Phng php xc nh cht lng nh

1. Phm vi p dng
- Phng php ny p dng nh gi mc
nguy him ca kt cu nh, kt qu nh gi phc v
cho vic sa cha, ci to hoc tho d nhm bo m
an ton s dng.
- Khi nh gi mc nguy him i vi cng
trnh cng nghip, cng cng, nh cao tng c yu cu
c bit, ngoi vic tun theo quy nh ca tiu chun
ny, cn phi ph hp vi cc tiu chun lin quan
hin hnh ca Nh nc.
2. Tiu chun vin dn
TCXDVN 270 : 2002 Kho st nh gi tnh trng nh
v cng trnh xy gch .
TCVN 2737 : 1995 Ti trng tc ng. Tiu chun
thit k.
TCVN 5573 : 1991 Kt cu gch v gch ct
thp. Tiu chun thit k.
TCXDVN 356 : 2005 Kt cu b tng v b tng ct
thp. Tiu chun thit k.
TCXDVN 338 : 2005 Kt cu thp. Tiu chun thit k.
TCVN 197 : 2002 Kim loi. Phng php th ko.
TCXDVN 162 : 2004 B tng nng. Phng php xc nh cng nn bng
sng bt ny.
TCXD 239 : 2000 B tng nng. Ch dn nh gi cng b tng trn kt cu
cng trnh.
TCXDVN 294 : 2003 Kt cu b tng ct thp. Phng php in th kim tra kh
nng thp b n mn.
3. K hiu
Trong tiu chun ny s dng cc k hiu sau:
L0
Nhp tnh ton
h
Chiu cao tnh ton
n
S lng cu kin
ndc
S ct nguy him
ndw S on tng nguy him
ndmb S dm chnh nguy him
ndsb S dm ph nguy him
nds
S bn nguy him
nc
S ct
nmb S dm chnh
nsb
S dm ph
nw
S on tng
1

ns
nd
nrt

S bn
S cu kin nguy him
S v ko

T s phn trm cu kin nguy him

fdm T s phn trm cu kin nguy him trong nn mng
sdm T s phn trm cu kin nguy him trong kt cu chu lc
esdm T s phn trm cu kin nguy him trong kt cu bao che
R
Kh nng chu lc ca cu kin
S
Hiu ng tc ng

Hm ph thuc
A
Hm ph thuc ca nh cp A
B
Hm ph thuc ca nh cp B
C
Hm ph thuc ca nh cp C
D
Hm ph thuc ca nh cp D
a
Hm ph thuc ca b phn nh cp a
b
Hm ph thuc ca b phn nh cp b
c
Hm ph thuc ca b phn nh cp c
d
Hm ph thuc ca b phn nh cp d
af
Hm ph thuc ca nn mng cp a
bf
Hm ph thuc ca nn mng cp b
cf
Hm ph thuc ca nn mng cp c
df
Hm ph thuc ca nn mng cp d
as
Hm ph thuc ca kt cu chu lc phn thn cp a
bs
Hm ph thuc ca kt cu chu lc phn thn cp b

T s phn trm cu kin nguy him

a, b, c, d
Cc cp gim nh mc nguy him cc b phn ca nh
A, B, C, D Cc cp gim nh mc nguy him ca nh
Fd
Cu kin khng nguy him
Td
Cu kin nguy him
4. Trnh t nh gi mc nguy him ca nh
- Ni dung v phm vi nh gi
Tip nhn yu cu ca ch qun cng trnh v ni dung v phm vi nh gi mc
nguy him ca nh.
- Kho st s b
Thu thp, iu tra v phn tch cc ti liu gc ca nh v tin hnh xem xt hin
trng.
- Kho st chi tit
Tin hnh kim tra chi tit hin trng ca nh xc nh cc ch tiu k thut cn
thit.
- Phn tch, nh gi
Tin hnh phn tch cc ti liu, s liu, kho st, o c. Trn c s , tnh ton
kim tra nh gi tng hp nhm xc nh cp nguy him ca nh.
2

- Lp bo co
Bo co cn nu r nhng ni dung chnh: ch qun nh, a ch nh cn nh gi,
m t nh (cng nng, loi kt cu, hnh dng), mc ch nh gi, kt qu kho st v
tnh ton kim tra, nguyn nhn gy h hng, kt lun v kin ngh x l.
5. Phng php nh gi
- Nguyn tc nh gi tng hp
Cn tin hnh theo 3 bc:
- Bc 1: nh gi mc nguy him ca cu kin, phn cu kin thnh hai loi:
cu kin nguy him (Td) v cu kin khng nguy him (Fd).
- Bc 2: nh gi mc nguy him ca cc b phn nh (nn mng, kt cu
chu lc phn thn, kt cu bao che ), cp nh gi c chia lm 4 cp: a, b, c, d.
- Bc 3: nh gi mc nguy him ca nh, cp nh gi c chia lm 4 cp:
A, B, C, D.
- nh gi mc nguy him ca cu kin
- Nguyn tc chung
+ Cu kin nguy him l nhng cu kin m kh nng chu lc, vt nt v bin
dng khng p ng c yu cu s dng bnh thng.
+ Phn chia cu kin theo cc quy nh sau y (c xem l 1 cu kin):
a) Mng:
- Mng n di ct;
- Mng bng: di 1 trc ca 1 gian;
- Mng b: din tch ca 1 gian.
b) Tng: chiu di tnh ton, 1 mt ca 1 gian.
c) Ct: chiu cao tnh ton ca ct.
d) Dm, x g, dm ph: chiu di ca chng;
e) Bn sn ton khi: din tch mt gian; i vi bn sn c sn: mt tm;
g) V ko, gin v.v....
- nh gi nn mng
+ nh gi mc nguy him ca nn mng gm hai phn: nn v mng.
+ Khi kim tra nn mng cn ch trng xem xt tnh trng vt nt xin dng hnh
bc thang, vt nt ngang v vt nt thng ng v tr tip gip gia mng vi tng
gch chu lc, tnh trng vt nt ngang ch ni tip mng vi chn ct khung, tnh trng
chuyn v nghing ca nh, tnh trng trt, n nh ca nn, bin dng, rn nt ca t
nn.
+ t nn c nh gi l nguy him khi c mt trong nhng hin tng sau:
- Tc ln nn trong thi gian 2 thng lin tc ln hn 2 mm/thng v khng c
biu hin dng ln;
- Nn b ln khng u, ln vt qu gii hn cho php theo tiu chun hin
hnh, tng bn trn c vt nt (do ln) c b rng ln hn 10 mm, v nghing cc b
ca nh ln hn 1%;
- Nn khng n nh dn n tri trt, chuyn v ngang ln hn 10 mm v nh
hng r rt n kt cu phn thn, mt khc vn c hin tng tip tc tri trt.
- Mng c nh gi l nguy him khi c mt trong nhng hin tng sau:
3

- Kh nng chu lc ca mng nh hn 85% hiu ng tc ng vo mng;

- Mng b mn, mc, nt, gy dn n kt cu b nghing lch, chuyn v, rn nt,
xon r rt;
- Mng c hin tng tri trt, chuyn v ngang trong thi gian 2 thng lin tc
ln hn 2 mm/thng v khng c biu hin chm dt.
- nh gi cu kin kt cu xy gch
+ nh gi mc nguy him ca kt cu xy gch bao gm cc ni dung: kh
nng chu lc, cu to v lin kt, vt nt v bin dng v.v...
+ Khi tnh ton kim tra kh nng chu lc kt cu xy gch, cn xc nh cng
ca vin xy v va suy ra cng th xy, hoc trc tip xc nh cng th
xy trn cng trnh. Gi tr thc o ca mt ct xy gch cn tr i phn din tch hao
mn do cc nguyn nhn
+ Khi kim tra kt cu xy gch nn ch trng xem xt tnh trng vt nt xin v
thng ng ti v tr tip ni cu to v ch giao tip gia tng dc v tng ngang, tnh
trng bin dng v vt nt ca tng chu lc, tnh trng vt nt v chuyn dch ti chn
vm.
+ Kt cu xy gch c nh gi l nguy him khi c mt trong nhng biu hin
sau:
Kh nng chu lc ca cu kin chu nn nh hn 85% hiu ng tc ng ca
n;
Tng, ct chu lc c vt nt thng ng theo phng chu lc vi b rng vt
nt ln hn 2 mm v di vt qu 1/2 chiu cao tng nh, hoc c nhiu vt nt thng
ng m di qu 1/3 chiu cao tng nh;
Tng, ct chu lc c b mt b phong ho, bong trc, mn va m tit din b
gim i hn 1/4;
Tng hoc ct dm hoc v ko do chu nn cc b xut hin nhiu vt nt
thng ng, hoc b rng vt nt vt qu 1 mm;
Tr tng do chu nn lch tm xut hin vt nt ngang, b rng vt nt ln hn
0,5 mm;
Tng, ct b nghing m nghing ln hn 0,7%, hoc ch ni gia hai
tng k nhau c vt nt xuyn sut qua;
Tng, ct khng cng, c hin tng un cong v xut hin vt nt
ngang hoc vt nt xin;
gia lanh t c vt nt thng ng, hoc u lanh t c vt nt xin r rt;
phn tng lanh t c vt nt ngang hoc b vng xung r rt.
- nh gi cu kin kt cu g
+ nh gi mc nguy him ca cu kin kt cu g bao gm cc ni dung: kh
nng chu lc, cu to v lin kt, vt nt v bin dng v.v...
+ Khi tnh ton kh nng chu lc ca kt cu g phi kim tra tnh cht c hc,
khuyt tt, mc mn, mi mt ca g, tnh cht c hc v mc r ca cc chi tit bng
thp. Din tch tit din o c ca cu kin kt cu g khng bao gm phn din tch b
h hng do cc nguyn nhn khc nhau gy ra.
+ Khi kim tra kt cu g nn ch trng xem xt tnh trng mc mn, mi mt,
khuyt tt ca g, sai st v cu to, mt n nh ca cu kin kt cu, tnh trng vt nt
tit din chu ct ti mi ni u v ko, tnh trng bin dng ngoi mt phng ca v
ko v n nh ca h thng mi.
4

+ Cu kin kt cu g c nh gi l nguy him khi c mt trong nhng hin

tng sau:
Kh nng chu lc ca cu kin kt cu g nh hn 90% hiu ng tc ng vo
n;
Cc lin kt khng hp l, cu to sai nghim trng dn n h hng nh mi
lin kt b bin dng, trt, nt theo tit din chu ct, b ct t, hoc chi tit thp b r
nng, lin kt lng lo lm cho mi ni mt tc dng v.v... vng ca dm chnh ln
hn L0/150, hoc g c khuyt tt nghim trng trong vng chu ko;
vng ca v ko ln hn L0/120, mi ni nh hoc u ko b mc mn
hay nt v, hoc b nghing ra khi mt phng m nghing vt qu h/120 chiu cao
v ko;
vng ca x g, dm ph ln hn L0/120, phn g nm trong tng b mc
mn, mi mt;
Ct g b bin dng phnh ra ln hn h/150, hoc nh ct b nt v, thn ct b
gy, chn ct b mn mc vi din tch b mc ln hn 1/5 tit din ct;
Vi cu kin chu ko, chu un, chu nn lch tm v chu nn ng tm m
nghing ca th g xin hoc vt nt xin ln lt ln hn 7%, 10%, 15% v 20%;
Tt c cc cu kin g b mc.
- nh gi cu kin kt cu b tng ct thp
+ nh gi mc nguy him ca cu kin kt cu b tng ct thp bao gm cc
ni dung: kh nng chu lc, cu to v lin kt, vt nt v bin dng v.v...
+ Khi tnh ton kh nng chu lc ca cu kin, kt cu b tng ct thp, phi kim
tra cng b tng, mc carbont ho ca b tng, tnh cht c hc, thnh phn ho
hc, mc n mn ct thp. Din tch tit din o c ca cu kin kt cu b tng ct
thp khng bao gm phn din tch b h hng do cc nguyn nhn khc nhau gy ra.
+ Khi kim tra kt cu b tng ct thp cn ch trng xem xt cc vt nt v tnh
trng n mn ct thp chu lc ca ct, dm, sn; vt nt ngang phn chn v phn nh
ct; nghing ca v ko v n nh ca h thng ging chng v.v...
+ Cu kin kt cu b tng ct thp c nh gi l nguy him khi c mt trong
nhng hin tng sau:
Kh nng chu lc ca cu kin nh hn 85% hiu ng tc ng vo n;
Dm, sn b vng qu L0/150, b rng vt nt vng chu ko ln hn 1 mm;
Vng chu ko phn gia nhp ca dm n gin, dm lin tc xut hin vt
nt thng ng chy di ln trn n 2/3 chiu cao ca dm, b rng vt nt ln hn 0,5
mm, hoc gn gi ta xut hin vt nt xin do lc ct, b rng vt nt ln hn 0,4
mm;
tr ct thp chu lc ca dm, sn xut hin vt nt nm ngang v vt nt xin,
b rng vt nt ln hn 1 mm, bn sn xut hin vt nt chu ko ln hn 0,4 mm;
Dm, sn c ct thp b n mn xut hin vt nt dc theo chiu ct thp chu
lc c b rng vt nt ln hn 1 mm, hoc cu kin b tng b h hng nghim trng,
hoc lp bo v b tng b bong trc lm l ct thp chu lc;
Xung quanh mt bn sn ti ch xut hin vt nt hoc y bn sn c vt
nt an xin;
Dm, sn ng lc trc c vt nt thng ng chy di sut tit din hoc b
tng phn u b nn v lm l ct thp chu lc, chiu di on ct thp b l ra ln
hn 100 ln ng knh ct thp chu lc;

 Ct chu lc c vt nt thng ng, lp b tng bo v b bong trc, ct thp

chu lc l ra do b n mn, hoc mt bn c vt nt ngang vi b rng ln hn 1 mm,
mt bn b tng b nn v, ct thp chu lc l ra do b n mn;
Phn gia tng c vt nt an xin, b rng ln hn 0,4 mm;
Ct, tng b nghing, chuyn v ngang v nghing vt qu 1% cao,
chuyn v ngang vt qu h/500;
B tng ct, tng b mn, b carbont ho, phng rp, din tch h hng ln
hn 1/3 ton mt ct, ct thp chu lc l ra, b n mn nghim trng;
Ct, tng bin dng theo phng ngang ln hn h/250, hoc ln hn 30 mm;
vng ca v ko ln hn L0/200, thanh cnh h c vt nt t ngang, b rng
vt nt ln hn 1 mm;
H thng ging chng ca v ko mt hiu lc dn n nghing lch v ko,
nghing ln hn 2% chiu cao ca v ko;
Lp b tng bo v ca cu kin chu nn un b bong rp, nhiu ch ct thp
chu lc b n mn l ra ngoi;
Chiu di on gi ca dm - sn nh hn 70% gi tr quy nh.
- nh gi cu kin kt cu thp
+ Gim nh mc nguy him ca cu kin kt cu thp bao gm cc ni dung:
kh nng chu lc, cu to v lin kt, vt nt v bin dng v.v...
+ Khi tnh ton kh nng chu lc ca cu kin kt cu thp phi kim tra tnh cht
c l, thnh phn ho hc, mc n mn ca vt liu. Din tch tit din o c ca
cu kin kt cu thp khng bao gm phn din tch b h hng do cc nguyn nhn khc
nhau gy ra.
+ Khi kim tra cu kin kt cu thp cn ch trng xem xt tnh trng cc mi hn,
bu lng, inh tn v.v... cc mt lin kt; cn ch n dng lin kt ca ct thp vi
dm, cc thanh ging, tnh trng h hng ca lin kt chn ct vi mng, tnh trng vng,
xon, bn m ca v ko b gy v tnh trng vng, nghing lch ca v ko.
+ Cu kin kt cu thp c nh gi l nguy him khi c mt trong nhng hin
tng sau:
Kh nng chu lc ca cu kin nh hn 90% hiu ng tc ng vo n;
Cu kin hoc chi tit lin kt c vt nt hoc khuyt gc mi hn, bu lng hoc
inh tn c nhng h hng nghim trng nh b ko dn, bin dng, trt, lng lo, b ct
v.v...;
Dng lin kt khng hp l, cu to sai nghim trng;
cu kin chu ko do b r, tit din gim hn 10% tit din ban u;
vng ca cu kin dm, sn v.v... ln hn L 0/250;
nh ct thp b chuyn dch trong mt phng ln hn h/150, ngoi mt phng ln hn h/500, hoc ln hn 40 mm;
vng ca v ko ln hn L0/250 hoc ln hn 40 mm;
H thng ging v ko b do gy mt n nh, lm cho v ko b nghing qu
h/150.
- nh gi mc nguy him ca nh
Nguyn tc nh gi chung
+ Nh nguy him l nh m kt cu b h hng nghim trng, hoc cu kin chu
lc thuc loi cu kin nguy him, bt k lc no cng c th mt n nh v kh nng
chu lc, khng bo m an ton s dng.
6

+ nh gi mc nguy him ca nh cn c vo c im cu to v loi kt cu

chu lc ca n.
- Phn cp nguy him ca nh
+ Nh c chia lm 3 b phn l: nn mng, kt cu chu lc bn trn v kt
cu bao che.
+ nh gi mc nguy him ca cc b phn ca nh c phn theo cc cp:
Cp a: Khng c cu kin nguy him;
Cp b: C cu kin nguy him;
Cp c: Nguy him cc b;
Cp d: Tng th nguy him.
+ nh gi mc nguy him ca c nh c qui nh nh sau:
Cp A: Kh nng chu lc ca kt cu c th tho mn yu cu s dng bnh
thng, cha c nguy him, kt cu nh an ton.
Cp B: Kh nng chu lc ca kt cu c bn p ng yu cu s dng bnh
thng, c bit c cu kin trng thi nguy him, nhng khng nh hng n kt cu
chu lc, cng trnh p ng c yu cu s dng bnh thng.
Cp C: Kh nng chu lc ca mt b phn kt cu khng th p ng c
yu cu s dng bnh thng, xut hin tnh trng nguy him cc b.
Cp D: Kh nng chu lc ca kt cu chu lc khng th p ng c yu
cu s dng bnh thng, nh xut hin tnh trng nguy him tng th.
- Nguyn tc nh gi tng hp
+ nh gi mc nguy him ca nh phi da trn c s nh gi mc nguy
him ca nn mng, cu kin, kt cu ton b nh, kt hp vi lch s ca n, nh hng
mi trng v xu hng pht trin phn tch ton din v phn on tng hp.
+ Khi phn tch nguy him ca nn mng hoc cu kin, cn xt xem s nguy
him ca chng l c lp hay tng quan. Khi tnh nguy him ca cu kin ch mang
tnh cht c lp, th khng to thnh nguy him cho c h thng; khi nguy him l tng
quan (tc l c lin quan vi nhau), th phi xem xt mc nguy him ca h kt cu
d on phm vi ca chng.
+ Khi phn tch ton din, d on tng hp, phi xem xt cc yu t sau y:
Mc h hng ca cc cu kin;
Vai tr ca nhng cu kin h hng trong ton nh;
S lng v t l ca nhng cu kin h hng so vi ton nh;
nh hng mi trng xung quanh;
Yu t con ngi v tnh trng nguy him ca kt cu;
Kh nng c th khi phc sau khi kt cu b hng;
Tn tht kinh t do kt cu b hng gy ra.
- Phng php nh gi tng hp
+ Cn c vo s phn cp nh gi ni trn xc nh tng s cu kin nguy
him.
+ T s phn trm cu kin nguy him trong nn mng c tnh theo cng thc
sau:
fdm = nd / n * 100%

(1)

Trong :
7

fdm t s phn trm cu kin nguy him trong nn mng;

nd
s cu kin nguy him;
n
tng s cu kin.
+ T s phn trm cu kin nguy him trong kt cu chu lc c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
sdm = [2.4ndc + 2.4ndw + 1.9(ndmb + ndrt) + 1.4ndsb + nds] /
/ [ 2.4nc + 2.4nw + 1.9(nmb + nrt) + 1.4nsb + ns] x 100% (2)
Trong :
sdm t s phn trm cu kin nguy him trong kt cu chu lc;
ndc
s ct nguy him;
ndw s on tng nguy him;
ndmb s dm chnh nguy him;
ndrt
s v ko nguy him;
ndsb s dm ph nguy him;
nds
s bn nguy him;
nc
s ct;
nw
s on tng;
nmb s dm chnh;
nrt
s v ko;
nsb
s dm ph;
ns
s bn.
+ T s phn trm cu kin nguy him trong kt cu bao che c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
esdm = nd/n * 100%

(3)

Trong :
esdm t s phn trm cu kin nguy him trong kt cu bao che;
nd
s cu kin nguy him;
n
tng s cu kin.
+ Hm ph thuc ca cc b phn nh cp a c tnh theo cng thc sau:
a = 1 ( = 0%)

(4)

Trong :
a
hm ph thuc ca cc b phn nh cp a;
cc b phn nh cp c;

t s phn trm cu kin nguy him.

+ Hm ph thuc ca nh cp A c tnh theo cng thc sau:
A = max[min(0.3, af), min (0.6, as), min (0.1, aes)]

(5)

Trong :
A hm ph thuc ca nh cp A;
af hm ph thuc ca nn mng cp a;
as hm ph thuc ca kt cu chu lc phn thn cp a;
8

aes hm ph thuc ca kt cu bao che cp a;

+. Hm ph thuc ca nh cp B c tnh theo cng thc sau:
B = max[min(0.3, bf), min (0.6, bs), min (0.1, bes)]

(6)

Trong :
B
hm ph thuc ca nh cp B;
bf hm ph thuc ca nn mng cp b;
bs hm ph thuc ca kt cu chu lc phn thn cp b;
+ Hm ph thuc ca nh cp C c tnh theo cng thc sau:
C = max[min(0.3, cf), min (0.6, cs), min (0.1, ces)]

(7)

Trong :
C hm ph thuc ca nh cp C;
cf hm ph thuc ca nn mng cp c;
cs hm ph thuc ca kt cu chu lc phn thn cp c;
ces hm ph thuc ca kt cu bao che cp c;
+ Hm ph thuc ca nh cp D c tnh theo cng thc sau:
D = max[min(0.3, df), min (0.6, ds), min (0.1, des)]

(8)

Trong :
D hm ph thuc ca nh cp D;
df hm ph thuc ca nn mng cp d;
ds hm ph thuc ca kt cu chu lc phn thn cp d;
des hm ph thuc ca kt cu bao che cp d;
+ Ty thuc vo cc tr s ca hm ph thuc, c th nh gi nh sau:
a) df= 1, nh nguy him cp D (c nh nguy him);
b) ds = 1, nh nguy him cp D (c nh nguy him);
c) max(A , B , C , D) = A , kt qu nh gi tng hp l cp A (nh khng
nguy him);
d) max(A , B , C , D) = B , kt qu nh gi tng hp l cp B (nh c cu
kin nguy him);
e) max(A , B , C , D) = C , kt qu nh gi tng hp l cp C (nh c b
phn nguy him);
f) max (A , B , C , D) = D , kt qu nh gi tng hp l cp D (ton b
nh nguy him)
7. Trnh t v ni dung kho st k thut nh
- Trnh t kho st k thut
+ Mc ch kho st l xc nh tnh trng k thut ca cc cu kin, kt cu v
ca nh, nh gi nh lng cc c trng hin trng ca cu kin, kt cu c k n s
thay i ca chng theo thi gian.
+ Kho st k thut bao gm cc giai on: kho st s b, kho st chi tit, lp
bo co, trn c s xc nh tnh nguy him ca nh hoc b phn ca n.
9

+ Trong giai on kho st s b cn tin hnh nghin cu cc ti liu lu tr, tiu

chun dng thit k, thu thp cc ti liu lin quan, bao gm:
- H s thit k (kin trc, kt cu);
- Ti liu kho st hin trng nh t gn nht;
- Cc thng tin v khu vc xy dng;
- Ti liu kho st a cht.
Trong giai on kho st s b cn cn phi tin hnh cc cng vic sau:
- Xc nh s kt cu ca nh, cc kt cu chu lc v v tr ca chng;
- Phn tch s b tr qui hoch kt hp vi s kt cu;
- Quan st, chp nh kt cu mi, ca i, ca s, cu thang, kt cu chu lc, mt
ngoi nh;
- Xc nh nhng v tr v vng cn kho st;
- Nghin cu nhng c im ca vng t ln cn, hin trng qui hoch vng t
kho st;
* Kho st chi tit nhm mc ch xc nh li s kt cu, kch thc cu kin,
tnh trng ca vt liu v kt cu tng th. Khi kho st chi tit, bng nhng dng c v
thit b chuyn dng, cn tin hnh cc cng vic sau:
- Kim tra kt cu ( xc nh thp, lp b tng bo v, cc lp cu to, v.v);
- Ly mu th nghim;
- Kim tra v nh gi s bin dng;
- Xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca kt cu, vt liu, nn, v.v...
* Bo co kho st chi tit bao gm:
- Danh mc nhng ti liu cn thit lp bo co;
- Lch s cng trnh;
- M t vng ln cn;
- M t tnh trng tng qut ca cng trnh theo cc du hiu bn ngoi;
- M t kt cu nh, cc c trng v tnh trng ca n;
- Cc bn v kt cu vi y chi tit v kch thc o c (bn v hin trng);
- Xc nh ti trng tc dng v tnh ton kim tra kt cu chu lc v nn mng;
- Cc ch tiu c, l, ha c xc nh ca vt liu, cu kin, kt cu, t nn qua
th nghim, quan trc;
- Cc bn v mt bng v mt ct nh; mt bng v mt ct cc h khoan, cc bn
v th hin qu trnh kho st kt cu;
- Bo co kho st a cht cng trnh v a cht thy vn ca khu t , c
trng ca t nn (nu cn);
- iu kin s dng cng trnh;
- Phn tch nguyn nhn gy nguy him cho nh nu c;
- nh chp ton cnh ca nh, nhng cu kin kt cu b h hng v cc b phn
lin quan;
- Kt lun v kin ngh.
8. Ni dung kho st chi tit cc kt cu nh
* Kho st nn mng
- Khi kho st nn mng cn thc hin cc cng vic sau:
- Kho st hin trng cc cng trnh ln cn;
- Kho st hin trng mng cng trnh;
- Kho st a cht cng trnh;
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- Quan trc ln, nghing ca cng trnh (nu cn);

* Kho st hin trng cc cng trnh ln cn
Mc ch: l thu thp thm thng tin nh gi s h hng v mc nh hng
n cng trnh ang kho st. Cc thng tin l:
- Qui m c im cng trnh;
- Hin trng kt cu ca cng trnh;
- Khong cch n cng trnh ang kho st;
- Lch s xy dng v khai thc s dng;
- Nhng du hiu th hin bn ngoi (nt, ln, nghing, v.v...).
* Kho st hin trng mng cng trnh
Thng thng l lm l mng cc v tr c trng (di cc kt cu chu lc ch
yu, ti cc v tr c du hiu h hng nng, v.v...), thng tin cn xc nh l:
- Loi mng, cc kch thc ch yu, su mng;
- Vt liu lm mng (cng vt liu, hin trng, v.v...);
- Tnh trng ct thp, cc du hiu h hng nh nt, gy, v.v...
* Kho st a cht cng trnh
Khoan ly mu t th nghim xc nh cc ch tiu ca t.
C th th nghim xuyn tnh CPT hoc xuyn tiu chun SPT.
su kho st c xc nh ph thuc vo kch thc v ti trng tc dng,
chiu dy ca lp t yu di cng trnh. Thng thng phi kho st qua cc lp t
yu (nu c ti liu kho st a cht dng khi thit k th c th ch tin hnh kho st
b sung).
* Quan trc ln, nghing ca cng trnh (nu cn)
Quan trc ln nhm xc nh ln v tc pht trin ln ca cng trnh theo
thi gian ph thuc vo yu cu ca cng tc kho st v thc trng ca cng trnh
tin hnh quan trc ln, nghing trong mt qung thi gian hp l v thc hin theo tiu
chun o ln hin hnh.
* Kho st kt cu phn thn
- Kho st kt cu khung
Cn tin hnh xem xt v o c, kim tra kt cu khung vi cc ni dung sau:
+ Kch thc hnh hc, thng ng ca ct, vng ca dm;
+ Xc nh cng vt liu khung;
+ Quan trc ghi nhn vt nt, su vt nt, s pht trin vt nt theo thi gian;
+ Kim tra chiu dy lp b tng bo v, ng knh v b tr ct thp trong
khung.
- Kho st kt cu sn
Tin hnh kim tra trc quan tt c cc cu kin, kt cu sn bao gm: gi ta,
nhp sn, dm sn. Khi xem xt phi ch ti vng ca sn, trng thi lp bo v
trn, vt nt v c im ca vt nt: mt , hng v s thay i b rng vt nt c
nhn nh v mc h hng v quyt nh cc bc kho st tip theo nh: xc nh
su vt nt, cng b tng, loi ct thp v phn b ct thp trong dm sn.
V mt bng, mt ct sn, ghi cc kt qu o c v nhng h hng hin trng ca
sn.
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- Kho st ban cng, lgia

Khi xem xt cn lm r lin kt ban cng vi tng v sn, tnh trng v bin dng
cc b phn ca ban cng, lgia.
Tu thuc vo s tnh ton ca ban cng, cn xem xt:
- Vi s cng xn: tnh trng lin kt vi tng;
- Vi s cng xn c thanh chng xin: tnh trng ca thanh chng xin, lin
kt ca n vi cng xn, lin kt cng xn vi tng, trng thi ca cng xn ti gia
nhp, lin kt ca thanh chng xin vi tng;
- Vi s dm trn hai gi ta: tnh trng dm ti gi ta v gia nhp.
* Kho st mi
Khi kho st cc kt cu chu lc mi cn tin hnh:
- Quan st, o v kt cu v lp bn v mt bng;
- Lm r loi kt cu chu lc (v ko, panel,v.v...);
- Xc nh cc lp cu to mi, lu ti dc v cc lp vt liu mi, tnh trng
ng thot nc (sn, ng ng, cc khe tip gip);
- nh gi bin dng ca cc cu kin chu lc mi.
Trng hp mi c kt cu thp th cn xc nh mc n mn v vng ca
cu kin, kt cu.
i vi mi bng panel b tng ct thp cn ch ti vt nt, s h hng ca lp
b tng bo v.
* Kho st cu thang
Kho st cu thang nhm mc ch xc nh:
- Loi vt liu v c tnh ca kt cu cu thang;
- Lin kt cc cu kin cu thang;
- Tnh trng v bn cc cu kin cu thang;
i vi cu thang b tng ct thp lp ghp, cn xc nh:
- Tnh trng lin kt gia bn thang v tng;
- Tnh trng gi ta ca chiu ngh (ti) v cc chi tit lin kt bng mi hn;
- S phn b vt nt v nhng h hng trn bn thang.
i vi cu thang gch ta trn cn bng thp cn xc nh:
- Tnh trng ca lin kt cc bn thang vo tng;
- S n mn ca cc lin kt bng thp;
- Trng thi th xy ti nhng v tr lin kt dm v bn thang.
i vi cu thang g ta trn cn thp v cc dm ngang bng g cn xc nh:
- Tnh trng v bn ca lin kt cc dm chiu ngh (ti) vo tng;
- Tnh trng lin kt x ngang vi dm;
- Tnh trng ca g lm x ngang, bc, dm.
* Kho st tng
Kho st tng nhm mc ch xc nh:
- Tnh trng kt cu v vt liu tng;
- Vt nt, s sai lch v kch thc hnh hc;
- S c mt ca ct thp hay cc chi tit lin kt bng thp;
- Xc nh cc c trng c, l ca tng, nu l tng gch th xc nh cng
khi th xy, cng ca gch, va xy, va trt, ht nc ca gch;

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- Xc nh b rng, chiu di v su vt nt, lu n hng v s lng vt

nt.
* Vt nt trong kt cu b tng ct thp
- Phn loi vt nt
+ Vt nt trong kt cu b tng ct thp do nhiu nguyn nhn gy nn nh do tc
ng ca lc hoc do ng sut nhit v ng sut co ngt. Thng thng phn loi vt nt
nh sau:
- Theo nguyn nhn xut hin
a. Vt nt do tc ng ca ngoi lc trong qu trnh s dng;
b. Vt nt do tc ng ca ct thp ng lc trc ln b tng;
c. Vt nt cng ngh do co ngt b tng, do mc m va b tng km, chng
hp b tng khng u, do ch nhit-m;
d. Vt nt hnh thnh do ct thp b n mn.
- Theo mc nguy him
a. Vt nt chng t tnh trng nguy him ca kt cu;
b. Vt nt lm tng thm nc ca b tng ( tng tng hm);
c. Vt nt lm gim tui th kt cu do ct thp hoc b tng b n mn mnh;
d. vt nt thng khng gy nguy him cho kt cu (b rng vt nt thng
khng vt qu gi tr gii hn cho php ca tiu chun).
- Nghin cu c im ca vt nt v s m rng ca chng trong phn ln
trng hp c th xc nh c nguyn nhn hnh thnh vt nt cng nh nh gi c
mc nguy him ca kt cu.
Cc vt nt do tc ng ca lc thng xut hin theo phng vung gc vi ng
sut ko chnh. Cc loi vt nt do tc ng ca lc cho trong bng B.1.
Vt nt do co ngt b tng trong cc kt cu phng thng phn b theo th tch,
cn trong cc kt cu c hnh dng phc tp thng tp trung nhng ch gip nhau
(nh ch tip gip gia sn v cnh trong bn sn, trong dm ch T). vt nt do n
mn dc theo ct thp b n mn.
* Vt nt trong bn sn ton khi
+ Vt nt trong bn sn do tc ng ca lc gy nn ph thuc vo s tnh ca
bn: loi v c trng ca tc ng, cch t ct thp v t l gia cc nhp. Khi , vt
nt xut hin theo phng vung gc vi ng sut ko chnh (hnh B.1).
Vt nt do tc ng ca lc trong kt cu b tng ct thp
- Nhng nguyn nhn gy nn s m rng vt nt do tc ng ca lc thng l
do bn sn b qu ti, khng ct thp chu lc hoc b tr thp khng ng (li thp
b dch xung gn trc trung ha).
Vt nt trong sn panel lp ghp
- Cc panel sn lp ghp loi ch v 2T l kt cu t hp t dm (sn) v
bn. V vy, c trng hnh thnh vt nt trong loi kt cu ny do ti trng s dng
khng khc trong dm v bn sn. Mt khc, do hnh dng phc tp, t ct thp dy nn
khi sn xut panel thng c nhng khuyt tt cng ngh di dng vt v v vt nt do
co ngt nh: cc vt nt dc theo ct thp, do b tng c m khng lin tc; vt nt
do bin dng khun, t l xi mng : nc (X : N) ln.
- Vt nt trong dm c t ct thp thng

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+ Trong dm thng xut hin nhng vt nt thng gc hoc vt nt xin vi trc

dc cu kin. Nhng vt nt thng gc thng xut hin vng chu m men un ln
nht, cn nhng vt nt xin vng chu ng sut tip ln nht, gn gi ta.
+ S hnh thnh vt nt trong dm ch yu ph thuc vo s tnh ca dm, tit
din ngang v trng thi ng sut trong dm. Trn hnh B.3 th hin cc vt nt do tc
ng ca lc trong dm n gin v lin tc c tit din ch nht. c im in hnh l
nhng vt nt thng gc c b rng ln nht bin chu ko, trong khi nhng vt nt
xin gn trng tm tit din.
+ Nhng vt nt thng gc c b rng ln hn 0,5 mm thng chng t dm b
qu ti hoc khng b tr ct thp chu lc.
+ Nhng vt nt xin, c bit vng neo ct thp dc chu lc, c cho l nguy
him v chng c th lm cho dm gy bt ng. Nguyn nhn gy nn s hnh thnh v
m rng vt nt xin thng l cht lng b tng km, bc ct ai tha, cht lng
hn ct thp dc v ct ai km.
Vt nt trong dm ng lc trc
+ Cc dm ng lc trc thng phi tun theo yu cu cao v kh nng chng
nt. V vy, s xut hin cc vt nt c b rng ln thng chng t dm b qu ti, hoc
sai st nghim trng trong cng ngh ch to dm.
+ Nhng vt nt c trng trong dm ng lc trc.
(Ngun tin: Thng tin Khoa hc Cng ngh, s 4/2006)

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