mc nc ngm vo ma h Ty nguyn v cc tnh min ni pha Bc. Do p
lc nc ngm gim gy ra xm nhp mn tng ln nhiu vng t ven bin.
. Hin trng v rng v a dng sinh hc.
Vit nam hin c khong 11,3 triu ha rng, trong 9,7 triu ha rng t nhin v 1,6
triu ha rng trng. T nm 1990 n nay, che ph rng tng ln ng k, t 27,2%
nm 1990 ln 33,2% nm 2001. Tuy nhin cht lng rng cha c ci thin v tip
tc b xung cp, rng t nhin u ngun v rng ngp mn vn b tn ph nghim
trng do p lc ca pht trin kinh t. Hin ti rng giu, kn nguyn sinh ch cn chim
khong 13% trong khi rng ngho v rng ti sinh chim ti 55% tng din tch rng.
iu ny gii thch v sao chnh ph Vit nam chuyn chng trnh 327 trc y
sang chng trnh ph xanh 5 triu ha rng hin nay l cn thit.
Vit nam c nhiu cnh quan thin nhin v cc h sinh thi phong ph, c nhiu loi
c hu, c gi tr khoa hc v kinh t ln, chng ta c xp l mt trong 10 quc gia
c a dng sinh hc cao nht trn th gii. Nhng nm gn y a dng sinh hc b
suy gim v nhng nguyn nhn ch yu nh: S thu hp v mt dn ni c tr ca cc
ging loi do chy rng, mt phn t ai chuyn i mc ch s dng, do khai thc v
nh bt khng hp l, do nhim mi trng, do tnh trng bun bn tri php ng
thc vt qu him. Trong 5 thp k qua mt 80% din tch rng ngp mn, ch yu l
do pht trin nui trng thu hi sn. Khong 96% cc rn san h ang b e do nghim
trng. Nhm bo tn a dng sinh hc ca quc gia, Nh nc y mnh pht trin
h thng cc khu rng c dng, hin c 17 vn quc gia, 58 khu bo tn thin nhin
v 18 khu bo v cnh quan c quy hoch chnh thc.
. Mi trng nng thn.
Xem xt v mc nhim mi trng khu vc nng thn c nhng vn ni ln
nh nhim do cc iu kin v sinh v c s h tng k thut yu km. Vic s dng
khng hp l cc loi ho cht trong nng nghip (phn ho hc v thuc tr su) v
ang lm cho mi trng nng thn nhim v suy thoi. Hin nay nc ta c khong
trn 1000 lng ngh. Vic pht trin tiu th cng nghip cc lng ngh v cc c s
ch bin mt s vng nng thn, do cng ngh sn xut lc hu, quy m sn xut nh,
phn tn xen k trong dn v hu nh khng c thit b thu gom, x l cht thi, gy
ra nhim mi trng nng n, c bit nghim trng l cc lng ngh ti ch kim loi
(ti ch ch, thp, c ng), ti ch ni lng, sn xut giy, nhum, vng m, nung gch,
ngi, snh s v.v. i vi phn ln cc khu vc nng thn, nc sinh hot v v sinh
l vn cp bch, iu kin v sinh mi trng nng thn cha c ci thin ng k,

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t l s h c h x hp v sinh ch t 28-30% v s h nng thn c dng nc

hp v sinh l 30-40%.
. Mi trng th v khu cng nghip.
Nc ta hin nay c 651 th ln nh, trong c 4 thnh ph trc thuc trung ng,
20 thnh ph trc thuc tnh, 62 th x v 565 th trn. T l dn th trn tng dn s
nm 1986 l 19%; nm 1990 l 20%; nm 1999 l 23%; nm 2002 khong 25%; d bo
n nm 2010 l 33% v nm 2020 l 45%.
nhim mi trng th nc ta ni ln nhng vn c bn sau y, th nht l
nhim do cht thi rn, t l thu gom rc thi tnh trung bnh cc th mi t khong
60-70%, c bit l cht thi nguy hi cha c thu gom v x l theo ng quy nh,
th hai l bi, kh thi, ting n do hot ng giao thng vn ti ni th v mng li sn
xut quy m va v nh, cng vi h tng k thut th yu km l nguyn nhn lm
cho iu kin v sinh mi trng nhiu th ang thc s lm vo tnh trng ng
bo ng. H thng cp nc, thot nc lc hu, xung cp, khng p ng c yu
cu. Mc nhim v bi nhiu ni vt tiu chun cho php nhiu ln, c bit ti
mt s thnh ph ln nh H ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh v nhiu th khc nng
bi vt tiu chun cho php 5-7 ln. Do pht trin xy dng th khng theo kp vi
pht trin dn s th, hnh thnh nhiu xm liu, xm bi trong th, l ni
c iu kin mi trng xu nht, c nhiu t nn x hi v lm mt m quan th.
Nc ta hin nay c khong 70 khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao,
nhng ch khong 1/3 trong s xy dng c s h tng k thut v c khong 12
khu cng nghip c h thng x l nc thi tp trung.
. Mi trng lao ng.
Mi trng lao ng y c hiu l mi trng ni lm vic ca ngi lao ng.
Nhng nm gn y nc ta mi trng lao ng khng ngng c ci thin, c tc
ng tch cc n sc kho ngi lao ng, to iu kin thun li cho hot ng sn
xut, kinh doanh. Tuy nhin cn nhiu khu vc sn xut khng m bo tiu chun v
sinh, an ton lao ng. Tnh trng nhim v bi, ho cht c hi, ting n, nhit
lm gia tng t l cng nhn mc bnh ngh nghip, nht l trong cc ngnh ho cht,
luyn kim, vt liu xy dng, khai thc m v.v.
. Mi trng x hi.
Do nhng nm va qua tng trng kinh t cao v lin tc l mt trong nhng nhn t
c bn thc y sn xut, gp phn xo i, gim ngho, to nn mi trng x hi ngy
cng c ci thin v n nh hn. Tuy nhin t l h ngho cn mc cao, s chnh
lch thu nhp gia cc nhm dn c giu v ngho c xu hng ngy cng m rng.
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Ngi ngho cn gp nhiu hn ch trong vic tip cn v hng th cc dch v x hi

c bn. Nhng thnh tu c bn ca cc chng trnh xo i gim ngho cn thiu tnh
bn vng, nguy c ti ngho cn ln. Nhng ngun lc trong nc cn qu hn hp, lao
ng d tha nhiu, t l lao ng c qua o to cn rt thp.
Cng vi tin trnh m ca v hi nhp, mi trng x hi cc th, khu dn c tp
trung, c bit l tng lp dn c c thu nhp thp, gp phi nhiu vn bc xc nh
thiu nh , thiu iu kin v sinh mi trng, cc hin tng ma tu, bo lc c chiu
hng gia tng, nhiu t nn x hi pht sinh nu khng c mt s qun l cht ch v
chnh sch ph hp cho cc khu vc .
. Nhng s c mi trng.
Nhng nm gn y s c mi trng xy ra lin tc gy ra nhng thit hi ht sc
nng n. Tai bin thin nhin c xu hng gia tng , hin tng l qut, lt, bo, lc,
ma , hn hn, nt dt, xi l b sng, b bin trong thp nin va qua gy ra
nhng thit hi to ln v ngi, nh ca, ti sn, ma mng nhiu ni, tng thit hi
do l lt gy ra t nm 1998 n thng 6 nm 2002 c tnh ln n hng chc t ng.
Xem xt cc v chy rng t nhng nm 1999 tr li y cho thy nhng nm 1999,
2000, v 2001 s c chy rng c chiu hng gim, nhng nm 2002 li c xu hng
tng ln do nh hng ca kh hu kh nng v hot ng thiu thc ca con ngi.
Nhng s c do con ngi gy ra m in hnh l cc s c trn du vn tip tc xy
ra cha c s ngn chn trit . Nm 1998 xc nh c 6 v vi tng lng du
trn l gn 13.000 tn, nm 1999 xy ra 10 v vi tng lng du trn l gn 8.000 tn
du, trong nm 2000, 2001 v 2002 mi nm xy ra 1-3 v, vi tng lng du trn t
24-800 tn.
Nhng hu qu ca cht c ho hc do chin tranh li cn ht sc nng n, hng
vn tr em b d tt bm sinh, hng triu ha rng b suy thoi n nay vn cha phc hi
c.
Nhng v ng c thc phm c chiu hng ngy cng gia tng v gy ra nhng hu
qu nghim trng cho hng vn ngi. Tc ng khng nh ti sc kho v lao ng
ca ngi dn.
+ Nhng thch thc i vi mi trng ca Vit nam trong thi gian ti.
Nhng thch thc ang t ra cho bo v v qun l mi trng vit nam trong thi
gian ti, m c th l t nay n nm 2010 c xc nh gm nhng vn c bn
sau y:

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. Th nht l tnh trng c s h tng k thut, trang thit b bo v mi trng thp

km, lc hu, nhim mi trng ngy cng gia tng, trong khi kh nng u t cho
mi trng ca Nh nc cng nh ca cc doanh nghip u b hn ch.
. Th hai l s gia tng dn s, di dn t do v i ngho tip tc gy ra nhng p lc
ln i vi ti nguyn v mi trng.
. Th ba l bo v mi trng cha c lng ghp mt cch hi ho vi pht trin kinh
t - x hi trong qu trnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc, iu s dn n
kh khn trong vic thc hin ngn nga nhim v bo m pht trin bn vng.
. Th t l nhn thc v mi trng v pht trin bn vng cha y , thc bo v
mi trng trong x hi cn thp.
. Th nm l t chc v nng lc qun l mi trng cha p ng yu cu.
. Th su l nhng mt tri ca hi nhp quc t v t do ho thng mi ton cu gy
ra nhiu tc ng phc tp v mt mi trng.
. Th by l tc ng ca nhng vn mi trng ton cu, mi trng khu vc ngy
cng mnh v phc tp hn.

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QUN L MI TRNG-PHN II
Ni dung qun l Nh nc v mi trng
Ti iu 37 chng 4 Lut bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam (12-1993) quy nh ni
dung qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng bao gm:
Ban hnh v t chc thc hin cc vn bn php lut v bo v mi trng, ban
hnh h thng tiu chun mi trng;
Xy dng, ch o thc hin chin lc, chnh sch bo v mi trng, s c
mi trng;
Xy dng, qun l cc cc cng trnh bo v mi trng, cng trnh c lin
quan n bo v mi trng;
T chc, xy dng, qun l h thng quan trc, nh k nh gi hin trng mi
trng, d bo din bin mi trng;
Thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cc d n v cc c s
sn xut, kinh doanh;
Cp, thu hi giy chng nhn t tiu chun mi trng;
Gim st, thanh tra, kim tra vic chp hnh php lut v bo v mi trng;
gii quyt cc tranh chp, khiu ni, t co lin quan n bo v mi trng; x
l vi phm php lut v bo v mi trng;
o to cn b v khoa hc v qun l mi trng; gio dc, tuyn truyn, ph
bin kin thc, php lut v bo v mi trng;
T chc nghin cu, p dng tin b khoa hc, cng ngh trong lnh vc bo v
mi trng;
Quan h quc t trong lnh vc bo v mi trng.

Cc nguyn tc qun l mi trng

Cc nguyn tc qun l mi trng, trc ht, phi phn nh cc yu cu khch quan
ca cc quy lut t nhin, kinh t v x hi ang chi phi qu trnh qun l mi trng.
iu c ngha l mun thc hin y v c hiu qu cc nguyn tc qun l mi
trng, cn phi nghin cu, nhn thc v vn dng cc quy lut khch quan vo iu
kin c th ca i tng qun l.
i vi nc ta, qun l mi trng cn da vo nhng nguyn tc sau y:
Bo m tnh h thng
Nguyn tc ny xut pht t bn cht h thng ca i tng qun l. Di nh sng
ca cuc cch mng khoa hc - k thut hin i, mi trng cn c hiu nh l mt
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h thng ng phc tp, bao gm nhiu phn t hp thnh. Cc phn t c bn cht

t nhin v x hi khc nhau, b chi phi bi cc quy lut khc nhau, hot ng khng
ng hng, thm ch mu thun v i lp nhau. Nhim v ca qun l mi trng l
trn c s thu nhp, tng hp v x l thng tin v trng thi hot ng ca i tng
qun l (h thng mi trng) a ra cc quyt nh qun l ph hp, thc y cc phn
t cu thnh hot ng u n, cn i, hi ho hng ti mc tiu nh.
Bo m tnh tng hp
Nguyn tc ny c xy dng trn c s tc ng tng hp ca hot ng pht trin ln
i tng qun l. Cc hot ng pht trin thng thng din ra di nhiu hnh thi
rt a dng (hot ng sn xut, hot ng tiu th, hot ng thng mi, hot ng
dch v, hot ng u t, sinh hot vt cht v tinh thn ca cc cng ng, v.v . . .).
D di hnh thc no, qui m v tc hot ng ra sao, mi loi hot ng, trc tip
hay gin tip, mnh hay yu, u gy ra tc ng tng hp ln i tng qun l (h
thng mi trng). V th, trong khi hoch nh chnh sch v chin lc mi trng,
trong vic ra cc quyt nh qun l mi trng cn phi tnh n tc ng tng hp
v hu qu ca chng.
Bo m tnh lin tc v nht qun
Mi trng l mt h thng lin tc, tn ti, hot ng v pht trin thng qua chu trnh
trao i vt cht, nng lng v thng tin chy lin tc trong khng gian v thi gian.
C th ni, hot ng ca h thng mi trng khng phn ranh gii theo thi gian v
khng gian. c tnh ny quy nh tnh nht qun v tnh lin tc ca tc ng qun l
ln mi trng, i hi khng ngng nng cao nng lc d on v x l tng hp cng
nh bn lnh ca qun l v m ca Nh nc.
Bo m tp trung dn ch
y l mt trong nhng nguyn tc c bn ca qun l kinh t v qun l x hi. Qun
l mi trng c thc hin nhiu cp khc nhau. V th, cn phi bo m mi quan
h cht ch v ti u gia tp trung v dn ch trong qun l mi trng. Tp trung phi
thc hin trn c s trong bn bc, quyt nh cc vn c lin quan ti mi trng
theo phng chm dn bit, dn bn, dn lm, dn kim tra. Ngc li, dn ch phi
thc hin trong khun kh tp trung, khng mu thun, i vi tp trung, trnh lng ph
ngun lc ca x hi. Tp trung c biu hin thng qua k hoch ho cc hot ng
pht trin, ban hnh v thc thi h thng php lut v mi trng, thc hin ch trch
nhim ca ngi ng u cc cc c quan, t chc, doanh nghip, h gia nh tt c
cc cp qun l, v.v. . . Dn ch c biu hin vic xc nh r v tr, trch nhim,
quyn hn ca cc cp qun l, vic p dng rng ri kim ton v hch ton mi
trng, s dng ngy cng nhiu cc cng c kinh t vo qun l mi trng nhm
to ra mt bng chung, bnh ng cho mi ngnh, mi cp, mi a phng, vic tng

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cng gio dc v nng cao nhn thc, thc mi trng cho cc c nhn v cng ng,
v.v...
Kt hp qun l theo ngnh v qun l theo lnh th
Cc thnh phn mi trng nh khng kh, nc, t, m thanh, nh sng, lng t, ni,
rng, sng , h, bin, sinh vt, cc h sinh thi, cc khu dn c, khu sn xut, khu bo
tn thin nhin, cnh quan thin nhin, danh lam thng cnh, di tch lch s v cc hnh
thi vt cht khc thng do mt ngnh no qun l v s dng. Nhng cc thnh
phn mi trng li c phn b, khai thc v s dng trn mt a bn c th thuc
quyn qun l ca mt cp a phn tng ng. Cng mt thnh phn mi trng c
th chu s qun l song trng. Nu khng kt hp cht ch gia qun l theo ngnh v
qun l theo lnh th th s lm gim hiu lc v hiu qu ca qun l mi trng, ti
nguyn thin nhin tip tc b khai thc, s dng khng hp l v lng ph, mi trng
tip tc b suy thoi.
Kt hp hi ho cc loi li ch
Qun l mi trng trc ht l qun l cc hot ng pht trin do con ngi (c nhn
hay cng ng) tin hnh, l t chc v pht huy tnh tch cc hot ng ca con ngu
v mc ch pht trin bn vng. Con ngi, d l c nhn, tp th hay cng ng, u
c nhng li ch, nhng nguyn vng v nhng nhu cu nht nh. Do , mt trong
nhng nhim v quan trng ca qun l mi trng l phi ch n li ch ca con
ngi, khuyn khch c hiu qu hnh vi v thi ng x ph hp vi mc tiu bo
v mi trng ca h. Li ch khng nhng l s vn ng t gic, ch quan ca con
ngi nhm tho mn mt nhu cu no m cn l ng lc to ln nhm pht huy tnh
tch cc, ch ng ca con ngi, l phng tin hu hiu ca qun l mi trng, cho
nn phi s dng n khuyn khch cc hot ng c li cho mi trng.
Kt hp hi ho cc li ch (li ch c nhn, h gia nh; li ch ca doanh nghip, ngnh;
li ch ca Nh nc, x hi; li ch ca cng ng a phng, vng v quc gia) phi
c tin hnh trn c s nhng i hi ca cc quy lut khch quan thng qua cc bin
php ch yu sau y:
+ Thc thi chnh sch mi trng khch quan, ng n, ph hp vi iu kin v c
im pht trin t nc trong tng thi k. Chnh sch mi trng phi phn nh
li ch c bn v lu di ca quc gia, ca ton x hi, cng tc l li ch ca mi thnh
vin trong x hi.
+ Xy dng v thc hin cc quy hoch v k hoch v mi trng chun xc, c tm
nhn xa, c tnh kh thi cao v quy t li ch ca c h thng.
+ Thc hin y v nghim ngt ch k ton v kim ton mi trng, s dng
ng n v rng ri cc khuyn khch, n by kinh t qun l mi trng mt cch
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c hiu qu, nht l trong thi k qu ca nn kinh t t c ch k hoch ho tp

trung quan liu sang c ch th trng.
Kt hp hi ho cc li ch cn bao hm s kt hp li ch quc gia, li ch khu vc
v li ch quc t, bi v bo v mi trng tr thnh vn ton cu, l mt trong
nhng c trng c bn ca thi i ca nc ta trong tin trnh hi nhp vo khu vc
v th gii.
Kt hp cht ch, hi ho gia qun l ti nguyn v mi trng vi qun l
kinh t, qun l x hi.
t ti mc tiu pht trin bn vng, hng n mt x hi bn vng trong tng lai,
ngay t u v trong sut qu trnh pht trin, phi kt hp cht ch, hi ho gia qun
l ti nguyn v mi trng vi qun l kinh t, qun l x hi thng qua vic hoch
nh chnh sch v chin lc pht trin ng n, c tm bao qut v c tnh tng hp,
thng qua qu trnh ho nhp cc k hoch v u t v mi trng vo cc k hoch v
u t v kinh t - x hi tt c mi khu, mi cp qun l ca Nh nc.
Tit kim v hiu qu
Qun l mt i tng v cng quan trng v phc tp nh mi trng i hi nhng
ngun lc ngy cng nhiu trong khi phi bo m ngun lc cho tng trng kinh t v
pht trin x hi. Gii php ti u cho vic nng cao nng lc qun l Nh nc v mi
trng l thc thi tit kim v tng hiu qu. Tit kim v hiu qu l hai mt lin quan
cht ch vi nhau ca qun l mi trng: lm sao vi nhng ngun vt cht v k
thut, kinh t v ti chnh, lc lng lao ng x hi, trnh khoa hc v cng ngh,
v.v... hin c v s c trong tng giai on pht trin kinh t - x hi, c th khai thc,
s dng ti nguyn mt cch tt nht. chnh l yu cu ca nguyn tc tit kim v
hiu qu ca qun l mi trng. Nguyn tc ny c th c thc hin thng qua vc
hoch nh chnh sch v chin lc bo v mi trng ca quc gia, ph hp vi vic
gim tiu hao ti nguyn v chi ph nguyn vt liu bng cch p dng k thut hin i,
cng ngh tin tin c t hoc khng c cht thi, ci tin kt cu sn phm, gim khi
lng v trng lng; s dng cc vt liu thay th cc ti nguyn khan him, tn dng
v ti ch ph liu; tit kim lao ng tt c mi khu ca qui trnh qun l; bo m
u t vt cht v ti chnh c trng im, trnh u t dn tri, phn tn, coi trng u
t ng b v c h thng cho qun l mi trng, v.v..

Sn xut sch hn l mc tiu hng ti ca doanh nghip.

Nhng khi nim c bn.
a. Khi nim v sn xut sch hn (SXSH)

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Khi nim v sn xut sch hn ln u tin c UNEP gii thiu vo nm 1989

(Cleaner Product) . y c coi nh cu tr li cho cu hi t ra l: lm th no
ngnh cng nghip c th hot ng theo hng pht trin bn vng.
SXSH c ngha l vic p dng mt cch c h thng cc bin php phng nga trong
cc quy trnh, sn phm hoc dch v nhm mc tiu tng hiu qu tng th. iu ny
n lt mnh li gip ci thin tnh trng mi trng, tit kim chi ph, gim ri ro cho
con ngi v cho mi trng.
i vi cc quy trnh sn xut. SXSH bao gm vic bo qun nguyn liu,
nng lng, loi b cc nguyn liu c hi, gim bt s lng v mc c
hi ca cc cht thi gy nhim ngay t giai on trc khi chng c thi
ra mi trng.
i vi cc sn phm. SXSH ch trng vic gim bt cc tc ng c hi
trong sut chu trnh sn phm, ngay t khi khai thc cc nguyn liu, cho n
khi giao np sn phm.
i vi cc dch v. Phng php phng nga nhim mi trng bao gm t
khu thit k, ci tin vic qun l nh xung, n khu la chn cc loi u
vo (di dng cc sn phm).
Cc khi nim khc nh hiu qu snh thi, gim thiu cht thi hay phng nga nhim
u c chung mt mc tiu l loi tr hay gim thiu nhim, cht thi ngay ti ngun,
ni chng c sinh ra. Tuy nhin, chin lc SXSH khc ch y l mt h thng
cc phng php, th tc nh gi cc nguyn nhn gy ra nhim, pht sinh cht thi
v pht trin cc phng n c th c p dng trn thc tin. H thng ny c thit
k mt cch c bi bn, nhm gii quyt cc vn mi trng c th. Hn na, ni
dung chin lc SXSH cn bao gm h thng qun l SXSH c xc nh r rng cho
php lin tc ci thin tnh hnh kinh t v mi trng ca n v.
Khng nn nhn nhn SXSH vi t cch l chin lc ch trong lnh vc mi trng,
v n cn bao gm trong c nhng ni dung kinh t quan trng. Trong bi cnh ca
chin lc ny, cht thi c coi l mt loi "sn phm" c gi tr kinh t m. Mi hot
ng lm gim mc tiu th nguyn vt liu, nng lng, ngn nga hoc lm gim bt
vic pht sinh cht thi, u c tc dng nng cao nng sut, em li li ch ti chnh
cho doanh nghip.
Cch tip cn theo kiu phng nga cn c ngha rng cc vn v mi trng phi
c gii quyt trc khi chng c th pht sinh. Tc l ngay t khu la chn vic thc
hin cc quy trnh, cc loi nguyn vt liu, mu thit k, phng tin vn ti, dch v,
vv... Cc tip cn ny gip gii quyt c hiu qu vn tit kim ti nguyn v rng
nhim khng nhng ch lm xung cp mi trng, m cn l du hiu cho thy r tnh
km hiu qu ca quy trnh sn xut hoc qun l. Trn thc t SXSH c ngha l:

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Trnh hoc gim bt lng cht thi c sn sinh ra;

S dng c hiu qu cc ngun nng lng v nguyn vt liu;
Sn xut ra cc sn phm v dch v c li cho mi trng;
Gim bt lng cht thi x vo mi trng, gim chi ph v tng li ch.

b. Cc nguyn tc v cc phng php SXSH

Nguyn tc cnh gic. Nguyn tc phng nga khng ch n gin l lm th no
khng vi phm php lut, m cn c ngha l bo m ngi lao ng c bo v,
khng b mc cc chng bnh kh cha chy, hoc nh my trnh c nhng tn hi
khng ng c. Nguyn tc cnh gic i hi gim bt mt phn s can thip ca con
ngi vo mi trng. iu ny, t ra yu cu phi c s thit k li mt cch cn bn
h thng sn xut v tiu th trong ngnh cng nghip, ci thin np c vn tn ti cho
n nay l vn ch yu da vo vic tng khi lng s dng cc ngun nguyn vt
liu (Jackson Tim, 1993).
Nguyn tc phng chng. Nguyn tc phng chng cng c tm quan trng khng
km, c bit trong cc trng hp mt sn phm hay mt quy trnh cng ngh c
s dng li chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra nhng tn hi v mt mi trng. Nguyn tc
phng chng c s dng nhm to ra nhng thay i ngay t nhng khu u tin
ca h thng sn xut hoc tiu dng. Bn cht "phng chng" ca SXSH i hi phi
c cch tip cn mi trong khi cn nhc cc mu sn phm, nhu cu tiu dng, cc m
hnh tiu th nguyn vt liu, v thc t l i hi phi c cch tip cn hon ton mi
i vi ton b c s vt cht ca hot ng kinh t ( Jackson Tim, 1993).
Nguyn tc tch hp. Tch hp l vic p dng mt cch nhn tng hp i vi ton
b chu trnh sn xut v phng php trong vic thc hin tng ny, thng qua phn
tch chu trnh sng ca sn phm. Mt trong nhng kh khn khi thc hin cch tip
cn phng chng l vic tch hp cng mt lc nhiu bin php bo v mi trng, qua
nhiu ranh gii khc nhau ca h thng. Theo truyn thng, nhng quy nh php l
ca cch tip cn cui ng ng thng c p dng bng cch tm kim nhng bin
php tch hp nhm gim bt nhu cu x cc cht thi vo mi trng, nhng bin php
ny s to ra s bo v c tnh ton din cho mi trng vi t cch l mt tng th
(Jackson tim, 1993).
C th thc hin SXSH bng cch p dng b quyt cng ngh, ci tin k thut, hoc
ch n gin bng cch thay i cch t duy, quan im ca mnh. Ni dung thc tin
ca SXSH l nhng bin php phng nga sau y:
- Qun l nh xng tt: Nhng quy nh hp l v qun l v tc nghip nhm ngn
nga cc cht nhim b r r hoc tro ra ngoi (v d: Qui nh thi gian biu cho vic
bo dng thng xuyn, hoc thc hin cc cuc duy tu thit b theo nh k) v bt

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buc thc thi cc hng dn v an ton lao ng hin c (v d: Thng qua vic gim
st k cng, hoc bng cch tp hun, vv...).
- Thay th u vo: Thay th cc vt liu u vo bng nhng vt liu khc t c hi
hn, d ti to hn, hoc thm vo cc vt liu ph gia (v d: Du bi trn, cht lm
ngui my mc, cht ty ra, vv...) tng tui th cho sn phm.
- Kim sot tt hn i vi quy trnh sn xut: Ci tin qu trnh lm vic, hng dn
s dng my mc v thc hin vic ghi chp theo di y quy trnh cng ngh nhm
t c mc hiu qu sn xut cao hn, vi mc pht thi thp hn v x cht c hi
t hn.
- Thay i trang thit b: Thay i cc trang thit b hoc vt dng hin c (V d: bng
cch b sung thm vo dy chuyn cc b phn o lng hoc kim sot nhm t c
hiu qu cao hn, vi mc pht thi thp hn v x cht c hi t hn).
- Thay i cng ngh: Thay th cng ngh, thay i trnh t trong dy chuyn sn xut,
hoc cch thc tng hp, nhm gim thiu cht thi v cht gy nhim trong khi sn
xut.
- Thay i sn phm: Thay i cc tnh cht c trng ca sn phm, nhm gim thiu
tc ng c hi ca sn phm i vi mi trng, c trc v sau khi sn phm
c a vo s dng, hoc lm gim thiu nh hng ca vic sn xut loi sn phm
i vi mi trng.
- S dng nng lng c hiu qu: Nng lng l ngun u vo c kh nng gy ra cc
tc ng mi trng rt ng k. Vic khai thc cc ngun nng lng c th gy tc hi
i vi t, nc, khng kh, v a dng sinh hc, hoc l nguyn nhn lm pht sinh
mt s lng ln cht thi rn. Nhng tc ng mi trng pht sinh t vic s dng
nng lng c th c gim bt bng cch s dng nng lng mt cch hiu qu hn,
hoc bng cch thay th ngun nng lng sch hn nh mt tri, nng lng gi.
- Ti ch, ti s dng ngay ti ch : Ti s dng cc ngun vt liu b thi ra ngay trong
quy trnh sn xut , hoc s dng cho cc mc ch khc ngay trong phm vi mt
doanh nghip hoc cng ty.
c. So snh SXSH v phng php cui ng ng.
Khi nim SXSH hon ton khc v mt bn cht so vi khi nim kim sot nhim
cui ng ng. Cc cng ngh kim sot cui ng ng bao gm vic s dng hng
lot cc k thut v sn phm (cc ho cht) x l cht thi, cc ngun pht thi kh
v cht lng. Cc cng ngh ny nhn chung khng lm gim lng cht thi pht sinh.
Chng ch c th gip lm gim c hi, v trn thc t ch trung chuyn nhim t
mt dng ny, sang mt dng khc m thi (v d: Cht nhim khng kh c chuyn
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qua thnh nc thi trong khi nc thi c pht ra li c th chuyn nhim sang cc
cht thi rn).
S khc bit ch yu gia bin php kim sot nhim v SXSH l vic xc nh
thi im tin hnh cc bin php ny. Bin php kim sot nhim cui ng ng
c tin hnh sau khi cc cht thi nhim c pht sinh, nn cn gi l bin php
"phn ng v x l", trong khi SXSH l bin php ch ng, "bit trc v phng
nga". Phng bnh bao gi cng tt hn cha bnh.
Tuy nhin, iu khng c ngha l cc bin php cui ng ng s khng cn cn
thit na. Bng cch p dng SXSH u tranh vi vn nhim v cht thi, mc
ph thuc vo cc gii php cui ng ng c th c gim bt v trong mt s
trng hp c th dn n loi b hon ton.
Bng 2.6. Nhng khc bit ch yu gia SXSH v cc bin php kim sot nhim
SXSH

Kim sot nhim v qun l cht thi

Lin tc ci tin

1 gii php cho mt vn

Tin b theo hng s dng cc

quy trnh khp kn hoc theo chu
k

Cc quy trnh sn xut lm pht sinh cc ph liu

pht thi ra mi trng, to ra mt ng ng
vi u vo l nguyn vt liu v u ra l cht
thi

Mi thnh vin trong cng ng

u c vai tr ca mnh; s cng
tc v phi hp ht sc cn thit

Cc giiphp c thit k bi cc chuyn gia,

thng khng gn vi thc tin

Ch ng nhn bit v tm cch

phng chng nhim v cht thi

C nhng phn ng th ng i vi nhim v

cht thi sau khi chng pht sinh ra

Loi tr cc vn mi trng
ngay t ngun pht sinh

Cc cht nhim c kim sot bng cc thit

b v phng php x l cht thi

Pht trin nhng phng php,

quan im v cc k thut qun l Ch yu da vo nhng ci tin k thut i vi
mi, thc y tin b khoa hc-k nhng cng ngh hin tn ti
thut
d. Ti sao phi c SXSH ?
SXSH gip lm gim mc nhim v ri ro cho mi trng. Vic s dng c hiu
qu hn cc ngun nguyn vt liu v ti u ho cc quy trnh sn xut s lm gim bt
cht thi v nhim pht sinh; iu ny s lm cho chi ph sn xut gim xung. Vic

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ch trng bo v sc kho v an ton lao ng cng em li cc hiu ng tch cc i

vi nng sut lao ng, gip lm gim tai nn lao ng.
SXSH c vai tr c bit quan trng ti cc nc ang pht trin v cc nc c nn
kinh t chuyn i v ti cc nc ny, vic tiu th nguyn vt liu v nng lng ti
cc x nghip cn mc tng i cao.
e. Li ch ca SXSH l g ?
Vic p dng rng ri cc bin php SXSH c th mang li nhng li ch rt ng k, v
d:
? Ci thin tnh trng mi trng: SXSH c th to ra nhng ci thin v mi trng
m cc vn bn php quy khng bao trm ht, nh lm tng tnh hiu qu ca vic s
dng nc hoc nng lng, gim thiu cht thi, gim lng nguyn vt liu c hi
c a vo s dng, gim mc s dng cc ngun ti nguyn, duy tr cht lng t
trng, gim mc nhim do hiu ng nh knh. SXSH cn gip ci thin iu kin lm
vic v bo v tt hn cht lng nc v khng kh.
? Gim chi ph tng th: SXSH gip lm gim mc pht sinh cht thi, mc tiu th
nguyn vt liu, nng lng v nc. V th cc chi ph cng gim i ng k. Cc hot
ng bo v mi trng khng cn l nhng chi ph b sung nh trc na. Nu tnh
ton mt cch tng th, th SXSH gip lm gim cc chi ph ny, nh vic gim bt chi
ph u vo nh chi ph cho nguyn vt liu, nng lng, chi ph x l cht thi.
Vic trnh lm pht sinh cht thi gip tit kim tin bc v n loi tr c nhng
chi ph x l hoc b cht thi, cng nh nhng chi ph mua nguyn vt liu hoc
dch v b bin thnh ph thi trong qu trnh sn xut.
Mt s d n SXSH gip phc hi li nhng ph phm c gi tr, c th c s dng
hoc em bn, v v th s gip lm tng li ch kinh t cho ngi sn xut.
? Tng nng sut: Hiu qu v nng sut cc hot ng ca mt cng ty c th c ci
thin bng nhiu cch thng qua ng dng SXSH. Nhng li ch ch yu SXSH mang
li l:
- tin cy cao hn ca thi gian biu v cc k hoch ngn sch.
- S dng c hiu qu hn cc ngun nhn ti vt lc.
- Ci tin iu kin lm vic.
- Gim bt cc ngha v php l.

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? Tng li th so snh: p dng SXSH s lm tng li th so snh ca cc cng ty. Cc

cng ty c hin trng mi trng tt v cc sn phm p ng cc tiu chun mi trng
s c li th trn th trng. L do l ch hin nay ngi tiu dng ngy cng thc
r rng hn v vn mi trng.
? Mi trng lin tc c ci thin: C l y l li ch quan trng nht; p dng SXSH
bo m rng mi trng c ci thin mt cch lin tc; iu ny chnh l yu t cn
bn t c pht trin bn vng. Vic cng nhn rng mi hot ng u n cha
trong mnh tim nng cho vic ci thin tnh trng mi trng cng l mt trong nhng
vn khng km phn quan trng.
f. Ci g khng phi l SXSH ?
Hin c rt nhiu cc bin php chng nhim hoc kim sot cht thi c thc hin
ch sau khi nhim hoc cht thi pht sinh. Nhng bin php sau y khng th
c coi l sn xut sch hn:
Ti ch ngoi phm vi x nghip l bin php rt c a chung trong s nhng bin
php gii quyt cht thi, v n gip tit kim nguyn liu v gim lng nguyn liu
b b sau . Tuy nhin, vic vn chuyn cht thi v bn thn qu trnh ti ch c
th e da nh hng sc kho ca ngi lao ng hoc gy nhim cho mi trng.
Nhn chung, phng php ny khng em li hiu qu s cao cho bn thn x nghip
thc hin n.
Di chuyn cc cht thi c hi sang mt mi trng trung gian khc cng khng
thuc phm tr cc bin php SXSH. Cc hot ng qun l cht thi ch yu t trc
n nay mi ch n gin l thu gom cc cht nhim v chuyn chng t mt mi
trng trung gian ny n mt a im khc m thi. V d, cc dung mi c th c
ly ra khi nc thi bng cch s dng cc cht ht bm cc-bon c lm gim. Tuy
nhin, c th phn hu c lng cc-bon i hi phi s dng mt loi dung
mi khc hoc phi t, tc l phi chuyn cht thi vo mi trng khng kh. Trong
cc trng hp ny, vic chuyn cht thi c hi t mi trng ny sang mi trng
khc l cch x l duy nht. Trn thc t, mc tiu t ra thng l chuyn nhim sang
mt mi trng khc t b kim sot hn v mt lut php m thi.
X l cht thi trc khi b nhm lm gim c hi hoc lm gim nhu cu v
a im b cht thi, nhng khng phi l loi tr cht gy nhim. X l cht
thi bao gm cc quy trnh nh: Gim khi lng, pha long, gim c hi ho cht
gy nhim, nn thnh khi, bc v, c c cc cht c hoc nguy him gim bt
khi lng.
Cc cng on lm gim khi lng (nh rt bt nc trong cc cht thi) l nhng
phng php x l cht thi rt hu dng, nhng chng khng gip lm gim bt cht

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gy nhim. V d phng php nn lc v lm kh loi bn c b nhim do cc cht

kim loi nng trc khi em b c th lm gim bt hm lng nc trong bn v
v th lm gim khi lng loi cht thi ny, nhng phng php ny khng lm gim
c hm lng kim loi nng cha trong lp bn .
Lm long thnh phn cht thi gim bt c hi v nguy him. Phng php
lm long c p dng i vi cc dng cht thi sau khi nhim pht sinh v v
vy khng gip lm gim s lng tuyt i ca cc cht c hi thi vo mi trng.
g. Sn xut sch hn: Li ch v nhng ro cn:
C th phn chia cc cn tr i vi vic p dng SXSH ti cc doanh nghip thnh 2
phm tr nh sau:
? Cc ro cn trong ni b doanh nghip:
- Thiu thng tin v kin thc chuyn mn. Trong rt nhiu trng hp, cc cng ty
khng c cn b chuyn mn v k nng p dng cc phng php SXSH, hoc
khng c thng tin v loi cng ngh c th. Thng thng, h vn quen ngh rng
bo v mi trng l nhng hot ng tn nhiu tin bc.
- Nhn thc v mi trng thp;
- Cc u tin v cnh tranh trong kinh doanh, c th l sc p v cc ngun li c tnh
ngn hn.
- Nhng kh khn v ti chnh;
- Thiu nhng mi giao lu gia cc doanh nghip;
- S tr tr ca cc nh qun l.
- Nhng kh khn v ngun nhn lc
? Cc cn tr t bn ngoi:
- S yu km ca h thng quy phm php lut: Nu cc b phn qun l nh nc thc
hin tt nhim v ca h trong vic xc nh nhng hnh ng ph hp, th cc cng ty
khng cn phi gnh trch nhim lp k hoch qun l tch hp cho mi trng, thc
cht cc c quan qun l nh nc ch gi vai tr nh nhng ngi ch o ra cc
quy nh, cc tiu chun cho mi trng.
- Kh khn trong vic tip cn cc cng ngh SXSH.

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- Kh khn trong vic tip cn cc ngun ti chnh t bn ngoi.

- Hin ang tn ti rt nhiu ng c tim tng cho vic p dng SXSH. Cc ng c
ny cng c th c phn chia thnh 2 dng nh sau:
? Cc ng c bn trong (mt cng ty).
- H thng qun l mi trng v vic lin tc ci thin mi trng.
- Gii lnh o v mi trng ca cng ty: Ti nhng cng ty c ban lnh o thc s
cam kt vi tng p dng cc phng php SXSH, th chc chn s gy c "hiu
ng lan to", tc l cc thnh vin khc trong cng ty cng c cam kt mnh hn i vi
vn mi trng.
- Cc bo co mi trng ca cng ty: Lm bo co cng c th l mt phng php
hu dng cc cng ty c th ph bin cc thng tin v hot ng mi trng ca h
n cc bn c lin quan; v hn th na, cc bo co cn c th c s dng nh mt
cng c d bo ni b i vi SXSH.
- Hch ton mi trng: C nhiu hnh thc hch ton mi trng c p dng vi
mc ch lm gim bt vai tr ch o ca cc h thng hch ton ti chnh hp hi hin
nay. Hch ton mi trng hin ang c coi l lnh vc c tim nng ln trong nhng
ng gp vo khng ch cc thnh tu kinh doanh, m cn c cho pht trin bn vng.
- Ci thin v nng sut.
? Cc ng c t bn ngoi:
- i mi trong h thng cc vn bn quy phm php lut.
- Cc cng c khuyn khch kinh t nh thu, cc khon tr cp, cc giy php pht thi
nhim, c th c p dng y nhanh tc thc hin SXSH. Cc cng c khuyn
khch kinh t c th mang tnh tch cc nh cc khon tr cp, gim thu, hoc cng c
th di cc dng khng c mong mun nh thu hoc ph mi trng.
- Gio dc v o to;
- Quan h gia ngi mua- ngi bn. c bit nhng cng ty ln thng hay p t
cc sn phm hoc quy trnh ca mnh cho cc cng ty khc, li dng th lc th trng
ca mnh gy nh hng i vi hnh vi ca cc bn cung ng u ngun, cng nh
i vi cc bn tiu th cui ngun.
- Cc khon vay li sut thp ca cc c quan ti chnh.

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- S tham gia ca cng ng: Ch khen thng chnh thc c th l mt trong nhng
phng php cc cng ty "trnh lng" rng h p dng SXSH. Tnh cht cng khai
ca vic khen thng cng c th l mt dng cng c gio dc nhm nng cao nhn
thc cng chng.
- Cc cng c khuyn khch trong thng mi quc t: Trong nn kinh t ngy cng
c ton cu ho mnh hn, sc mnh nh hng ca cc cng ty thng mi ln i
vi cc quy trnh sn xut kinh doanh ca cc cng ty chc chn s ngy cng tng. Sc
mnh ny s c th hin mt cch chnh thc thng qua nhng yu cu c th, cng
c th c th hin mt cch phi chnh thc thng qua nhng la chn ca ngi tiu
th ti cc th trng trong mt vng.
h. Vai tr ca cc t chc quc t trong lnh vc SXSH.
C rt nhiu t chc quc t c nhng hot ng tch cc trong vic xc tin SXSH.
Nhng hot ng quan trng nht s c miu t ngn gn di y.
- Chng trnh mi trng ca Lin hip quc "Cng nghip v mi trng" (UNEPIE)
hin ang hot ng vi t cch l bn xc tc cho vic thc thi mc tiu tp hp gii
cng nghip, cc t chc chnh ph v phi chnh ph cng hnh ng tm ra cc hnh
thc pht trin cng nghip theo hng c li cho mi trng. UNEPIE ang tm kim
bin php nhm:
? Xc nh v khuyn khch vic a cc tiu ch mi trng vo pht trin cng nghip.
? Gip xy dng cc chnh sch v chin lc pht trin cng nghip bn vng, v
to iu kin thun li cho vic thc thi cc chin lc hay chnh sch ny.
? Thc y thc hin vic bo v mi trng thng qua vic p dng SXSH v cc bin
php ch ng khc;
? Kch thch vic trao i thng tin v cc hnh thc pht trin cng nghip c li cho
mi trng.
UNEPIE xy dng Tuyn ngn v SXSH, Tuyn ngn ny c cng b ti hi
tho quc t cp cao ln th 5 v SXSH ti Seoul nm 1998.
T chc pht trin cng nghip ca Lin hip quc (UNIDO). Hot ng quan trng
nht ca UNIDO trong lnh vc SXSH l chng trnh Trung tm SXSH quc gia. y
l chng trnh lin kt gia UNIDO v UNEP. UNIDO chu trch nhim v qun l
chung, v c quan lin lc ti a phng, v bo m cung cp cc chuyn gia, c
bit l cho cc hot ng trnh din ti cc ngnh cng nghip. UNEP chu trch nhim
v cung cp cc chuyn gia, v o to, thng tin, phn tch chnh sch. Mc tiu ca
Chng trnh l thnh lp cc Trung tm quc gia v SXSH, ni s thc hin 6 dng
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hot ng, c th l: Nng cao nhn thc, o to, nh gi trong ni b x nghip, ph

bin thng tin, xc tin u t v t vn chnh sch.
T chc hp tc v pht trin kinh t (OECD) c bit tch cc trong vic thc y
SXSH ti cc nc Trung v ng u (CEEC) v cc quc gia mi c lp (NIS). Cng
vic ny c thc hin trong khun kh ca Chng trnh hnh ng mi trng ca
nhm cng tc chuyn trch v cc nc CEEC/NIS (EAP) cng tc ny c thnh lp
ti Hi ngh b trng "Mi trng cho chu u", vi cc thnh vin l cc b trng
mi trng. Hi ngh hp ti thnh ph Lucerne, Thu S nm 1993. Ban gim c v
mi trng ca T chc OECD gi vai tr l Ban th k cho nhm cng tc ca chng
trnh. Mt trong nhng mc tiu chnh ca EAP trong lnh vc qun l mi trng trong
cc doanh nghip l to dng c nng lc c bn cho vic thc hin SXSH ti CEEC/
NIS. Nm 1998 vn bn bo co chnh sch v qun l mi trng doanh nghip ti cc
nc CEEC/NIS c nhm cng tc trnh v c thng qua ti Hi ngh b
trng "Mi trng cho chu u" ti Aarhees.
Hi ng doanh nghip v s pht trin bn vng th gii (WBESD) l t chc lin kt
ca trn 140 cng ty quc t, cng c chung mt cam kt v pht trin bn vng, tc
l cam kt v bo v mi trng, cng bng x hi v tng trng kinh t. Xt theo
ngha rng, mc tiu ca cc doanh nghip, chnh ph v cc t chc khc c quan tm
ti mi trng v pht trin bn vng. WBCSD cn t ra nhim v khuyn khch cc
tiu chun qun l mi trng cao ngay ti cc doanh nghip. WBCSD thc thi quan
im v hiu qu sinh thi. Gn y WBCSD bt tay vo chun b thc hin Pha 2
ca "sng kin hiu qu sinh thi chu u" (EEEI), l hot ng nng cao nhn thc v
xy dng nng lc chuyn mn, nhm xc tin hiu qu sinh thi vi t cch l quan
im ch o trong chnh sch v kinh doanh ca tt c cc nc thnh vin chu u.
U ban kinh t chu u ca Lin hp quc (UN/ECE) ang tin hnh chng trnh nh
gi thnh tu mi trng (EPR) ti nhiu nc trn th gii. Mt trong nhng lnh vc
c EPR quan tm l vic thc hin cc hot ng SXSH ti cc nc thuc i tng
nh gi. Hot ng ny cung cp 1 cch nhn tng th v hin trng v a ra nhng
khuyn ngh cho vic tip tc xc tin cc hot ng SXSH.
nh gi tnh kh thi i vi d n SXSH hn.
i vi bt c mt d n SXSH no khi c xc nh cng u phi xem xt tnh
kh thi ca n, v c bn tnh kh thi c cn c vo ba nh gi quan trng, l
nh gi k thut, nh gi kinh t v nh gi mi trng.
1. nh gi k thut.
nh gi k thut bao gm c 2 phn lin quan cht ch vi nhau.

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Th nht l nh gi xem xt liu phng n ny c th a vo p dng trong thc

t c hay khng, chng hn nh trang thit b c hay cha, nh hng ca vic thc
hin ti cht lng sn phm v nng sut, nhng yu cu v duy tu v s dng, cc k
nng cn thit cho vic vn hnh v gim st.
Th hai l cn phi a nhng thay i v v c tnh k thut vo bng cn i nguyn
vt liu c d kin trc, th hin nhng thay i ny di dng cc dng u vo/
u ra v cc nhu cu v nng lng sau khi thc hin phng n SXSH ny.
nh gi k thut i hi phi c nhng s nghin cu k cng, c bit lin quan ti
ngun vn.
b. nh gi Kinh t.
nh gi Kinh t ti thiu nht cng bao gm vic thu thp thng tin (v cc khon u
t v cc chi ph li ch tc nghip), la chn cc tiu ch nh gi (thi hn hon vn,
gi tr hin ti rng (NPV), hoc t l hon vn ni ti (IRR), v cc tnh ton, v tnh
kh thi. Nhng s liu kinh t c c s c b sung vo cc kt qu nh ga k
thut. c th c c cc li th kinh t di hn khi thc hin SXSH, cn phi p
dng cc nguyn tc nh gi tng chi ph trong khi thc hin nh gi kinh t, iu ny
c bit quan trng i vi cc phng n SXSH c chi ph cao.
Nu phng n khng i hi nhng chi ph u t cao, vic nh gi kinh t tng i
n gin. Cc li ch kinh t c th c tnh ton lm r mc gim bt cc chi
ph vn hnh, hoc tng li ch mi trng (phng nga v gim bt cht thi).
Thi h hon vn l mt trong nhng phng php nh gi kinh t ph bin nht. Thi
k hon vn c xc nh bng n v thi gian (v d: Nm) cn thit c th sn
sinh ra c s tin cho hon tr vn u t ban u. Thi k hon vn cng ngn c
ngha l u t cho SXSH cng c hiu qu.
u t t bn
Thi k hon vn = -------------------------------------------------Tit kim chi ph hot ng hng nm
Thi k hon vn thng c tnh theo n v nm. Tuy nhin, c nhng d n u t
c bit c hiu qu, c th hon vn trong vng mt s thng. Thi k hon vn trong
khong t 3 n 4 nm thng c coi l c th chp nhn c i vi cc d n u
t t ri ro. Phng php ny thng s dng cho nh gi nhanh nhm xac nh sut
li nhun. Nu d n c chi ph t bn ln, cn phi c nhng phn tch k cng, t m
hn.

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T sut hon vn ni ti (IRR) v gi tr hin ti rng (NPV) l hai phng php tnh
dng tin c chit khu, nhm xc nh sut li nhun. Nhiu cng ty s dng phng
php ny xp hng cc d n u t c bn, cn c s sp t u tin khi tin hnh
cp vn. Vic cp vn c bn cho mt d n c th ph thuc ln vo kh nng ca d
n trong vic to ra cc dng tin ngoi phm vi thi k hon vn, c th hin thc
ho kh nng thu hi vn u t mc c th chp nhn c. C NPV v IRR phi
tnh ti gi tr thi gian thng qua vic thc hin chit khu ng tin c s dng
trong tng lai v chuyn chng v hin ti. i vi cc d n u t c mc ri
ro thp, t l hon vn ni ti (IRR) sau thu vo khong 12-15% l c th chp nhn
c.
T sut li ch/ chi ph (BCR) l t sut so snh gia tng gi tr hin ti ca tt c cc
dng tin vo vi tng gi tr hin ti ca tt c cc dng tin ra ca mt d n. BCR
cho bit tng gi tr hin ti ca cc li ch ln gp bao nhiu ln tng gi tr hin ti ca
cc chi ph, chnh v vy BCR l ch tiu quan trng quyt nh xem c nn thc hin
mt d n SXSH ny hay d n khc hay khng. Tuy nhin khi thc hin ch tiu ny
cc doanh nghip cng phi lu tm ti mt vn ht sc quan trng l cc quy ch
v mi trng do lut php quy nh. Mt doanh nghip vi phm cc quy nh php l
v mi trng s phi i mt vi cc khon pht hnh chnh, kin co, hoc thm ch
c pht hnh s na (i vi cc cn b qun l doanh nghip). Kt qu nh my c th
b ng ca. Trong trng hp ny, s tn ti ca nh my/doanh nghip hon ton ph
thuc vo vic d n ci thin mi trng c thc hin tt hay khng.
1. nh gi mi trng.
Mc tiu ca nh gi mi trng l xc nh cc tc ng tch cc v tiu cc ca
phng n SXSH i vi mi trng. Bi l mt trong nhng mc ch quan trng ca
SXSH l ci thin cht lng mi trng ti doanh nghip, chnh v vy cn phi c
nh gi mi trng.
nh gi mi trng phi tnh n tt c cc yu t lin quan n vng i sn phm
hoc dch v. C hai cch phn tch vng i sn phm hin ang ph bin l phn tch
nh tnh v phn tch nh lng.
Th nht phn tch nh lng bao gm vic xy dng mt b tiu thc cho vic nh
gi tc ng mi trng ca sn phm v thc hin vic nh gi . Cc tiu thc c
th c xy dng bng cch s dng cc thng s nh: Chi ph b hoc lm sch
cc cht thi pht sinh tt c cc cng on trong vng i sn phm, tng lng chi
ph nng lng s dng ti tt c cc cng on ca vng i sn phm, chi ph gy
ra do nh hng ca sn phm v.v.
Th hai l phn tch nh tnh l loi phn tch hu dng hn trong vic nh gi vng
i sn phm. Phn tch ny bao gm vic xy dng mt ma trn cc vn mi trng

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c i chiu vi tng giai on trong vng i sn phm. Phng php ny thng c

s dng nh mt cng c gip cho vic xc nh cc u tin trong khi ti thit k cc
mu sn phm.
Cc bc thc hin khi nh gi mi trng.
Th nht: l vic nh gi nhng thay i v s lng; c hi ca cht
thi/cht nhim ti tt c cc giai on ca vng i sn phm (t nht l i
vi nguyn vt liu, sn xut, s dng v b).
Th hai: nh gi nhng thay i v tiu th nng lng trong sut vng i
sn phm.
Th ba: xem xt kh nng di chuyn nh hng mi trng sang cc mi
trng trung gian khc.
Th t: xc nh kh nng ti s dng ca cc loi cht thi.
Th nm: xc nh kh nng thay i trong mc lm tn hi mi trng ca
cht thi/cht gy nhim.
Th su: xc nh mc s dng cc nguyn liu c th ti to.
Th by: xc nh mc gim bt trong tiu th nng lng.
Th tm: xc nh mc s dng cc ngun nng lng c th ti to c.
Trn c s nh gi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng chng ta loi b tt c cc
phng n khng kh thi v mt k thut hoc nhng phng n khng mang li li ch
ng k v mt mi trng. Tt c nhng phng n cn li v mt nguyn tc u c
th p dng c. Nhng phng n c u tin nht l nhng phng n c gi tr
hin ti rng cao nht, tuy nhin trong trng hp ngun vn u t c hn s u tin
li phi xem xt ti t sut gi tr hin ti rng.
Kinh nghim cho thy vic tin hnh nghin cu v nh gi v k thut, Kinh t v mi
trng i hi chi ph cao, chnh v vy vic la chn cu phi c tin hnh ht sc
thn trng c th tm ra cc phng n c kh nng c thc hin cao nht trong
nhng khong thi c xc nh.
u t cho sn xut sch hn.
a. u t cho sn xut sch hn nhn t gc Kinh t.
u t cho sn xut sch hn c hiu l vic huy ng mt ngun vn no tp
trung cho mt phng n c kh thi i vi mt doanh nghip trn c s quy trnh cng
ngh sn xut ang vn hnh nhm t c mc tiu "Sn xut sch hn", thc hin
mc tiu ny khng ch t hiu qu mi trng m quan trng hn doanh nghip
cn c sinh li t ngun vn u t, hay ni cch khc l hiu qu Kinh t.

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Thc t i vi cc phng n u t cho sn xut sch hn cc doanh nghip cho

thy trc khi tin hnh u t, ngi ta phi c mt qu trnh nghin cu v phn
tch tng bc i n khng nh l nu u t cho phng n ra s c kh nng
sinh li cho d n hay khng? i n quyt nh tnh ton kh nng sinh li ca d
n iu ht sc quan trng trc chng ta phi lm l phi xc nh v nh gi
cc khon chi ph no m chng ta phi b ra, v mt phn quan trng ca bt k phn
tch u t no l cn phi hiu r cc khon chi ph v tit kim d kin d n s mang
li.
Ni dung c bn ca xc nh v nh gi chi ph bao gm:
- Chi ph u t ban u nh chi ph mua trang thit b, lp t trang thit b, o to.
i vi cc doanh nghip, hoc cng ty xc nh chi ph u t ban u, tt hn ht
l xc nh chi ph vn hnh hng nm bi v vic xc nh chi ph u t ban u nhiu
khi khng phi l vn d dng v d nh lng.
- Chi ph vn hnh, tit kim v thu nhp hng nm , nhng khon ny bao gm chi
ph cho nguyn liu, nhin liu, nng lng, lao ng. Chi ph vn hnh hng nm phi
c xem xt trn c s hot ng hin ti trc khi c d n v sau khi tin hnh d
n, bi v thng qua hai con s ny l c s chng ta xem xt s khc bit gia trc
v sau khi c d n, xc nh c khon tin tit kim chi ph cho cng ty. iu ht
sc quan trng l trong khi xem xt chi ph vn hnh hng nm cn phi a vo tt c
cc yu t chu tc ng ca d n, vic xem xt v r sot cng rng bao nhiu cng
tt by nhiu, nu chng ta lm c vic ny th qu trnh phn tch u t tnh kh
nng sinh li ca d n s m bo cng chnh xc.
- Cn xc nh, nh gi v phn b tt c cc khon mc thch hp v quan trng m
d n tc ng n. i vi d n sn xut sch hn y l vn cn c xem xt
ht sc cn thn bi l cc khon chi ph nh chi ph nguyn liu, chi ph qun l cht
thi hay chi ph t hu hnh hn thng rt kh xc nh v d b phn b sai hoc b n
trong s sch k ton. V d nh khi nghin cu v chi ph n ca nguyn liu tht thot
ti nh my ph tng t ch to thn sau bng cht do, xem xt s sch k ton ngi
ta thy t l tht thot nguyn liu cht do di dng cht thi l 2%, nhng o lng
thc t trong qu trnh sn xut cho thy con s tht thot l 52%. Nguyn nhn l t
l tht thot nguyn vt liu cao ny c lng vo trong nhng c im thit k ca
sn phm cht do c ch to, chnh v vy khng bao gi chng xut hin trong s
sch k ton. Trong nhiu trng hp khc, c nhng loi chi ph c th thiu trong s
sch k ton m khi xc nh chi ph chng ta khng th c s liu, thng nhng chi
ph ny l chi ph t hu hnh hn nh li nhun mt i do sn lng gim, chi ph tun
th cc quy ch trong tng lai, nhng trch nhim, ngha v php l tim tng, hnh
nh c tnh tiu cc ca cng ty v.v....

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Vic xc nh v nh gi chi ph s gip chng ta lp d ton ngn sch cho quyt nh

u t, bi l lp d ton ngn sch l mt qa trnh lin quan ti thu nhp, phn tch
chi ph - li ch ca d n ra quyt nh u t kh thi tt nht cho cng ty. Vic nh
gi chi ph -li ch ca mt d n u t phi th hin c kt qu ca hot ng u
t. Thng tin quan trng y l s thay i cc lung tin mt do vic tin hnh thc
hin d n gy ra. chnh xc cn thit cho cc nh gi lin quan ti quyt nh u
t ph thuc vo ba vn c bn, th nht l giai on nh gi d n thng th c ba
giai on u, gia v cui, trong cc giai on u cha cn phi c chnh xc cao;
Th hai l mc nhy cm v Kinh t ca d n i vi chnh xc v thi im
din ra ca mi yu t trong bn nh gi d n; Th ba l s ging nhau ca d n ny
v cc d n khc c thc hin.
Ra quyt nh ti chnh i vi d n u t vn i hi phi c mt s phng php
c tnh k thut. v nhng nguyn l nht nh. Nhng phng php c bn c th c
lit k nh sau:
- Phng php tnh gi tr hin ti rng: Phng php ny da trn c s chit khu
tt c cc lung tin mt v thi im hin ti, t sut chit khu phi m bo t sut
hon vn ti thiu chp nhn c. Nu gi tr hin ti rng dng, mc hon vn v
ti chnh ca d n ln hn mc ti thiu c th chp nhn th d n chp nhn c v
mt kinh t . Nu gi tr hin ti rng m, d n khng chp nhn c theo quan im
kinh t.
- Phng php tnh t sut hon vn ni ti: T sut hon vn ni ti thc cht l mt
t l chit khu lm cho gi tr hin ti rng bng khng. y chnh l t l li sut cao
nht m cng ty c th chu c khi tin hnh vay vn m vn khng b l.
- Phng php tnh chi ph hng nm tng ng: Chi ph hng nm tng ng l
lng tin hon tr hng nm cho khon vn vay trong sut qu trnh thc hin d
n theo mt t sut chit khu c xc nh. Khi cn nhc la chn cc phng n
u t thc cht c th ch cn xem xt cc chi ph. Trong nhng tnh hung nh vy,
chng ta c th chn nhng phng n m chi ph hng nm tng ng thp nht, v
phng n c tng chi ph thp nht s l phng n tt nht.
- Phng php tnh thi gian hon vn: y l phng php s dng c tnh thi
gian cn thit thu li chi ph u t gc. Lung tin mt rng thu c t d n c tnh
cho mi nm c cng dn cho n khi chng bng khon u t gc. Thi gian cn
thit hon li u t c gi l thi hn hon vn. i vi nhng d n c thi hn
hon vn ngn nht l d n tt nht.
- Phng php tnh thi gian hon vn c chit khu: y l phng php da trn c
s tnh ton s nm cn thit cc lung tin mt thu vo hon li c vn u t
v thu li c mt t l hon vn cn thit trong thi gian . Theo phng php ny,

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lung tin mt thu vo mi nm c chit khu theo mt t l hon vn cn thit v

cc gi tr hin ti ny c cng dn cho n khi tng ca chng bng vi khon vn
u t b ra. i vi nhng d n c thi gian hon vn chit khu ngn hn l nhng
d n c a thch hn
- Phng php tnh t sut hon vn k ton: T sut hon vn k ton l php o thu
nhp bnh qun hng nm sau thu trong sut qua trnh thc hin d n em chia cho
vn u t ban u hoc u t bnh qun cn thit to ra thu nhp . Phng php
ny khc vi phng php khc l nh gi thu nhp rng ch khng nh ga lung
tin mt. Phng php ny rt c li i vi cc nh qun l khi xem xt tc ng ca
mt khon u t vn ln ln cc kt qu ti chnh bo co
Trn c s tnh ton da vo cc ch tiu m cc phng php nh ga ti chnh em
li, quyt nh d n c u t hay khng v tm kim ngun vn nh th no i vi
mt d n sn xut sch hn l bc tip theo i hi cc doanh nghip phi thc hin.
Nhng ngun cung cp vn c th gip cc doanh nghip thc hin d n u t sn
xut sch hn bao gm:
- Ngun vn ni b. Ngun vn ni b (c th c to ra bng cch gi li li nhun
hoc vn do ch s hu cung cp. Ngun vn ni b cng c th l nhng qu khc
c to ra trong qu kh nay c s dng cho d n sn xut sch hn l chi ph c
hi tt nht).
- Ngun vn t cc ngn hng nh ngn hng thng mi; ngn hng pht trin v cc
ngn hng khc. Tuy nhin i vi cc d n sn xut sch hn th vay vn ngn hng
thng mi c nhiu u th hn.
- Ngun vn t cc qu h tr pht trin c th t ngn sch Nh nc thng qua ti tr,
tr cp do Nh nc qun l; vn trung v di hn ca cc thnh phn kinh t; Vay vin
tr nc ngoi.
- Ngun vn thng qua vic cho thu ti chnh. Ngi cho thu ti chnh l ch s hu
hp php ca ti sn, nhng ngi i thu ti chnh c quyn s dng ti sn hp
php v phi chu mi ri ro v li ch ca ti sn.
Ngoi ra cn c nhiu ngun vn khc c th huy ng cho cc d n sn xut sch
hn nh pht hnh c phn mi cng ty; ti tr ca cc t chc quc t; qu mi trng
Quc gia, a phng hoc ngnh v.v...
b. Li ch Kinh t ca vic u t cho sn xut sch hn.
u t cho sn xut sch hn l mt cch tip cn khc hn vi cch tip cn "cui
ng ng", i hi mt qa trnh ci tin lin tc nhm tit kim nguyn liu, nhin
liu, nng lng, lao ng, qun l v ng nhin s hn ch cht thi ra mi trng.
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cch tip cn ny c tnh cht phng nga l chnh nhm mc tiu tng hiu qu tng
th.
Kt qu phn tch l lun cng nh vn dng trong thc tin cho cc doanh nghip
thc hin d n sn xut sch hn chng minh li ch kinh t ca loi d n ny, c
th tm lc nhng li ch c bn nh sau:
- Sn sut sch hn s lm tng hiu qu ca vic s dng nguyn liu u vo, ngun
nc, ngun nhin liu v nng lng, ci thin iu kin lm vic v do s tng hiu
qu kinh t so vi khi cha tin hnh d n sn xut sch hn thng qua tit kim chi
ph.
- D n sn xut sch hn s lm gim mc pht sinh cht thi, tiu th nguyn vt liu,
nng lng v nc do vy s gim chi ph x l cht thi, tit kim chi ph cho doanh
nghip.
- i vi cc d n sn xut sch hn s lm tng hiu qu v nng sut hot ng ca
cc doanh nghip nh k hoch thi gian, k hoch ngn sch, s dng hiu qu nhn
ti vt lc, ci thin iu kin lm vic, gim bt c cc ngha v php l.
- p dng d n sn xut sch hn s lm tng li th so snh ca cc doanh nghip v
cng ty trn th trng v sn phm ca h p ng tiu chun mi trng, ngi tiu
dng a thch hn v do vy sn phm s tiu th c nhiu hn, li nhun tng. Hnh
nh cng ty s ngy cng chim lnh trn th trng.
- p dng sn xut sch hn l l do lm cho mi trng lin tc c ci thin, cc
cng ty s hng pht trin ca mnh vo mc tiu pht trin bn vng, do vy hot
ng ca cng ty s tn ti lu di, sn xut kinh doanh n nh.
Xt trn tng th v kinh t, p dng sn xut sch hn khng ch nhn thy nhng li
ch kinh t nh phn tch trn m cn cha ng nhiu li ch tim tng khc m
bn thn ngi thc hin nhiu khi cng kh nhn thy v lng ha trc c.
Minh ho 5.1: SXSH TRNG HP CNG TY THC PHM THIN HNG
Chng ti bt u lc sch du chin gim lng du tiu th do du b gi
trong m v trong cn du. iu ngc nhin l vic lm ny khng nhng tit kim c
du chin m cn ci thin ng k cht lng sn phm ca chng ti. Khch hng ca
chng ti by gi khng cn lo ngi v ngy sn xut/ng gi.
Pht biu ca Ph Gim c cng ty thc phm Thin Hng.
Cng ty thc phm Thin Hng l mt trong nhng cng ty ch bin thc phm ln
nht TP. H Ch Minh. Thi im nm 1999 Cng ty c lc lng cng nhn, vin
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chc l 1 200 ngi. Sn phm chnh l m n lin nhng cng ty cn sn xut cho n
lin, bt canh, u phng chin v tng t. Cng ty thc phm Thin Hng l cng ty
Quc doanh v c mt i ng qun l lnh ngh. Vo thi gian ni trn, cng ty ng
trc hai thch thc quan trng. Th nht l thc hin ch trng ca Nh nc, cng
ty ang trong qu trnh chun b c phn ho sm, do vy c mt p lc ln ban qun
l nhm ci thin tnh hnh Kinh t ca cng ty; Th hai l cng ty b c quan qun
l mi trng thnh ph a vo Sch en do c nhng tc ng xu ln mi trng,
mt khc do lch s li cc nh my ca cng ty phn b trong khu dn c, pht thi
ca Nh my tc ng xu ti mi trng xung quanh .
ci thin cht lng mi trng, cng ty thc phm Thin Hng quyt nh tham
gia vo d n SXSH. Nhm SXSH ca nh my c thnh lp vi 6 thnh vin do
mt ph gim c ph trch sn xut ng u. Nh my c nhiu quy trnh sn xut
cc loi sn phm khc nhau, y ch tp trung nh gi SXSH cho dy chuyn sn
xut m n lin. Vi s tr gip ca cc chuyn gia trong nc v quc t, nhm SXSH
phn tch ton din cc dng cht thi lm c s cho vic xc nh cc gii php
nhm ti thiu ho cht thi bng cch ti u ho quy trnh sn xut. T la chn
ra c mt s ln cc gii php SXSH thc hin, c 24 gii php, ch yu l cc
gii php t tn km hoc khng tn chi ph c thc hin vi tng chi ph u t
khong 868 triu ng (62.000 USD). Nhng gii php ny tit kim trc tip c
hng nm 9,3 t ng (633.700USD). Nhng ci thin mi trng chnh l gim c
66% lng nc thi, gim c 30-35% ti lng cht thi hu c v gim ng k
kh thi.
Nhng kt qu t c bc u ca cng ty cha phi l kt qu cui cng ca d n
SXSH. iu ng quan tm l sau nhng kt qu cng ty c mt i ng cn b
lnh ngh c hun luyn nn c th xc nh v thc hin c cc gii php SXSH
tip theo. Cc gii php ny s to thm cc hiu qu kinh t ln hn v ci thin mi
trng tt hn na. V qun l, cng ty thay i phng thc qun l nhm m bo
c s kim sot cht ch vic s dng nguyn nhin vt liu. Sau mi thng sn xut
cng ty c nhng bo co v s liu tiu th ca tt c cc loi nguyn nhin vt liu
chnh v c nhng hnh thc thng pht cho nhng cng nhn c sng kin trong vic
tit kim s dng nguyn nhin vt liu.
Nhng thnh qu t c ca cng ty thc phm Thin Hng phi tri qua nhiu
cn tr, c bit l khi bt u thc hin d n SXSH. Tr ngi chnh l thi v s
hiu bit v khi nim SXSH trong hm l khng mun c s thay i. Khng c
mt cn b no ca cng ty tng tm hiu v SXSH v khng c phng php gii
quyt vn mt cch h thng. Hn na vi t cch l mt cng ty thc phm ln v
c qun l tt, ngi ta thng cho rng quy trnh sn xut ca nh my khng th
c ci thin tt hn na. S phi hp lm vic ca cc chuyn gia ngoi nh my v
cc cn b trong nh my, thm vo l p lc ngy cng tng phi gim thiu cc tc
ng xu ln mi trng lm thay i c bn thi ca cn b qun l cng nh

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cng nhn trong nh my. Minh chng cho s nhn thc ny l ban gim c cng ty
dnh ra mt khon ngn sch hng thng khong 120 triu ng(8500USD) thc hin
chng trnh SXSH, iu gip ci thin mt cch lin tc khng ch mi trng
khu vc hot ng sn xut ca nh my v ln cn m cn li ch kinh t ca nh my.
Tm tt kt qu chnh ca d n trnh din SXSH ti cng ty thc phm Thin Hng
tnh n ngy 20/07/1999.
Kinh ph
u t

868 triu ng (62 000USD)

Tit kim
hng nm

9,3 t ng (663 000USD)

Thi gian
hon vn
Nhng li
ch v mi
trng

Gim 68% lng nc thi

Gim 30-35% ti lng cht thi hu c
Gim ng k kh thi

Nhng thay *Thit lp h thng gim st kim tra vic tiu th nguyn nhin vt
i trong
liu theo 27 ch tiu* Thit lp h thng khen thng cho vic tit kim
qun l
tiu th nguyn nhin vt liu
Ci thin
cht lng
sn phm

Ci thin cht lng thnh phm.

Gim t l m vn t 9% cn 3%
Tng 25% nng sut.

Ngun: Kho tp hun CP3 Sinh li t sn xut sch hn UNEP, MPI, CEERD 2001

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QUN L MI TRNG-PHN III

Trn th gii, mi c quan Chnh ph v doanh nghip u ang phi i u vi tnh
trng nhim mi trng do sn xut cng nghip gy ra v lun cng cng tc tm
nhng gii php mang tnh lut php hn khng ch trong tng nc m cn phm vi
khu vc v quc t.

Ti sao doanh nghip phi quan tm ti vic qun l mi trng

Qun l mi trng l mt phng thc tip cn h thng chm lo ti mi kha cnh
c lin quan ti mi trng trong cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca mt t chc.
N phi c xem nh l mt b phn gn lin trong hot ng v chin lc kinh
doanh ca t chc.
Doanh nghip phi quan tm ti qun l mi trng v:
4.1.1. Php lut v nhng s p buc khc i vi doanh nghip
Tuy cc mc khc nhau nhng Chnh ph ca tt c cc quc gia u ang tng
cng kim sot cc hot ng cng nghip, nghim khc x pht vic vi phm cc
iu lut v cc gii hn cho php v mi trng. Cc hnh pht dn s v hnh s mi,
nghim ngt hn v vi phm lut v cc quy nh mi trng ang c cc nc pht
trin c bit ch trng p dng. c bit l cc vi phm dn ti nguy c tn hi v sc
kho, tn hi lu di cho ti nguyn t, nc mt, nc ngm, ... Tnh hnh buc
cc doanh nghip phi tin hnh cc bin php gim st cn thit minh chng rng h
p ng cc yu cu cho php hoc tun th cc iu lut. Cc nhn vin gim st khu
vc cng ang c o to cch xc nh v kp ch ra cc vi phm v lut php hay
nhng quy nh v mi trng.
Nhiu x nghip nhn thy tip tc tn ti v xc tin hot ng sn xut kinh
doanh h buc phi ch trng mt chin lc lu di v mi trng. Vi chin lc
h mi to c c hi kinh doanh, cnh tranh c vi cc i th bit cn nhc ti
cc yu t mi trng, thu ht c cc nh u t, cc c ng v cc bn lin quan
nh vin cnh tt p v mi trng ca h.
Trch nhim php l, hnh s v vi phm lut hay cc quy nh mi trng khng ch
tr nn nghin khc hn m c s php l ca n cng ang c ch trng ti nhiu
nc. iu ny gip kim sot c mi tc hi mi trng ngay c khi cha c cc
bng chng vi phm. Cc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh d ch c nguy c ri ro cng
s b cm v ch doanh nghip s b x pht thu mt cch nghim khc.

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Ngoi cc trch nhim php l, hnh s do cc nguy hi v s c hoc nhim, ti nhiu

nc, cc doanh nghip cn gp kh khn v cc trng hp x l khn cp khi c quan
chc nng buc h phi nh ch sn xut cho ti lc gii quyt xong s c. Trong mt
s trng hp, cc doanh nghip buc phi di di a im hoc u t mua sm trang
thit b cng ngh mi kim sot nhim.
ng ca hay khng ng ca?. Liu c a im thch hp di chuyn v gii
php di chuyn c thc thi khng? ... lun l nhng cu hi kh tr li i vi cc c
quan chc nng ca Chnh ph. Ti Vit Nam cc trng hp nh vy cng xy ra.
4.1.2. p lc v nhn thc, v danh ting v v quan h cng ng:
Nhn thc ca x hi ni chung v ca ngi tiu dng ni ring v mi trng ang
dn dn thay i. L thng thng ngi ta xem mt doanh nghip c tnh trng mi
trng km th kh c th sn xut cc sn phm c cht lng cao . Xu th hin nay
ngi tiu dng c s la chn cc sn phm c sn xut trong cc iu kin tt v
mi trng. Bn hng, nhng ngi lun cn trng khi la chn, k kt cc hp ng
hn phi cn nhc k hn v iu ny.
Cc bn quan tm hoc cc bn c quyn li lin quan khc nh cc c ng, cc t
chc ti chnh, cc cng ty bo him ... lun xem trong yu t m bo mi trng trong
qu trnh nh gi tng th, nh gi v cc khch hng hin c v cc khch hng tng
lai trc lc thc hin cc dch v u t, cho vay, dch v bo him hay chp nhn cc
iu kin m phn thch hp.
Cc doanh nghip thiu cn trng v vn nhim c th gp nhiu rc ri trong quan
h i vi dn c a phng.
4.1.3. Cnh tranh
nhim mi trng thng gn lin vi vic tiu hao lng ph nhin liu v nng lng,
cht lng sn phm km, gi thnh cao nn mt kh nng cnh tranh th trng ni
a, th trng nc ngoi, nhiu nc, c ch hay h thng Tiu dng xanh - Green
Consumer ang l p lc rt ln trn th trng. Ngi tiu dng ngy cng i hi c
cc sn phm mi hn, bn hn theo cc chun mc mi trng. Cc nhu cu c th
bao gm c vic phi m bo cc sn phm c cung cp tho mn mi yu cu
ca nc nhp khu ng thi c s sn xut phi p ng cc yu cu ti thiu v mi
trng trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca h.
Cho d trong nhiu trng hp, vic tun th cc iu lut v mi trng c th lm
tng gi thnh nhng xu th l cc sn phm t cc yu cu mi trng cao hn vn
c a chung hn.
4.1.4. Sc p v ti chnh
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 gim gi thnh, tng kh nng cnh tranh doanh nghip phi tm cc gii php gim
thiu hoc loi b nhim, tit kim nng lng, nguyn nhin liu, gim ngun thi,
ti ch hoc ti s dng cc ph liu.

p dng h thng qun l mi trng EMS (Environmental Management

Systems)
4.2.1. H thng qun l mi trng (EMS) l g?
Vn mi trng ngy cng c ngha thc tin quan trng cho mi t chc v doanh
nghip. Tu theo cch x l ca mnh, cc vn lin quan ti mi trng c th c tc
ng xu hoc tt cho chin lc mc tiu ca h. Cc doanh nghip thnh t thng
quan tm ti cc nguy c hin ti cng nh cc c gng t c hi c th v mi trng
v t nht hai l do chnh sau:
Tit kim ti chnh nh gim chi ph, trnh c trch nhim v php l
To thm ngun thu nh m rng v tm kim thm th trng
c bit, h thng qun l mi trng gip cho doanh nghip:
Xc nh, kim sot mi kha cnh, mi tc ng v mi nguy c mi trng
c th lin quan ti t chc.
t c chnh sch mc tiu v mi trng bao gm c trch nhim php l
Xc nh cc nguyn tc, cc ch dn v phng thc doanh nghip t c
cc mc tiu mi trng trong tng lai.
Xc nh cc mc tiu di hn, ngn hn v trung hn v tnh trng mi trng
m bo s cn i chi ph v li ch cho doanh nghip v cc bn lin quan.
Xc nh cc ngun lc t c cc mc tiu, xc nh trch nhim v s
cam kt cung cp cc ngun lc.
Xc nh v vn bn ho cc nhim v, trch nhim chc nng, cc th tc
m bo mi thnh vin lun thc hin ng cc cng vic hng ngy, gip
vic gim thiu hoc loi b cc tc ng xu cho mi trng
To phng thc th trng rng ri trong doanh nghip, o to mi ngi
h c th thc hin ng cc cng vic chc nng c giao.
ra cc bin php m bo tun th cc th tc, cc chun mc, mc tiu
c tho lun v c sa i khi cn thit.
im mu cht l phi c s kt ni cht ch gia qun l mi trng v chc nng
qun l chung v mi trng ch l mt trong cc yu t tc ng n x nghip. Mt
h thng qun l mi trng tch bit vi cc c ch qun l khc s khng gii quyt
c vic g. C th gii thch h thng qun l mi trng l tp hp cc hot ng
qun l c k hoch v nh hng v cc th tc thc hin, lp ti liu, bo co, n
c trin khai nh mt c cu t chc ring c chc nng, trch nhim, ngun lc c
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th ngn nga cc tc ng xu v mi trng cng nh thc y cc hot ng duy

tr v nng cao cc kt qu hot ng mi trng
H thng qun l mi trng cng tun th chu trnh Lp k hoch - Thc hin - Kim
tra - Hnh ng khc phc (Chu trnh PDCA) nh quen bit trong hot ng qun l
cht lng sn phm. Cc phn nh, s dng cc cng c gii quyt s hon ton ph
thuc vo mc tiu v nhu cu c th ca tng doanh nghip hoc t chc.

Chnh sch mi trng

Cng b ca t chc v cc nh cc cc nguyn tc lin quan n kt qu hot ng
tng th v mi trng ca mnh, to ra khun kh cho cc hnh ng v cho vic ta
cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng ca mnh.
Ch tiu mi trng
Yu cu chi tit v kt qu hot ng lng ho c khi c kt qu p dng cho mt t
chc hoc cc b phn ca n, yu cu ny xut pht t cc mc tiu mi trng khc
cn phi c ra v p ng nhm t c cc mc tiu .
Bn hu quan
C nhn hay mt nhm lin quan n hoc b nh hng bi kt qu hot ng mi
trng ca mt t chc.
T chc
Cng ty, Tng cng ty, Hng, X nghip, C quan, Vin nghin cu, hoc mt b phn
hoc kt hp nhiu b phn ca n d l chng c t hp vi nhau hay khng, l Nh
nc hay t nhn, c cc b phn chc nng v qun tr ring ca mnh.
i vi cc t chc c nhiu n v hot ng, th mt n v hot ng c lp c th
c coi l mt t chc.
Ngn nga nhim
S dng cc qu trnh, cc phng php thc hnh, vt liu hoc sn phm trnh
gim bt (hn ch) hoc kim sot nhim. Hot ng ny c th bao gm vic ti ch,
x l, thay i qu trnh, c ch kim sot.
4.2.2. XUT X CA H THNG QUN L MI TRNG (EMS):
Trong gn gai thp k va qua, h thng qun l mi trng thc s c quan tm
v mt trong nhng l do pht trin ca n gn lin vi hai vn sau:
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 S gia tng ca cc khon chi ph do vi phm cc iu lut mi trng

Nhng quan nim mi v qun l cht lng ton din (TQM) d khi u ch
hn ch v loi b khuyt tt trong sn xut, nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh
nhng sau c vn dng cho vic qun l mi trng.
Trc cc thch thc v mi trng cc doanh nghip c th i ph theo nhiu cch.
Chng hn:
Khng phn ng g: Doanh nghip khng nhn thy cc xu th v cc nguy c
e do v mi trng, khi nhn ra th qu mun v ri vo khng hong.
Phn ng th ng phc hi, ch khi c cc vn , s c thc s xy ra ngi
ta mi lo bin php x l chng. Trng hp ny doanh nghip c th c li
nhun trong thi hn ngn nhng khng bao gi t s pht trin bn vng
thm ch lao ao khi c vn lin quan ti mi trng xy ra.
Phn ng ch ng: Cc doanh nghip ny s theo di khng ch cc ngun
nhim v mi vn lin quan mi trng, xem chng nh mt phn trong
hot ng sn xut kinh doanh thng ngy kp c hot ng trc khi tnh
trng tr nn trm trng. Chnh sch ny khng c ngha l doanh nghip
thot khi mi kh khn m ch c ngha l h chun b tt hn x l v
cc trng hp khng hong.
Thc ra hot ng theo ri, khng ch tnh trng mi trng m ta thng gi l thanh
tra mi trng c trin khai t nhng nm 1970-1980 ti cc cng ty nh Allied
Signal; Westinghuse; Philips; ICI v ti mt s nc nh M, Canaa v Ty u l
nhng ni cc iu kin lut mi trng c yu cu cao v chi ph trch nhim khi khng
tho mn cc quy nh lin quan v sc kho, an ton.
Ngy nay thut ng Thanh tra mi trng c s dng rng ri nhng i khi b
nhm ln vi khi nim xem xt tnh trng mi trng ban u hoc thut ng Kim
tra nh gi h thng qun l mi trng.
4.2.3. Mc ch ca h thng qun l mi trng
Nhn bit, kim sot cc tc ng cng nh cc xu th quan trng v mi
trng;
Nhn bit v tn dng cc c hi v mi trng;
Xc nh cc chnh sch v c s cho vic qun l mi trng;
Kim sot v khng ch, nh gi tnh hiu qu h thng bao gm vic thc
y v ci bin ph hp vi s thay i ca nhu cu v cc iu kin.
4.2.4. Cc yu t c bn ca h thng qun l mi trng

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Tu thuc vo bn cht, quy m, tnh phc tp ca cc hot ng, ca sn phm hay

dch v m h thng qun l mi trng ca tng doanh nghip c th s khc nhau.
Mc d vy chng u c mt s yu t c bn ging nhau nh:
Chnh sch mi trng: Thng dng vn bn nn cam kt ca lnh o v vic tun
th tnh trng mi trng v c chnh thc cng b v cc n lc v cc nguyn tc
hot ng doanh nghip t c cc yu cu v mi trng. Chnh sch phi bao
qut v nu c th nn nh lng v nhng d nh cn t.
Chng trnh hay k hoch hot ng v mi trng. Nu bin php m doanh nghip
s tin hnh trong thi gian ti nhm chuyn chnh sch ca doanh nghip thnh cc
mc ch v mc tiu c th, xc nh hot ng, trch nhim ca tng ngi v s cam
kt m bo cung cp cc ngun lc cho vic trin khai.
Xy dng c cu t chc: B nhim, phn cng, u quyn trch nhim cho cc hot
ng
To s kt ni ho hp ca vic qun l mi trng trong cc hot ng qun l kinh
doanh khc. Lp cc th tc kt hp hi ha cc bin php qun l mi trng trong
cc lnh vc hot ng kinh doanh khc ca t chc nh an ton lao ng, mua bn,
nghin cu trin khai, tip th, ti chnh.
ISO v s ra i ca b tiu chun ISO 14000
4.3.1. Vic xy dng cc tiu chun v qun l mi trng ca ISO (International
Standardiztion Organizations).
Trong nhng nm 1980 ISO bt tay vo thc hin nhim v tiu chun ho mt vn
qun l ca t chc l qun l cht lng. y l ln u tin ISO mnh dn i
vo lnh vc tiu chun ho khng mang bn cht k thut v/hoc l khoa hc mt cch
thun tu. Ban k thut TC176 v m bo cht lng v qun l cht lng c
thnh lp xy dng cc tiu chun u tin v qun l cht lng v n nm 1987
b tiu chun ISO9000 v m bo cht lng c ISO ban hnh. C th ni y l
mt b tiu chun mang li ting tm v thnh cng nht trong lch s ca ISO, a
s cc quc gia trn th gii chp nhn cc tiu chun ISO9000 thnh cc tiu chun
quc gia (trong c Vit Nam) a vo p dng mt cch rng ri. Tuy nhin ngoi
ngha v xy dng mt h thng qun l hu hiu trong doanh nghip nhm nng
cao cht lng sn phm. ISO9000 nh chng ta thy tr thnh cc yu cu i vi
thng mi v nhiu khi tr thnh iu kin mua hng ca cc nh nhp khu i vi
cc nc xut khu.
Vi thnh cng ca b tiu chun ISO9000, ISO tr nn ng tin cy trong cng ng
quc t i vi kh nng xy dng cc tiu chun cho cc vn khc v qun l ca

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t chc. Vo cui nhng nm 1980, c nhiu tranh lun trong ISO v i tng T
chc ho. Tuy nhin cc yu t b sung sau y cng vi s thnh cng ca ISO9000
dn ti vic ISO quyt nh vo cuc trong vic xy dng b tiu chun t chc
v qun l mi trng.

Trng tm ca cc vn mi trng quc t

Trong cng thi k, khi m ISO ang gt hi c cc kt qu kh quan trng trong vic
a ra p dng cc tiu chun ISO9000 v cht lng th trn din n mi trng th
gii ang din ra nhiu s kin gy xn xao nhiu gii chc ca nhiu quc gia v cc
t chc quc t. S hu hoi tng zn,s nng ln ton cu, s pht rng nghim trng
v cc vn mi trng khc c ng ti trn trang u ca cc bo ch trn ton
th gii v n c xem nh l cc vn mang tnh ton cu. i din ca nhiu
quc gia c quan tm gp nhau ti Motrenteal -Canaa vo nm 1987 son tho ra
cc tho thun nhm ngn cn vic sn xut ra cc ho cht gy ph hu tng ozn nh
CFC ... v.v, vic lm gim tnh a dng sinh hc cng gy s lo ngi ca cng ng
quc t v mt lot cc yu cu i vi cc vn ny c cng b. Trong thc t
c mt phong tro th hin mong mun ca cc quc gia c c s quan tm tt
hn n vn mi trng ca tri t.
Mt yu t khc vo thi im ny gy nhiu s quan tm l s vng mt ca ch s
tng hp nh gi s c gng n lc ca mt t chc/doanh nghip trong vic t
c cc thnh qu bo v mi trng mt cch lin tc v ng tin cy. Chnh loi
ch s ny hnh thnh nn tiu chun ISO14001 v HTQLMT l tiu chun c th
s dng bn th ba c lp c th nh gi mt cch khch quan s ph hp gia
cam kt ca t chc/doanh nghip vi cc quy nh ca php lut v cc vn mi
trng cng nh nh gi cc tc ng ln mi trng ca cc hot ng, sn phm
hoc dch v ca t chc/doanh nghip v tt nhin n c dng xy dng hoc ci
thin HTQLMT ca h.
Hi ngh v Mi trng v pht trin Lin hp quc c t chc vo thng 6/1992 ti
Rio De Janeiro, Brazil t ra cc vn khn cp v mi trng v bo v mi trng
trn phm vi ton cu. i vi cc c quan/t chc tiu chun ho quc gia, khu vc v
quc t, khng phi n lc ny vn mi trng mi c cp n m n c
xc nh l mt i tng cn t chc ho trong nhng nm trc . Vo u nhng
nm 1990, chng ta chng kin vic ra i ca cc t chc quc gia v khu vc v
qun l mi trng nh Vin T chc Anh (BSI) ban hnh b BS 7750 v qun l
mi trng vo nm 1992; Hip hi Tiu chun Canaa a ra nhng quy nh v
qun l, kim sot mi trng, ghi nhn mi trng ..., EU ban hnh cc iu l v
nhn sinh thi, qun l sinh thi v nh gi mi trng (EMAS) nh nu phn
trn.

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Ni tm li, s thnh cng ca ISO9000 v s ni ln ca cc vn mi trng ton

cu dn n vic ISO thc s bt u cc cng vic xem xt n din n mi trng.
Nm 1993 ISO quyt nh thnh lp Ban k thut ISO/TC207 v qun l mi trng,
cc tiu chun u tin ca b tiu chun ISO 14000 c ban ny son tho v ban
hnh vo cui nm 1996, nhn c s ng tnh hng ng v nh gi cao nhiu
quc gia trn th gii.
4.3.2. Mt s nt c bn v B tiu chun quc t ISO14000
B Tiu chun c xy dng trn c s tho thun quc t bao gm cc yu cu i vi
cc yu t c bn c th iu chnh c thit lp nn h thng qun l mi trng
c kh nng ci thin mi trng mt ch lin tc ti ti cc t chc c s.
B tiu chun ISO14000 em n cch tip cn h thng cho vic qun l mi trng
nhm thit lp h thng qun l mi trng v cung cp cc cng c h tr c lin quan
nh nh gi mi trng, nhn mi trng, phn tch chu trnh sng ca sn phm, cc
kha cnh mi trng trong tiu chun v sn phm v.v... cho cc doanh nghip v cc
t chc c s khc qun l s tc ng ca cc hot ng ca h i vi mi trng,
ngn nga nhim v lin tc ci thin mi trng vi s cam kt ca lnh o v s
tham gia c thc ca mi thnh v in ca c s t ngi sn xut trc tip n cc cn
b qun l.
B ISO14000 cp n 6 lnh vc sau:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

H thng qun l mi trng.

Kim tra nh gi mi trng.
nh gi kt qu hot ng mi trng.
Nhn mi trng.
Phn tch chu trnh sng ca sn phm .
Cc yu t mi trng ca cc tiu chun v sn phm.

B tiu chun ny c ban hnh p dng cho cc nh sn xut, dch v, cc t chc

c s ln v nh trn phm vi ton cu c xm xt n cc yu t ca khu vc pht trin
v ang pht trin ca th gii mt cch thch hp v chp nhn c i vi bt k t
chc c s no, khng phn bit loi hnh hay hnh thc hot ng hoc v tr. B tiu
chun ny cng xem xt n cc iu kin a phng v pht trin kinh t trong ton
b qu trnh pht trin. H thng lut quc gia trn ton cu cng c xem xt ti
nhng ch c th c.
B tiu chun ISO14000 c th th hin theo quan im nh gi nh sau:

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4.3.3. Cc tiu chun v nh gi t chc

Cc tiu chun v nh gi t chc a cc hng dn xy dng mt h thng qun
l mi trng cho cc c s sn xut hoc dch v. H thng qun l mi trng theo
ISO14000 yu cu mt s thay i trong cch thc qun l khc vi cch thc truyn
thng l ch i hi s chp hnh theo yu cu, mnh lnh hoc ch quan tm n x
l nhim cng on cui ng ng. ISO 14000 yu cu phi tip cn vn mi
trng bng c mt h thng qun l, t vin xc nh v xem xt cc i tng mi
trng c lin quan. Nu xt t gc mt cng ty, ISO 14000 yu cu phi c mt
chnh sch v bo v mi trng v chnh sch ny phi c lp thnh vn bn (c
ti liu ho), c ph bin v p dng trong ton cng ty cho tt c cc thnh vin ca
cng ty cng nh nhng ngi lin quan. Nhim v bo v mi trng phi c a
vo k hoch hot ng ca cng ty.
Cc tiu chun v nh gi t chc:

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4.3.4. Cc tiu chun v nh gi sn phm

Nhn chung, cc tiu chun v nh gi t chc c vo khu t chc ca mt c
s sn xut, s cam kt ca cc nh qun l i vi vic ci tin v p dng chnh sch
mi trng trong c s ca mnh, i vi vic o c cc tnh nng mi trng cng
nh tin hnh thanh tra mi trng ti chnh c s ca mnh. Cc tiu chun v nh gi
sn phm s thit lp cc nguyn l v cch tip cn thng nht i vi vic nh gi
cc kha cnh mi trng ca sn phm. Cc tiu chun ny s t ra nhim v cho cc
cng ty phi lu n cc thuc tnh ca mi trng ca sn phm ngay t khu thit
k, chn nguyn vt liu cho n khu thi b sn phm ny ra mi trng.

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Cc tiu chun v nh gi sn phm v c bn c th hin thng qua s sau. (v

li s )

Cc ni dung c bn ca tiu chun ISO 14001 v h thng qun l mi trng

4.4.1. Tiu chun ISO 14001
ISO 14001 l ti liu quy nh cc yu cu i vi h thng qun l trong b tiu chun
ISO14000. N bao gm cc yu t m cc t chc c s mun c ng k hoc chng
nhn ph hp vi t chc phi tha mn. Cc chc nng c bn ca ISO14001 tng t
nh i vi ISO9001, ISO9002 v ISO9003 trong b tiu chun ISO9000 c gi l
cc ti liu v yu cu i vi h thng qun l.

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Cc yu t c chi tit ho trong ISO14001 phi c p dng, lp thnh vn bn v

thc hin sao cho c quan chng nhn bn th ba c th xc minh v cp giy chng
nhn trn c s ca cc bng chng xc thc rng t chc/Cng ty p dng mt
cch tt nht v c th duy tr HTQLMT c. ISO14001 cng thit k cho cac t chc
c s mun cng b s ph hp vi tiu chun cho cc bn th hai c nh sn sng
chp nhn vic t cng b m khng c s can thip ca bn th ba.
Thch thc chnh i vi c t chc p dng ISO14001 ln c quan Chng nhn - Ngi
s kim tra nh gi (auditing) s ph hp l tnh thng nht trong vic th hin cc yu
cu. Di y l mt s lun im v cc yu t ca yu cu i vi h thng qun l
mi trng cng nh lm sng t cc khi nim v thut ng m h v d hiu nhm.
C cu ca HTQLMT theo ISO 14001
H thng qun l mi trng l mt phn ca h thng qun l chung bao gm c c
cu, k hoch, cc hot ng, trch nhim, thc hnh, cc th tc - quy trnh, cc qu
trnh v cc ngun lc xy dng v p dng, t ti, xem xt li v duy tr chnh sch
mi trng (iu 3.5). Cc yu t ca h thng qun l nh m t trong phn nh
ngha v trong nhiu ch khc ca tiu chun c th hin qua hnh v di y:

Nh thy trong hnh v, cc yu t ca HTQLMT c th th hin trn cc ca hnh

chp, vi cc yu t cn bn l s cam kt v chnh sch mi trng to nn nn mng
cho tt c cc phn cu thnh ca HTQLMT. Nc th hai ca hnh chp bao gm cc
mc ch, mc tiu v cc ch tiu mi trng ca t chc trong chng trnh qun l
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mi trng nhm thit lp cc qu trnh, thc hnh, th tc, quy trnh v quy nh r
trch nhim.
Tiu chun ISO14001 bt buc phi thit lp nn mt hoc nhiu chng trnh mi
trng t c cc mc tiu v cc ch tiu mi trng do t chc ra. Tnh ph
hp v hiu qu ca HTQLMT c nh k nh gi bi cc xem xt ca lnh o v
cc tin b t c thng qua chng trnh mi trng ny. S tin b c theo
di bi phn h nh gi kt qu hot ng mi trng cung cp kt qu trc tip cho
qu trnh xem xt cu lnh o.
Mt yu t u vo ng k khc i vi qu trnh xem xt ca lnh o l vic kim
tra nh gi nh k HTQLMT bao gm bn nc. Mc ch ca cc vic kim tra nh
gi ny l xc nh chc chn rng HTQLMT c duy tr v n ang lm vic theo ci
cch m n d kin. Cc cuc kim tra nh gi nh vy cng c s dng nh
gi s ph hp v bn thn qu trnh xem xt ca lnh o. Vic xem xt ca lnh o
l nc th nm v n c thit k xc nh tnh y , thch hp v tnh hiu qu
ca HTQLMT bng vic qun l trn c s tt c cc yu t u vo. Nc cui cng lm
ni bt mc ch mu cht phi t c l ci tin lin tc HTQLMT m bo rng
t chc c s tho mn mt cch y v ng tin cy cc ngha v mi trng v
bo v mi trng.
Khi xem xt theo c cu hnh chp ta c th d thy c cc yu t cc nc thp nht
ca HTQLMT l cc khi mang ngha h tr cho cc khi bn trn trong mi quan h
thng nht. V vic t c s ci thin lin tc khng th thc hin c nu thiu tt
c cc kha cnh ca HTQLMT ti ch. HTQLMT c thit k cung cp cho cc t
chc mt c cu v phng thc tip cn h thng n qun l mi trng ni chung.
4.4.2. Mc ch, ngha c bn ca ISO 14001
Tiu chun quc t ISO 14001 quy nh cc yu cu ca h thng qun l mi trng.
Tiu chun c vit p dng cho tt c cc loi hnh, c ca cc tiu chun/doanh
nghip v thch hp vi cc iu kin x hi, vn ho, a l khc nhau. Thnh cng ca
h thng ph thuc vo s cam kt t tt c cc cp v b phn chc nng, c bit l
cp lnh o cao nht. H thng loi ny gip cho t chc thit lp, v tip cn n cc
th tc c hiu qu ra chnh sch v mc tiu mi trng, t c cc kt qu
hot ng vi cc mc tiu v chnh sch ny v th hin s ph hp vi cc yu cu
khc.
Mc ch tng th ca tiu chun quc t ny l tr gip cho vic bo v mi trng v
phng nga nhim trn c s cn i vi cc nhu cu kinh t - x hi.
Mc ch chnh ca tiu chun ISO 14001 l h tr cho cc t chc p dng hoc ci
tin mt h thng qun l mi trng. Mc ch ny ph hp vi nguyn l pht trin

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bn vng v thch hp vi cc c cu vn ho, x hi v t chc. Tiu chun quc t ny

bao gm cc v d, cc m t v s la chn nhm gip nhm thc hin mt h thng
qun l mi trng cng vi vic tng cng mi quan h ca h thng qun l mi
trng vi s qun l ton b ca t chc.
Tiu chun quc t ny quy nh nhng yu cu i vi h thng qun l mi trng,
gip cho mt t chc c th thit lp chnh sch v cc mc tiu c tnh n cc yu cu
php l v thng tin v cc tc ng mi trng quan trng. Tiu chun c p dng
nhng vn mi trng m t chc c th kim sot c v c th to nh hng
ti c. Bn thn tiu chun ny khng a nhng chun c v kt qu hot ng mi
trng c th.
4.4.3. Ni dung chnh ca tiu chun ISO 14001.
a). nh ngha v mt s thun ng.
Nhng thut ng cn phi c lm r trong ISO 14001 nh: Ci tin lin tc; Mi
trng; Kha cnh mi trng; Tc ng mi trng; H thng qun l mi trng;
nh gi HTQLMT; Mc tiu mi trng; Tnh nng hot ng mi trng; Chnh sch
mi trng; Nhim v mi trng; Cc bn quan tm; T chc c s; Ngn nga
nhim . Khi hiu r cc thut ng l c s cho vic thc hin cc ni dung tip theo
m bo tnh chnh xc v st thc.
Cc yu cu i vi h thng qun l mi trng

Nhng yu cu c bn cho h thng qun l c xc nh gm: Yu cu chung; Yu

cu v k hoch; Yu cu i vi vic p dng v vn hnh; Yu cu i vi vi vic
kim tra v hnh ng khc phc; Yu cu kim tra vn hnh; Yu cu i vi vic sn
sng v p ng cho nhng trng hp khn cp; Yu cu xem xt li ca lnh o.
Nhng yu cu ny l cc ni dung cn phi t c khi thc hin ISO 14001.
Phn ph lc hng dn vic s dng cc ni dung ca tiu chun.
Ph lc hng dn nhm lm sng t ni dung ca tiu chun v t mc ch hng dn.

d). Phn ph lc v so snh cc ni dung tng ng gia ISO 14001 v ISO 9001
Trong bn ni dung th ni dung quan trng nht ca tiu chun l cc yu cu i vi
h thng qun l mi trng.
Trong phn ny, tiu chun cp n cc yu cu c th m T chc c s phi thc
hin khi thit lp h thng qun l mi trng ca mnh trong quy nh chi tit hn
vo hai yu cu quan trng nht l yu cu v k hoch v yu cu v thc hin v iu
hnh.
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Trong yu cu v k hoch, ni dung quan trng u tin l phi xc nh c cc kha

cnh mi trng ca cc hot ng, sn phm cng nh cc dch v ca t chc/doanh
nghip. Cn phi quan tm n vic phn tch, nh gi cc yu cu ca lut php m
t chc c s phi tun th. T chc c s phi xc nh cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi
trng r rng cho cc cp v cc b phn chc nng trong vic xy dng v p dng
h thng qun l mi trng. Trn c s cc d kin c phn tch nh gi, t chc/
doanh nghip s phi xy dng v duy tr mt chng trnh qun l mi trng t
c cc mc tiu v ch tiu mi trng ra.
Trong yu cu v p dng, tiu chun cp n mt lot cc vn thc t nh:
yu cu v c cu v trch nhim, v o to, hiu bit v nng lc ca cc cn b nhn
vin, yu cu v thng tin, h thng ti liu ca h thng qun l mi trng v kim
sot ti liu, yu cu v kim tra vn hnh h thng v c bit l yu cu i vi vic
sn sng v p ng cho cc trng hp khn cp.
Ton b cc yu cu trong tiu chun quc t ny c d kin kt hp vi bt k mt
h thng qun l cht lng no. Mc p dng s ph thuc vo cc yu t nh chnh
sch mi trng ca t chc, bn cht ca cc hot ng ca t chc v iu kin hot
ng. Tiu chun quc t ny cng cung cp ch dn mang tnh thng tin v cch s
dng nhng yu cu ca tiu chun nu trong ph lc A.
H thng qun l mi trng ra trnh t v s nht qun i vi vn lin quan n
mi trng ca t chc thng qua vic phn b cc ngun lc, xc nh trch nhim v
nh gi thc hnh tip theo, cc th tc v cc qu trnh.
ISO 14001 xem xt cc yu t ca mt h thng qun l mi trng v a ra ch dn
thc t v thc hin hoc tng cng h thng ny. N cng cung cp cho cc t chc
li ch dn lm sao c th bt u xy dng, ci tin hoc duy tr c hiu qu mt h
thng qun l mi trng. Mt h thng nh vy l thit yu i vi kh nng ca t
chc d bo v p ng c nhng mc tiu v mi trng v m bo s ph hp
lin tc vi cc yu cu quc gia v/hoc quc t.
Qun l mi trng l mt phn cu thnh ca h thng qun l ton din ca mt t
chc. Vic thit k mt h thng qun l mi trng l mt qu trnh lin tc tc ng
qua li. C cu, trch nhim, quy tc, th tc, qu trnh v ngun lc thc hin cc
chnh sch, mc tiu v ch tiu v mi trng phi c phi hp vi cc n lc hin
c trong cc lnh vc khc (v d: iu hnh, ti chnh, cht lng, sc kho ngh nghip
an ton).
4.4.4. Cc nguyn tc then cht cho cc nh qun l thc hin hoc tng cng mt h
thng qun l mi trng bao gm (nhng khng hn ch) cc im sau:
V c bn c mi nguyn tc c xc nh sau y:

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 Cng nhn vic qun l mi trng l mt trong s cc u tin phi hp cao

nht;
Thit lp v duy tr cc mi quan h vi cc bn hu quan bn trong v bn
ngoi t chc;
Xc nh cc yu cu v php lut v cc kha cnh v mi trng c lin quan
ti cc hot ng, sn phm hoc dch v ca t chc.
Xy dng cam kt ca lnh o v nhn vin i vi vic bo v mi trng
vi s phn cng r rng v trch nhim v ngha v;
Khuyn khch vic lp k hoch mi trng cho sut chu trnh sng ca sn
phm hoc qu trnh;
Thit lp mt qu trnh t c mc kt qu hot ng ra;
Cung cp cc ngun lc thch hp v y , bao gm c o to, lin tc
t c cc mc kt qu thc hin ra;
nh gi kt qu thc hin v mi trng theo cc chnh sch, mc tiu v ch
tiu ca t chc v tm kim s ci tin khi cn thit;
Thit lp mt qu trnh qun l xem xt li v kim tra nh gi h thng
qun l mi trng v xc nh cc c hi ci tin h thng v kt qu hot
ng v mi trng t c;
Khuyn khch cc nh thu v nh cung cp thit lp mt h thng qun l mi
trng
Cc t chc c th xem xt n nhng cch thc s dng khc nhau sau y ca cc tiu
chun quc t v h thng qun l mi trng:
- S dng ISO 14001: 1996, h thng qun l mi trng - yu cu v hng dn s
dng - nhm t c chng nhn ca bn th ba hoc t ng cng b v h thng
qun l mi trng ca t chc.
- S dng tiu chun ISO 14004 hoc cc phn ca n bt u v/hoc ci tin h
thng qun l mi trng ca mnh. Vic ny khng nhm mc ch chng nhn;
- S dng tiu chun ISO 14004 nh l bn hng dn hoc tiu chun ISO 14001 nh
l yu cu cho vic cng nhn ca bn th hai gia cc bn k hp ng c th l ph
hp cho mi quan h kinh doanh;
- S dng cc ti liu ISO c lin quan
Vic la chn s ph thuc vo cc vn : th nht l chnh sch ca t chc; th hai
l mc trng thnh ca t chc, liu s qun l theo h thng c th to iu kin
cho vic a qun l mi trng theo h thng vo thc hin ti ch hay cha; th ba
l li th v bt li c th do chu nh hng ca nhng vn nh v tr th trng,
ting tm hin c, cc quan h vi bn ngoi v th t l quy m ca t chc.

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QUN L MI TRNG-PHN IV
Cng c qun l mi trng l cc bin php hnh ng nhm thc hin cng tc qun
l mi trng ca Nh nc, cc t chc khoa hc v sn xut. Mi cng c c mt
chc nng v phm vi tc ng nht nh, chng lin kt v h tr ln nhau.
Theo bn cht, c th chia cng c qun l mi trng thnh cc loi c bn nh sau:

Cng c lut php v chnh sch

Cng c kinh t
Cng c k thut qun l
Cng c gio dc nng cao nhn thc

Cng c lut php v chnh sch.

Cng c lut php chnh sch hay cn gi l cc cng c php l bao gm cc vn
bn v lut quc t, lut quc gia, cc vn bn khc di lut (php lnh, ngh nh, quy
nh, cc tiu chun mi trng, giy php mi trng ...), cc k hoch, chin lc v
chnh sch mi trng quc gia, cc ngnh kinh t v cc a phng.
Lut quc t v mi trng l tng th cc nguyn tc, quy phm quc t iu
chnh mi quan h gia cc quc gia, gia quc gia v t chc quc t trong
vic ngn chn, loi tr thit hi gy ra cho mi trng ca tng quc gia v
mi trng ngoi phm vi s dng ca quc gia. Cho n nay c hng nghn
cc vn bn lut quc t v mi trng. Vit Nam tham gia k kt nhiu vn
bn trong s . Php lut quc t v bo v mi trng do nhiu nc k kt
hoc tham gia khng c hiu lc trc tip trn lnh th quc gia c th. Mun
thi hnh trn phm vi lnh th quc gia no , cc qui phm ca Lut quc t
v bo v mi trng cn phi c chuyn ho thnh quy phm php lut
quc gia, ngha l Nh nc phi ph chun cc vn bn ny.
Lut Mi trng quc gia l tng hp cc quy phm php lut, cc nguyn tc
php l iu chnh cc quan h pht sinh gia cc ch th trong qu trnh cc
ch th s dng hoc tc ng n mt hoc mt vi yu t ca mi trng trn
c s kt hp cc phng php iu chnh khc nhau nhm bo v mt cch c
hiu qu mi trng sng ca con ngi. H thng lut bo v mi trng ca
mt quc gia thng gm lut chung v lut s dng hp l cc thnh phn
mi trng hoc bo v mi trng c th mt a phng, mt ngnh.
Vit Nam, Lut Bo v Mi trng c Quc hi thng qua ngy 27/12/1993 l vn
bn quan trng nht v bo v mi trng. Chnh ph cng ban hnh Ngh nh 175/
CP ngy 18/10/1994 v hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v Mi trng v Ngh nh 26/

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CP ngy 26/4/1996 v x pht vi phm hnh chnh v bo v mi trng. Nhiu kha

cnh bo v mi trng cng c cp trong cc vn bn php lut khc (gi l lut
v cc thnh phn mi trng) nh Lut Khong sn, Lut Pht trin v bo v rng,
Lut Du kh, Lut Hng hi, Lut Lao ng, Lut t ai, Lut Bo v sc kho nhn
dn, Lut Ti nguyn nc, Php lnh iu, Php lnh v bo v ngun li thu sn,
Php lnh v bo v cc cng trnh giao thng...
Quy nh l nhng vn bn di lut nhm c th ho hoc hng dn thc
hin cc ni dung ca lut. Quy nh c th do Chnh ph trung ng hay a
phng, do c quan hnh php hay lp php ban hnh.
Quy ch l cc quy nh v ch th l, t chc qun l bo v mi trng
chng hn nh quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn ca cc c quan, B,
S khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng...
Tiu chun mi trng l nhng chun mc, gii hn cho php, c quy nh
dng lm cn c qun l mi trng. Tiu chun mi trng c quan h mt
thit vi s pht trin bn vng ca mi quc gia. Vic xy dng tiu chun
mi trng mt mt da trn cc quy nh c kim nghim thc t, mt
khc phi c nhiu cn c khoa hc, nhm bo m cho tiu chun mi trng
ph hp vi nhu cu bo v sinh thi, ng thi kh thi v mt kinh t, x hi.
H thng tiu chun mi trng phn nh trnh khoa hc, cng ngh, t
chc qun l v tim lc kinh t x hi c tnh n d bo pht trin. C cu
ca h thng tiu chun mi trng bao gm cc nhm chnh sau:
Nhng quy nh chung
Tiu chun nc (nc mt, nc ngm, nc thi...)
Tiu chun khng kh (khi, bi, kh thi...)
Tiu chun lin quan n bo v t canh tc, s dng ho cht trong sn xut
nng nghip.
Tiu chun v bo v thc vt, s dng thuc tr su, dit c...
Tiu chun lin quan n bo v cnh quan thin nhin, di tch lch s, vn ho.
Tiu chun lin quan n mi trng do cc hot ng khai thc khong sn
trong lng t, ngoi bin...
Chnh sch bo v mi trng gii quyt nhng vn chung nht v quan
im qun l mi trng, v cc mc tiu bo v mi trng c bn cn gii
quyt trong mt giai on di 10 - 15 nm v cc nh hng ln thc hin mc
tiu, ch trng vic huy ng cc ngun lc cn i vi cc mc tiu v bo v
mi trng.
Chnh sch bo v mi trng phi c xy dng ng thi vi chnh sch pht trin
kinh t - x hi. Chc nng quan trng nht ca chnh sch mi trng l to iu kin
gn kt cc mc tiu pht trin bn vng vo hot ng pht trin ca tng ngnh, tng
vng; to lin kt gia cc ngnh v cc cp trong vic thc hin cc mc tiu bo v
mi trng.

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 Chin lc bo v mi trng c th ho chnh sch mt mc nht nh.

Chin lc xem xt chi tit hn mi quan h gia cc mc tiu do chnh sch
xc nh v cc ngun lc thc hin chng; trn c s la chn cc mc
tiu kh thi, xc nh phng hng, bin php thc hin mc tiu.
Cc cng c php l l cc cng c qun l trc tip (cn gi l cng c mnh lnh v
kim sot - CAC). y l loi cng c c s dng ph bin t lu nhiu quc gia
trn th gii v l cng c c nhiu nh qun l hnh chnh ng h.
Gim st v cng ch l hai yu t quan trng ca cng c ny. C th thy nhng
u im ni bt ca loi cng c ny; th nht, cng c ny c coi l bnh ng i
vi mi ngi gy nhim v s dng ti nguyn mi trng v tt c mi ngi u
phi tun th nhng quy nh chung; th hai, cng c ny c kh nng qun l cht ch
cc loi cht thi c hi v cc ti nguyn qu him thng qua cc quy nh mang tnh
cng ch cao trong thc hin.
Bn cnh nhng u im , cng c CAC cng cn tn ti mt s hn ch nh i hi
ngun nhn lc v ti chnh ln c th gim st c mi khu vc, mi hot ng
nhm xc nh khu vc b nhim v cc i tng gy nhim. ng thi, bo
m hiu qu qun l, h thng php lut v mi trng i hi phi y v c hiu
lc thc t.

Cng c kinh t
Cng c kinh t hay cn gi l cng c da vo th trng l cc cng c chnh sch
c s dng nhm tc ng ti chi ph v li ch trong hot ng ca cc c nhn v t
chc kinh t to ra cc tc ng nh hng n hnh vi ca cc tc nhn kinh t theo
hng c li cho mi trng.
Mt s cng c kinh t ch yu s c cp di y.
Thu ti nguyn
Thu ti nguyn l mt khon thu ca Ngn sch Nh nc i vi cc doanh nghip
v vic s dng cc dng ti nguyn thin nhin trong qu trnh sn xut. Mc ch ca
thu ti nguyn l
Hn ch cc nhu cu khng cp thit trong s dng ti nguyn.
Hn ch cc tn tht ti nguyn trong qu trnh khai thc v s dng
To ngun thu cho Ngn sch v iu ho quyn li ca cc tng lp dn c v
vic s dng ti nguyn

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Thu ti nguyn bao gm mt s sc thu ch yu nh thu s dng t, thu s dng

nc, thu rng, thu tiu th nng lng, thu khai thc ti nguyn khong sn...
C cu tnh thu ti nguyn phi c thay i ph hp vi kh nng cng ngh ca
doanh nghip, phng thc qun l ca Nh nc v iu kin a cht k thut ca
khu vc khai thc ti nguyn bo m c s phn bit i vi cc doanh nghip hoc
hot ng gy ra cc tn tht ti nguyn v suy thoi mi trng cc mc khc
nhau; nguyn tc chung l: hot ng cng gy nhiu tn tht ti nguyn v suy thoi
mi trng th cng phi chu thu cao hn. Vic xc nh ng n phng php tnh
thu ti nguyn l rt quan trng s gp phn thc y cc doanh nghip u t cng
ngh, k thut v nng lc qun l nhm lm gim tn tht ti nguyn, c bit l cc
ti nguyn khng ti to.
Trong thc t, khi p dng thu ti nguyn ngi ta thng phn bit ti nguyn thnh
hai loi theo mc xc nh tr lng:
Loi ti nguyn xc nh tr lng: thu c tnh s da trn tr lng a
cht (hoc tr lng cng nghip) ca loi ti nguyn m doanh nghip c
php khai thc.
Loi ti nguyn cha xc nh tr lng hoc xc nh cha chnh xc tr
lng: c th s dng sn lng khai thc lm c s tnh thu trong khi ch c
cc thm d a cht v tr lng b sung.
Ngoi ra, thu ti nguyn cng phi c p dng t t tng bc trnh lm mt cn
bng kinh t; nn cng b thi hn p dng v tng thu trc mt thi gian di
gip cc doanh nghip c thi gian thch ng, ng thi b tr li bng cch gim
bt cc thu khc.
Thu/ph mi trng
Thu/ph mi trng c s dng kh ph bin ti cc nc cng nghip pht trin
(OECD) t hn hai thp k qua v bc u c p dng c kt qu cc nc
Chu nh Hn Quc, Thi Lan, Trung Quc, Singapore, Philippin...
Thu/ph mi trng l cng c kinh t nhm a chi ph mi trng vo gi sn phm
theo nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin. Thu/ph mi trng nhm hai mc
ch ch yu: khuyn khch ngi gy nhim gim lng cht nhim thi ra mi
trng v tng ngun thu cho Ngn sch. Hin ti nhiu nc, ngun thu t thu mi
trng c s dng cho Ngn sch chung ca Chnh ph nh cc ngun thu thu khc;
cn ngun thu t ph mi trng s c dnh ring chi cho cc hot ng bo v
mi trng nh thu gom x l ph thi, nc thi, khc phc nhim, h tr cc nn
nhn ca nhim...

287/317

Trn thc t, thu/ph mi trng c p dng di nhiu dng khc nhau tu thuc
mc tiu v i tng nhim nh: thu/ph nh vo ngun nhim, thu/ph nh
vo sn phm gy nhim, ph nh vo ngi s dng.
Thu/ph nh vo ngun gy nhim l loi thu/ph nh vo cc cht gy
nhim c thi vo mi trng nc (nh BOD, COD, TSS, kim loi nng...),
kh quyn (nh SO2, Cacbon, NOx, CFCs...), t (nh rc thi, phn bn...),
hoc gy ting n (nh my bay v cc loi ng c...), nh hng ti mi
trng xung quanh.
Thu/ph nh vo ngun gy nhim c xc nh trn c s khi lng v hm
lng (nng ) cc cht gy nhim.
Thu/ph nh vo sn phm gy nhim c p dng i vi nhng loi sn
phm gy tc hi ti mi trng mt khi chng c s dng trong cc qu
trnh sn xut, tiu dng hay hu b chng. Loi ph ny c p dng i vi
cc loi sn phm c cha cht c hi cho mi trng nh kim loi nng,
PVC, CFCs, xng pha ch, cc nguyn liu cha cacbon v sulphat, pin/c quy
c cha ch, thu ngn, cc loi v hp, v chai, giy bao gi...
Ph nh vo sn phm c th c s dng thay cho ph gy nhim nu v l do no
, ngi ta khng th trc tip tnh c ph i vi cc cht gy nhim. Loi ph
ny c th nh vo sn phm l nguyn liu u vo, sn phm trung gian hay thnh
phm, ty theo tng trng hp.
Ph nh vo sn phm c s dng rng ri cc nc OECD di dng ph ph tnh
vo gi xng du, phn bn, thuc tr su, bt ty git...
Ph nh vo ngi s dng l tin phi tr do c s dng cc h thng dch
v cng cng x l v ci thin cht lng mi trng nh ph v sinh thnh
ph, ph thu gom v x l rc thi, nc thi, ph s dng nc sch, ph s
dng ng v bi xe, ph s dng danh lam thng cnh, ph hnh chnh
nhm ng gp ti chnh cho vic cp php, gim st v qun l hnh chnh i
vi mi trng...
Cc khon thu t ph ny c dng gp phn thit lp h thng kim sot, x l
nhim cng cng, b p chi ph bo m cho hot ng ca cc h thng . i tng
thu l cc c nhn hay t chc trc tip s dng cc h thng dch v mi trng cng
cng.
Ni chung, mc ph phi tng ng vi chi ph ca loi dch v mi trng c s
dng. Ph nh vo ngi s dng cn nhm mc ch hn ch vic s dng qu mc
cc dch v mi trng.

288/317

Mt s vn p dng thu/ph mi trng trong thc t:

Nu nh trong m hnh l thuyt chng ta c th d dng thy c vai tr ca thu mi
trng trong vic buc cc doanh nghip ni vi ho cc chi ph ngoi ng th trong
thc t, vic ny hon ton khng n gin.
Thu mi trng c th nh ln mt n v sn phm gy nhim hoc chnh n v
nhim y. V mt l thuyt, thu sut phi ng bng chi ph ngoi ng cn bin ca
nhim m trong thc t chi ph ny li khng nh nhau i vi cc doanh nghip v
cc vng lnh th khc nhau. V vy, Nh nc thng t ra mt mc thu sut chung,
trn c s cc doanh nghip s c nhng phn ng c th ring bit v thch hp.
Vn cn quan tm hn c l tc ng ca thu mi trng i vi vic ci thin tnh
trng mi trng v cng bng x hi; thc s ai l ngi gnh chu mc thu ? C
hp l hay khng?
R rng sc iu tit v mt mi trng v tnh cng bng ca thu ph thuc rt nhiu
vo h s co dn ca cung v cu. Vn t ra l: Nh sn xut phi tr thu mi
trng do qu trnh s dng v gy nhim ca h l cng bng nhng ngi tiu dng
cng phi gnh tip mt phn thu do gi tng th c cng bng khng? Cu tr li l, v
mt nguyn tc, tnh cng bng vn bo m. V nh sn xut ch cung cp hng ho khi
c cu ca ngi tiu dng, nn ngi tiu dng phi chu mt phn trch nhim trong
s cn kit ti nguyn v nhim mi trng. Thu mi trng pht ra nhng tn hiu
gi c ng n cho c ngi sn xut v tiu dng, khin cho h nhn thc c nh
hng ca cc gi tr mi trng v to mt ng lc thng xuyn thc y h chuyn
sang sn xut v tiu th cc sn phm t tc ng n mi trng hn.
Khi cung cu hu nh khng co dn, sc iu tit v mt mi trng ca thu rt yu.
Ngc li, nu cung cu co dn qu mnh thu mi trng c th dn n nhng tn
tht v ch cho qu trnh tng trng kinh t. Nu thu c p dng cn c vo mc
sn lng u ra th vic thc hin v t chc thu thu tng i n gin. Tuy vy vic
nh thu n gin theo sn lng u ra s khng c s phn bit gia nhng n v
sn phm c sn xut bi cng ngh sch v nhng n v sn phm c sn xut
bi cng ngh khng sch. Vic nh thu theo sn lng u ra cng khng to c
ng c khuyn khch cc doanh nghip tch cc sn xut sch hn hoc x l cht thi.
V th, cch nh thu/ph cn c vo s lng cht thi thc t s c hiu qu r rng
hn v mt mi trng.
Giy php v th trng giy php mi trng
Giy php mi trng thng c p dng cho cc ti nguyn mi trng kh c th
quy nh quyn s hu v v th thng b s dng ba bi nh khng kh, i dng.
Cng c ny c p dng mt s nc, v d giy php (quota) khai thc c ng

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v s dng nc Australia, giy php nhim khng kh M, Anh v mt s nc

thnh vin ca OECD nh Canaa, c, Thu in. Giy php x thi c th mua bn
c (Tradeable Emission Permit) l khi nim ch loi th trng trong hng ho
l cc giy php thi kh hoc nc thi, ngi bn l cc n v s hu giy php v
ngi mua l cc n v cn giy php x thi. Th trng ny vn hnh theo quy lut
cung cu nh cc th trng thng thng nhng li c c im gn ging th trng
chng khon ch giao dch cc chng ch, cc giy php mang mt gi tr nht nh
vi gi c c nh ot theo ch quan, k vng v d bo ca cc bn tham gia giao
dch. Nguyn l c bn ca th trng giy php thi (hay th trng mi trng) l vic
t ra gii hn ti a v lng kh thi hoc nc thi no mc thng nht vi ch
tiu mi trng ti mt vng hay khu vc c th. Mt khi tng lng thi cho php thp
hn lng thi m cc n v hot ng trong vng mun thi th s to nn s khan
him v quyn c thi v lm cho n c gi th trng.
thc hin cng c ny, trc ht Nh nc phi xc nh mc s dng mi trng
chp nhn c trn c s pht hnh giy php. Vic ny khng n gin v cng
i hi chi ph thc hin kh ln. Sau khi quy nh mc thi ti a trong vng, c th
pht khng giy php cho cc doanh nghip hot ng trn a bn da trn mt s cn
c no hoc t chc bn u gi. Cch thc hin c nhiu ngi tn thnh nht l
phn phi giy php da vo mc nhim hoc hin trng tc ng mi trng ca
tng doanh nghip, ni cch khc l tha k quyn c thi qu kh. Khi c giy
php, cc doanh nghip t do giao dch, mua i bn li s giy php ; gi giy php
trn th trng s iu tit nhu cu trong phm vi tng hn mc.
u im ng k nht ca loi cng c ny l s kt hp gia tn hiu gi c v hn
mc nhim. So vi cc loi thu mi trng hay ph nhim th th trng giy php
mang tnh chc chn, bo m hn v kt qu t mc tiu mi trng v d giao dch
mua bn nh th no th tng lng giy php vn nm trong phm vi kim sot s
pht hnh ban u. Mt khc, cng c giy php linh hot ch n cho php cc doanh
nghip la chn cc phng n mua thm giy php tip tc thi hay tm cch ci
thin hin trng, gim thi xung mc cho php. Hn na, quyn c bn giy php
vi gi c xc nh bi cu ca th trng cn to ra ng c khuyn khch cc doanh
nghip gim thi nhiu hn c th bn cc giy php tha ra . y l xut pht cho
cc ci tin v cng ngh, k thut c li cho mi trng.
Tuy c nhng u im nh vy nhng th trng giy php vn cha c p dng rng
ri do cc nh mi trng v cng chng ni chung cha quen vi khi nim quyn
c thi nn kh chp nhn vic cc doanh nghip c giy php thi kh hay nc
thi vo mi trng. Cc nh qun l th cho rng vic kinh doanh giy php thi phc
tp, kh kim sot hn so vi vic thu thu hay ph mi trng quen thuc, c sn
b my hnh chnh ti chnh thc hin. Hn na, vic quan trc mi trng, theo di
mc nhim hoc thnh qu mi trng ti cc doanh nghip theo cc ch tiu ra
trong chng trnh giy php cng c coi l vn kh khn, phc tp.

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Kinh nghim ca mt s nc cho thy cng c giy php thch hp cho vic p dng
trong mt s iu kin nht nh nh sau:
Cht nhim cn kim sot thi ra t nhiu ngun khc nhau nhng gy tc
ng mi trng tng t nhau (v d cc nh my in cng thi SO2 gp
phn vo nguy c chung ca nn ma axit).
C s chnh lch ln trong chi ph gim thi ca cc doanh nghip do nhiu
yu t (cng ngh, tui th my mc, thit b, qun l ...)
S lng doanh nghip tham gia th trng vi t cch l ngi mua v ngi
bn giy php phi tng i ln to c mt th trng mang tnh cnh
tranh v nng ng.
H thng t cc - hon tr
t cc - hon tr c s dng trong hot ng bo v mi trng bng cch quy nh
cc i tng tiu dng cc sn phm c kh nng gy nhim mi trng phi tr thm
mt khon tin (t cc) khi mua hng, nhm bo m cam kt sau khi tiu dng s em
sn phm (hoc phn cn li ca sn phm ) tr li cho cc n v thu gom ph thi
hoc ti nhng a im quy nh ti ch, ti s dng hoc tiu hy theo cch an
ton i vi mi trng. Nu thc hin ng, ngi tiu dng s c nhn li khon
t cc do cc t chc thu gom hon tr li.
Mc ch ca h thng t cc - hon tr l thu gom nhng th m ngi tiu th
dng vo mt trung tm ti ch hoc ti s dng mt cch an ton i vi mi trng.
t cc - hon tr c coi l mt trong nhng ng c vin sng gi cho cc chnh
sch nhm gip nn kinh t thot khi chu trnh sn xut tuyn tnh (khai khong
nguyn liu th sn phm ph thi) v hng ti chu trnh tun hon trong cc
ti nguyn c ti ch, ti s dng ti mc ti a c th c.
Phm vi s dng cc h thng t cc - hon tr bao gm:
Cc sn phm m khi s dng c kh nng gy nhim mi trng nhng c
th x l ti ch hoc ti s dng
Cc sn phm lm tng lng cht thi, cn cc bi thi c quy m ln v tn
nhiu chi ph tiu hu
Cc sn phm cha cht c, gy kh khn c bit cho vic x l; nu tiu
hu khng ng cch s gy nguy c nh hng nghim trng n mi trng
v sc kho con ngi.
H thng t cc - hon tr t ra c bit thch hp vi vic qun l cc cht thi rn.
Cc quc gia thuc t chc OECD p dng kh thnh cng h thng t cc - hon
tr i vi cc sn phm ung, bia, ru (ng trong v chai nha hoc thu tinh)

291/317

mang li hiu qu cao cho vic thu gom cc ph thi. Hin nay cc nc ny v ang
m rng vic p dng h thng t cc - hon tr sang cc lnh vc khc nh v tu,
t c, du nht, c quy c cha ch, thu ngn, cadimi; v chai ng thuc tr su, cc
in gia dng nh my thu hnh, t lnh, iu ho khng kh...
Nhiu nc trong khu vc ng nh Hn Quc, i Loan cng c thnh cng nht
nh trong vic p dng h thng t cc - hon tr i vi v lon, v chai nha, thu
tinh, st, thp, nhm ph liu, c quy, sm lp, du nht, giy loi, ...
Theo kinh nghim ca cc nc, mc t cc l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng tc
ng n hiu qu ca h thng t cc - hon tr. Cc mc t cc thp s khng to ra
ng c kinh t mnh cho vic thu gom v ti ch ph thi. Ngoi ra cc yu t nh
nhn thc v thc ca ngi sn xut v tiu dng i vi vn thu gom ph thi,
kh nng t chc, qun l h thng thu gom cng nh vn cng ngh ti ch u c
nh hng khng nh n s hot ng v thnh cng ca h thng.
K qu mi trng
K qu mi trng l cng c kinh t p dng cho cc hot ng kinh t c tim nng
gy nhim v tn tht mi trng. Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng k qu mi
trng cng tng t nh ca h thng t cc - hon tr. Ni dung chnh ca k qu
mi trng l yu cu cc doanh nghip, cc c s sn xut kinh doanh trc khi tin
hnh mt hot ng u t phi k gi mt khon tin (hoc kim loi qu, qu, hoc
cc giy t c gi tr nh tin) ti ngn hng hay t chc tn dng nhm bo m s cam
kt v thc hin cc bin php hn ch nhim, suy thoi mi trng.
Mc ch chnh ca vic k qu l lm cho ngi c kh nng gy nhim, suy thoi
mi trng lun nhn thc c trch nhim ca h t tm ra cc bin php thch
hp ngn ng nhim, suy thoi mi trng.
Trong qu trnh thc hin u t v sn xut, nu cc doanh nghip / c s c cc
bin php ch ng ngn chn, khc phc khng xy ra nhim hoc suy thoi mi
trng, hon nguyn hin trng mi trng ng nh cam kt th h s c nhn li s
tin k qu . Ngc li nu bn k qu khng thc hin ng cam kt hoc ph
sn th s tin k qu s c rt ra t ti khon ngn hng / t chc tn dng chi
cho cng tc khc phc s c, suy thoi mi trng.
K qu mi trng to ra li ch cho Nh nc v khng phi u t kinh ph khc phc
mi trng t ngn sch. K qu mi trng cng khuyn khch cc doanh nghip tch
cc trong hot ng bo v mi trng. Cc doanh nghip s c li ch do ly li c
vn khi khng xy ra nhim hoc suy thoi mi trng.

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Vi mc ch v nguyn l hot ng nh vy, r rng s tin k qu phi ln hn hoc

xp x vi kinh ph cn thit khc phc mi trng nu doanh nghip gy ra nhim
v suy thoi mi trng. Nu s tin k qu qu nh so vi chi ph bo v mi trng,
cc doanh nghip s c xu hng t b vic nhn li s tin k qu v khng thc
hin cc cam kt bo v mi trng ca mnh.
Cng c k qu mi trng c thc hin nhiu nc trn th gii, c bit vi
cc hot ng cng nghip nh khai thc m, khai thc rng hoc i dng.
Tr cp mi trng
Tr cp mi trng l cng c kinh t quan trng c s dng rt nhiu nc trn
th gii, c bit l cc nc thuc t chc OECD. Tr cp mi trng c th di cc
dng sau:

Tr cp khng hon li
Cc khon cho vay u i
Cho php khu hao nhanh
u i thu (min, gim thu)

Chc nng chnh ca tr cp mi trng l gip cc ngnh cng - nng nghip v cc

ngnh khc khc phc nhim mi trng trong iu kin khi tnh trng nhim mi
trng qu nng n hoc kh nng ti chnh ca doanh nghip khng chu ng c
i vi vic x l nhim. Tr cp cng cn nhm khuyn khch cc c quan nghin
cu v trin khai cc cng ngh sn xut c li cho mi trng hoc cc cng ngh x
l nhim.
Tuy nhin, tr cp c th gy ra s khng hiu qu. Cc nh sn xut c th u t qu
mc vo kim sot v x l nhim (lm gim nhim nhiu hn so vi mc ti u
cng l khng hiu qu).
Trng hp ngc li, tr cp khng c hch ton ton b vo chi ph gim nhim
m mt phn c dng h thp chi ph sn xut c nhn, lm tng li nhun.
Tr cp mi trng ch l bin php tm thi, nu vn dng khng thch hp hoc ko
di s dn n phi hiu qu kinh t v tr cp i ngc vi nguyn tc ngi gy
nhim phi tr tin, n to ra s thay i s cng ty (vo - ra t do i vi ngnh cng
nghip), thay i mc hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip m mc ch gim nhim li
khng t c.
V vy, tr cp mi trng ch c th thc hin trong mt thi gian c nh vi mt
chng trnh c hoch nh v kim sot r rng, thng xuyn.

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Nhn sinh thi

Nhn sinh thi l mt danh hiu ca Nh nc cp cho cc sn phm khng gy ra
nhim mi trng trong qu trnh sn xut v sn phm hoc qu trnh s dng sn phm
. c dn nhn sinh thi l mt s khng nh uy tn ca sn phm v ca nh sn
xut. Cc sn phm c dn nhn sinh thi thng c sc mnh cnh tranh cao v gi
bn ra th trng cng thng cao hn cc sn phm cng loi. Nh vy, nhn sinh thi
l cng c kinh t tc ng vo nh sn xut thng qua phn ng v tm l ca khch
hng. Rt nhiu nh sn xut v ang u t sn phm ca mnh c cng nhn
l sn phm xanh, c dn nhn sinh thi v iu kin c dn nhn sinh thi
ngy cng kht khe hn. Nhn sinh thi thng c xem xt v dn cho cc sn phm
ti ch t ph thi (nh cao su...), cc sn phm thay th cho cc sn phm c tc ng
xu n mi trng, cc sn phm c tc ng tch cc n mi trng hoc hot ng
sn xut, kinh doanh sn phm c nh hng tt n mi trng.
Qu mi trng
Qu mi trng l mt th ch hoc mt c ch c thit k nhn ti tr vn t cc
ngun khc nhau, v t phn phi cc ngun ny h tr qu trnh thc hin cc d
n hoc cc hot ng ci thin cht lng mi trng.
Ngun thu cho qu mi trng c th c hnh thnh t nhiu ngun khc nhau nh:
Ph v l ph mi trng
ng gp t nguyn ca cc c nhn v doanh nghip
Ti tr bng tin hoc hin vt ca cc t chc trong nc, chnh quyn a
phng v chnh ph trung ng.
ng gp ca cc t chc, cc nh ti tr quc t
Tin li v cc khon li khc thu c t hot ng ca qu;
Tin x pht hnh chnh do vi phm quy nh v bo v mi trng
Tin thu c t cc hot ng nh vn ho, th thao, t thin, x s, pht hnh
tri phiu...
H tr do Qu mi trng cung cp thng thng di hnh thc h tr ti chnh vi cc
iu khon u i, chng hn nh cc khon tr cp khng hon li, cc khon vay vn
di hn vi li sut thp hn li sut hin hnh trn th trng khuyn khch cc d
n u t bo v mi trng, h tr cc d n nghin cu trin khai, o to v truyn
thng mi trng, cc d n kim sot v x l nhim ca cc doanh nghip. Qu mi
trng thm ch cn h tr tin cho vic iu tr ca cc nn nhn nhim.
S dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng l bin php m cc nh kinh t
cho l c hiu qu cao xt t gc chi ph thc hin. ng thi do c tnh linh hot
ca bn thn cng c, vn hnh trn c s s dng sc mnh ca th trng v nguyn

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tc ngi gy nhim phi tr, cng c kinh t c kh nng khc phc nhng tht bi
ca th trng, c hiu qu trong vic thay i hnh vi gy nhim, khuyn khch s
nng ng v t gic ca ngi gy nhim. Thc t vic s dng cng c kinh t cc
nc trn th gii cho thy nhng tc ng tch cc nh cc hnh vi mi trng c
iu chnh mt cch t gic, cc chi ph x hi cho cng tc bo v mi trng c hiu
qu hn, khuyn khch vic nghin cu trin khai k thut, cng ngh c li cho bo v
mi trng, gia tng ngun thu phc v cho cng tc bo v mi trng v cho ngn
sch Nh nc, duy tr tt cc gi tr mi trng ca quc gia.
Theo kinh nghim ca cc nc i trc, c th p dng thnh cng cc cng c kinh
t vo qun l mi trng, cn xem xt cn nhc cc iu kin di y:
Nhng thng tin c bn c lin quan nh li ch - chi ph ca cc phng n
chnh sch mi trng, cc ch tiu bin i cht lng mi trng v phc li
x hi, kh nng th ch, ti chnh v k thut... cn c cung cp y cho
nh lp chnh sch, cc c quan chc nng v cc i tng nh doanh nghip,
ngi gy nhim
Th ch php l mnh, c hiu lc cng ch v trch nhim php l; c
bit quyn ti sn i vi cc ti nguyn mi trng v cc c ch s hu
ngun lc cn c xc nh r v c hiu lc thc t.
S vn hnh ca cc th trng cnh tranh vi s lng ln ngi mua - ngi
bn v c s chnh lch ln trong chi ph gim nhim ca cc i tng gy
nhim. Nh vy, ti cc khu vc cng nghip v th pht trin, vic p
dng cng c kinh t s kh thi hn so vi cc vng nng thn.
Nng lc qun l hnh chnh, bao gm: nng lc ca cc c quan trong vic
thit k v thc hin cng c, gim st vic thc hin, cng ch cc iu kin
p dng cng c v iu chnh cc cng c cho ph hp vi iu kin thc t.
bo m nng cao nng lc qun l hnh chnh, r rng cn c ngun ti
chnh cho vic nghin cu, o to nhn lc v trang b h thng gim st thc
hin.
thc chnh tr: Vic p dng cng c kinh t i hi s chp nhn ca c quan
chc nng, ca cc i tng gy nhim v ca cc t chc phi li nhun i
din cho cc nn nhn ca s xung cp mi trng. Trong thc t, cc c quan
lin quan c th quen vi cc cng c CAC c v khng mun nhng thay
i i hi nhng k nng v cng ngh qun l mi; cc i tng gy
nhim cng c th phn i khi cho rng vic p dng cng c kinh t s to
thm nhng khon chi ph cho h.
Cc iu kin cn cho vic p dng cng c kinh t nu trn thng kh nh lng.
Trong thc t, khng phi bao gi v u cc iu kin trn u c tho mn. Mt
khc khng phi tt c cc cng c kinh t u cn phi c cc iu kin trn mi p
dng c; mt s loi cng c nh thu, ph, tr cp, h thng t cc - hon tr c th
c p dng tng bc trong nhng iu kin tng i d dng hn.

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Kinh nghim ca OECD v cc nc ng khc ch ra rng, quyt nh s dng

cng c kinh t khng ng ngha vi vic u tin cc cng c ny m b i cc cng
c CAC truyn thng. Thng thng, cng c kinh t c xy dng da trn ni dung
c bn ca cc quy nh c, trong , cc tiu chun mi trng vn l thc o cn bn
hiu qu ca cc chnh sch. Kt qu l mt h thng hn hp c to ra nhm duy tr
nhng yu t tch cc ca CAC, ng thi thng qua cng c kinh t, pht huy tnh linh
hot, gim chi ph thc hin, khuyn khch nhng bc pht trin bn vng trong cng
tc bo v mi trng.

Cng c k thut qun l mi trng

Cc cng c k thut qun l mi trng thc hin vai tr kim sot v gim st Nh
nc v cht lng v thnh phn mi trng, v s hnh thnh v phn b cht nhim
trong mi trng.
Cc cng c k thut qun l mi trng c th bao gm cc nh gi mi trng, kim
ton mi trng, cc h thng quan trc (monitoring) mi trng, x l cht thi, ti ch
v ti s dng cht thi.
Cc cng c k thut c coi l nhng cng c hnh ng quan trng ca cc t chc
trong cng tc bo v mi trng.
Thng qua vic thc hin cc cng c k thut, cc c quan chc nng c th c nhng
thng tin y , chnh xc v hin trng v din bin cht lng mi trng ng thi
c nhng bin php, gii php ph hp x l, hn ch nhng tc ng tiu cc i
vi mi trng.
Cc cng c k thut cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic h tr tun th cc tiu
chun, quy nh v bo v mi trng.

Cng c gio dc v truyn thng mi trng

Bo v mi trng l s nghip ca qun chng. Cc nhim v bo v mi trng c
c hon thnh hay khng ph thuc mt phn ln vo nhn thc v thc mi trng
ca ton x hi. Do , gio dc v truyn thng mi trng cng l mt cng c qun
l mi trng gin tip v rt cn thit, c bit l cc nc ang pht trin.
Gio dc mi trng
Gio dc mi trng l mt qu trnh thng qua cc hot ng gio dc chnh quy v
khng chnh quy nhm gip con ngi c c s hiu bit, k nng v gi tr to iu
kin cho h tham gia vo pht trin mt x hi bn vng v sinh thi"

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Mc ch ca gio dc mi trng l nhm vn dng nhng kin thc v k nng vo

gi gn, bo tn v s dng mi trng theo cch bn vng cho c th h hin ti v
tng lai. Gio dc mi trng cng bao hm c vic hc tp cch s dng nhng cng
ngh mi nhm tng sn lng kinh t v trnh nhng thm ho mi trng, xo ngho
i, tn dng cc c hi v a ra nhng quyt nh khn kho trong vic s dng ti
nguyn. Hn na, gio dc mi trng bao hm c vic t c nhng k nng, c
nhng ng c v cam kt hnh ng, d vi t cch c nhn hay tp th, gii quyt
nhng vn mi trng hin ti v phng nga nhng vn mi ny sinh.
Gio dc mi trng bao gm nhng ni dung ch yu:
a gio dc mi trng vo trng hc
Cung cp thng tin cho nhng ngi c quyn ra quyt nh
o to chuyn gia v mi trng
Truyn thng mi trng
Truyn thng c hiu l mt qu trnh trao i thng tin, tng, tnh cm, suy ngh,
thi gia cc c nhn hoc nhm ngi.
Truyn thng mi trng l mt qu trnh tng tc x hi hai chiu nhm gip cho
nhng ngi c lin quan hiu c cc yu t mi trng then cht, mi quan h ph
thuc ln nhau gia chng v cch tc ng vo cc vn c lin quan mt cch thch
hp gii quyt cc vn v mi trng
? Mc tiu ca truyn thng mi trng nhm:
Thng tin cho ngi b tc ng bi cc vn mi trng bit tnh trng ca
h, t gip h quan tm n vic tm kim cc gii php khc phc
Huy ng cc kinh nghim, k nng, b quyt a phng tham gia vo cc
chng trnh bo v mi trng
Thng lng ho gii cc xung t, khiu ni, tranh chp v mi trng gia
cc c quan v trong nhn dn
To c hi cho mi thnh phn trong x hi tham gia vo vic bo v mi
trng, x hi ho cng tc bo v mi trng
Kh nng thay i cc hnh vi s c hu hiu hn thng qua i thoi
thng xuyn trong x hi.
? Truyn thng mi trng c th thc hin thng qua cc phng thc ch yu sau:
Chuyn thng tin ti tng c nhn qua vic tip xc ti nh, ti c quan, gi
in thoi, gi th
Chuyn thng tin ti cc nhm thng qua hi tho tp hun, hun luyn, hp
nhm, tham quan kho st.
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 Chuyn thng tin qua cc phng tin truyn thng i chng: bo ch, ti vi,
radio, pano, p phch, t ri, phim nh...
Tip cn truyn thng qua nhng bui biu din lu ng, t chc hi din, cc
chin dch, cc l hi, cc ngy k nim...

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QUN L MI TRNG-PHN V
Lch s qun l mi trng Vit Nam
Mi mt hot ng ca con ngi u c tc ng n ti nguyn Mi trng xung
quanh chiu hng thun li hay khng thun li cho i sng v pht trin ca con
ngi. Ngay t xa xa con ngi c nhng hnh thc nhm bo v ti nguyn nh
hnh thnh cc quy c bo v rng u ngun, hay lp cc miu th da vo uy th
ca thn linh nhm ngn cm vic ph rng
Ch khi x hi pht trin, nh tin b khoa hc v k thut m kinh t tng trng nhanh,
song ti nguyn cn kit, cn bng sinh thi b o ln, cht lng mi trng sng suy
thoi th qun l mi trng tr thnh mt hot ng c th ca qun l Nh nc.
Vit nam cng tc Qun l mi trng c quan tm n t nm 1962, khi chng
ta thnh lp vn quc gia Cc phng.
Nm 1986, ln u tin Vit Nam , vi s hp tc ca cc chuyn gia Lin Hip Quc,
Hi Quc t bo v thin nhin (IUCN), cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam son tho "chin
lc quc gia bo v thin nhin".
Bn chin lc c ngha nh l khi u cho qu trnh qun l ti nguyn, mi trng
Vit Nam. V cng vo nm 1986 chng trnh quc gia nghin cu v ti nguyn v
mi trng vi s cng tc ca IUCN, xut vi Nh nc CHXHCN Vit Nam
mt chin lc quc gia v bo v mi trng. Trn c s chin lc ny, trong cc nm
1990 - 1991 mt k hoch quc gia v mi trng v pht trin bn vng c Hi
ng B trng CHXHCN Vit Nam chp nhn v chnh thc ban hnh ngy 12 - 06 1991.
K hoch quc gia xc nh mc tiu ln v th ch v t chc l"
- Thnh lp c quan qun l mi trng
- Xy dng chnh sch v lut php v mi trng
- Thnh lp mng li quan trc mi trng
- Lp k hoch tng hp v s dng v pht trin ti nguyn
- Xy dng cc chin lc pht trin lu bn cho cc ngnh
- nh gi tc ng mi trng
299/317

- Son tho chin lc mi trng v pht trin bn vng

K hoch quc gia cng vch ra 7 chng trnh hnh ng:
- Qun l pht trin th v dn s
- Qun l tng hp cc lu vc
- Kim sot nhim v cht thi
- Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
- Bo v a dng sinh hc
- Bo v cc vng t ngp nc
- Qun l cc vn quc gia v cc khu bo v.
Mt s kin quan trng i vi s nghip bo v mi trng, l thng 12 nm 1993,
Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam kho IX k hp th IV thng qua lut Bo v
Mi trng. V ngy 18 thng 10 nm 1973, Ngh nh 175 CP ban hnh hng
dn thi hnh lut bo v mi trng.
V t chc b my qun l mi trng, nm 1992 B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi
trng c thnh lp, m tin thn ca n l UBKHKT Nh nc, vi chc nng l
qun l Nh nc v mi trng.
Cc s Khoa hc - Cng nghip - Mi trng cc a phng sau c thnh lp vi
chc nng l qun l Nh nc v mi trng a phng.
Do yu cu nhim v ca cng tc qun l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v mi
trng ph hp vi xu th pht trin ca t nc trong thi k mi, ti k hp th nht,
Quc hi nc cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit nam kho XI, ngy 05 thng 8 nm 2002
quyt nh thnh lp B ti nguyn v mi trng trn c s 3 n v ch yu hin
c gm cc mi trng; tng cc a chnh v tng cc kh tng thu vn.
Cho n nay, Vit Nam hnh thnh h thng t chc Qun l Nh nc v Mi
trng t trung ng n a phng.

H thng t chc qun l mi trng Vit Nam

H thng t chc Qun l mi trng Vit Nam theo quy nh ca lut Bo v mi
trng (iu 38) v ngh nh 175 CP.

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- Theo nhim v v quyn hn ca mnh, Chnh ph thng nht qun l Nh nc v

bo v mi trng trong c nc.
- B Khoahc, Cng ngh v Mi trng chu trch nhim trc Chnh ph thc hin
chc nng qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng.
- Cc B, c quan ngang B, c quan trc thuc Chnh ph theo chc nng, nhim v
v quyn hn ca mnh phi hp vi B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng thc hin
vic bo v mi trng trong ngnh v cc c s thuc quyn qun l trc tip.
- U ban Nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng thc hin chc nng qun l
Nh nc v bo v mi trng ti a phng.
- S Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng chu trch nhim trc UBND tnh, thnh ph
trc thuc Trung ng trong vic bo v Mi trng a phng.
iu 39 lut Bo v Mi trng cng quy nh: H thng t chc, chc nng, nhim v,
v quyn hn ca cc c quan qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng do chnh ph quy
nh.
Nh vy trong thc t t trc ti nay h thng qun l mi trng Vit Nam va kt
hp qun l theo ngnh v qun l theo lnh th.
Nhm p ng kp thi v c cu t chc v n nh i vo hot ng ca b ti nguyn
v mi trng, ngy 11 thng 11 nm 2002, th tng chnh ph k ngh nh ca
chnh ph ban hnh s 91/2002/N-CP v Quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn
v c cu t chc ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Ti iu 1 ca ngh nh ny qui
nh v v tr v chc nng ca b ch r:
B ti nguyn v Mi trng l c quan ca Chnh ph thc hin chc nng qun l
nh nc v ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn, mi trng, kh
tng thu vn, o c v bn trong phm vi c nc; qun l nh nc cc dch v
cng v thc hin i din ch s hu phn vn ca nh nc ti doanh nghip c vn
nh nc trong lnh vc ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn, mi
trng, kh tng thu vn, o c v bn theo quy nh ca php lut.
Ti iu 3 ca ngh nh ny cng quy nh r c cu t chc ca b gm hai b phn
cu thnh c bn, th nht l cc t chc gip b trng thc hin chc nng qun l
nh nc gm 16 b phn, th hai l cc t chc s nghip ca b gm 6 b phn.
i vi cc t chc gip b trng thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc gm: v t
ai; v ng k v thng k t ai; v mi trng; v thm nh v nh gi tc ng
mi trng; v kh tng thu vn;v khoa hc-cng ngh; v k hoch-ti chnh; v
hp tc quc t; v php ch; v t chc cn b; cc qun l ti nguyn nc; cc a
301/317

cht v khong sn Vit nam; cc bo v mi trng; cc o c bn ; thanh tra v

vn phng.
Cc t chc s nghip thuc b gm: trung tm kh tng thu vn quc gia; trung tm
iu tra quy hoch t ai; trung tm vin thm; trung tm thng tin; tp ch ti nguyn
v mi trng; bo ti nguyn v mi trng.
Nh vy c th khng nh rng, vi chc nng, nhim v v c cu t chc mi, vai
tr qun l Nh nc v mi trng v ti nguyn thin nhin s c tng cng ph
hp vi tin trnh pht trin kinh t-x hi ca t nc.

Cc vn bn php l hin hnh lin quan ti qun l mi trng Vit

Nam
H thng chnh sch v php lut v mi trng
Vn kin i hi ng v Ngh quyt ca Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam c
ngha chin lc ch o ton b cngtc bo v mi trng Vit Nam.
Lut bo v mi trng ban hnh 1/1993 l c s php l quan trng nht cho hot ng
bo v mi trng.
Ngoi lut bo v mi trng, cn c mt s lut khc lin quan n mi trng, c
ban hnh trc v sau lut bo v mi trng
Lut Hng hi
Lut t ai
Lut Bo v v Pht trin Rng
Lut Lao ng
Lut Du kh
Lut Ti nguyn nc
Lut Khong sn
Lut Bo v Sc kho ca Nhn dn
V cc php lnh:

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Php lnh th y, Php lnh bo v ngun li thu sn, Php lnh bo v iu, Php
lnh bo v v kim nh.
H thng php lut v Mi trng l c s php l quan trng cho ton b cng tc bo
v mi trng nc ta. N cn to c s php l cho ton b hot ng pht trin kinh
t - x hi trn t nc, ng thi n cn to iu kin thun li cho s hp tc quc t
u t, nhm s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin, bo v mi trng.
K hoch quc gia v mi trng
Nm 1986, Vit Nam cng b "chin lc quc gia bo v thin nhin. Xut bn d
tho Chin lc quc gia v bo tn (sa i theo quyt nh s 246/HBT ngy 20/9/
1985)
Nm 1991, ch tch Hi ng B trng thng qua K hoch Quc gia v mi trng
v Pht trin bn vng giai on 1991-2000 (ch th 187/CT ngy 12/6/1991).
Nm 2000, Trnh Chnh ph Chin lc quc gia v Bo v mi trng giai on 2001
2010 (9/2000).
Cc k hoch quc gia v mi trng ra cc mc tiu v mi trng trong giai on
v xy dng chng trnh hnh ng t c mc tiu .
Ngh nh ca chnh ph
- Ngy 18 - 10 - 1994, Chnh ph ban hnh N 175 CP "V vic hng dn thi hnh
lut bo v mi trng"
- 26 - 4 - 1996, Chnh ph ban hnh N 26/ CP "X pht hnh chnh v vi phm mi
trng"
- Nm 1995, Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam c ban hnh
Ngoi ra, B Khoa hc - Cng ngh v Mi trng c nhiu thng t v hng dn
cng tc nh gi tc ng mi trng, v cng tc thanh tra mi trng, cc quyt nh
lin quan khc n lnh vc qun l nh nc v mi trng.
3.4. Cc ch th, quyt nh.
25-6-1998 Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit nam ra Ch th
36-CT/TW v tng cng cng tc bo v mi trng trong thi k cng
nghip ho, hin i ho t nc.
Th tng chnh ph cng c nh ng ch th quan trng nh:
303/317

 Ch th s 200/TTg ngy 29/4/1994 v m bo nc sch v v sinh mi

trng nng thn.
Ch th s 406/TTg ngy 8/8/1994 v vic cm sn xut v bun bn pho n.
Ch th s 199/TTg ngy 3/4/1997 v nhng bin php cp bch trong cng tc
qun l cht thi rn cc th v khu cng nghp.
Ch th s 29/1998 v tng cng cng tc qun l vic s dng thuc bo v
thc vt v cc cht hu c gy nhim kh phn hu.
Cc quyt nh ng lu lin quan n qun l nh nc v mi trng trong thi gian
va qua nh:
Quyt nh s 07/TTg ngy 3/1/1997 v thnh lp ban iu hnh quc gia Qu
mi trng ton cu vit nam.
Quyt nh s 152/1999/Q-TTg ngy 10/7/1999 v vic ph duyt Chin lc
qun l cht thi rn ti cc th v khu cng nghip Vit nam n 2020.
Quyt nh s 155/1999/Q-TTg ngy 16/7/1999 ca th tng Chnh ph v
vic ban hnh Quy ch qun l cht thi nguy hi.
Quyt nh s 82/2002/Q-TTg ngy 26/6/2002 ca Th tng Chnh ph v
vic thnh lp, t chc hot ng ca Qu bo v mi trng Vit Nam.

S tham gia ca Vit Nam vo cc cng c quc t v mi trng

Nh tuyn b ca chnh ph Vit Nam ti Hi ngh thng nh RIO - 1992, Vit Nam
cam kt bo v mi trng ca nc mnh v hp tc cng cc nc trong khu vc v
trn th gii gp phn bo v mi trng ca khu vc v mi trng chung ca ton
cu.
V vy, chng ta coi trng vic hp tc v mi trng nng cao nng lc bn thn,
nhm gii quyt nhng vn mi trng ca mnh v gp phn trong n lc chung ca
th gii.
* Vit nam hp tc vi cc t chc quc t v cc chnh ph.
Nhiu t chc quc t hp tc v gip nc ta di cc hnh thc vin tr, cc
d n tr gip k thut, ch yu nhm nng cao nng lc ca ta trong hoch nh chnh
sch, tm hiu v la chn cc bin php trong qun l, iu hnh, cng nh gii php
c tnh cng ngh trong mt s lnh vc v mi trng.
l cc t chc nh: UNDP, UNEP, FAO, WHO, UNICEP, WWF, IUCN
Vic hp tc v tr gip quc t cn c th hin thng qua quan h song phng gia
chnh ph ta vi cc chnh ph nh: Thu in, Phn Lan, Lin X (trc y), Php,
Canaa, H Lan, CHLB c, Oxtraylia, Nht Bn, an Mch, Singapo, Thi Lan

304/317

* Vit Nam tham gia cc cng c quc t:

Nc ta tham gia cc cng c quc t sau y:
Cng c lin quan n bo v cc di sn vn ho v t nhin th gii 1972.
K ngy 19/10/1982.
Cng c IAEA v thng bo sm s c ht nhn, 1985. K ngy 29/9/1987.
Cng c v tr gip trong cc trng hp s c ht nhn hoc cp cu v
phng x, 1986. K ngy 29/12/1987.
Cng c v cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t, c bit nh l
ni c tr ca cc loi chim nc RAMSAR, 1971. K ngy 20/9/1989.
Tho thun v mng li cc trung tm thu sn chu -Thi bnh Dng,
1998. K ngy 02/2/1989.
- Cng c ca LHQ v s bin i mi trng. K ngy 26/8/1990.
- Cng c quc t v ngn nga nhim bin do tu thuyn MARPOL. K ngy 29/8/
1991.
Cng c v bun bn quc t nhng loi ng, thc vt hoang gi c nguy c
b e do 1973 (Cng c CITES). K ngy 20/1/1994.
Ngh nh th Montreal v cc cht lm suy gim tng Zn, 1987. K ngy
26/1/1994.
+ Bn b sung Lun n cho Cng c Lun n, 1990
+ Bn b sung Copenhagen, 1992
Cng c Vin v bo v tng zn, 1985. K ngy 26/4/1994.
Cng c ca LHQ v Lut Bin, 1982. K ngy 25/7/1994.
- Cng c khung ca LHQ v bin i kh hu, 1992. K ngy 16/11/1994.
Cng c v a dng sinh hc (CBD), 1992. K ngy 16/11/1994.
- Cng c Bazen v kim sot v vn chuyn qua bin gii cht thi nguy hi v vic
loi b chng, 1989. K ngy 13/3/1995.
Cng c chng sa mc ho. K kt 11/1998.
Tuyn ngn quc t ca Lin hp quc v sn xut sch hn. K ngy 22/9/
1999.
Cng c Stockholm v cc cht gy nhim hu c kh phn hu (POP). K
ngy 23/11/2001.

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 thc hin cc cng c quc t, nc ta tng bc a nhng ni dung c lin

quan vo k hoch hnh ng. i vi mt s cng c quan trng, Chnh ph ph
duyt v cho thc hin nhng k hoch hoc chng trnh hnh ng c tnh quc t
nh:
* K hoch hnh ng bo v a dng sinh hc ca Vit Nam.
* Chng trnh quc gia v bin i kh hu.
* Chng trnh quc gia nhm loi tr dn cc cht lm suy gim tng zn.
Bo v mi trng l s nghip ca tt c mi ngi. Qun l mi trng chnh l phi
gic ng, huy ng v t chc tt c mi ngi thc hin trch nhim , v li ch ca
bn thn mnh, li ch ca mi ngi v li ch ca cc th h tng lai.
Cng chnh v vy m qun l cht Nh nc v bo v mi trng khng th n c,
ch da vo php lut v cng ch m cn c cc hnh thc qun l x hi phi Nh
nc khc phi c pht huy v vn dng.
TM TT CHNG V
Chng V cp n nhng vn c bn lin quan ti bo v mi trng. ngi
hc hiu bn cht ca qun l mi trng, phn u ca chng lm r cc khi nim
c bn ca qun l mi trng, qun l nh nc v mi trng, phn ny cng l gii
c s khoa hc no cn phi c s qun l v mi trng. Tnh tt yu khch quan phi
c s qun l nh nc v mi trng, c bit l nhng vn thc tin v thch thc
v mi trng Vit Nam hin nay ang t ra nhng yu cu phi c s qun l nh
nc v mi trng.
Trn c s hiu c cc khi nim v bn cht ca qun l mi trng, phn II cp
n nhng ni dung v nguyn tc ca Qun l mi trng. c bit trong phn ny
cp n hai vn lin quan trc tip ti doanh nghip, th nht l sn xut sch hn
v th hai l phn tch kh chi tit v h thng qun l mi trng cho doanh nghip
(EMS), trong cp ti s dng ISO 14000 nh l mt cng c qun l c tnh t
nguyn m cc doanh nghip cn hng ti khng ch t hiu qu mi trng m chnh
l hiu qu kinh t hu hnh trong tng lai ca cc doanh nghip khi tham gia vo th
trng quc t.
Phn III cp ti cc cng c cho qun l mi trng, c 4 loi cng c c phn tch
trong phn ny l cng c php l, cng c kinh t, cng c k thut v cng c tuyn
truyn, gio dc nhn thc mi trng. Trong bn loi cng c mi loi c mt vai
tr c th ring trong cu thnh tng hp ca qun l mi trng. Tuy nhin cng c
c phn tch chi tit v t m nht chnh l cng c kinh t, cng c ny rt ph hp
vi c ch ca nn kinh t th trng c s iu hnh v qun l nh nc.
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Phn IV phn tch ti h thng t chc qun l mi trng Vit nam. Trong phn ny
xem xt ti lch s qun l mi trng ca vit nam, c th khng nh mc nh du
quan trng nht l t nm 1962 khi chng ta quyt nh thnh lp vn quc gia Cc
Phng v cho n thi im mi y nht nm 2002 thnh lp b ti nguyn v mi
trng. Cng vi qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin, h thng c cu t chc ca c quan
qun l mi trng cng d c nhng s thay i nht nh ph hp vi yu cu mi.
Phn ny cng a ra v phn tch kh chi tit v cc vn bn hin hnh lin quan ti
qun l mi trng Vit Nam. c bit lin quan n nhng vn mi trng quc
t, nhng cng c quc t lin quan n s tham gia ca Vit nam cng c ch ra
ngi hc c th hnh dung c nhng loi cng c no Vit nam tham gia v thi
gian k cam kt tham gia.
Ngi c chng ny s c cm nhn c nm bt kh y t c s l lun n
thc tin v qun l mi trng.

CU HI N TP
1. Hy phn bit 2 khi nim: Qun l Mi trng v Qun l Nh nc v mi trng.
2. Hy phn tch tnh tt yu khch quan ca Qun l Nh nc v mi trng.
3. Hy trnh by nhng thc trng v thch thc v nhng vn mi trng ton cu
v Vit Nam, t cho nhn xt v mi quan h gia qu trnh pht trin kinh t v bo
v mi trng hin nay.
4. Hy nu v phn tch cc ni dung qun l Nh nc v mi trng.
5. Hy nu v phn tch cc nguyn tc qun l Nh nc v mi trng?
6. V sao doanh nghip phi quan tm n qun l mi trng? H nhn c nhng li
ch g khi phi qun l mi trng?
1. Phn tch nhng khi nim c bn v sn xut sch hn? Trnh by nhng
nguyn tc v cc phng php sn xut sch hn.
2. So snh sn xut sch hn v phng php x l cui ng ng? Nhng li
ch ca sn xut sch hn?
3. Trnh by nhng ni dung cn thc hin nh gi tnh kh thi i vi d n
sn xut sch hn.
4. u t cho sn xut sch hn nhn t gc kinh t ra nhng quyt nh ti
chnh c nhng phng php no? Li ch kinh t ca vic u t cho sn xut
sch hn?
11. Hy nu nhng ni dung c bn ca b tiu chun ISO 14000.

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12. C cu ca h thng qun l mi trng theo ISO 14001. Mc ch ngha ca vic

p dng h thng ny.
13. Cng c lut php chnh sch trong qun l mi trng bao gm nhng loi no?
Vai tr ca tng loi? u im v hn ch ca tng loi?
14. Phn tch vai tr, chc nng ca cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng? Kh
nng p dng trong thc t, u im v hn ch ca tng loi cng c kinh t?
15. Mc tiu v cc hnh thc ca gio dc v truyn thng mi trng?
16. Trnh by nhng nt c bn v lch s qun l mi trng Vit nam.
17. Trnh by h thng t chc qun l mi trng hin hnh ca Vit nam.
18. Trnh by nhng nt c bn cc loi vn bn lin quan n qun l mi trng
Vit nam. Ly v d minh ho.
19. Ti sao Vit Nam li tham gia vo cng c quc t v mi trng? Nu mt s
cng c quan trng m Vit Nam tham gia.

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Ti liu tham kho-QUN L MI

TRNG
TING VIT
1. L HUY B - MI TRNG - SCH XUT BN 1997.
2. BO CO NGHIN CU CHNH SCH CA NGN HNG TH GII
XANH HO CNG NGHIP VAI TR MI CA CNG NG, TH
TRNG V CHNH PH. NGN HNG TH GII 2000.
3. B KHOA HC CNG NGH V MI TRNG , TRUNG TM KINH
T MI TRNG V PHT TRIN VNG, H KTQD, BO CO TNG
HP TI "C S KHOA HC V THC TIN XY DNG CC
QUY NH V T CC - HON TR, K QU V BO HIM MI
TRNG, H NI 1999.
4. B KHOA HC CNG NGH V MI TRNG , CC MI TRNG,
CC QUY NH PHP LUT V MI TRNG, NH XUT BN
CHNH TR QUC GIA - TP 1,2,3,4
5. B KHOA HC CNG NGH V MI TRNG, CC MI TRNG,
200 CU HI P V MI TRNG, H NI 2000
6. B KHOA HC CNG NGH V MI TRNG, CC MI TRNG,
GII THIU V CNG C KINH T V KH NNG P DNG TRONG
QUN L MI TRNG VIT NAM, H NI 2001.
7. L THC CN - NH GI TC NG MI TRNG, PHNG PHP
LUN V KINH NGHIM THC TIN - NXB KHKT - 1995
8. L THC CN, NGUYN DUY HNG, HONG XUN C - KINH T
MI TRNG, GIO TRNH I HC M - HN 1995
9. L THC CN - C S KHOA HC MI TRNG - GIO TRNH I
HC M - 1995.
10. NGUYN TH CHINH, P DNG CC CNG C KINH T NNG
CAO NNG LC QUN L MI TRNG H NI, NH XUT BN
CHNH TR QUC GIA, H NI 1999.
11. TS. NGUYN TH CHINH - U T CHO SN XUT SCH HN NHN
T GC KINH T. THNG TIN D N NHNG CHIN LC V
C CH NHM KHUYN KHCH U T CHO SN XUT SCH HN
TI CC NC ANG PHT TRIN. CHNG TRNH MI TRNG
LIN HP QUC (UNEP). B K HOCH V U T (MPI). 2002.
12. CHNG TRNH O TO KINH T FULBRIGHT, TP BI GING
"KINH T HC MI TRNG V CHNH SCH", TP. H CH MINH
1998.

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13. CHNG TRNH MI TRNG LIN HP QUC (UNEP); B K

HOCH V U T (MPI); TRUNG TM KINH T MI TRNG V
PHT TRIN VNG (CEERD). KHO TP HUN CP3 SINH LI T
SN XUT SCH HN H NI, THI NGUYN, HI PHNG , VIT
TR, THANH HO, THA THIN HU. 2001.
14. CC MI TRNG; CEETIA, NORAD, UNEP BO CO HIN TRNG
MI TRNG VIT NAM 2001.
15. CC MI TRNG HNH TRNH V S PHT TRIN BN VNG
1972-1992-2002. NH XUT BN CHNH TR QUC GIA. H NI
2002.
16. CC MI TRNG 1993-2000: XY DNG, PHT TRIN. H NI
2000.
17. CC MI TRNG PHT TRIN BN VNG VIT NAM MI
NM NHN LI V CON NG PHA TRC BO CO QUC GIA
TI HI NGH THNG NH TH GII V PHT TRIN BN VNG.
H NI 2002.
18. D N KINH T CHT THI (WASTE ECON). KINH T CHT THI
TRONG PHT TRIN BN VNG. NH XUT BN CHNH TR QUC
GIA. H NI 2001.
19. D N VIE/97/007. S TAY HNG DN S DNG CC CNG C
CHO CC MC TIU MI TRNG TRONG K HOCH HO PHT
TRIN. H NI THNG 5/2001.
20. DAVID LUCAS & PAUL MEYER, NHP MN NGHIN CU DN S,
I HC TNG HP QUC GIA AUSTRALIA 1990, (BN DCH CA
PHAN NH TH, D N VIE/92/P04).
21. DAVID W.PEARCE (TNG BIN TP), T IN KINH T HC HIN
I, NH XUT BN CHNH TR QUC GIA, H NI 1999.
22. NG NH GIAO (CH BIN), KINH T HC VI M, NH XUT BN
GIO DC 1997.
23. L THU HOA, BN THM V S DNG CC CNG C KINH T V
C CH T CC - HON TR TRONG QUN L MI TRNG
VIT NAM , K YU HI THO KHOA HC: KINH T MI TRNG:
L LUN V P DNG VO THC TIN VIT NAM, H NI 1999.
24. TRN VN HC, TNG CC TIU CHUN O LNG CHT LNG
B TIU CHUN ISO14000 V VN P DNG TI VIT NAM.
K YU HI THO NGY 6/3/1999 DIN N CC NH QUN L
V TRCH NHIM NGN NGA NHIM CNG NGHIP. B KHOA
HC CNG NGH V MI TRNG. CC MI TRNG. H NI
1999.
25. L TH HNG, KINH T MI TRNG, NH XUT BN THNG K,
TP. H CH MINH 1999
26. L VN KHOA - MI TRNG V NHIM - NXB GIO DC 1997
27. LUT BO V MI TRNG - CHXHCN VN- 1993.
310/317

28. NH XUT BN KH-KT - TN HIU SNG CN - HN 1995

29. N 175 CP - CHNH PH CHXHCN VN 1994.
30. MPI, UNDP, SDC. BO CO K THUT S 5, TI LIU THAM KHO.
PHN TCH CHI PH LI CH V CC VN MI TRNG
TRONG K HOCH PHT TRIN, NGHIN CU TNH HUNG XI
MN T BO LC, TNH LM NG. THNG 7/2001. NHNG
VN MI TRNG TRONG LP K HOCH U T.
31. GS.TS. NG NH TON PGS.TS. NGUYN TH CHINH. MT S
VN C BN V KINH T V QUN L MI TRNG. NH
XUT BN XY DNG H NI 1997.
32. GS.TS. NG NH TON. KINH T MI TRNG. H NI 1996.
33. NG NH TUN, NGUYN DUY HNG V NGK - NH GI TC
NG MI TRNG CC CNG TRNH PHT TRIN TI NGUYN
NC - B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN - HN 1996.
34. TRUNG TM KHOA HC X HI V NHN VN QUC GIA BO
CO PHT TRIN CON NGI VIT NAM 2001 - I MI V S
NGHIP PHT TRIN CON NGI (SCH THAM KHO). NH XUT
BN CHNH TR QUC GIA, H NI 2001.
35. ROBERT S.PINDYCK & DANIEL L.RUBINFELD. KINH T HC VI M,
NH XUT BN THNG K, H NI 1999.
36. R. KERRY TURNER, DAVID PEARCE & IAN BAJEMAN KINH T MI
TRNG. TI LIU DNG CHO LP HUN LUYN NGN HN KINH
T TI NGUYN V MI TRNG T CHC TI TRNG I HC
NNG LM THNH PH H CH MINH T 24/7/1995 N 1/9/1995.
37. JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ, KINH T HC CNG CNG, NH XUT BN
KHOA HC V K THUT, H NI 1995.
38. VIN PHT TRIN KINH T - NGN HNG TH GII V CC MI
TRNG, B KHCN &MT, K YU HI THO NGN NGA NHIM
CNG NGHIP, LT, 9/1997.
39. TRN V HNG SN, NHP MN PHN TCH LI CH CHI PH. NH
XUT BN I HC QUC GIA TP. H CH MINH. 2001

TING NC NGOI
1. Ahmed M. Hussen, Principles of Environmental Economics: Economics,
ecology and public policy, T.J. Internatinal Ltd., Padstow, Great Britain, 2000.
2. Barry C Field, The Economics of Environmental Quality, Environmental
Economis Mc Graw Hill Publishers, New York 1994.
3. David O'Connor, Managing the Environment with Rapid Industrialization
Lessons from the East Asian Experience, OECD, Development Centre, Paris,
1994.

311/317

4. David Pearce and R. Kerry Turner, Economics of Natural Resource and the
Environment, Harvester Wheatsheaf, T. J. Press (Padstow) Ltd., Great Britain,
1990.
5. Environmentall issues in investment planning for sustainable development.
Proceedings of a Seminar for Planning Experts from Vietnam; Germany, Tune
2000.
6. Hans. B. Opschoor, Kenneth Button and Pieter Nijkamp, Environmental
Economics and Development, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham,
UK, 1999.
7. Henk Folmer, H. Landis Gabel and Hans Opschoor, Principles of
Environmental and Resource Economics. A guide for students and Decision
Makers, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., Cheltenham, UK 1997.
8. E. Kula, Economics of Natural Resources, the Environment and Policies,
Second Edition, Chapman and Hall, St. Edmundsbury Press, Great Britain,
1997.
9. Michael Common, Environmental and Resource Ecomomics: An Introduction,
Second Edition, Addision Wesley Longman Ltd., New York 1996.
10. OECD - Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Managing
the Environment: The role of Economic Instruments, Paris, 1994.
11. Tom Tietenberg, Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Third
Edition, Harper Collins Publishers Inc. New York, 1992.
12. The VAT Project, Economics and Environmental Protection (Lecture Material),
Ha Noi, 2001.
13. R. Kerry Turner, David Pearce & Ian Bateman, Environmental Economics - An
Elementary Introduction, Harvester Wheatsheaf, T. J. Press (Padstow) Ltd,
Great Britain, 1994.
14. Zvi Adar and James M. Griffin, Uncertainty and the Choice of Pollution
Control Instruments, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 3/
1976.
15. Jan Bojo, Karl Goran Maler and Lena Unemo, Environment and Development:
An Ecomomics Approach, Kluer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The
Netherlands 1990

312/317

Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: GIO TRNH KINH T V QUN L MI TRNG
Bin tp bi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/14ab2884
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Gio trnh kinh t v qun l mi trng-Li m u
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/1377dd6e
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Gio trnh kinh t v qun l mi trng-Chng m u
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/3c26a063
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Mi trng v pht trin-Phn I
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/dd2b2654
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Mi trng v pht trin-Phn II
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/40f847f6
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Mi trng v pht trin-Tm tt
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/eaa73f4d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: KINH T HC CHT LNG MI TRNG-PHN I
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/3ee46616

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Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: KINH T HC CHT LNG MI TRNG-PHN II
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/fcc7e31d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: KINH T HC CHT LNG MI TRNG-PHN III
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/88e4896d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: KINH T HC CHT LNG MI TRNG-PHN 4
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/bc4e6e09
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: KINH T HC CHT LNG MI TRNG-PHN 5
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/6c2c85c3
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: KINH T HC CHT LNG MI TRNG-PHN CUI
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c6d361bd
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: NH GI TC NG MI TRNG V PHN TCH KINH T CA
NHNGTC NG MI TRNG-PHN I
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/0905e265
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: NH GI TC NG MI TRNG V PHN TCH KINH T CA
NHNG TC NG MI TRNG-PHN 2
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/3cb155a0
314/317

Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Khan him ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh-phn1
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e65a4a55
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Khan him ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh-phn2
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/2d9305ec
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: QUN L MI TRNG-PHN I
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/663861f2
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: QUN L MI TRNG-PHN II
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/59670424
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: QUN L MI TRNG-PHN III
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/24735b00
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: QUN L MI TRNG-PHN IV
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/503ea1e7
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: QUN L MI TRNG-PHN V
Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/103b0e28
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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Module: Ti liu tham kho-QUN L MI TRNG

Cc tc gi: Nguyn Th Chinh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/97c103c2
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

316/317

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.
Vi s h tr ca Qu Vit Nam, Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (VOER) tr thnh
mt cng thng tin chnh cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong v ngoi Vit Nam. Mi
ngy c hng chc nghn lt truy cp VOER (www.voer.edu.vn) nghin cu, hc
tp v ti ti liu ging dy v. Vi hng chc nghn module kin thc t hng nghn
tc gi khc nhau ng gp, Th Vin Hc liu M Vit Nam l mt kho tng ti liu
khng l, ni dung phong ph phc v cho tt c cc nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca
c gi.
Ngun ti liu m phong ph c trn VOER c c l do s chia s t nguyn ca cc
tc gi trong v ngoi nc. Qu trnh chia s ti liu trn VOER tr ln d dng nh
m 1, 2, 3 nh vo sc mnh ca nn tng Hanoi Spring.
Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.

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