T E S Q E A W: HE Ffect of Chool Uality On Ducational Ttainment and Ages

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THE EFFECT OF SCHOOL QUALITY ON

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND WAGES

Lorraine Dearden
Javier Ferri
Costas Meghir

THE INSTITUTE FOR FISCAL STUDIES


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Uhdo orj krxuo| zdjh 4<;4
Uhdo orj krxuo| zdjh 4<<4
Ydolg zdjh gdwd 4<;4
Ydolg zdjh gdwd 4<<4
Hpsor|hg 4<;4
Hpsor|hg 4<<4

Kljkhvw Txdolfdwlrq 4<<4=


Qrqh
Rwkhu
Orzhu Yrfdwlrqdo
Plggoh Yrfdwlrqdo
D Ohyhov
Kljkhu Yrfdwlrqdo
Ghjuhh

Pdohv
5565 Revhuydwlrqv
Phdq
+Vwg Ghy1,
418;5
+31655,
5138;
+31755,
31:95
+31759,
319;5
+31799,
31;:6
+31666,
31<57
+31598,

Ihpdohv
5745 Revhuyhdwlrqv
Phdq
+Vwg Ghy1,
41775
+31674,
419;;
+317<3,
31949
+317;9,
3187<
+317<;,
319:7
+3179<,
31:58
+3177:,

31389
313<:
31587
3154<
3138;
3149:
3147<

+31564,
+315<9,
+31768,
+31746,
+31567,
+316:6,
+31689,

313:5
3146:
31663
31459
3139;
3146<
3145;

+3158;,
+31677,
+317:3,
+31665,
+31585,
+31679,
+31667,

313<6
3147:
31566
3156;
313;3
313<6
3144:
3157<
4:139;
318:6
31579
3145:
31387
318:7

+315<4,
+31687,
+31756,
+31759,
+315:4,
+315<3,
+31654,
+31766,
+41<56,
+317<8,
+31764,
+31666,
+31559,
+317<8,

3143;
31498
31636
31476
313:<
313<5
3143<
315<4
4:14<9
31883
3156;
31488
31389
31946

+31643,
+316:5,
+31793,
+31683,
+315:3,
+315;<,
+31645,
+31787,
+513::,
+317<;,
+31759,
+31695,
+31564,
+317;:,

4vw txlqwloh +orzhvw,


5qg txlqwloh
6ug txlqwloh
7wk txlqwloh
8wk txlqwloh +kljkhvw,

3148<
314::
31536
31547
31579

+31699,
+316;5,
+31736,
+31743,
+31764,

314:3
3154<
31539
31534
31537

+316:8,
+31747,
+31738,
+31734,
+31736,

4vw txlqwloh +orzhvw,


5qg txlqwloh
6ug txlqwloh
7wk txlqwloh
8wk txlqwloh +kljkhvw,

31538
31545
3153<
31533
314:6

+31737,
+3173<,
+3173:,
+31733,
+316:<,

3145:
314:7
31548
31553
31597

+31666,
+316:<,
+31744,
+31747,
+31774,

4vw txlqwloh +orzhvw,


5qg txlqwloh
6ug txlqwloh
7wk txlqwloh
8wk txlqwloh +kljkhvw,

31487
31536
314;<
3154<
31565

+31694,
+31735,
+316<4,
+31746,
+31755,

3146<
314:7
3154:
31554
31575

+31679,
+316:<,
+31745,
+31748,
+3175;,

4vw txlqwloh +orzhvw,


5qg txlqwloh
6ug txlqwloh
7wk txlqwloh
8wk txlqwloh +kljkhvw,
Plvvlqj delolw| dw 44

314::
3153;
314<7
31538
31545
31337

+316;5,
+31739,
+316<9,
+31737,
+3173<,
+31393,

31448
31498
31544
31564
315:6
31339

+3164<,
+316:4,
+3173;,
+31754,
+31778,
+313:<,

Kljkhvw Txdolfdwlrq 4<;4=

Qrqh
Rwkhu
Orzhu Yrfdwlrqdo
Plggoh Yrfdwlrqdo
D Ohyhov
Kljkhu Yrfdwlrqdo
Ghjuhh
Vlqjoh vh{ vfkrro 4<:7
Sxslo0whdfkhu udwlr 4<:7
Frpsuhkhqvlyh vfkrro 4<:7
Vhfrqgdu| prghuq vfkrro 4<:7
Judppdu vfkrro 4<:7
Sulydwh vfkrro 4<:7
Kljk delolw|

Pdwkv delolw| dw :=

Uhdglqj delolw| dw :=

Pdwkv delolw| dw 44=

Uhdglqj delolw| dw 44=

Frqwlqxhg qh{w sdjh 111

75

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