May Han Tig Su Dung Cong Nghe Bien Tan

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My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

PHN I
CNG NGH HN IN.

TNH TON V THIT K MCH NG LC
CHNG I
GII THIU V HN IN
I. Khi qut v hn in.
1. Bn cht v c im hn:
V thc cht hn l phng php cng ngh ni hai hay nhiu phn
t thnh mt lin kt vng khng tho ri. Vic ni ny c thc hin
bng ngun nhit( hoc p lc ) nung ch ni n trng thi hn( trng
thi lng hoc do). Sau kim loi kt tinh( ng vi trng thi lng) hoc
dng p lc p( ng vi trng thi do) cac phn t lin kt nhau cho
ta mi hn.
2. c im
Tit kim kim loi. Vi cng loi kt cu kim loi, nu so snh vi
cc phng php ghp ni khc nhau, hn tit kim c 10-20% khi
lng kim loi.C th hn cc kim lai khc nhau tit kim cc kim lai
qu hoc to ra cc kt cu c bit.
Mi hn c bn cao v m bo kn kht. Thng thng mi
hn kim loi c hp kim ha tt hn vt liu hn.
Hn cho nng sut cao v c th gii hn c s lng nguyn
cng, gim cng lao ng, ngoi ra cng ngh hn d dng t ng
ha, c kh ha.
Nhc im ca phng php hn l do ngun nhit nung nng cc
b nn d to ra ng sut d ln. T chc kim loi vng gn mi hn b
thay i theo chiu hng xu ilm gim kh nng chu ti trng ng ca
mi hn, d gy bin dng cc kt cu hn.
Ngi ta phn loi ra hn nng chy v hn p lc, di y chng
ta ch yu xem xt n cng ngh hn in trong hn nng chy, y l
cng ngh hn h quang ang c p dng rng ri nht.
Hn in dng nhit do dng hn to ra nung nng phn kim loi c
bn ch cn ni cng kim loi ph ( que hn, dy hn. . . ) n trng thi
nng chy cng kim loi c bn chng ho tan vo nhau trong vng hn.
Mi hn s hnh thnh khi kim loi vng hn kt tinh.
Cng ngh hn ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh
cng nghip nh ch to my, xy lp cng trnh cng nghip v dn dng,
giao thng, ho cht. . .
II. Phn loi cc qu trnh hn in nng chy.

C 6 cch phn loi sau :
1. Phn loi theo c trng ngun nhit hn
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Theo c trng ngn nhit hn, c th chia hn in nng chy thnh

: hn h quang, hn in x, hn tia in t v hn tia laser.
Hnh 1.1: Phn loi hn in nng chy theo ngun nhit hn.
2. Phn loi theo mc iu khin qu trnh hn.
Tu theo cch thc iu khin qu trnh hn (gy h quang, thao tc
in cc, chuyn dch in cc theo ng hn, v cch kt thc qu trnh
hn, v. v. ), c th chia hn nng chy thnh :
Hn tay l phng php hn m trong sut thi gian hn ngi th
hn dng tay thao tc m hn hoc km hn.
Hn bn t ng l phng php hn m trong sut thi gian hn
ngi th hn thao tc sng hn bng tay v thit b hn t ng cp dy
hn vo sng hn.
Hn c gii l phng php hn ch i hi dng tay tc ng vo b
phn iu khin ca thit b iu chnh m hn hoc km hn nhm p
ng cc thay i nhn bit c qua quan st hn bng mt.
Hn t ng l phng php hn m thit b hn s dng khng i
hi hoc ch i hi ti thiu vic quan st qu trnh hn v khng phi
dng tay iu chnh b phn iu khin ca thit b.
Hn bng rbt l hn v iu khin trong khi hn bng thit b hn
rbt.
Hn c iu khin thch nghi l phng php hn c s dng mt h
thng iu khin cho php xc nh cc thay i v iu kin hn mt cch
t ng v ra lnh cho thit b tin hnh cc hot ng thch hp.
3. Phn loi theo dng in hn.
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Cc loi dng in hn c s dng l dng mt chiu cc thun

in cc ni vi cc m ca ngun in hn), dng mt chiu cc nghch
v dng in xoay chiu.
Tu theo phng php hn m ngi ta s dng mt trong cc
phng php u ni . V d, hn di lp thuc hoc hn trong mi
trng kh bo v, ngi ta dng dng in hn mt chiu cc nghch.
4. Phn loi theo loi h quang.
C cc loi h quang hn sau : h quang trc tip (gia in cc v
kim loi c bn) ; h quang gin tip (gia hai in cc, kim loi c bn
khng to thnh mt phn ca mch in lc). H quang trc tip c s
dng ph bin do hiu sut cao hn.
5. Phn loi theo tnh cht in cc.
Theo tnh cht in cc c hn bng in cc nng chy v khng
nng chy (in cc graphit, vnfram ). Vi hn bng in cc nng
chy, h quang hnh thnh gia kim loi c bn v in cc nng chy
(dy hn hoc li que hn). y l dng in cc ph bin nht.
6. Phn loi theo mi trng bo v vng hn.
Theo mi trng bo v vng hn c : hn khng c bo v (rt t
dng), hn trong mi trng bo v ca x (hn bng que hn v bc dy,
hn di lp thuc, hn in x), hn trong mi trng bo v ca kh v x
(hn h quang tay), hn trong mi trng ca kh bo v v hn trong mi
trng bo v hn hp (mi trng kh v x hn).
IV. Thit b dng trong hn in nng chy
Cc c im c bn ca ngun in hn nng chy
Ngun hn dng trong hn nng chy c 6 c im quan trng sau :
1. c tuyn ngun hn nng chy
Hnh 1.2: c tuyn ca ngun hn nng chy

1 l ng c tuyn dc.
2 l ng c tuyn thoi.
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3 l ng c tuyn cng.
4 l ng c tuyn tng.
c tuyn cn gi l ng c tnh ngoi hoc ng c tnh
tnh cho bit mi quan h gia in p hn v cng dng hn (ng
cong V-A) nhng ch chu ti khc nhau.
Thit b hn c c tuyn dc c dng cho hn h quang tay v
dng cho hn h quang trong mi trng kh bo v bng in cc khng
nng chy. Chng cho php gi cng dng in hn hu nh khng
i cho d c thay i nh v chiu di h quang (tc l in p hn), bo
m tnh nht qun cho cht lng mi hn. Mt c im na l dng
ngn mch khi gy h quang khng ln hn 200% gi tr dng in hn,
nhm trnh nh hng nhiu n cht lng mi hn.
Thit b hn c c tuyn thoi hoc cng c dng cho hn bn t
ng v t ng (trong mi trng kh bo v, di lp thuc hoc bng
in cc li thuc) c tc cp dy hn c nh. Khi hn cng dng
in hn t iu chnh theo chiu di h quang.
2. in p khng ti.
in p khng ti l in p gia cc cc th cp ca ngun in
hn khi n ch khng ti (khng c ngun in hn).
Vi ngun in hn c c tuyn thoi in p khng ti khng quan
trng nhng trong trng hp ngun in hn c c tuyn dc (c dng
mt chiu ln xoay chiu), in p khng ti c vai tr d gy h quang v
n nh cho h quang. in p khng ti cng cao th n nh h quang
cng cao. Tuy nhin v l do an ton lao ng n khng c vt qu
80V.
3. c tnh ng ca ngun hn.
c tnh ng ca ngun in hn l khong thi gian cn thit
ngun in hn lp li in p t gi tr bng khng khi ngn mc n gi
tr in p khi lm vic. Thi gian ny khng c vt qu 0,05 giy
c tnh ng cng quan trng nh c tnh tnh ca ngun hn. Cc
c tuyn ng cho bit mi quan h gia in p v dng in hn trong
iu kin chu ti thay i, tc l khi c cc bin i tc thi v in p h
quang cng dng in hn trong khong thi gian rt ngn (c phn nghn
giy).
C th nh gi c tuyn ng ca ngun hn thng qua h s ng
k= Imax/I0, trong Imax l cng cao nht ca dng ngn mch, I0 l
cng n nh ca dng ngn mch. Vi ngun in hn h quang,
1 < k < 2, 5. Ngoi ra, thi gian phc hi in p h quang khng c
vt qu 0, 05 giy, ng thi tc tng ca dng in hn thng nm
trong khong 15 20 kA/s.
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Ngun in hn c c tuyn ng tt s cho h quang rt n nh,

gim hin tng bn te, tng cht lng mi hn cho d cc hin tng
chuyn tip nh thay i tc thi ca chu di h quang, ngn mch. gy
v tt h quang (hn trong dng xoay chiu) lin tc sau mi na chu k.
4. Cng dng hn danh nh v chu k ti.
Ngun in hn c cc nh ch to quy nh lm vic cc cng
dng hn danh nh v chu k ti (cn gi l h s lm vic lin tc)
khc nhau. Chu k ti l l t l phn trm ca mt khong thi gian m
ngun in hn chu ti ti mt cng hn nht nh trong vng 10 pht
(mt s nc quy nh 5 pht) vn hnh lin tc. V d chu k ti 60% c
ngha l c trong 10 pht my lm vic th h quang thc s lm vic trong
6 pht (4 pht cn li my trong ch khng ti).
Trong ngnh c kh ch to, chu k ti 60 % c coi l tiu chun
cho hn h quang tay. V d, nu my hn c t ch lm vic danh
nh l 300A vi chu k ti l 60%, c ngha l c th vn hnh my
lin 6 pht trong thi gian 10 pht m khng s lm my nng qu mc.
i khi ta c th cho my chy cc dng hn khc dng danh nh. Khi
, cn tnh chu k ti cn thit tng ng theo cng thc sau :
DDC = RDCx(Id2/Ic2)
Trong cng thc trn DDC l chu k ti cn thit (%), RDC l chu k
ti (%) ti cng danh nh, Id l cng hn danh nh (A), Ic l
cng hn cn thit (A). Theo cng thc ny, mt my hn c chu k ti
60% cng danh nh 400A c th dc s dng hn lin tc (chu
k ti 100%) 310A. Tng t nh vy, my hn c chu k ti 60%
cng danh nh 300A c th lm vic c 373 A vi chu k ti 35%
m khng s lm hng cch in trong my hn.
5. Cp cch in.
Vic t chu k ti ca ngun in hn ch yu da vo nhit ti
a cho php ca cc b phn ca n nh cun dy s cp v th cp, cun
cn . Cc gi tr ny ph thuc vo loi vt liu cch in s dng lm
ra chng. Quy nh i vi nhit cho tng cp cch in thng theo
tiu chun quc gia.
6. H s cng sut.
H s cng sut l t s gia cng sut thc s dng to ra ti
danh nh tnh bng kW (v d : do o c) v gi tr cng sut nhn c
t li in ca ngun in hn tnh bng kVA. H s cng sut thp ng
ngha vi lng ph v s dng cng sut km hiu qu. Thng thng my
pht hn c h s cng sut 0, 800, 90, trong khi bin p hn v my
chnh lu hn c th c h s cng sut nh hn nhiu (ti 0, 45 vi bip
p hn). tng h s cng sut cho bin p hn hoc chnh lu hn, ngi
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ta c th s dng cc t b hoc ni t in c in dung cao vo mch s

cp.
VI. Cc phng php hn in v c im ca chng.

1. Hn h quang tay.
a. Nguyn l.
Hn h quang tay l qu trnh hn in nng chy s dng in cc
di dng que hn (thng c v bc) v khng s dng kh bo v trong
tt c cc thao tc (gy h quang, dch chuyn que hn, thay que hn )
u do ngi th hn thc hin bng tay.
EMBED Visio.Drawing.11
Hnh 1. 3 S nguyn l hn h quang tay.

b. c im.
Hn c mi t th khng gian khc nhau.
Nng sut thp do cng dng in hn b hn ch.
Hnh dng kch thc v thnh phn ho hc ca mi hn
khng ng u do tc hn b dao ng lm cho phn kim
loi c bn tham gia vo mi hn thay i.
Chiu rng vng nh hng nhit tng i ln do tc hn
nh.
iu kin lm vic ca th hn mang tnh c hi (bc x,
hi, kh c).
Tuy nhin vi cc lin kt c chiu dy nh v trung bnh y
vn l qu trnh hn ph bin nht. N cng l phng php
ch yu hn cc t th khng gian khc nhau.
c. nh hng ca mi tng quan gia dng in hn v in p hn.
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qu trnh hn din ra bnh thng dng in v in p hn phi

c mt mi quan h nht nh. Mi quan h ny khi chiu di h quang
khng i c gi l c tnh tnh ca h quang.
ng c tnh tnh c th phn thnh ba vng I, II, III.
Vng I cng dng hn <100 A, in p hn gim khi cng
dng hn tng.
Vng II in p hn hu nh khng ph thuc vo dng hn m
ch thay i theo chiu di h quang.
Vng III c th coi in tr h quang khng i R = const ch ph
thuc vo chiu di h quang.
Hnh 1.4: ng c tnh tnh ca h quang (l1 > l2 : chiu di h quang)

d. nh hng ca dng hn.
Trng hp va xt lin quan n dng mt chiu trong thc t
ngi ta cn s dng dng xoay chiu hn. Lc ny cc qu trnh nhit
din ra trong qu trnh hn s khc dng xoay chiu tn s 50 Hz lm cho
dng hn i cc tng ng vi tn s . Do dng in cng c kch
thch v tt 100 ln trong 1 giy. Trong mi na chu k s gim dng hn
i km vi s gim nhit ct h quang tc l mc ion ho trong vng
h quang cng gim. Lc ny h quang ch c kch thch khi tng in
p ng cong in p theo thi gian U = f(t) phi c inh gi l in p
mi.
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Hnh 1. 5: ng cong in p v dng in theo thi gian.

e. Cc c trng nhit ca h quang.
H quang l mt ngun nhit c mc tp trung cao. Phn ln
nng lng i qua h quang c bin thnh nhit nng. Theo hng dc
trc nhit c phn b tng ng theo mc gim in p trn cc vng h
quang. Nhit sinh ra vng catt, ant ch yu dng nung chy kim loi
mt phn bay hi kim loi. Nhit sinh ra vng ct h quang ch yu
lm nng chy kim loi cn li bc x ra xung quanh.
Cng sut in ca h quang P = U. I [W]
Cng sut nhit ca h quang q0 = P nu b qua s tn tht nhit v
hiu ng ho hc.
Cng sut nhit hiu dng ca h quang l lng nhit ca h quang
truyn vo kim loi ph thuc vo qu trnh hn, thuc hn, in cc kim
loi v mi hn q = q0. vi = 0, 5 0, 95.
2. Hn h quang d lp thuc.
Vi phng php ny h quang chy di lp ht thuc hn.
a. Nguyn l.
Hn h quang di lp thuc l mt qu trnh hn h quang trong
mt hoc nhiu h quang hnh thnh gia mt hc nhiu in cc (dy hn)
v kim loi c bn. Mt phn nhit sinh ra trong h quang lm nng chy
in cc, mt phn i vo kim loi c bn v to thnh mi hn. Phn cn
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li nung chy thuc hn to thnh lp x v kh bo v h quang v kim

loi nng chy.
b. c im.
u im:
Qu trnh hn di lp thuc c th c thc hn theo t ng hoc
bn t ng.
Khng pht sinh khi h quang kn do lm gim thiu nhu cu i
vi trang phc bo h ca th hn, khng i hi k nng cao ca ngi
th hn.
Cht lng kim loi mi hn cao. B mt mi hn trn v u khng
c kim loi bn to. Tit kim kim loi do s dng dy hn lin tc.
Tc p v tc hn cao c nng sut hn cao hn 5 10 ln hn h
quang tay. Vng nh hng nhit nh t bin dng sau khi hn. D t ng
ho.
Tuy nhin chng cng c nhng nhc im sau:
i hi kim loi c bn v vt liu hn sch chun b trc khi hn
cng phu. Khng th quan st trc tip vng hn ch hn c t th hn
sp vi cc ng hn c hnh dng tng i n gin.
Thit b c gi thnh cao.
c. Ngun in hn.
Ngun in hn di lp thuc c th l bin p hn xoay chiu c
c tuyn dc hoc my pht hn mt chiu c c tuyn thoi, hoc chnh
lu mt chiu c c tuyn dc hoc thoi.
Ngun in hn xoay chiu c u im chnh l gim thiu c
hin tng thi lch h quang (vn ln i vi ngun mt chiu lm
vic cng trn 900A) nhng li i hi iu khin phc tp v vic
gy h quang cng khng d dng. Ngun in hn xoay chiu c c
tuyn dc thng l loi c ngun cng sut khng cao (in p khng ti
80V) cho h quang khng tt khi dng in i cc.
Ngun in hn mt chiu c u im l d gy h quang kh nng
iu khin thng s hnh hc ca mi hn v tc hn tt. Dng in mt
chiu cc nghch (+) cho h quang rt n nh v vng hn nh hn (d
khng ch bin dng mi hn). Chiu su ngu ln hn so vi mt chiu
cc thun (-). Dng mt chiu cc thun cho tc p cao hn nhng
chiu su ngu nh hn. Chiu su ngu khi hn bng dng xoay chiu c
gi tr gia hai loi trn.
Cc ngun in hn cho hn di lp thuc c thit k lm
vic chu k ti 100% v hu ht lm vic di cng 2001000A.
Ngun in hn mt chiu c c tuyn dc c th l mt my pht
hn hoc chnh lu hn. Khi ngun hn loi ny c dng chung vi b
cp dy t ng dng hn mc tng i n nh, cn duy tr in p
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h quang (chiu di h quang) khng i mc c th c. Khi in p

h quang vt qu gi tr t mch iu khin s tng tc cp dy
gim chiu di h quang v ngc li. Kt qu l in p v cng dng
hn tng i n nh.
Ngun in hn mt chiu c c tuyn thoi c dng chung vi
b cp dng hn cho dy hn (b cp dy) c tc cp dy c nh. Vi
ngun ny mch iu khin n gin hn hn v h quang t iu chnh
chiu di mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. Khi chiu di h quang tng
t cng dng in hn gim tng i nhiu lm gim tc chy ca
dy hn. Kt qu l chiu di h quang tng i n nh v c t bin
ng v in p h quang do c phn hi gn nh tc thi (khng c tr).
Hnh 1.6: Nguyn l iu chnh ch lm vic ca h quang.

Hnh trn l s nguyn l iu chnh ch lm vic ca h
quang. Vi loi ngun ny dng ngn mch rt cao v d gy h quang.
Loi ny thch hp hn so vi ngun c c tuyn dc trong trng hp
hn cc tm mng (n 4mm) v in p hn hu nh khng i cho php
hn vi tc cao. Tuy nhin khi chiu dy tng cn c c tuyn dc hn.
Hnh 1.6a mi chiu di L nht nh ca h quang ng vi mt di
dng hn v p lm vic ca n.
Hnh 1.6b l c tuyn thoi ca my hn kt hp vi mt ch
lm vic chiu di h quang L vi mt im l im lm vic bnh
thng ca h quang.
Khi c s tng L ng vi mt s tng p U ti hai im c s
gim mnh I v cng dng hn dn n tc chy ca dy hn b
chm li, khng c nh c. iu ny lm cho chiu di h quang b ngn
li 1 gi tr L v im lm vic quay v im 1. Tng t khi gim L.
3. Hn h quang bng in cc li thuc.
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Hn h quang bng in cc li bt l mt qu trnh hn tng i

mi so vi hn bng in cc nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v.
Trong lnh vc hn thp cacbon v thp hp kim thp, hn h quang in
cc li bt bng phng php bn t ng thay th dn cho nhiu ng dng
hn h quang tay.
a. Nguyn l.
Hn h quang bng in cc li bt (cn gi l hn bng in cc li
thuc FCAW) c ngun gc t qu trnh hn bng in cc nng chy
trong mi trng kh bo v trong in cc nng chy l mt ng kim
loi bn trong c in y bng thuc hn vi chc nng tng t v
bc que hn. Qu trnh hn c th c thc hin bng mt trong hai
phng php : c s dng kh bo v v khng s dng kh bo v (dy hn
t bo v).
b. c im.
Hn bng in cc li bt khc phc c nhng nhc im vn c
ca hn h quang tay nh thi gian c h quang thp, tn tht u mu que
hn, tc p thp, cc yu t lin quan n k nng v s mt mi ca
ngi th hn. Thit b hn cho php t ng cp v iu khin in cc
(dy hn) mt cch t ng th hn c th tp trung vo chuyn ng
ca h quang mt cch d dng.
u im :
Mc bn to thp.
Hnh dng b mt mi hn c ci thin ng k (do c cht n
nh ho h quang to x trong thnh phn thuc hn).
Kim loi mi hn t b r kh.
Mc tiu th kh bo v cng thp.
Cc nh ch to in cc khng ph thuc vo nh my sn xut
thp nh vi in cc c.
Nhc im:
Khi lng ln, nng n cng knh.
c. Dng in hn.
Vi ngun in hn c c tuyn thoi cng dng in hn t l
vi tc cp in cc (dy hn), vi iu kin l ng knh thnh phn
v tm vi in cc khng i khi cc thng s khc ca ch hn khng
i, vic tng cng dng hn s lm tng tc p v chiu su ngu.
Cng dng in hn thp s to thnh dng dch chuyn kim loi in
cc di dng git ln v bn to nhu khi hn bng dy t bo v v c
th lm tng lng nit v r kh trong kim loi mi hn. Cng dng
in hn cao qu mc lm cho b mt mi hn li nhiu v hnh dng mi
hn km.
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Khi thay i cng dng in hn in p u ra ca ngun in

hn phi c kh nng iu chnh thch hp nhm duy tr mi tng quan ti
u gia dng in hn v in p hn. Khi tc cp dy hn khng i s
gia tng tm vi in cc s lm gim cng dng hn v ngc li.
d. in p h quang.
in p h quang v chiu di h quang t l thun vi nhau. Chiu
di h quang ln c th lm in p h quang qu cao dn ti bn to qu
mc, chiu rng mi hn ln v hnh dang b mt mi hn khng ng
u. Khi dng dy hn t bo v iu ny dn n vic tng nng nit
trong kim loi mi hn. in p h quang qu thp s lm hnh dng mi
hn li v hp, bn to qu mc v chiu su ngu nh.
e. Tc hn.
Tc hn (tc di chuyn ca h quang dc mi hn) tng s lm
gim tit din mi hn v chiu su ngu. Tc hn qu thp s lm tng
mc nung nng kim loi c bn v gy chy thng cc tm mng. N
cng gy nn hin tng mi hn c b mt th v ln x. Tc hn qu
cao cho hnh dng mi hn khng u.
5. Hn h quang PLASMA.
a. Nguyn l.
Hn h quang Plasma in cc khng nng chy Vonfram v mt
phn ct h quang nm bn trong mt bung kh bao quanh bng kim loi
v c lm mt bng nc. Bung my ny c kt thc bng mt l
phun ti vi phun hnh tr ng trc vi in cc.
Dng kh to Plasma khi i qua l phun s c n nh v mt th
tch, c lm mt v c nn li. ng thi dng kh cng c cch
nhit v cch in i vi b mt l phun. Mt phn kh ny i qua h
quang, b ion ho v chuyn thnh Plasma.
b. c im.
u im:
Mc tp trung nng lng cao.
n nh h quang cao hn, c bit ch cng dng in
hn thp.
Dng kh Plasma c tc cao hn.
Cc thng s ca vng hn t ph thuc vo s thay i khong cch
lm vic.
Khng xy ra hin tng nhim vt liu in cc vnfram vo vt
hn.
Yu cu i vi k nng th hn thp hn hn tay.
Nhc im:
Thit b t tin hn.
Vi phun c tui th thp.
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Hnh 1.7: c tnh tnh ca h quang Plasma
Th hn phi c hiu bit su v qu trnh hn ny.

Mc bo v kh tiu th cao.
c. Cc c trng in ca h quang Plasma.
L nhng i lng nh cng dng in I, in p U, tng cng
sut h quang N, cng in trng E trn tng on ca h quang : E c
trn vi phun, E0 gia ming vi phun v vt hn, mc gim in p trn
catod v anod Uka c trng V-A ca h quang
Cng dng in hn l thng s chnh ca h quang cng nh
qu trnh hn. N nh hng n cc c trng hnh hc v c trng nhit
ca h quang, kh nng hn ngu p lc v n nh ca h quang.
d. ng c tnh V-A ca h quang.
Khi hn bng h quang Plasma dng mt chiu cc thun in p
phn b khng u dc trc. Tu s phn b in p cc phn on khc
nhau ca h quang cho php chn ng kch thc hnh hc ca vi phun
v ch hn ti u.
Hnh trn l ng c tnh tnh ca h quang Plasma (ng knh
vi l phun 4mm) vi cc loi kh bo v v c trng h quang khc nhau.
S hnh trn cho thy so vi hn h quang bng in cc khng
nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v khi hn h quang Plasma in p
h quang tng nhanh hn khi dng in hn tng. in p h quang Plasma
ph thuc vo loi kh bo v.
e. Ngun in hn h quang Plasma.
Trong hu ht trng hp, ngun in hn Plasma l ngun mt
chiu c c tuyn dc. Ngun loi ny thch hp cho c hn c gii v hn
tay (dng hn khng i theo chiu di h quang). gim thiu lng
nhit trn in cc, dng in hn thng l dng mt chiu cc thun. Khi
dng dng mt chiu cc nghch (dng cho hn nhm) phi s dng m
hn c cu to c bit c kh nng lm mt tt.
Dng xoay chiu thng khng c s dng trong h quang
Plasma v v kh dng cho h quang n nh.
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6. Hn h quang trong mi trng kh bo v.

Hn h quang trong mi kh tr xut hin do nhu cu v hn kim loi
mu (nhm, magi, v hp kim ca chng). Trong ngnh ch to my bay
v ngnh ha cht. Chng c th phn hn bng in cc khng nng chy
t Vnfram hn bng in cc khng nng chy.
a. Hn h quang bng in cc khng nng chy trong mi trng kh
bo v.
* Nguyn l :
Hn h quang bng in cc khng nng chy trong mi trng kh
bo v ca kh tr (hn TIG, hn GTAW) c m t v mt nguyn l nh
hnh di.
Hnh 1.8: Nguyn l hn h quang bng in cc khng nng chy.

Khi hn kh bo v chy lin tc t thn m hn v chp kh vo
vng h quang. Nhit ca h quang lm nung chy kim loi c bn v
dy hn ph (nu c) kim loi nng chy ti vng hn kt tinh to thnh
mi hn. Kh bo v c th l Argon, helium, hoc hn hp kh (Ar+He,
Ar+Co2) Kh bo v c th c a vo vng hn t mt pha bn in
cc hoc t xung quanh n.
* c im :
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C th t c mi hn c cng tnh cht ho l luyn kim nh kim

loi c bn.
Khng phi lm sch mi hn sau khi hn (khng c kim loi bn
to, x hn).
C th hn hu ht kim loi thng dng trong cng nghip.
C th hn kim loi khng ng nht v hn p.
Thch hp cho hn cc tm mng.
* n nh h quang mt chiu thng qua pha cht hot tnh vo vt
liu in cc.
Mc d c n nh tng i cao, h quang dng mt chiu cc
thun c th lch khi trc ca in cc do lnh vt catod ti b mt u
in cc nh hnh di v cng cn do c tng tc ca t trng bn
ngoi vi b mt khng ng nht v thnh phn ho hc ca u in cc.
Khi cn c th nung chy u in cc.
Hnh 1.9: S lch vt catod u in cc.

Khi b sung thm 1, 53% cc cht hot tnh ThO2, LaO, Y2O3, ZrO2
s khc phc c hin tng trn. iu ny lm tng n nh ca h
quang.
*n nh h quang xoay chiu.
Dng hn xoay chiu c s dng hn nhm, magi v hp kim
ca chng do c th kt hp tt ca vic lm sch b mt mp hn khi
mng oxit c nhit nng chy cao vi kh nng hn ngu kim loi c
bn.
in cc Vnfram c cc tnh cht nhit v vt l khc xa kim loi
c bn gy nn tnh khng i xng ca ng cong in p trong xut
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hin thnh phn mt chiu trong mch hn. Hin tng ny c gi l

hin tng t chnh lu ca mch in hn c th biu din dng hn :
U0
I2 = r Bk sin k ..t k .t
k 1
2
Trong : U0 Thnh phn in p mt chiu ca h quang.
r2 in tr mch hn.
Bk v k l bin v lch pha ti thi im t ca sng hi
bc cao.
l tn s gc.
Hnh 1.10: n nh h quang xoay chiu.

Thnh phn mt chiu xut hin do t chnh lu ny cn c th gy
ra thnh phn t trng mt chiu trong li bin p ngun v cun cm lm
cho dng sng dng in hn b bin dng v gy nung nng qu mc my
hn.
Thnh phn mt chiu c khc phc bng cch mc ni tip cc
b t in c dung lng ln vo mch hn(khong 300F cho 1A)
phng php ny khng c tn tht lm tng h s cng sut v ci thin
iu kin s dng bin p. Trong bn chu k m ca in cc W cc t in
ny tch in t cc nng lng tha v phng trong bn chu k dng.
iu ny lm cho dng sng dng hn tr nn cn i nn n c gi l t
lc hay b kh dng mt chiu.
*Ch hn xung
Ngoi ch hn thng thng cc thit b hn bng in cc khng
nng chy trong mi trng kh tr cn c th c trang b cc b to
xung.
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Hnh 1.11: Ch hn xung.

Trong :
Ip Cng dng hn xung(gi tr lm vic).
Ib Cng dng hn c bn.
A Thi gian tc ng ca kh bo v trc khi gy h quang.
B Thi gian tc ng ca mt xung hn.
C Thi gian khng c xung hn (gia hai xung lin tip).
D Thi gian tc ng ca kh bo v sau khi tt h quang.
Chng c cc c im :
Khng i hi cht ch dung sai lp g nh khi hn khng c xung.
Cho php hn cc tp mng di 1mm (kh hn khi khng c xung).
Gim bin dng do khng ch c nng lng ng.
Khng i hi c tay ngh cao nh khi khng c xung.
Cht lng hn c ci thin ng k.
Thch hp cho hn c gii t ng.
Vi lc in t mnh ca h quang hn ch c r kh v tng
chiu su chy.
Cc loi xung hn hay s dng :
Xung tn s thp 0, 120Hz y c th l xung xoay chiu hoc mt
chiu. Chng c dng cho hn cc tm c chiu dy khc nhau, hn ng
c chiu dy 1mm, hn cc kim loi c bn khc nhau.
Xung tn s trung bnh t 100500Hz. y l loi xung mt chiu
dng cho hn cc tm mng, hn ng chiu dy n 0, 3mm (Tc 3m/s)
hn cc kim loi c bn khng ng nht.
Xung tn s cao 125Khz. y l loi xung mt chiu dng cho hn
cc tm cc mng (n 0, 1mm) i hi chnh xc cao, hn ng mng.
b. Hn bng in cc nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v.
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* Nguyn l.
Khi hn trong mi trng kh bo v bng in cc nng chy h
quang gia hai u in cc(di dng dy hn) v vt hn lin lc nung
chy in cc v mp hn. Dy hn c cp vo vng h quang thng qua
c cu cp dy vi tc bng tc chy ca dy hn (vi iu kin
chiu di trung bnh ca h quang khng i). Phn in cc c nung
chy chuyn dch vo vng hn theo mt trong cc loi c ch dch chuyn
kim loi vo vng hn v ph thuc vo cng dng in hn, ng
knh in cc, chiu di h quang, ngun in hn v loi kh bo v.
*Ngun hn.
Hnh 1.12: Ngun hn mt chiu ph bin

Ph bin l loi mt chiu ni cc dng vo sng hn v cc m
vo vt hn (h quang n nh, chuyn dch kim loi m, t bn to trn
ton b di cng dng in hn). Trong cc loi c tuyn, ngun hn
c c tuyn thoi (dng chung vi b cp hn c tc cp dy hn c
nh) cho chiu di h quang t iu chnh thun tin cho thao tc, c bit
vi hn thp c tnh t iu chnh ca h quang khi s dng ngun in
hn c c tuyn thoi c tm quan trng c bit trong vic to ra iu
kin hn n nh. c tuyn dc khng thch hp do i hi kht khe i
vi h thng iu khin tc cp dy v h quang khng c kh nng t
iu chnh. Ngun mt chiu cc thun hu nh khng dng do h quang
khng n nh v bn to nhiu. Ngun xoay chiu loi c t dng do h
quang khng n nh. Ngun xoay chiu loi mi c s dng ch xung
cho h quang n nh, t bn to.
in p h quang t l thun vi chiu di h quang.
dc ca c tuyn my hn l t s gia thay i in p v thay
i tng ng ca dng in hn thng c tnh bng gi tr gim in
p tnh bng V trn gi tr tng 100A. dc ny thng khng i cho
mt ngun hn c th.
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CHNG II
CC VN C BN CA MY HN TIG
TIG( Tungsten Inert Gas ): Trong my hn TIG, mt in cc
vonfram t chy kim loi cn hn v kh (thng dng nht l kh ARGON)
bo v vng hn trnh b xy ha. My hn TIG cho mi hn bng v c
th hn trn nhiu kim loi.
My hn TIG s dng mt in cc vonfram khng nng chy.
Kim loi dng im y , khi cn thit s c thm vo bng tay.
Kh tr bo v cho mi hn v cc in cc vonfram.
Sm phm hn c cht lng cao, mi hn nhn bng.
C th hn c nhiu kim loi hn so vi cc my khc.
Mt s h thng in hnh ca my hn TIG c ch ra nh hnh
v:
Hnh1.13: H thng tng quan my hn TIG.

1. Ngun hn.
Thng s u ra ca my hn l iu rt quan trng cn phi lu tm.
Dng in p v dng in trong chu trnh lm vic phi c xc nh r
rng. Tip my hn cn c chn vi u ra cn thit v c thi gian
thch hp vi nhim v v phm vi chu trnh ti.
Hn tia la in thng c dng in u ra thp khong 200 A hoc
nh hn, thng c th lm vi my hn mt pha. Chu trnh ti cn thit
thng nm trong phm vi 60% hoc nh hn. Vi loi my ny c bit
thch hp vi nhng ca hng v phn xng nh h dng ngun
cng sut mt pha l ph hp v tin dng. Mt trong nhng my hn mt
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pha nh c kh nng s dng ngun cng sut 115V xoay chiu, nhng
my hn khc c th s dng ngun cng sut 230V hoc cao hn.
Nhng my hn TIG mt chiu ln s dng bn cc nng ch to
cu trc v sn sut my hn ln hu ht phi dng n ngun cng sut
xoay chiu 3 pha. Nhng my hn thng c dung lng trn 200A v
thng lm vic vi 100% chu k ti.
2. Hng s cng sut ngun dng.
Cng sut hn h quang c phn loi trong cc iu khon ca c
tnh ra vi in p v dng in c th l hng s dng in, hng s in
p hoc c hai.
My c dng khng i s dng trong my hn loi TIG (GTAW)
m bo dng in l hng s chy trong mch hn. Dng in ny lun
c gi khng i khi in p (chiu di h quang) thay i. Vi quy
trnh nh GTAW v my hn h quang in cc kim loi (SMAW) cn
nhng th hn gi c nh chiu di h quang.
Ngun in p khng i gi in p ti gi tr t khng i khi
dng in s dng trong sut chu trnh. y l loi ngun cng sut m n
s dng hn h quang kim loi c kh bo v (GMAW) hoc hn kim loi
c bo v kh vi in cc nng chy (MIG). Chu trnh ging GMAW v
hn h quang in cc li thuc (FCAW) cn thit b duy tr chiu di h
quang c bit.
Hnh 1.14: Quan h in p v dng in khi in p khng i.

Hnh 1.12 ch ra quan h gia in p v dng in ca hiu ng
ngun l tng. N c th tnh ton ngun in p m c in p l hng s
khi dng in to ra in p lun gia gi tr 12 V.
Mt vi s thay i trong chiu di h quang s to ra hiu ng in
p. H quang cng di in p cng cao v ngc li. Nhng th hn rt
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kh duy tr chiu di h quang, in p s thay i tng ng vi h quang

chuyn ng ngang vt hn. S thay i in p (chiu di h quang) l
nguyn nhn lm cho dng in ra dao ng. in p u ra nn c gi
hng s c th chp nhn c vi chu trnh TIG. Dng in sinh nhit
lm chy kim loi v cho php hn chc chn.
3. Mt s ngun cng sut c bn.
Ngun cng sut hu ch l tng ca ngun dng khng i rt a
dng c ch ra trong hnh di.
Hnh1.15: Quan h in p dng in khi dng in l hng s.

Hnh 1.13 cho quan h gia in p dng in hng s dng
in c 100A u ra khng thay i g vi bt k in p no.
Quan h in p dng in trong hnh di biu th nhng ngun
cng sut TIG v quan h V-A u ra in p l hng s hoc ngun cng
sut my hn h quang kh cc tr Vonfram.
Hnh 1.16: Quan h gia in p v dng in ca ngun hn TIG.
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dc ca hng s dng in th miu t u ra ca ngun

cng sut t.
5. B ngun cng sut chuyn i.
B ngun cng sut chuyn i c hnh thnh t nhng nm 1940
nhng khng thnh cng trn th trng mi ti nm 1970.
Thay v vn hnh ti u vo thng thng tn s 50 hoc 60Hz b
chuyn i tn s ni ting ln gp 1000 ln tn s u vo. N cho php
gim mnh li t my bin p v gim khng gian cha li. Kt cu my
nh gn v trng lng hn rt nhiu my bin p dng cho ngun cng
sut chnh lu thng.
Hnh 1.17: Cc khi hm ca b chuyn i

ngun cng sut my hn TIG AC/DC.
Hnh 1.15 l nhng khi hm ca b chuyn i ngun cng sut
my loi ny c th chy n pha hoc ba pha, chng bo v ch hn mt
cch kn o. iu trc ht b chuyn i thc hin l chnh lu t in
p cao dng thp xoay chiu thnh mt chiu. Sau n s lp a n b
chuyn i c thit b vi tc ng ct ln (transitor cng sut). N nh
mt kho iu khin tt v bt. Chng c th ng ct rt nhanh ti 50 000
ln trong 1s. p cao dng thp pha ng ct mt chiu ging nh pha s
cp my bin p xoay chiu nhng vi kch thc nh gn rt nhiu ln so
vi my bin p hot ng tn s 50/60Hz. p thp dng cao qua b lc
ci thin h quang hn mt chiu hoc chuyn thnh xoay chiu. Ngun
xoay chiu hoc mt chiu cung cp ngn la hn cho my hn TIG.
Hot ng ca ngun cng sut mt s ngun cng sut hn h
quang u tin c pht minh t nhng loi my pht m n cung cp
dng in hn di s chuyn ng tng i ca Rto xung quanh Stato.
Nguyn l ny tng t nh dng pht bi s chuyn ng ca t trng.
S chuyn ng trong nhng my ny c cung cp bi ng c in.
Khi nim ny vn c ng dng tt trong nhng ngun cng sut
hin i vi nhng ng c in trong tu in hoc ng c Diezen, iu
c bit ca h in c l chng tr nn c ch vi nhng ngi th hn
ph thuc vo kinh t.
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6. Chu trnh ti.

Chu trnh ti l iu quan trng nht trong vic la chn my hn.
Chu trnh ti ca ngun hn vn hnh trong thc t c th s dng vi loi
ti khng vut qu nhit gii hn ca s cch ly ca cc thnh phn.
Chu trnh cng sut c bn vi 10 pht theo tiu chun ca M tuy
nhin mt s ni trn th gii chng hn Chu u chu trnh ti khong
5pht. Trng hp n gin chu trnh ti bng 50% vi tiu chun ca
nc M th my hn ch vn hnh ti u ra khong 5pht.
7. My hn mt pha - ba pha.
My hn mt chiu thng thng cn n ngun mt pha hoc ba
pha. Ngun ba pha kh ph bin trong my hn cng nghip bi v ngun
ba pha to ra h quang mn hn mt pha. a s my hn TIG AC/DC vn
hnh vi ngun mt pha.
8. Cc thit b ph tr.
B kch hot h quang vi tn s cao v n nh s dng vi ngun
xoay chiu hoc mt chiu. Thit b ny c bit hu ch khi hn nhm,
magi, inox, titan, ng v mt s kim loi qu khc hn vt liu.
Mt s ngun hn TIG mt chiu khng s dng tn s cao chng s dng
h quang chy vt ln hoc cng ngh kch hot khi tip xc n cho php
chng c chc nng trn kim loi c bit.
Mt s thit b c c trng van iu khin kh, rle thi gian v
mch iu khin iu chnh dng chy ca kh cng vi dng in cao
tn.
Mt iu kin khng cn bng khi ngun cng sut xoay chiu dng
sin c s dng cho my hn TIG. iu kin khng cn bng cung cp
mt dng in lu thng to thnh s khng cn bng. Nhng thnh phn
xoay chiu ny s lm tng nhit trong ngun. Mt s ngun c thit
k s dng in tr Niken Crm dng dt gip cn bng tiu tn nhit.
Mt s khc s dng in dung ni vi ngun. Ngoi ra cn s dng ngun
mt chiu ni ti mch in to h quang. Tt c c s dng gim
thiu hin tng khng cn bng. Do ngun xoay chiu dng sng
vung c thit k iu khin dng sng v khng cn quan tm ti
hin tng khng cn bng.
Nhit trong my bin p chnh my hn mt chiu l nguyn
nhn ti thiu to ra hai vn sau :
1. nh thng cch in trn cc cun dy vi nhau v
cch in gia cun dy vi li.
2. Mt s suy gim hiu sut my bin p do in tr
tng ca s tng nhit cun dy v li.
Khi ngun khng c thit k hiu qu cho my hn TIG s dng
hn Nhm hoc Magie thnh phn mt chiu phi c tnh ton nhm
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gim chu trnh ti. Gim s thay i ca dng in s ngn chn c s

qu nhit v ph hu bin p cng sut.
9. Lm mt ca my hn h quang in cc tr Vnfram c kh bo
v(TIG).
Khi hn vi chu trnh ca my hn TIG c mt iu thc t l a s
nhit tr thnh h quang. Tuy nhin mt s lng ng k c gi li
trong ngn la. Do mt s bin php c thc hin vi iu kin l
ngn chn nhit pht tn.
Cc phng php lm mt trong my hn TIG c th l lm mt
bng nc hoc lm mt bng khng kh. Cng sut cao hoc ngn la vi
cng dng in ln thng c lm mt bng nc. Trong khi cng
sut bnh thng vi cng dng in thp c th lm mt bng khng
kh.
10. Qa trnh pht sinh h quang v
iu khin sng hn.
Trn hnh v: 1-in cc hn
2-Vt hn
Sng hn c h dn in cc
tin gn vt hn. Khi ny xut hin cc
dng in tch bt u chuyn ng di
in trng ca in p 2 u cc. Khi
in cc chm vo vt hn, ta gi trng
thi ny trong thi gian 1-2s, h quang
bt u pht sinh. Sau nng t t sng
hn a in cc xa vt hn mt
Hnh1.18 : Qa trnh
khong cch nht nh t l vi in p h
to h quang hn
quang.
11. ng ni.
Hnh 1.19: ng ni trn sng hn.

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in cc hn c gi vi tay cm bi mt ng ni. ng ni thng

c lm bng ng hoc hp kim ng. S kp cht ca ng ni vo in
cc rt an ton khi cp pha tay cm c cng ra. S tip xc in phi
c m bo gia ng ni v in cc Vnfram cho s truyn dn ca
dng in c tt.
12. ng dn kh.
L thit b c th thay th ng
ni bnh thng. N gn vo phn tay
nm v c s dng lm gim s
chuyn ng khng u v tng cng
dng chy ca kh.
Hnh1.20 : ng dn
kh
13. Ming vi.

Ming vi c th c lm bng gm kim loi, kim loi bao quanh
gm s, thu tinh hoc mt s cht liu khc. Ming vi ca mt c ch
cho php mt lng kh chy n nh khi c s no lon kh xy ra th hiu
ng bao quanh s gim v ming vi cn tng mt hiu ng hon li nhm
chng li s no lon dng chy ca kh.
Hnh 1.21: Ming vi.

14. Kh hn.
Kh dng bo v mi hn v in cc tr trong my hn TIG thng
s dng l Helium v Argon. So snh gia hai loi kh ny th Argon c
p dng rng ri hn. V Helium c kh nng dn nhit tt hn, iu ny
lm cho h quang pht sinh phn tn m khng tp trung nh i vi
Argon.
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Hnh1.22 : Hnh dng h quang i vi cc kh Helium v Argon

Bnh cha kh tr c th tch ty theo loi my v yu cu lm vic,
n c h thng ng h o p sut kh v van iu khin lu lng kh ra
trong qu trnh hn:
Hinh1.23 : Bnh cha kh tr vi h thng gim st

v iu chnh lu lng kh
15. in cc hn.
in cc hn thng l vonfram hay hp kim ca vonfram, l loi
in cc khng nng chy. Chng c cc kch c khc nhau, c gn
trong sng hn. Ty theo loi ngun hn m in cc c hnh dng khc
nhau. i vi my hn Tig mt chiu u in cc thng nhn, cn vi
my hn Tig xoay chiu u in cc c dng t trn.
Hnh1.24 : in cc hn xoay chiu (tri)

v mt chiu (phi)
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CHNG IV
KHI QUT V MCH NG LC CA MY HN TIG
Vi s ng lc ca my hn TIG c mt s vn cn xem xt
nh sau.
I. Ngun hn.
i vi my hn mt chiu th quan trng nht l vic cp ngun
hn. Ngun hn rt quan trng n quyt nh n qu trnh hn v ngun
hn s trc tip to ra cng sut hn, dng in hn, chu k ti, in p hn
(lin quan trc tip n chiu di h quang). Ngun hn cng trc tip
quyt nh ti s ng lc ca my hn. Sau y l gii thiu v mt s
ngun hn thng dng.
1. Bin p hn.
Trong cc loi my hn bin p hn c s dng rng ri nht do
gi thnh r, kt cu n gin v d bo dng. Bin p hn cung cp dng
hn xoay chiu. Cc loi bin p hn dng trong ch to thng c dng
in hn 200 500 A vi chu k ti 60%. Vi cng vic hn nh ngi ta
thng dng bin p hn c cng dng in hn 50 200 A. Vi hn
di lp thuc bin p hn c th cho cng ln n 1000 1500 A vi
chu k ti 100%. Mt my bin p hn thng c bn b phn chnh : khi
li v cun dy, khung, h thng lm mt v c cu iu khin dng in
hn. Trong mi trng n mn hoc bi kim loi bin p hn c lm mt
bng du. Dng in hn thng c iu khin theo 1 trong 5 phng
php : bng chuyn mch, li di ng, mch shunt t, cun dy di ng v
cm khng bo ho t.
a. iu khin bng chuyn mch
Mt cch kinh in thng iu khin dng hn l iu khin in
p th cp bin p bng cch thay i s vng dy th cp theo tng nc
ca bin p t ngu (nh trn hnh 1.25)
Hnh 1.25: iu khin

dng hn bng chuyn
mch
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b. iu khin bng cun khng ngoi

iu chnh dng hn tng ng vi cc que hn trong ngun hn
loi ny c thc hin bng cun khng ngoi nh trn hnh 1.26. in p
khi c ti c tnh:
U
U0
1>2>3
CK
U1
W1
W2
3
Inm3
a)
Inm2
1
I
Inm1
b)
Hnh 1.26. iu khin dng hn bng

cun khng ngoi; a) s mch
in, b) h c tnh iu khin
Uhq = U2 UCKchnh
Trong :
Uhq - in p vng h quang;
U2 - in p th cp bin p;
UCK - in p ri trn cun khng
in p ri trn cun khng c tnh:
UCK = I2(RCK + j.XCK) .L.I2.
Trong :
RCK - in tr ca cun khng;
XCK - in khng ca cun khng;
L - in cm ca cun khng.
Khi lm vic, dng in hn I2 tng in p ri trn cun khng
cng tng, in p h quang gim. Khi dng in hn tng ti dng in
ngn mch Inm in p h quang bng 0.
I2 = Inm =
U
L
Nh vy, mun thay i c tnh hn (nh trn hnh 1.26b) cn iu

chnh gi tr in cm. Nh bit gi tr in cm cun dy ph thct
tr mch t. T tr mch t tng khi gim khe h ca cun khng.
Tng ng, khe h cng tng dng in ngn mch cng tng.
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c. iu khn bng bin p hn v cun cm mc hn hp

Loi ngun hn ny, cun khng v bin p c ch to c mch t
lin h t vi nhau nh trn hnh 1.27.
U
U03
CK
U02
U01
U1
W1
W2
HQ
Inm3 Inm2
a)
Inm1 I
b)
Hnh 1.27: Ngun hn kiu hn hp; a) s

mch in, b) c tnh iu chnh
in p khi khng ti:

U0 = U2 + UCK
(ck-3)
Khi thay i khe h mch t cun khng, thnh phn in p UCK
biu thc (ck-3) thay i, nn ng thi cng thay i in p khng ti
U0. Ni cch khc in p khng ti cng l mt hm ca khe h .
in p h quang khi c ti:
Uhq = U2 + UCK - U
Trong :
U in p ri trn bin p v cun khng
U = I2(X2+XCK)
nn:
UHQ = U2+ UCK I2 (X2+XCK)
(ck4)
T biu thc (ck-4) thy rng, dng in ngn mch c tnh khi
in p h quang bng 0
I nm =
U +U CK
(ck-5)
X +X CK
Nh vy, khi thay i khe h ng thi in p khng ti (biu thc

(ck-3)) v dng in ngn mch (biu thc (ck-5)) cng thay i. Khi c
h c tnh iu chnh ca loi ngun ny c v trn hnh ck2b
d. iu khin bng shunt t
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Ngi ta a mt Shunt t vo gia mch t bin p nh trn hnh

ck3, n c b tr ga cun dy s v th cp ca bin p. Shunt t c
di chuyn theo chiu su vo hay ko ra khi mch t.
Nh bit sc in ng cun dy th cp bin p:
E2 = 4,44.k.f.W2. 2
(ck-6)
T thng do cun dy s cp sinh ra 2 (trn hnh 1.28) khp vng
trong mch t chnh chy qua cun dy th cp 1 v trong mch t ph
chy qua shunt t S .
1
Mch t
Cun dy s
cp
S
Shunt t
Cun dy th
cp
Hnh1.28. Ngun hn iu
shunt
Khi dch chuyn chnh
shunt t,bng
t thng
mcht
t chnh 2 v ph s
phn b li lm cho t thng qua cun dy th cp thay i, ko theo in
p th cp thay i, dng in hn c iu khin. V d ko shunt ra, t
thng qua mch shunt t gim, t thng qua cun dy th cp tng, dng
in hn tng.
e. iu khin bng di chuyn cun dy
Mt cch khc iu chnh in p th cp bin p bng iu chnh t
thng l thay i v tr cun dy th cp (hoc s cp) nh trn hnh 1.29.
T
Cun
dy s
cp
C
Cun
dy
th cp
Mch t
Hnh 1.29. Ngun hn iu

chnh bng dch chuyn cun
dy
Ngi ta
b tr cc cun
dy s v th cp bin p lch nhau tng ng trong khng gian. Khi cp
dng in vo cun dy s cp, t thng do cun dy s cp sinh ra c
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chy trong mch t chnh C (ng nt lin) v t thng tn T (ng

nt t). T thng chnh C chy qua cun dy th cp, cn t thng tn
chy qua cun dy th cp nhiu hay t ph thuc v tr cun dy. Khi dch
chuyn cun dy th cp ln pha trn (hnh 1.29) t thng qua cun th
cp ln, in p th cp ln v ngc li.
2. My pht hn
y l ng c in mt chiu chy bng ng c in hoc my n
ni lin khi vi ngun hn. My pht hn thng c cng dng in
hn 200 600 A. in p ra v dng in hn trn my c iu khin
thng qua mt bin tr. My pht hn thng c c tuyn dc (cho hn
h quang tay) hoc thoi.
My pht hn thng c tc quay trong khong 1500 3000
vng/pht. My pht hn chy in thng c tc quay 1500 vng/pht.
ng c in y l loi cm ng ba pha lng sc vi u im l mmen
khi ng cao, bn vng v khng lm mng in b lch ti. gim qu
ti khi khi ng phi ni /Y v phi c khi ng t. B iu khin t xa
to iu kin cho th hn iu chnh cng dng in mt cch thch
hp t v tr hn.
My pht hn mt chiu thng c ch to theo ba kiu chnh nh
sau :
My pht hn mt chiu kch t c lp c cun kh ni tip.
My pht hn mt chiu kch t song song c cun kh ni tip.
My pht hn mt chiu c cc t r.
Hnh di y ch ra s my pht hn mt chiu kch t c lp
c cun kh ni tip.
Hnh 1.30: My pht hn mt chiu

kch t c lp c cun kh ni tip.
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My pht hn loi ny c hai cun kch t : cun kch t c lp W1

c cp in t ngun mt chiu c lp c iu chnh dng in kch t
s dng trit p VR v cun kh t ni tip W2 c u ni tip vi phn
ng ca my pht. T thng sinh ra trong cun W1 ngc chiu vi t
thng sinh ra trong cun W2, t thng trong cun W2 t l vi dng in
hn.
3. Chnh lu hn.
S pht trin ca k thut bn dn cng sut ln a ra rt nhiu
ng dng ca n trong vic thit k ngun hn mt chiu. So vi my pht
hn mt chiu th loi my hn dng ngun chnh lu c u im ni bt
sau y :
Ch tiu nng lng cao.
Khng c phn quay.
Hiu sut cao, chi ph vn hnh, bo dng v sa cha thp.
Cc loi ngun hn dng b chnh lu gm hai b phn chnh : my
bin p hn v b chnh lu.
Chnh lu hn cng cung cp dng mt chiu nh my pht hn
nhng bn thn n khng gm cc chi tit chuyn ng ngoi tr qut lm
mt. Cc b phn chnh gm : My bin p hn (mt hoc ba pha), b phn
iu khin v b chnh lu. B chnh lu hn c th c c tuyn dc (dng
in hn 200 600 A) hoc thoi (dng hn 300 1500A). Vi loi c
tuyn dc dng hn c iu chnh thng qua thay i tr khng bng
mt trong nhng thit b sau : cun dy di ng, shunt t di ng, cm
khng bo ho t, b khuych i t, cm khng chuyn mch, li cm
khng di ng. Mt trong nhng u im ca my hn chnh lu l mc d
dng cung cp dng hn mt chiu nhng c th dng chng hn
bng dng xoay chiu (khi ngt thit b chnh lu ra khi mch in).
Chnh lu hn c c tuyn thoi mt s my c c tuyn c nh,
mt s loi cho php thay i dc ca c tuyn (thng nm trong
khong 1 3V/100A). Cc my chnh lu hn thng c in p khng ti
t 75V, 30V n 20V hoc thm ch 10V.
Cc loi ngun hn chnh lu:
a. Ngun hn iu khin bng in t.
Hnh
1.31: Ngun32hn iu
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Ngun t li in c c im in p cao v dng thp sau khi qua

bin p dng th cp cao hn v in p th cp thp hn v cp cho my
hn. My bin p khng lm thay i tn s in. Vi c im dng cao
v in p thp c chnh lu thnh dng in mt chiu nhp nh. Sau
, b lc bng in cm c tc dng lm phng v n nh dng in ra
c th p ng cho yu cu ca nhiu loi my hn h quang khc nhau.
Ngun dng in n nh l iu kin ht sc thun li cho my hn h
quang lm vic tt. V vy, b iu khin ngun in rt cn thit cho my
hn. nu dng in t vo l chun xc th mi hn s rt chc chn. n
nh dng in hn c th thc hin bng mch in t vi chnh lu khng
iu khin nh trn hnh hh1.
Tuy nhin, loi mch ny c qun tnh iu khin chm, kh t ng
ho, do cc mch iu khin in t nh trn hnh hh2 c thay th.
cc b chnh lu c iu khin c cc thng s u ra nh in p hay dng
in ca chng rt n nh. lm c vic ny, cn c thm mch phn
hi th thng s u ra lun lun c t ng iu chnh. Nu m hn
c nng ln v h quang thp th dng in vn c duy tr.
Trong mch iu khin c phn hi ca b bin i, nh vo mch

phn hi m in p v dng in lun c b li. i khi, chng cng
c cho php sai lch 10%. i vi nhng loi ngun hn khng c
b nh vy th c th sai lch ln hn 10%, khi nng lng h quang c
th thay i
t 10%
nn
20%.nh
i vi
loi my
b in
p chnh
u ngun
Hnh
1.32:
dng
hncbng
mch
l
ca my hn, th cho d ngun
in
p
c
th
thay
i
ln
hn
10%
th
u c iu khin
cng sut truyn ti h quang cng ch thay i trong phm vi rt hp l
2%. iu ny rt ph hp vi my hn, v nng lng h quang dao ng
trong phm vi hp nn mi hn chc chn hn.
S mch chi tit ngun hn mt chiu kinh in c v trn hnh
1.33.
Ngun cp t li qua bin p bin i thnh in p ph hp, sau
qua b chnh lu c iu khin mt pha (cu mt pha khng i xng
hay c chu k vi bin p trung tnh) nu ngun cp mt pha hay qua b
chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin khng i xng khi ngun cp ba pha.
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iu khin b chnh lu ny c thit k theo nguyn tc n nh dng

in. Tn hiu dng in c ly qua bin dng phn hi m a v mch
iu khin, nhm n nh dng in hn.
in p iu khin chnh lu c thit k theo nguyn tc:
Uk = Ut - UPHI
(h-1)
Trong :
Uk - in p iu khin a ti mch to xung.
Ut - tn hiu t dng in.
UPHI - tn hiu phn hi dng in ly t cm bin dng in.
Khi dng in hn thay i, tn hiu iu khin Uk t ng thay i,
t ng thay i gc m tiristor theohng n nh dng hn. V d, dng
hn tng, in p iu khin gim mch to xung iu khin tng gc m
tiristor, in p ra ca b chnh lu gim, dng in hn gim ko v tr
s t.
220/38
0V,
50Hz
U
1
1
T
a)
Phn
hi
U
dng
in
T1
D1
D2
D3
T2
T3
U
k
Phn
hi
dng
U
in
b)
Hnh 1.33. Mch

iu
hn mt chiu;
Hnh
1.33.khin
Mchngun
iu khin
a) ngun
mt
pha,
b)
ngun
ba pha
ngun hn mt chiu; a) ngun
mt pha, b) ngun ba pha
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c trng cc kiu chnh lu my hn c ch ra trong bng:
Hnh 1.34: c trng cc kiu chnh lu my hn
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Hnh 1.35: Cc kiu v c trng iu khin tn hiu dng hn

III. Cc s ng lc c th p ng.
Trn c s nhng c im ca ngun hn v loi thit b hn nu
trn kt hp vi yu cu ca bi l thit k phn in cho my hn TIG
vi cc thng s k thut sau:
Uh = 20V
Ih = 250A
U1 = 220V
S1 =Hnh
21, 24.7:
kVA
Cc kiu v c trng iu khin tn hiu dng hn
Idt = 20A
Ta thy vi loi my hn ny c c tuyn dc chng s cho php
gi dng in khng i cho d c thay i nh v chiu di h quang.
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Hnh 1.36: ng c tnh dc ca h quang.

Hnh 1.29 l ng c tnh dc ca h quang n cng chnh l c
tnh ca my hn TIG hay my hn in cc tr vnfram c kh bo v.
Vi cc ngun hn va nu th la chn cho ngun hn ca my hn
TIG l ngun chnh lu cu khng iu khin dng dit. Vi in p u
vo l 220V xoay chiu th in p sau chnh lu cu s l 2202 vi mt
t lc 400V - 2200F th in p ngun cp vo my hn c th ln ti
310V.
Vi cc loi thit b hn va nu th my hn bn dn bin tn c u
im hn c v mt k thut ln kinh t.
My hn in cc tr trong mi trng kh bo v hay my hn TIG
c nhng c im sau : dng xoay chiu vi cc tn s 50Hz hoc 60Hz
vi phn chm tr ca thnh phn sng m lm cn tr s chy lp li ca
h quang bn chu k tip theo. Bin php b tr c th cung cp in p
ion ho vi tn s cao nhng thng thng dng in tc thi qu nh.
Ngy nay nhng vn trn c th c khc phc bng cch s
dng mt b chuyn i u ra ni vi b chnh lu ngun mt chiu. B
chuyn i u ra cung cp mt dng sng vung xoay chiu ci thin hiu
sut dng xoay chiu lm tng s chy lp li ca h quang.
Cc s ng lc s dng cng ngh bin tn c th p ng vi
yu cu thit k l: mch cu ton sng, mch cu bn phn, mch yko push-pull v mch bin i thun kt thc kp.
Chng c phn tch mt cch chi tit di y:
1. Mch cu ton sng.
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Hnh1.37: S ng lc ca mch cu ton sng.

S hnh trn (hnh 1.30) l s ng lc ca mch cu ton
sng.
Mi transitor trong hnh trn tng ng vi mt hoc nhiu
transitor mc song song. Mch cha hai nhnh Tr1 v Tr2 thuc nhnh A
cn Tr3 v Tr4 thuc nhnh B. Cc transitor c xp thnh tng i (Tr 1 v
Tr4) v (Tr2 v Tr3). Cc transitor trong mi cp tt v m ng thi. Ngoi
ra mi cp c th xem nh mt kho ng ct khi mt ci bt th ci kia
phi tt v ngc li. S ng lc gm nhiu diode mc song song vi
transitor bo v chng. Nhng diode ny s thng khi c dng chy
ngc t E v C khi o cc tnh ti.
an ton cho cc transitor th mi cp khi m phi cch nhau mt
khong thi gian t. Chng hn khi cp Tr1, Tr4 ang dn th cp Tr2, Tr3
phi kho. Cp Tr2, Tr3 ch c php thng sau khi cp Tr1, Tr4 kho
mt khong t. Khong t ny c chn t = 0,1T vi T l chu k ng
ct ca cc transitor. Nu mt cp ang dn m cp kia m th s xy ra
ngn mch. Nu iu xy ra th rt nguy him v n s ph hu transitor
v ph hng ti.
Gin sng ca mch cu ton sng.
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Tn s
chuyn mch
Tr2 v Tr3
thng
Tr1 v Tr4
thng
in p s
cp
Hnh1.38: Gin sng ca mch cu ton sng.
T gin sng ca mch bin i cu ton sng nh trn ta thy

rng dng xung iu khin ca tng cp transitor phi ging nhau tuyt
i. Khi c xung iu khin kch m Tr1 v Tr4 th in p ngun s t ln
ti lc ny s c dng in chy qua Tr1 qua ti sau qua Tr4 v trung tnh
ngun. Lc ny s c mt in p ngc t ln cp van ang b kho v
cp van ny phi chu c in p ngc y. Khi Tr1 v Tr4 c lnh
kho th Tr2 v Tr3 vn cha c php thng chng s thng sau khi Tr1 v
Tr4 kha mt khong thi gian t = 0,1T. Sau khong thi gian ny Tr2 v
Tr3 s thng v s c dng in chy qua Tr3, qua ti ri qua Tr2 v trung
tnh ngun. Do in p trn ti i cc tnh nn dng sng u ra l dng
sng vung xoay chiu.
2. Mch cu bn phn
Hnh trn l s nguyn l ca mch cu bn phn. Mi transitor
c xem nh mt kho ng ct v hot ng theo phng thc mt ci
thng th mt ci kia phi kho. Trong bn chu k dng Tr1 thng th Tr2
kho. Ngc li trong bn chu k m Tr2 thng cn Tr1 kho. Vi mch
ny s dn ng thi ca hai transitor cn phi trnh tuyt i. Tr1 v Tr2
khng bao gi c thng ng thi nu iu ny xy ra s gy nn hin
tng ngn mch qua hai transitor lc ny dng khng i qua ti m i qua
hai transitor vi dng ln th hai transsitor s b nh thng v dng. Do
hai transitor phi kho cch nhau mt khong thi gian t m bo rng
mt van chc chn kho trc khi van kia thng. Thi gian tr ny ph
Hnh
1.39:
ng
lc ca
bn phn.
thuc vo thi
gian
bt,Skho
cc thit
b. mch
Thngcu
thng
chn t = 0,1T.
Vi T l chu k ca tn s chuyn mch ca van bn dn. D1 v D2 l cc
diode bo v n c nhim v bo m rng Vce lun thp hn ngng bo
v ti thi im ng ct. Cc van phi c in p ngc ln khi van
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ny kho th van kia phi chu c in p ngc m khng b ph hu v

p.
Mch hot ng nh sau : khi c lnh m t mch iu khin n
Tr1 th s c dng in chy qua Tr1, qua ti ri tr v trung tnh ngun.
Khi ht lnh iu khin th khng c dng ngay lp tc m phi sau mt
khong thi gian t = 0,1 T lc ny mi c lnh iu khin t mch iu
khin gi ti Tr2 s thng lc ny mi c dng chy qua Tr2, qua ti ri v
trung tnh ngun.
Gin sng ca mch cu bn phn nh sau:
Tn s
chuyn mch
Tr1 thng
Tr2 thng
in p s
cp
Hnh 1.40: Gin sng ca mch cu bn phn.

3. Mch y ko push pull.
Tr2
Tr1
Hnh1.41: Mch ng lc ca mch y ko push pull.
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Hnh 1.41 l s mch ng lc ca mch y ko push pull.

Mch hot ng nh sau : khi c xung iu khin vo mt transitor th s
c dng in chy t dng ngun qua bin p qua transitor c m v
trung tnh ngun. Trong na chu k tip theo th transitor va m s b
kho trong khi transitor cn li s thng v s c dng chy qua na bin
p cn li qua trung tnh ngun. Mch hot ng tng t nh hai mch
trn khi mt transitor thng th transitor cn li phi kho v trnh hin
tng trng dn mi transitor ch thng trong 1 khong thi gian = 0, 4T.
Gin sng ca mch y ko push pull.
Tn s
chuyn mch
Tr1 thng
Tr2 thng
in p s
cp
Hnh1.42: Gin sng ca mch y ko push pull.

4. Mch bin i thun kt thc kp.
Mch bin i thun kt thc kp l mt mch i xng c hai
na ng nht, mt na hot ng theo bn k ca tn hiu vo.
Mch bin i thun kt thc kp hot ng theo nguyn l bm
p mt chiu. Mch gm hai transitor Q1 v Q2 c mc ni tip vi nh
v y ca cun s cp ca bin p lc. Di tn hiu iu khin c hai s
cng ng hay cng m mt lc. Khi chng m c dng chy t dng
ngun qua Q1, s cp bin p, Q2 v tr v m ngun, cng sut c
truyn n ti. Khi Q1 v Q2 kha nng lng tch tr trong cun dy lm
phn cc nghch tt c cc cun dy. Lc ny cc E ca Q1 t in th
m, nhng dc gi in th t bi diode D2. Cc C ca Q2 s t in
th dng v c gi th Vdc bi diode D1. V vy in p cc E ca Q1
v cc C ca Q2 khng bao gi cao hn V dc. Do xung in cm r c
ghim in p chu ng ln nht trn mt trong hai transitor khng bao
gi cao hn in p u vo DC cc i pha sau t lc C.
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Hnh 1.43 : S ng lc mch bin i thun kt thc kp.

Gin sng ca mch bin i thun kt thc kp :
Hnh 1.44: Gin sng mch bin i thun kt thc kp.

IV. La chn s ng lc.
Trn y l bn loi s p ng c vi my hn TIG s dng
cng ngh bin tn.
Vi bn loi s trn th mch cu ton sng c u im hn do
cng mt loi transitor c cng in p nh v dng danh nh th mch
cu ton sng c th cung cp cng sut ng ra gp hai ln so vi mch cu
bn phn. Khi cng cng sut, cng in p cung cp th dng hiu dng
ca mch cu ton sng bng mt na so vi mch cu bn phn vi
transistor hot ng cng in p v dng danh nh.
Mch cu bn phn c hai t C1 v C2 to im trung tnh nhng
cho d chn hai t c thng s ging nhau nhng khng th tuyt i ging
nhau nn d gy nn hin tng lch t thng hay hin tng t thng
khng cn bng khi in p t vo s cp bin p khc nhau trong cc na
chu k tun t nhau.
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Mch y ko push pull th phi to trung tnh cho my bin p

hn. y l vn kh khn khi ch to my bin p hn.
Do mch ng lc c th chn l mch cu ton sng. Tuy nhin
Hu ht cc my hn Tig kiu bin tn trn thc t rt t c ch to theo
mch cu ton phn m vic kh kim sot c s trng dn gia cc van
bn dn cng sut c l l l do ng k nht.
Trn thc t qu trnh th nghim v tnh ton chng em tnh ton
thit k b ngun hn theo s ng lc mch bn cu (vi m hnh
km theo). Mc d cng sut u ra ch bng mt na so vi mch cu ton
sng nhng u im ch yu ca mch cu bn phn l in p chu ng
ca van bn dn khi kha l nh, thch hp cho vic chn la van bn dn
v c kh nng kim sot kh nng trng dn gia cc van tt hn so vi
mch ton cu.
CHNG IV
THIT K MCH NG LC
I. S khi ca mch ng lc
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Hnh 1.45: S khi ca cc mch ng lc.

S ca mch ng lc cn tnh ton thit k nh sau :
Hnh 1.46: S mch ng lc chi tit.

tnh ton c cc thit b ng lc cn tnh c thng s dng
in qua n cng nh in p ri trn n.
II. Tnh ton thng s mch ng lc
Theo thng s bi ra khi hn cng dng in I = 250 (A) trong
khi in p khi hn l U = 20(V).
1. Cng sut pha th cp my bin p hn :
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Ptc = Uh. Ih = 20. 250 = 5000 (W) = 5 (kW)

(5.1)
Vi my bin p hn chn s b hiu sut ca my bin p hn :
= 0, 8
2. Cng sut pha s cp ca my bin p hn khi hn :
Ptc
Psc = =
5
0,8
= 6, 25 (kW)
(5.2)
Khi my hn mang ti c ngha l ngn mch pha th cp ca my

bin p hn lc ny in p hn Uh = 20V trong khi gi s ngun cng
sut pha s cp my bin p hn l v cng ln th in p pha s cp
my hn vn gi nguyn gi tr nh lc khng ti.
3. in p u ra b chnh lu
Do ngun cng sut u vo my hn l ngun cng sut mt pha.
Sau chnh lu cu dng sng in p c dng :
Hnh 1.47: Dng sng in p sau chnh lu u vo.

Sau t lc vi gi tr t lc ln th s to nn dng in mt
chiu tng i bng phng v gi tr in p ny c th tnh xp x bng
gi tr cc i ca in p ngun cp.
Hnh 1.48: Dng sng in p sau t lc.

Do in p sau chnh lu qua t lc c dung lng ln c th tnh
theo cng thc sau :
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Udc = 220 2 - 1 = 310 (V)

(5.3)
Do t khng th lm in p thng mt chiu hon ton, c s nhp
nh khng ng k nn ly gi tr trung bnh tm s nhp nh y.
Uv = 310 - 2. Udiode
(5.4)
Trong Udiode l in p ri trn mi diode khi thng chn :
Udiode = 1V
Do : Udc = 310 - 2. 1 = 310 2 = 308(V)
(5. 5)
4. in p pha s cp my bin p hn :
m bo an ton cho cc transitor cng sut mi nhnh khng th
m trong 50%T c v nu m nh th s gy nn hin tng trng dn
ca hai transitor Tr1 v Tr2. Nu iu ny xy ra th s gy nn hin tng
ngn mch u vo my bin p hn rt nguy him n dn n s c l
lm cho van bn dn b ph hu v dng. Do mi nhnh ch c php
m 40%T. Mch lc c chn l mch cu bn phn vi hai t phn p
C1 v C2. in p sau t lc ng ra chnh lu c phn u trn hai t
phn p ny.
Vic tnh t phn p l rt quan trng i vi mch cu bn phn
trong iu kin lm vic di hn in p mt chiu t ln hai van lc phi
tng i bng nhau. Nu gi tr ny khng p ng c th van ng lc
d b nh thng trong qu trnh lm vic di hn. V vy in p pha s
cp my bin p khi qua mch cu ton sng c tnh theo cng thc sau :
Usc =
Udc
2
2.0,4T
T
= 0, 4. Udc
(5.6)
Trong mt chu k chuyn mch ca cc transitor mi nhnh ch

thng trong mt khong thi gian l 0, 4T.
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Hnh1.49: Gin sng in p u ra pha th cp my bin p hn.

Usc = 0, 4. 308 = 123, 2(V)
5. Dng in th cp khi hn.
Dng khi hn bng dng lm vic qua van chnh lu v chnh
Theo yu cu thit k in p v dng hn mt chiu l : U h = 20V, Ih =
250A.
Vi s chnh lu chn l chnh lu cu ta c cc thng s :
H s in p so vi p xoay chiu Ku= 0, 9
H s dng in hiu dng Khd=
1
2
l dng th cp my bin p hn.

Itc = Ih = 250A
6. in p th cp khi hn.
Utc =
Uh
0,9
20
0,9
= 22, 22(V)
6. T s bin in p khi hn.

Khi hn my bin p hn vn hnh trong iu kin ngn mch th
cp. in p pha th cp my bin p hn theo yu cu bi Utc = 20 V
T s bin in p khi hn :
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U sc U 1 123,2
m= U
U
22,22 = 5, 55
tc
2
(5. 7)
t Usc = U1 v Utc = U2, Isc = I1 v Ih = Itc = I2.

7. Dng in lm vic ca diode.
Dng lm vic ca diode chnh l u ra c xc nh theo dng
hiu dng, hay dng in ti Id.
Ilv = Khd. Ih
(5. 8)
Vi Khd =
1
2
l h s dng hiu dng ca chnh lu cu u ra.
Thay vo biu thc (4. 8) ta c Ilv =
1
2
. 250 = 176, 77 ( A )
6. Dng in pha s cp khi hn

Vi t s bin nh trn theo yu cu bi I h = 250 A th dng in
s cp my bin p hn c tnh theo cng thc :
I1 =
I2
m
(5.9)
Vi m l t s bin in p khi hn c tnh mc I. 5 chng III.

Vy dng in s cp my bin p hn :
I1 =
I2
250
45,06
m 5,55
(A).
y cng chnh l gi tr dng in pha mch ng lc ca my hn

c dng tnh ton cho cc linh kin trong ton b h thng mch lc.
III. Tnh chn cc thit b mch ng lc
1. Chn chnh lu cu u vo
Theo thng s ca bi in p ngun cp l ngun in xoay
chiu mt pha. Do chnh lu cu u vo chn l chnh lu cu mt pha
khng iu khin gm 4 diode nh sau :
Hnh 1.50: S chnh lu cu u vo.

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Theo mc I. 6 chng III dng in pha s cp my bin p hn I 1 =

45,06A. y cng chnh l dng in t pha ngun cp n cun dy s
cp ca my bin p hn khi hn. Do cc diode ca b chnh lu u
vo phi chu c dng in I = 45,06 A v in p ngc l 308V.
Chn h s d tr in p = 1, 5.
H s d tr v dng in = 1, 3
Vy in p ngc t ln diode lc kho l :
Un = 1, 5. 308 = 462 (V)
Dng in qua diode lc hn l :
Idiode = Ih. 1, 3 = 45,06. 1, 3 = 58,578 (A).
Vi cc thng s nh trn chn diode loi 1N2137R c cc thng s
nh sau :
Dng in chnh lu cc i
Imax = 60A
in p ngc ca diode
Un = 500V
nh xung dng in
Ipik = 700A
Tn hao in p trng thi m ca diode U = 1, 4V
Dng in th cc i
Ith = 60A
0
Dng in r nhit 25 C
Ir
= 100A
Nhit cho php
Tcp = 175C
Chn bn diode DA, DB, DC, DD ging nhau v c thng s nh trn.
2. Tnh chn t lc
Hnh 1.51: S chnh lu u vo v t lc.

Theo gio trnh in t cng sut ca tc gi Nguyn Bnh th in
p trn t l in p nhp nh. Nu hng s thi gian ln tc l diode ch
np in trong khong thi gian ngn so vi T th c th biu din Uc mt
cch gn ng bng ng rng ca nh hnh di y :
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Hnh 1.52: Dng sng in p sau t

lc. :
Khi c th vit biu thc sau
Q = C. U = IR. T
U =
(5.9)
Ud
C.R. f
(5.10)
Vi R l in tr sau t lc
V :
Ud = Um -
Ud
U
1
Um
U m (1
)
2
2.C.R. f
2.C.R. f
(5.11)
Nn :
U =
U m .(1
1
1
).
2.C .R. f .C.R. f
(5.12)
T s nhp nh :
U
1
1
(1
).
Um
2.C.R. f C .R. f
(5. 13)
Biu thc chung ca t s nhp nh :

Kc =
U
1
1
(1
).
Um
m x .2.C.R. f m x C.R. f
(5. 14)
Trong mx l s xung ca in p u vo b lc trong mt chu k

in p ngun.
Vi my hn TIG th cn dng in gn nh phng do ta chn t
s nhp nh kc nh U nh s gim c ti a nhp nh lm cho
in p sau t lc l mt chiu gn nh hon ton. Chn kc = 0, 001
Do chnh lu mt pha hai na chu k nn s xung u vo t lc mx= 2.
T biu thc kc trn ta c phng trnh
0,001 (1
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1
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0,001 (1
1
1
).
2.2.C.R. f 2.C.R. f
R. C. f = A ta c phng trnh nh sau :

0,001 (1
1
1
).
4. A 2. A
0, 008A2 4A +1 = 0
Gii phng trnh trn ta nhn c hai nghim s nh sau :
A = 0, 25
A = 499
Vi A = 0, 25 thay vo ta c :
R. C. 50 = 0, 25
R. C = 0, 005
Do khi hn dng in qua chnh lu u vo Ih = 20, 3A v in p
sau t lc c gi tr Udc = 308V nn c th coi c mt in tr mc song
U dc
308
song vi t c gi tr R = I 45,06 6,8()

h
Dung lng cn thit ca t c t s nhp nh kc = 0, 001 :
C=
0,005
6,8
= 0, 000735 (F) = 735 (F).
3. Tnh chn t phn p.

in p sau t lc tnh ton trn l in p mt chiu kh bng
phng. Nhim c ca hai t phn p l to ra hai in p bng nhau( hoc
chnh lch nhau khng qu ln ) t vo hai van bn dn cc chu k tun
t.
Hnh 1.53 : S t phn p

Nu in p trn ch ni hai t C1 v C2 khng chnh xc bng nhau
v bng na in p VDC th in p t ln dy cun s cp khi Tr1 m s
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khc vi in p t trn cun s cp khi Tr2 m. iu ny lm cho tch s

vn giy trn cun s cp l khc nhau trong cc na chu k tun t dn
n hin tng t thng khng cn bng, lm cho li dch chuyn vo vng
bo ha vi in p t ln s cp l rt ln, van bn dn c th b ph hy
v dng hay p.
Chn C1 = C2 = 470Uf, in p 500V.
4. Tnh chn van bn dn cng sut.
y ta chn van bn dn cng sut l transitor lng cc cng
cch ly IGBT
Dng qua cc IGBT cng sut l dng in khi mang ti hay khi hn.
Do vic chn IGBT cng sut phi da vo dng in ny.
Vi Ilvv = 45,06A chn h s d tr v dng in l k I = 1,3 ta tnh
c IGBT ng lc c dng in cn thit p ng l :
I = kI. Ih = 1,3. 45,06 = 58,578 (A).
in p ngc m Transistor phi chu c lc kho l 308V. Tuy
nhin cn phi c mt h s d tr v in p ku = 1,4.
in p ngc m IGBT cn c l :
Un = 1,4. 308 = 431,2 (V)
Vi I = 58,578A v in p ngc l U n = 431,2 V c th chn IGBT
cng sut loi SGL60N90DG3 c cc thng s nh sau :
Hnh 1.54: Mt s thng s c bn ca SGL60N90DG3.

Thng s chnh ca IGBT ng lc SGL60N90DG:
Dng in nh mc
ICmax= 60A, ti 250C
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in p iu khin bo ha
UGE = 10 15V
in p ngc cc i lc kho
Un = 900V
Dng in xung colector
ICM = 120A
Tn hao in p lc m
U = 1,4V
Nhit cho php
Tcp = 3000C
4. Tnh my bin p hn
4. 1. Chn li my bin p hn
Hu ht cc li bin p hot ng tn s cao u s dng li Ferit.
Ferit l vt liu st t bng gm c cu trc kt tinh gm hn hp Oxit st
vi Oxit mangan hay Oxit km. B qua tn hao dng xoy tn hao li ch
yu nh cho php s dng cc vt liu ny n tn s 1MHz.
Li Ferit c ch to t bn nh sn xut chnh ca M
(Ferroxcube Philips, Manetics Inc, Ceramic Manetics Inc, Ferit
International, Fairite) v vi nh sn xut khc (TDK, Siemens, Thmn,
tokin).
Mi nh sn xut ch to hn hp Oxit khc nhau t nhng u
im khc nhau. Vi vt liu t c lm to ra tn hao li nh nht
tn s cao (>100 KHz) hay dch chuyn im nhit n 900C m tn hao
nh nht n 900C hay t tn hao li nh nht s kt hp tn s cao v
mt t thnh nh.
Hu ht cc li ferit c to ra cho bin p c cng vng t tr.
Chng khong 3000 n 3200 Gauss 1000C trong khong 10% ca s
bo ho hon ton v c lc t 0, 1 n 0, 15 Oe 100 0C v mt t
thng d khong 900 1200 Gauss 1000C.
Bin p hn ca mch cu ton sng hot ng tn s cao f =
25kHz nn vic tnh ton c khc so vi my bin p thng hot ng
tn s 50 Hz.
Mch t c chn sao cho gim thiu in p chu ng ln nht
ca transitor cng sut khi tt in p ng vo cao v dng in chu
ng ln nht cng sut ng ra cc i.
Vi tn s thit k ta tra bng ng vi cng sut ng ra ph hp
s chn c li bin p thch hp.
Vi bng thng s mt s li Ferit c tiu chun ho quc t tra
bng 7. 2 trang 276 sch Phn tch v thit k ngun n nh chuyn
mch do k s Trng Trng Tun v k s Thanh Hi.
Ta c ng vi tn s f = 25kHz vi cng sut u ra my bin p hn
l :
P2 = Ih. Uh = 250. 20 = 5000 (W) = 5 (kW)
(5. 15)
Cng sut u vo my bin p vi hiu sut = 80% l :
P
2
P1 = 0,8 6, 25
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(5. 16)
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Vi cng sut P = 6, 25kW v tn s hot ng f = 20 kHZ tra bng

ta chn c li EE180 c cc thng s kch thc nh sau :
Hnh di l kch thc 1/2 li
Hnh 1.55: Li Ferit ca bin p hn.

4. 2. Chn mt t thng nh
Hnh 1.56: ng cong t tr ca li ferit.

Hnh trn l ng cong t tr ca vt liu v nh hnh ferit.
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Sau khi c tn s hot ng v li Ferit cn chn mt t thng

nh tnh s vng cun s cp v th cp. Mi quan h gia mt t
thng v s vng s cp my bin p hn c cho bi nh lut Faraday
nh sau :
NP =
E.dt.108
Ae .dB
(5. 17)
Trong :
E l in p c th xem E = Vdc.
dt l thi gian thng ca cc trasitor.
Ae l din tch li ferit
dB l mt t thng bin thin
Vi biu thc trn th s dch chuyn t thng cng ln th s vng
dy s cp cng nh do tit din dy cng nh v cng sut ng ra cng
ln.
Vi ng cong t tr ca vt liu v nh hnh li Ferit trn th
mt t thng cc i l 4000 gauss. Nu vt qu s ri vo vng bo
ho.
C hai gii hn i vi mt t thng nh dB trong li Ferit. l
tn hao li v s tng nhit. Vic chn la mt t thng nh dB c mi
quan h mt thit vi tn s lm vic f cng nh cc tn hao, do quyt
nh kch thc hnh hc cng nh th tch li Ferit. Mt li ferit c kch
thc nh c th chu ng c tn s cao v mt t thng nh ln tt
hn so vi mt li c kch thc ln hn. S d vy l do tn hao li t l
thun vi th tch li, mc d thot nhit t l thun vi din tch b mt
ca li, nhng khi kch thc li tng ln th th tch li tng nhanh hn so
vi din tch tn nhit xung quanh li.
Tuy nhin hu ht cc li ferit c tn hao thp tn s 25Khz v
thp hn nn tn hao li ni trn hon ton khng phi l vn cn xem
xt. Do nhng tn s thp ny mt t thng nh dB c th dch
chuyn trong ng cong t tr BH. Nhng cn ch rng nu li dch
chuyn vo vng bo ha th rt nguy him bi khi ny p t vo s cp
cun dy l rt ln cun dy c th khng chu ng c hay cc transitor
s b ph hu v dng v p.
T biu thc 5. 17 chng V c th thy rng s vng cun s cp t
l nghch vi dB. Khi dB cc i th NP nh nht, vi vi vng dy c
ngha l tit din dy ln hn, dn n dng cho php cao hn v vi vi
vng dy lm cho gi thnh bin p thp hn v in dung k sinh cng
thp hn.
Khi mt t thng nh dB gim, biu thc 5.17 cho thy khi s
vng s cp tng ln, do tit din dy dn nh hn. Vi tit din dy
nh dng th cp v s cp s nh hn v cng sut ng ra s gim.
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T vng t tr ca hnh 5.11 trong cc li Ferit vng t tr phn

ng cong trn 2000 Gauss cn thp di im ny v dng t ho bt
u tng rt nhanh. Nu khng c gii hn bi tn hao li vic chn la
tt nht nm 2000.
T vng t tr hnh 5.1 cho thy rng nhit t trn 25 0C n
nm su trong s bo ho v khng th chi ng c in p cung cp.
Transitor s chu ng dng cao v p cao s h hng ngay.
Vi tn s chuyn mch f = 25Khz th chn mt t thng nh dB
= 3200 Gauss th s khng gy nn tn hao li qu mc.
Ga tr dB trong nh lut Faraday c tnh gp hai ln mt t
thng yu cu (1600 G di 50Khz hay nh hn tn s cao hn). S dch
chuyn t thng dB gp hai ln gi tr nh yu cu l v li ca mch cu
bn phn hot ng mt phn t u tin v th ba ca ng cong t
tr.
Vy vi tn s chuyn mch f = 25Khz v din tch li Ae = 3, 5x3, 5
2
(cm ) chn mt t thng nh dB = 3200Gauss.
4. 3. Tnh s vng dy cun s cp.
T nh lut Faraday :
E.dt.108
NP =
Ae .dB
(5. 18)
Vi dt l thi gian thng ca IGBT. Vi dt phi chn l thi gian

thng cc i ca cc van bn dn. m bo cho cc van bn dn khng
b trng dn dt cc i chn l dt = 0, 4T. Vi T l chu k chuyn mch.
E l in p ti cun s cp my bin p hn. Vi cng thc ca
V
nh lut Faraday nh trn th E c th tnh E DC 1 (V) mc d
2
phn II. 4 chng III c tnh in p s cp my bin p hn theo cng thc

v thi gian dn ca cc transtor tnh c in p pha s cp my hn U sc
= 123, 2V nhng v cng thc ca nh lut Faraday vi dt = 0, 4T bao
V
hm gi tr v thi gian dn trn. E DC 1 (V). St p trn mi IGBT
2
cng sut khi dn l 1V.

dB l mt t thng nh chn dB = 3200 Gauss.
Ae (cm2) _ l din tch li Ferit chn trn, Ae = 3, 5. 3. 5(cm2).
S vng dy cun s cp c tnh :
Np =
=
E.dt.10 8
Ae .dB
Vdc
1).dt.10 8
= 2
=
Ae .dB
(
1
.10 8
25000
6,24
3,5.3,5.3200
153.0,4.
(vng)
Chn s vng cun s cp Np = 7(vng).

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4. 4. Tnh s vng cun th cp

S vng cun dy th cp c tnh t cng thc :
Vo
Vrect
D
.N P
Vin VDropTransitor
Ns
(5.19)
Trong : V0 l in p lc khng ti ca my hn :
V0 = Vh + Uck + Uba +Ucp hn
= 20 + 6, 25 + 2+ 1, 75 = 30V
Vi :
Uck l in p ri trn cun khng lc ng ra.
Uba l st p trn bin p chn s b Uba = 1V.
U cp hn do cp hn tng i di mang dng
ln chn s b Ucp hn = 1, 75V.
D l chu trnh ti pha th cp my bin p hn.
Do my hn c th lm vic nhiu chu trnh ti
khc nhau nn dng in s thay i theo tn s
xung hn. y chn hai ch lm vic ph
bin ca my hn TIG l 100% v 60% chu trnh
ti nn D = 0, 6.
Vrect st p trn chnh lu u ra chn = 3V
Vin l in p pha s cp tnh mc II. 4 (cng
thc 5.6) chng V.
Vin = Utc = 123, 2(V)
VDropTransitor l in p ri trn van bn dn cng
sut :
VDropTransitor = 1. 1, 4 = 1, 4 (V)
Vy s vng cun th cp c tnh :
Ns
Vo
30
Vrect
3
D
.
N
0
,6
P =
.7 3,045 (vng)
Vin VDropTransitor
123,2 1,4
Chn s vng cun th cp Ns = 4 vng

4. 5. Chn mt dng in cun s cp
Chn mt dng cun s cp v th cp c cng mt dng.
Chn mt dng Dcma l mt dng mil trn/Ampe rms.
Mt dng Dcma l:
Dcma
Trong :
HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh
Atcm
Irms
(5. 20)
Atcm l din tch dy s cp (mil trn)

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Din tch hnh vung (in2) = din tch mil trn. .10
4
Irms l cng dng in hiu dng ca cun s
cp my bin p.
Chn mt dng in Dcma = 500 mil trn/Ampe rms.
Vic chn Dcma = 500 mil trn/Ampe rms l bao gm vic chn chung
cho vic thit k bin p. Vi mt cao hn (gi tr D cma thp hn) s dn
n tn hao ng nhiu hn v mt thp hn s lm tit din li tng.
iu ny l khng cn thit.
4. 6. Tnh dng s cp
Gi thit hiu sut ca bin p l 80% t ng vo s cp n tng
cng sut ng ra. Do P0 = 0, 8Pin hay Pin = 1, 25P0.
Nhng in p ng vo cc tiu th thi gian m trong na chu k
l 0, 8/T v chu k lm vic trong trong mt chu k l 0, 8. B qua st p
m trn transitor cng sut, cng sut ng vo Vdc l :
Vdc
.
2
3,12.P0
Vdc
Pin =
Hay Ipft =
0, 8. Ipft
(5. 21)
(5. 22)
Vi Ipft l dng s cp tng ng c nh nhn b mo dng.
Hnh 1.57: Dng sng dng in trong cun dy bin p hn.

4. 7. Chn tit dn dy s cp.
Dng Ipft chy qua chu k lm vic l 0.8, do dng hiu dng
ca n l:
Irms = 0, 8. Ipft
(5.23)
T biu thc 4. 5 ta c :
Irms =
3,12.P0
Vdc
0,8
3,12.5000. 0,8
45,60 (5.24)
306
Vi Dcma = 500 mil trn/Ampe rms s mil trn yu cu l :

S mil trn cn = Dcma. Irms = Dcma.
HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh
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3,12.P0 . 0,8
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Trong
P0 = Ih. Uh = 250. 20 = 5000(W)

Vdc = 306 V
S mil trn cn = 500. 45, 60 = 22800(mil trn)

Do din tch hnh vung (in2) = din tch mil trn. .10
4
Gi s quy i dy th cp theo hnh vung v tnh bng in 2 ta
c :
Ssc = 22800. .10 = 0, 0179 (in2)

4
Do c th chn dy dn trn c ng knh
dsc = S sc .1,24 0,0179.1,24 0,166 (in)
S d nh vy v c th tnh xp x din ng knh hnh trn = cnh
hnh vung*1, 24 nu chng c cng din tch.
Vy tit din dy s cp tnh theo n v mm c quy i v nh
sau :
1in = 25, 4 mm
dsc = 0, 166. 25, 4 = 4, 2164 (mm)
Chn dy dn trn c ng knh d = 4,2 mm cho cun s cp.
Tit din dy: Ssc = 13,85 (mm2)
Dy c ng knh d = 4,2 mm c cc thng s nh sau :
Tit din tnh ton ca li ng :
Scu = 13,847 mm2
Trng lng ring mt mt
:
mcu = 65 gam/m
in tr mt mt
:
R/m = 0, 0024 /
4. 8. Chn tit din dy th cp.
i vi dng s cp, n gin vic tnh ton dng hiu dng, cc
xung rng ca c xem xp x tng ng vi sng c nh mo dng
Ispt m bin ca n l dng tm sng rng ca hay dng hn chu k
lm vic 0, 4.
Dng hiu dng chy trong cun th cp c tnh xp x bng dng
hn khi hn :
Irmstc = Ih
S mil trn cn = Dcma. Irmstc
Do chn cng mt cho c cun s cp v th cp nn D cma = 500
mil trn/ampe rms.
S mil trn cn = 500. 250 = 125000 (mil trn)
Quy i dy th cp theo hnh vung v tnh bng in2 ta c

Stc = 125000. .10 = 0, 096 (in2)

4
Dy dn th cp chn dy ch nht c cc kch thc :
Chiu dy dy b = 0, 16 in.
Chiu rng dy a = 0, 6 in.
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Vy dy th cp c tnh theo n v mm c cc kch thc nh

sau :
Chiu hp dy a = 0, 16. 0, 254 = 4, 064 (mm)
Chiu rng dy b = 0, 6. 25, 4 = 15, 24 (mm)
Chn dy dn c cc thng s chun ho nh sau :
Chiu hp dy a = 5 mm
Chiu rng dy b = 15, 6 mm
Tit din dy S = 74, 14 mm2
4. 9. S vng dy trn mt lp cun s cp.
Do mch t l mch dng EE nn chiu cao tr = 2xh vi in cc
khng nng chy l chiu cao mt na tr. Chiu cao tr = 2. 40 = 80(mm).
ng knh dy s cp dsc = 4,20 mm. Chn h s k dq = 0, 95 ta tnh c
s vng trn mt lp ca tr nh sau :
S vng trn mt lp = chiu cao tr*kdq/dsc
S vng trn mt lp =
80.0,95
18,095
4,20
(vng)
Do s vng trn cun s cp ch c 7 vng nn ch cn qun 1 lp.

4. 10. S vng trn mt lp cun th cp.
S vng trn mt lp = chiu cao tr*kdq/a
Chn h s dy qun kdq = 0, 95
b l chiu rng dy qun th cp a= 15,6 mm k c cch in.
80.0,95
S vng trn mt lp = 15, 6 4,87 (vng)

Do s vng trn cun th cp l 4 vng nn ch cn qun 1 lp.
Chn cch in gia hai cun s cp v th cp l 17mm
4. 11. in tr dy qun s cp v th cp.
Chiu di dy qun s cp
Do pha s cp c 7 vng mi vng tnh bng chu vi ca tr li ferit
ta c:
Chiu di mi vng dy = 4. a = 4. 35 = 140 (mm) = 14 (cm)
Chiu di dy s cp : lsc = 14. 7 = 98 (cm) = 0,98 (m)
in tr s cp 750C c tnh theo cng thc :
Rsc75 = .
l sc
1 0,98
.
1,54.10 3
S
46 13,847
(5. 25)
Chi di dy qun th cp do dy qun th cp qun ngoi dy

qun s cp nn chiu di mi vng dy ca n c tnh theo :
Chiu di mi vng dy = a + dsc + 17
Trong : a l cnh ca tr.
dsc l ng knh dy s cp.
17 l chiu dy lp cch in gia 2 cun s cp
v th cp.
Chiu di mi vng dy = 4. (a + 2. (dsc + 17)) =
HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh
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4. (35 + 2. (4,20 +17))= 309, 6 (mm)

Do dy qun th cp gm 4 vng nn tmg chiu di dy qun th
cp l :
ltc = 4. 309,6 = 1238,4(mm) = 1, 24 (m)
in tr dy qun th cp :
Rtc75 =
l tc
1 0,98
.
2,87.10 4
S
46 74,14
4. 12. St p trn dy qun my bin p :

U = I1. Rsc + Ih. Rtc = 45,06. 1,54.10 3 + 250. 2,87. 10 4 = 0, 14 (V)
4. 13. Tn hao ng bin p.
Gi thit rng tn hao ng c tnh bng cng thc (I rms)2. Rdc vi
Rdc l in tr mt chiu ca ca cc cun dy nh tnh phn 5. 11 v
Irms l dng in hiu dng trong cc cun dy.
C hai hiu ng c th gy ra tn hao cun dy ln hn (I rms)2. Rdc
l hiu ng b mt v hiu ng gn khi my bin p hot ng tn s cao.
C hai hiu ng b mt v hiu ng gn pht sinh t cc dng xoy
m c to ra bi t trng khc nhau trong cun dy. Hiu ng b mt
c gy bi dng xoy m c to ra bi chnh t trng ca dng in
chy qua dy . Ngc li hiu ng gn li c gy ra bi dng xoy
c to ra trong cc dy dn bi t trng ca cc dng in chy trong
cc dy dn khc.
Hiu ng b mt gy ra dng in trong mt dy ch chy qua
trong mt b mt mng trn chu vi b ngoi ca dy. su ca b mt
mng hay din tch dn hnh vnh khn t l nghch vi cn bc hai ca tn
s. Do khi tn s tng in tr xoay chiu AC tng v tng tn hao
ng.
Hiu ng gn l hiu ng nguy him hn so vi hiu ng b mt c
bit khi s lp dy tng ln. Hiu ng b mt ch lm gim tit din dn ca
dng in trong cc dy cn bin dng in khng h thay i. Trong
khi hiu ng gn lm bin dng in tng rt nhiu khi s lp dy
tng ln ng k. C hai hiu ng lm in tr AC tng nhiu so vi in
tr DC cc tn s ln, do vy lm tn hao ng tng ln ng k.
4. 13. 1. Hiu ng b mt.
Chiu su b mt c nh ngha nh mt khong di di b mt
m mt dng gim xung
1
hay 37% gi tr ca n b mt. Quan h
e
gia chiu su b mt v tn snhn c bi nhiu ngun v dy ng

750C nh sau :
S=
2837
f
(5. 26)
Vi S l chiu su b mt tnh bng mil (1 mil = 2, 54. 10-2 mm)

HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh
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f l tn s Hz
i vi mt in tr DC, in tr AC Rac do hiu ng b mt v s
thay i in tr R l :
R
Rac = Rdc + R = Rdc(1 + R ) = Rdc. (1 + F)

dc
(5.27)
Rac
1 F
R dc
Hay
T quan h chiu su b mt theo biu thc S=
2837
c th tnh cho
f
bt k tit in dy v tn s. V in tr t l nghch vi tit din, i vi

chiu su b mt S, bn knh dy r v ng knh dy in cc khng
nng chy i vi dy s cp l hnh trn nn bn knh trong l (r s) do
:
Rac
.R
Rdc .R 2 . r S 2
2
r
r

S
2
2
2
r S r r
r

S
S2
S S
(5.28)
Vi S =
d
2.S
2
d
d
1

2.S 2.S
2837
2837
17,9 (mil)
f
25000
S = 17, 9. 2, 54. 10-2 = 45, 466. 10-2 (mm)
Vy
4,20
2.0,455
R AC
R DC
4,20
2.0,455
4,20
1
2.0,455
2,58
Do hiu ng b mt nn in tr s cp tng 2,58 ln.

Dy th cp l dy ch nht nn vi hiu ng b mt th in tr ca
n thay i nh sau :
Rac
a.b
Rdc a.b a 2.S . b 2.S
Vi
a l chiu hp dy.
b l chiu rng dy.
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Do :

Rac
a.b
Rdc a.b a 2.S . b 2.S

5.15,6
= 5.15,6 5 2.0,45515,6 2.0,455
4,3
Do hiu ng b mt nn in tr dy qun th cp tng 4, 3 ln.

4. 13. 2. Hiu ng gn.
Hiu ng gn c to ra bi t trng thay i pht sinh t dng
in ca cc dy ln cn hay nguy him hn t nhng dng in trong
trong cc lp dy ln cn trong cun dy c nhiu lp.
N nguy him hn hiu ng b mt v tn hao ng tng sau ny ch
gii hn din tch dn ca dy trn b mt mng ca n, nhng n khng
thay i bin dng in chy qua - ch mt dng in b mt dy
dn. Ngc li trong hiu ng gn, dng xoy c to ra bi t trng
ca dng trong cc lp dy ln cn tng rt nhanh v bin khi s lp dy
tng.
Vi dy qun s cp v th cp ca my bin p ch c mt lp nn
hiu ng gn ch lm in tr dy s cp v th cp tng gp i.
Rac
2
Rdc
Do vy vi hiu ng b mt v hiu ng gn in tr dy qun s

cp tng :
R AC
2,58 2 4,58
R DC
(ln)
Tn hao ng pha s cp khi xt n hiu ng b mt v hiu ng

gn :
P1 = Rac. (I1)2 = 4,58. Rdc. (I1)2
= 4,58. 0, 00154. (45,06)2 = 14,320 (W)
in tr th cp khi xt n hiu ng b mt v hiu ng gn :
Rac
4,3 2 6,3 (ln)
Rdc
Tn hao ng pha th cp khi xt n hiu ng b mt v hiu ng

gn :
P2 = Rac. Ih = 6, 3. Rdc. (Ih)2= 6, 3. 2,57. 10 4 (250)2 = 101,19 (W)
St p trn bin p khi xt ti hiu ng b mt v hiu ng gn :
U = Racsc. I1 + Ractc. Ih =
4,58. 0, 00154. 45,06 + 6, 3. 0, 000257. 250 = 0,722 (V).
4. 14. Tn hao li ferit.
HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh
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Hnh 1.58: Tn hao li i vi mt t thng.

Hnh trn th hin tn hao li ferit. Vi tn s f = 25kHz v B =
3200 Gauss tn hao li trn 1 cm3 l 200 mW.
Th tch ca li ferit : V = 11. 11. 3, 5 = 432, 5 (cm3)
Tn hao li : Pli = V. 200 = 423, 5. 200 = 84700 (mW) = 84, 7
(W). Nh vy tn hao li Ferit t l thun vi th tch li.
5. Chn chnh lu u ra.
Xt trn l thuyt c th chn Chnh lu u ra l chnh lu cu mt
pha khng iu khin. Chn chnh lu cu mt pha gm bn diode mc
nh hnh di y :
HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh
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Hnh 1.59: S chnh lu cu u ra my hn.

Cc diode c dng qua chng l dng hn c gi tr Ih = 250A
Chn h s d tr v in p ku = 1, 4
in p ngc t ln diode khi chng kho l
Un = ku. Vtckt = 1, 4.30 = 42(V)
Chn h s d tr v dng in l ki = 1, 3.
Dng in qua diode khi thng cn chn
Idiode = ki. Ih = 1, 3. 250 = 325 (A)
Vi p ngc v dng nh trn chn loi diode cng sut c k hiu
A309M c cc thng s nh sau :
Dng in chnh lu cc i
Imax = 400A
in p ngc ca diode
Un = 600V
nh xung dng in
Ipik = 7000A
Tn hao in p trng thi m ca diode U = 1, 4V
Dng in th cc i
Ith = 1200A
0
Dng in r nhit 25 C
Ir
= 15mA
Nhit cho php
Tcp = 1900C
Trn thc t cc loi my hn inverter tn s cao thng s dng
cc loi diode chnh lu ra theo nguyn tc mc song song cc van bn dn
m c th y l cc diode c tch hp cc diode khc nhm mc
ch phn nh dng cho cc diode chnh lu, iu ny cng d dng hn
cho vic chn van.
Mt iu cn ch rng khi mc song song cc van bn dn, dng
chy qua cc van c th phn b khng u v c tnh vn-ampe ca cc
van l khng hon ton ging nhau. Do vy cch thc thng thng nht
dng in phn b u m khng cn cc linh kin ph l s dng cc
diode cng loi, c cng c tnh vn ampe c khi khng ti v khi c ti
Cc s mc song song c th chn nh sau :
Hnh1.60: Cc s mc song song van bn dn

a-mc song song trc tip ; b- mc song song qua in tr
HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh
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c-mc song song qua cun cm ; d-mc song song qua h cm

.
Thng thng cc chui diode c dng in lch nhau khng qu
20%. Cn phi gi cc diode cng mt nhit , nht l khi lm vic. Do
diode lm vic n nh s lin quan trc tip n cch thc tin hnh
lm mt hay tn nhit cho h thng van bn dn mc song song cng lm
vic nh trong trng hp ny.
Vic s dng in tr hay cun dy cn bng c dng trong cc
trng hp khng c c thng s ging nhau ca cc diode. Khi ny
kch thc thit b tr nn cng knh hn v pht sinh thm cc iu kin
ph khng c li. C th nh khi s dng cc cun khng cn bng L1, L2
ly li s phn b u cho dng in chng ta c th t c dng
phn b kh u nhau, tuy nhin mt nhc im l gii php t tin v
lm tng kch thc ca thit b. Khi s dng in tr th n gim v kinh
t hn nhng li gy tn hao nng lng di dng nhit ta ra trn in
tr.
6. Thit k cun khng lc ng ra
6. 1. Xc nh in cm cun khng lc ng ra
T cng thc :
dI
dt
L = VL.
(5. 30)
Do dng sng dng in c dng rng ca nn dI = 2. I min vi Imin l

dng cc tiu pha s cp my bin p hn hay n l bin dng xoay
chiu bc 1.
Do :
dI = 2. Imin = VL.
Ton
T
V2 Vh on
L
L
(5.31)
Vi
V2 l in p ra pha th cp ca my bin p hn khi hn.

Vh l in p ca my hn khi hn Vh = 20V.
Ton l thi gian thng ca cc transitor cng sut.
Do dng sng in p l dng sng vung xoay chiu nn :
Vh = V2. 2. on
T
T
Do :
Vh .T
Ton = 2.V
2
(5. 32)
(5. 33)
Nhng do Ton c chn m bo an ton cho cc transitor cng

sut nn :
Do :
0,8T
2
0,8T Vh .T
Ton = 2 2.V
2
Ton =
HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh
hay V2 = 1, 25Vh
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Ton
T
0, 05.Vh .T
L= I
min
dI V2 Vh
Vy
1, 25Vh Vh .
L
0,8T
2 2.I
min
(5. 34)
(5. 35)
Do cc transitor ng ct 0, 4T nn dng cc tiu c th tnh :

Imin = Ih. 0, 4 = 250. 0, 623 = 158 (A)
T biu thc 4. 35 chng IV.
L=
0, 05.Vh .T
I min
Thay cc gi tr vo ta c
L = 0, 05.Vh .T
I min
1
25000 0, 00000026
158
0, 05.20.
(H) = 0, 26 H
6. 2. in tr cun khng
Do dng in cun khng ln v in tr b do ta c th coi tng
tr ca cun khng xp x bng in khng ca cun khng.
Zk = 2. . f. L = 2. 3, 14. 25000. 0, 26. 10-6 = 0, 041 (5.36)
6. 3. in p xoay chiu ri trn cun khng lc
U ck Z k .I min 0, 041.158 6,5(V )
(5.37)
6. 4. Cng sut cun khng lc
P = U. Imin = 6, 5. 158 = 1027 (W)
(5.38)
6. 5. Chn li cho cun khng.
Vi cng sut P = 1, 027 kW v tn s chuyn mch ca cc van
bn dn l 25 kHz chn li l li Ferit E55 c cng sut l 1067, 5 W
25kHz.
Li E55 c tit din tr l Ae = 3, 53 cm2 c cc kch thc nh sau :
HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh
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Hnh 1.61: Cc kch thc c bn ca li EE55

6. 6. S vng cun khng.
Cch tnh s vng cun khng tng t nh cch tnh my bin p
hn.
Chn mt t thng nh dB = 3200 Gauss.
T nh lut Faraday s vng ca cun khng :
E.dt.108
Nk =
Ae .dB
(4. 39)
Vi dt l thi gian thng ca transitor cng sut. Vi dt phi chn l

thi gian thng cc i ca cc transitor. m bo cho cc transitor
khng b trng dn dt cc i chn l dt = 0, 4T. Vi T l chu k chuyn
mch.
E l in p ri trn cun khng E = Uck = 6, 5 V
S vng dy cun khng c tnh :
1
E.dt.108
6,5.0,4.
.10 8
8
Uck.0,4T.1
0
25000
Nk=
=
0,92
Ae .dB
A .dB
3,53.3200
(vng)
Chn s vng ca cun khng Nk = 1( vng) .

6. 7. Chn kch thc dy dn cho cun khng.
Chn mt dng trong cun khng j = 2, 75 A/mm2.
Ik
Ih
250
Tit din dy cun khng Sk = J J 2, 75 = 90 (mm2)

Chn dy c tit din ch nht cch c kch thc axb = 5x18
(mmxmm)
6.8. in tr cun khng lc.
Chiu di cun dy = 1`*(4*a) vi a l chiu di mt cnh ca li
ferit
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= 1. (4. 18, 88) = 75,52 (mm) = 0,0752 m

l
1 0,0752
1,82.10 5
in tr cun khng Rk = . .
Sk
46
90
7. Tnh ton cao p

My hn TIG thng thng c hai ch hot ng, l ch
hn que (STICK) v ch hn TIG. Cao p trong my hn TIG l mt b
phn quan trng, n gn lin vi ch hn TIG, l b phn mi in p
theo nguyn tc cng in p sinh ra h quang mt cch nhanh chng.
in p do phn cao p to ra thng l dng in p xoay chiu
c tn s cao (hng chc Khz) v in p cao(hng KV).
Ton b h thng cao p ch hot ng trong qu trnh mi h
quang ch hn TIG, cao p c ngt ra ngay khi h quang c
pht sinh trong mi mt chu trnh hn.
i vi cc my hn TIG kiu chnh lu vi bin p lc nh v tn
s hot ng bng tn s ngun cung cp cn c mt b phn ring bit
to tn s v in p cao. Vi my hn TIG m ngun hn c ch to
theo cng ngh INVERTER th tn s v in p cao c to ra mt cch
rt n gin bng cch ly ra in p xoay chiu tn s cao ngay trn bin
p xung c mch lc. Do n gim oc kch thc v trng lng mt
cch ng k cng vi kch thc nh ca bin p lc tnh ton.
Hnh 7. 1 ch ra s nguyn l ca h thng to cao p trong
my hn TIG kiu INVERTER. Trong h thng ny u ra ca cao p c
u trc tip vo cc m ca u ra hn. Cao p c kch hot bng tn
hiu ly t mch iu khin ng ct RELAY, ngi ta thng thc hin
bng nt bm t ngay st vi tay cm ca m hn v do ngi cng
nhn hn trc tip thao tc trong mi mt chu trnh hn.
to ra in p mi cao tn ngi ta qun trc tip s cp ca bin
p to p cao tn mt vi vng dy (2-3 vng) trn thn ca bin p xung
mch lc. S cp ca bin p xung to p cao tn ny tn ti mt in p
khong 3KV xoay chiu vi tn s bng tn s in p th cp ca bin p
lc. Vi in p cao tn ny pht sinh h quang mt cch r rt trn
khe h (pake gap) t ngay u ra ca th cp bin p xung cao tn.
Bin p xung cch ly c nhim v to cch ly cho mch to cao p
vi mch lc. Th cp bin p ny to ra mt in p xoay chiu c tn s
v in p cao mi h quang trong qu trnh hn.
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Hnh 1.62: S nguyn l mch to cao p

8. Tnh chn in tr Shunt cho mch phn hi.
Mch phn hi cho my hn ni chung v my hn Tig ni ring l
mt khu quan trng. Trong ch tiu u ra ca my hn ngi ta thng
yu cu cht lng cao v dng in hn cng nh n nh ca n trong
qu trnh lm vic ca my. Cht lng ca mi hn hu nh ph thuc
nhiu vo n nh ca dng hn ti mt ch hn xc lp nh trc.
Ty theo cng ngh hn m cc my hn khc nhau c cc phng
thc n nh dng hn khc nhau. Phng thc n nh in hnh ca cc
loi my hn l s dng Shunt in tr ly tn hiu in p v t l thun
vi dng in hn u ra mi mt dng hn t trc. Trong mt s my
khc ngi ta s dng bin dng BI t ti s cp hay th cp ca bin p
lc n nh cc gi tr in p ti cc v tr ny, t cho n nh v
dng in hn u ra mt cch tng i.
i vi loi my hn ang thit k chng em s dng loi Shunt in
tr ly tn hiu in p trn Shunt t l thun vi dng u ra, t a v
s thng qua mch iu khin phn hi vi cc khu lc v khuych i
thng qua IC chuyn dng LM324 to ra mt in p tuyn tnh. in
p ny c so snh vi in p t iu khin rng xung hay thi
gian dn ca cc van lc mt gi tr khng i ng vi dng in hn m
ngi vn hnh t trc.
My hn lm vic vi dng hn ti a l 250A, chn loi Shunt in
tr 300A, 75mV. Khi ny in p phn hi ti a ly v trn Shunt l 75
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mV. Tn hiu in p ny c th bng phng hay nhp nh do s khng n

nh ca dng in hn, vic s l tn hiu ny ph thuc vo cc cch thc
khc nhau trong khu iu khin phn hi s ni phn sau.
S nguyn l ca khu phn hi dng in tr Shunt c biu din
nh hnh v :
Hnh 1.63: S nguyn l khu

phn hi s dng Shunt in tr
CHNG V
TNH TON CC THIT B BO V
Cc linh kin in t cng sut trong qu trnh lm vic cn c bo
v khi cc hin tng qu nhit, qu in p, qu dng in, qu tc
tng dng v p. Phn ln cc linh kin bn dn bt buc phi c cc cun
dy v t in thng s ln tuy nhin cng c cc linh kin ch ng vai tr
bo v v nhim v ca chng cng ht sc quan trng.
Cc linh kin in t dng bo v c th tnh bng cng thc thng
qua cc iu kin rng buc. Tuy nhin trong thc t ngi ta thng s
dng cc tr s kinh nghm da trn cc kim nh thc t.
i vi phn ng lc ca my hn thit k cn tnh ton bo v cc
iu kin cho cc b linh kin bn dn l b chnh lu u vo, b chnh
lu u ra v b transitor ng lc.
1. Bo v qu nhit
a. Bo v qu nhit cho chnh lu u vo.
Khi lm vic vi dng in ln trn cc van c dng in chy qua.
Mt khc khng c van bn dn no c st p bng 0, do c tn hao
cng sut p, tn hao ny sinh ra nhit t nng cc diode. Mt khc diode
bn dn ch c php lm vic di nhit cho php T cp no . Nu
qu nhit cho php th cc diode bn dn s b ph hng. cc diode
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ca chnh lu u vo lm vic an ton khng b chc thng v nhit ta

phi chn v thit k h thng tn nhit hp l.
* Tnh ton cnh tn nhit cho chnh lu u vo.
Tn tht cng sut trn 1 diode :
p = U. I1
Trong : U l st p trn mi diode.
I1 l cng dng in pha s cp.
p = U. I1 = 1, 4 .45,06 = 63,084(w)
Sm
Din tch b mt to nhit :
p
K m .
(5. 1)
Trong : p l tn hao cng sut.

chnh nhit so vi mi trng.
Chn nhit mi trng Tmt = 300C. Nhit lm vic cho cc
diode Tcp = 1250C. Chn nhit trn cnh to nhit Tlv = 800C.
= Tlv Tmt = 500C.
Km H s to nhit bng i lu v bc x c qut lm mt cng
bc. Chn Km = 10 [w/m2. 0C].
Sm
p
63,084
0,126 (m2)
=
K m .
10.50
b. Bo v chnh nhit cho chnh lu u ra.

Tnh tng t nh trn.
p = U. Ih = 1, 4. 250 = 350(w)
Sm
p
350
0, 7
K m . 10.50
(m2)
Chn phng n hai b chnh lu cng gn trn mt cnh tn nhit

c din tch 1 m2.
Chn b tn nhit c 20 cnh mi cnh c chiu di 25cm cao 20cm
Din tch ca b tn nhit S = 20. 25. 20 = 10000 (cm2) = 1 m2
Hnh 1.64: Hnh dng v kch thc cnh tn nhit cho chnh lu u vo
v chnh lu u ra.
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2. Bo v qu nhit cho IGBT

Dng chy qua IGBT chnh l dng s cp bin p hn Isc = 45,06A.
Tn tht cng sut trn mt transitor cng sut :
p = U. Ih = 1, 4. 45,06 = 63,084 (W)
Tnh tng t nh trn.
Sm
p
63,084
0.126
=
K m .
10.50
(m2)
m bo tnh thm m cng nh cch b tr cc linh kin trong

my hn, hai van bn dn ny c t trn cng mt cnh tn nhit, chng
thng c b tr song song vi cnh tn nhit cho chnh lu u vo v
u ra nh tnh ton trn.
Chn b tn nhit c 20 cnh mi cnh c chiu cao 15cm v chiu
di 25cm
nh
Hnh 1.65: Hnh dng v kch thc cnh tn nhit
cho transitor cng sut
hnh v sau :
3. Bo v qu dng in cho van bn dn.

Aptomat dng ng ct mch ng lc, t ng ngt mch khi
ngn mch s cp my bin p hn, xy ra hin tng trng dn mch
cu ton phn.
Chn aptomat c :
Idm = 1, 1. I1 = 1, 1. 45,06 = 49,566 = 50 (A).
Udm = 220 (V).
C th ng ct bng tay hoc t ng bng nam chm in.
Chnh nh dng in ngn mch, chn knm =1,3:
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Inm = 1, 3. I1 = 1, 3. 45,06 = 58,578 (A).

Chn cu ch Tc ng nhanh bo v ngn mch khi xy ra hn
tng trng dn.
Icc = 1, 1. I1 = 1, 1. 45,06 = 49,566 (A) = 50 (A).
Chn cu ch loi 50A.
4. Bo v xung in p t li v cc xung in p trong qu trnh hn.
bo v xung in p t li v cc xung in p c th xut hin
trong qu trnh hn(nht l qu trnh mi cao p v qu trnh quyt hai cc
h trong ch hn que) ta mc thm mch R C , thng gi l B LC
CAO TN nh hnh di. Nh c mch lc ny m nh xung gn nh
nm li hon ton trn in tr ng dy.
Hnh 1.66: Mch RC bo v xung in p t li

v xung in p khi hn
Theo kinh nghim chn R = 12. 5() v C2 = 4uF
5. Bo v qu in p do chuyn mch van bn dn.
Qa trnh ng ct hai van lc IGBT vi tn s cao c th gy qua p
cho van. Ngi ta bo v n bng mch lc cao tn RC mc song song vi
bn thn van bn dn ny. Khi c s chuyn mch, cc in tch tch t
trong cc lp bn dn phng ra ngoi to ra dng in ngc trong khong
thi gian rt ngn. S bin thin nhanh chng ca dng in ngc gy nn
sc in ng cm ng rt ln trong cc in cm do gy nn hin
tng qua p cc b cho cc van bn dn. Khi c mch lc RC mc song
song vi van s to ra mt mch vng khp kn phng in tch trong
qu trnh chuyn mch nn IGBT khng b qu in p. Lng in tch
ny khng ln gy qu p trn ng dy nhng gy qu p
cho cc ti ln cn.
Mi mt van bn dn cn c b tr ring mt mch lc cao tn RC
bng cch mc song song trc tip vi cc van loi tr xung in p cao
tn do chnh bn thn s chuyn mch ca chng gy nn.
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Hnh 1.67: Bo v xung in p do

chuyn mch van bn dn s dng b lc cao tn RC.
Chn theo kinh nghim: R = 5. 1 () v C = 0. 25F.
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PHN 2
Tnh ton v thit k mch iu khin
Mch iu khin l khu quan trng trong my hn TIG, n quyt
nh n n nh v tnh nng hot ng ca my. Ngoi ra phng
php iu khin cng qut nh n cht lng, gi thnh, kch thc, trng
lng ca my hn. Vi phng n chn iu khin bng tn s cao s
gim nh kch thc, trng lng my hn i rt nhiu do gim c kch
thc v trng lng my bin p hn.
I.Tnh ton mch iu khin.

1. Nguyn l iu khin
Nhim v mch iu khin a ra cc thi im ng m cc van
IGBT hp l, nhm duy tr dng hn mt gi tr t.
Trong mch ng lc dng sng in p ca th cp bin p nh sau:
Hnh 2.1: Dng sng in p th cp

Trong :
Td l thi gian dn ca van
Tck chu k chuyn mch
U2 l in p th cp
Dng sng in p sau chnh lu :
Hnh 2.2: Dng sng in p sau chnh lu

in p cung cp cho cc hn l:
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Uhn =
2. .U 2
(2.1)
= Td/ Tck
Mun n nh dng hn ta thay i in p hn theo tn hiu dng

hn a v . Theo phng trnh trn thay i in p hn ta thay i tc
thay i Td hoc Tck, thng gi c nh Tck v thay i khong dn ca
van ( thay i Td). V vy n nh dng hn cc gi tr khc nhau mch
iu khin c kh nng thay i rng xung vi tn s chuyn mch c
nh. Trong mch iu khin c khu to xung vi nhim v to ra tn s
c nh v c kh nng thay i rng xung ,ngoi ra c phn ly tn hiu
dng v truyn tn hiu ti b to xung nhm thay i rng xung.
Khi dng hn ln hn gi tr t mch iu khin phi gim in p
hn tc gim Td. Ta s c phng trnh.
Uk = Ut- Uph
(2.2)
Trong phng trnh trn
Uk l tn hiu thay i rng xung.
Ut l tn hiu duy tr dng hn gi tr xc nh.
Uph l tn hiu dng hn.
Khi to xung a ra thi im ng m van , ng m van ng
thi im trong mch iu khin c mch khch i tc dng truyn tn
hiu m van v to ra dng xung ph hp m van.
2. S khi mch iu khin.
Hnh 2.3: S khi mch iu khin tng qut

Ngoi nhng phn c bn trn mch iu khin cn c thm phn:
iu khin phn hi, iu khin cao p , v khi to ngun nui.
Trong mch iu khin quan trng nht l khi to xung. Nhim v
khi to xung to ra hai xung c dng ch nht tn s c nh v rng
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xung c th thay i. Theo yu cu mch lc l mch iu khin bn cu,

ti mi thi im ch c mt van dn do dng xung to trn hai knh
lch pha nhau 180 .
Hnh2.4: Dng xung to ra trn hai knh iu khin.

rng xung knh A bng rng xung knh B, m bo 2 van c
thi gian dn bng nhau.
Khi in p t c tc dng a ra mc in p thay i rng
xung, tng ng thay i dng hn. Gi s cn hn dng 250A ta t
Ut=5V khi hn dng nh ta gim in p t.
Khi phn hi c tc dng ly tn hiu dng qua in tr Shunt di
dng in p , sau khch i . Do in p a v ti a 75mv tng ng
dng hn 300A ,vi in p nh vy rt nh c th iu khin nn phi
khuch i trc khi phi hp vi in p t.
Khi khch i c nhim v to ra dng xung ph hp m van
IGBT . Dng xung ph hp l xung c rng bng khong dn ca van c
bin m IGBT mc in p 12V-15V, ngoi ra sn trc ca
xung phi thng. Khi khch i cn cch ly gia mch iu khin v mch
lc.
3. Khi to xung.
3.1. Cc phng php to dng xung iu khin
3.1.1. S dng vi x l : mt s dng vi x l c khi iu ch rng
xung nh AVR , PIC ... mt s h khc s dng tn hiu ngt thay i
rng xung.
V u im s dng vi x l c th thay i tn s xung ra bng
phn mm mt cch n gin v c th thay i rng xung bng tn hiu
phn hi v qua b ADC. Nhng vi x l lm vic km n nh vi nhiu
bn ngoi do cn bin php chng nhiu. i vi loi my hn TIG
trong mch c phn cao p tn s hot ng hng trc KHz rt d gy
nhiu cho vi x l.
3.1.2. S dng khch i thut ton opam phi hp R ,C to mch to tn
s c tn s theo ngi thit k, my hn lm vic 25KHz mch to ra
tn s 50Khz s khu ny nh sau:
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R1
C1
R2
VR1
R5
A1
A2
R3
R4
Hnh2. 5: Cch to xung cao tn s dng OPAM phi hp RC

Hot ng ca khu ny nh sau:
u vo V+ c hai tn hiu, mt tn hiu khng i ly t u ra ca
A1, mt tn hiu bin thin ly t u ra ca A2. in p chun so snh
quyt nh i du in p ra ca A1 l trung tnh vo V-. Gi s u ra ca
A1 dng UA1 > 0, khuch i A2 tch phn o du cho in p c sn
i xung ca in p ta. in p vo V+ ly t R1 v R2, hai in p ny
tri du nhau. in p vo qua R2 bin thin theo ng np t, cn in
p vo qua R1 khng i, ti khi no UV+ = 0 u ra ca A1 i du thnh
m. Chu k in p ra ca A1 c lun phin i du nh vy cho ta in p
ra sng vung u A1 v tam gic cn u A2 .
Hnh 2.6: Dng sng in p tam gic

Sng in p dng tam gic cn u ra A2 c so snh vi in p
iu khin , ti thi im in p ta bng in p iu khin pht lnh m
van hoc kho van. Ti sn ln ca xung pht lnh m van th ti sn
xng pht lnh kho van. Dng in p sau khi qua khi so snh c a
vo khu m xung , nhm to ra hai xung iu khin cho hai cp van vi
rng xung nh nhau v lch pha nhau . Vi cch to xung nh trn
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xung ra kh n nh, nhng vic hiu chnh cc sai s do linh kin kh

phc tp.
3.1.3.S dng IC chuyn dng:
Hin nay c nhiu hng ch to IC chuyn dng vi mc ch iu
ch rng xung( PWM ) . Cc IC lm vic n nh vi tn s hng chc
KHz c th a ra mt knh xung dng bm p, hoc hai knh xung dng
li cu H hoc mch bn cu tu loi IC s dng. Mt s IC thng c
s dng c k tn: TL494, SG1526, SG3525, SG3526
**To xung bng IC chuyn dng SG3526

Trong mch iu khin to ra hai knh xung c th iu bin
rng nh mong mun chnh ta c th s dng IC SG3526, linh kin ny
d s dng v lm vic kh n nh trong mi trng cng nghip. Tt c
nhng khu chc nng c tch hp sn. V u ra cho hai knh xung
lch pha nhau 180 .
+ M t IC SG3526:
Hnh2.7: S chn IC chuyn dng SG3526
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Hnh 2.8: S cc khi chc nng bn trong IC SG3526

** Mt s s ghp ni vo ra ca IC SG3526 c ch ra di
y:
Hnh2.9 : S mch iu khin bn cu li bng bin p xung
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+Vsupply
C2
R1
R4
14
Vcc
5
8
4
R
S
CS
SG3526
A
B
+CS
-CS
GND
13
D1
Q1
16
7
D2
15
Hnh 2.10: Mch bin i

Flyback gii hn dng in.
Hnh 2.11: Mch kt thc

n dng SG3526
Hnh 2.12.Mch li push-pull

s dng SG3526
Hnh 2.13: ng dng iu khin

MOSFET tn s cao
IC gm 18 c m t nh trn hnh 2.7. Hai chn a xung ra l

chn 13 v chn 16. Dng xung u ra nh sau:
Hnh 2.14 :Dng xung u ra IC SG3526

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Mc in p ra ph thuc vo mc in p t vo chn 14. to

tn s mong mun phi mc in tr RT vo chn 9, t CT vo chn 10.
thay i rng xung ta cp mt in p vo chn 3, hoc a
in p vo chn +Error( chn 1) v in p khc vo chn Error( chn
2).
Mc in p thay i rng xung l:
VCOMPENSATION = 0.4V rng xung 0%
(2.3)
VCOMPENSATION = 3.6V rng xung 50%
Vi in p VCOMPENSATION l in p chn 3. V vy c rng
xung mong mun ta phi tnh ton in p t vo chn 1 v chn 2.
Hai chn 1 v chn 2 s dng ly tn hiu in p t v tn hiu
in p phn hi. Chn 11 l chn RDEADTIME khi khng c tn hiu vo
chn ny rng xung ra ph thuc vo in p chn 3. Nhng khi iu
khin mch cu rng xung ln c th dn n trng dn, v vy m bo
trnh trng dn ta c th a tn hiu vo chn 11 khi xung ra mc
thp.
Chn 5 l chn Reset khi c tn hiu in p thp vo chn 5 xung ra
c dp v 0v. Trong my hn ta c th s dng chc nng ny bo v qu
nhit cho bin p tn s cao, khi bin p qu nhit ta s dng cm bin
nhit a tn hiu in p thp vo chn 5 xung ra c dp tt, ton b h
thng ngng hot ng, m bo an ton cho my v cc thit b khc.
Ngoi chc nng iu ch rng xung SG3526 c th s dng nh
mch n p do chn 18 to ra in p chun 5V. Ngun cp cho IC cp vo
chn 17 v chn 15, vi chn 15 l chn t v chn 17 l chn ngun.
* Mt s tham s chnh ca IC SG3526
Tn s lm vic 1Hz- 400 KHz in p ngun cp 8V- 35V
(VCC).
in p cp cho collector 4.5V-35V (VC).
Dng cp cho u ra max 100mA.
Dng cp cho ti nu s dng ngun in p chun 5V( chn
18) ti a l 20mA.
in tr to dao ng 2K-150K.
T in to dao ng 0.001 -20 .
rng xung 3%-50%.
4. Khi phn hi
4.1. Nguyn tc phn hi.
Gi s in p iu khin rng xung c k hiu Uk.
K hiu D l rng xung: 0% < D < 50%.
trnh trng dn dn ti a ca van l 40% do Dmax= 40%.
Khu phn hi c s khi nh sau:
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Hnh 2.14: S khi khu phn hi

Ta c Uk= Ut- K1.Uph.
(2.4)
Khu phn hi c nhim v gi cho dng in c gi tr khng i
bng gi tr t bng 250A. Tng ng gi cho rng xung khng i
bng 40%. Khu phn hi ly tn hiu dng di dng in p thng qua
in tr shunt sau khuych i , ngoi ra hn ch rng xung khng
vt qua gii hn 40% . V vy trong mch phn hi c thm khu bo ho.
Khu ny c tc dng khi in p vo tng in p ra tng tuyn tnh nhng
tng ti gii hn nht nh u ra khng tng c na v ri vo vng bo
ho.
Trong cng thc (1.6) trn gi s dng in hn tng khi
K1.Uph tng dn n Uk gim rng xung gim v quan h gia D v
Uk l:
D = K2 .(Uk - 0.3)
(2.5)
Khi D gim Uti gim v dng ra s gim v gi tr t.
Ngc li nu I gim Uk s tng v D tng, in p ti tng v
dng hn s tng v gi tr dng hn t ban u.
Ti thi im ban u khi cha c tn hiu phn hi v, khi
Uk = Ukmax = Ut in p ra c gi tr ln nht v vy d to h quang,
nhng nu khng c mch bo ho D > 40% rt nguy him cho van lc v
d xy ra hin tng trng dn gia hai van IGBT cng sut.
4.2.Khu khuch i tn hiu phn hi.
Hnh 2.15Khu khuch i tn hiu phn hi

t in tr shunt dng KTT
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Tn hiu phn hi (thng dng in p) sau khi tch ra thng

c s l v khuych i a vo so snh vi tn hiu in p t
to ra cc xung iu khin thch hp.
Ngi ta thng s dng cc b khuych i thut
ton( KTT) khuych i tn hiu phn hi nhm to ra mt gi tr in
p tuyn tnh ln so snh vi tn hiu in p t trc.
Trc khi tn hiu c a qua KTT, n thng c hiu
chnh thnh tn hiu chun v tuyn tnh m bo phn nh c sai s t
nht vi tn hiu cn n nh u ra ca yu cu cng ngh m y
chng ta ang xt l dng in hn.
4.3. Phn loi phn hi trong my hn.
Trong cc loi my hn ngi ta thng s dng hai phng php
phn hi in hnh:
S dng bin dng BI, ly tn hiu in p ra t l vi dng
in hn v thc hin hi tip m tn hiu ny. cc loi my
ny bin dng BI c mc s cp hoc th cp ca my
bin p hn. Tn hiu in p phn hi c khuych i v
a vo so snh vi in p t to ra tn hiu iu khin
ng ct cc van ng lc. Phng php ny d dng cho tn
hiu p phn hi. Tuy nhin phng php ny c nhiu hn
ch do n khng phn nh c tn hiu dng hn mt cch
trc tip. Do c sai s v n nh dng in u ra.
cc yu cu cao v cht lng in u ra hn ngi ta
thng phn hi bng in Shunt in tr, mc trc tip ti
u ra hn. Phng php ny cho n nh ca dng hn rt
cao v n phn nh ng nht s bin i ca dng in hn
ti u ra. Tuy nhin cch tnh ton cho khu phn hi l kh
phc tp, do dng u ra khng hn l dng mt chiu.
5. Khu khuch i
Nhim v ca khu ny l to ra xung iu khin ln c v bin
v thi gian van m v ng ng thi im, ngoi ra khu ny cn
phi cch ly gia mch ng lc v iu khin .
Vi loi van lc s dng l van IGBT i vi loi van ny c nhng
yu cu ring v tn hiu iu khin .
IGBT l phn t iu khin bng in p nn yu cu in p c mt
lin tc trn cc iu khin v emit xc nh ch kho, m.
Mc in p m IGBT ch bo ho thng chn 15V. Khi kho tn
hiu iu khin phi ngt hoc a v mc in p m , vi mc in p
m khi kho gp phn gim tn tht cng sut trn mch iu khin.
to mc in p m thng iu khin bng bin p xung s
iu khin nh sau:
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Hnh 2.16: To in p iu khin s dng bin p xung

Trong s trn in p vo l in p xoay chiu dng xung vi
mc in p 15V dng in vo s cp nh hnh v:
Hnh 2.17: Dng xung iu khin to ra bng bin p xung

Dng in p trn th cp bin p xung , in p iu khin vo cc
G v in p Uce ca van m t nh hnh v. Dng in p th cp khng
c dng ging s cp do mch t b bo ha. Khi mch t b bo ho in
p th cp bng khng , khi in p th cp dng D1 phn cc thun in
p t vo cc G ca IGBT v van c m. Khi mch t bo ho in p
th cp bng 0, D1 phn cc ngc, v mosfet Q1 vn cha dn do in
tch c tch trong t Cge gi cho van thng hon ton. Khi in p s cp
i chiu khi mosfet Q1 s dn v in p t ln cc G l m v kho
van IGBT .
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Vi cch m van nh trn c u im to dng in p iu khin c

xung m u im trong vc kho van, nhng vic tnh ton bin p xung l
vn phc tp khi tnh ton khng chnh xc xung ra khng vung v
sn trc khng thng van c th khng m c.
Mt cch khc thng c s dng to in p m thng IGBT
l s dng IC li IR2110. y l IC chuyn dng dng m mosfet v IGBT
lm vic tn s cao. IC ny c th iu khin ng thi hai knh A v B.
Vi iu kin knh A m phn dng v knh B m phn m v hai
knh ny m khng m ng thi tc l dng tn hiu iu khin knh A v
knh B nh sau:
Hnh 2.18: To xung iu khin m IGBT s dng IC IR2110

IC ny rt ph hp dng li IGBT trong mch bn cu v hai van
khng m ng thi v xung iu khin hai van m khng trng nhau lch
nhau 180.
S chn ca IC IR2110:
Hnh 2.19: S chn IC chuyn dng IR2110

Chc nng ca cc chn nh sau :
Chn 3 Vcc l chn cp in p ngun .
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Chn 13 t ca in p logic .
Chn 10 tn hiu vo logc iu khin m van knh A.
Chn 12 tn hiu vo logc iu khin m van knh B.
Chn 7 in p ra dng m van, cp vo cc G ca knh A.
Chn 1 in p ra dng m van, cp vo cc G ca knh B.
Chn 6 dng cp in p vo cho chn HO gi s khi c tn hiu
HIN in p ra VHO=VB.
Chn 5 chn Vs l chn ni cc E ca van c m trong knh A.
Chn 2 chn com l chn ni cc E ca van c m trong knh B.
Chn 9 u vo mc logic
Chn 11 SD l chn shutdown khi tn hiu mc logc thp c cp
vo tt c xung ra ca hai chn HO v LO b dp.
II. Thit k iu khin.

Theo cc phn tch v nh gi trn, mch iu khin c la
chn thit k bao gm: Khu to xung s dng IC chuyn dng SG3526,
khu phn hi s dng IC TL084, phn khuch i v li mch iu khin
s dng IC IR2110.
S khi tng quan cho mch iu khin c thit k:
Hnh2.20: S khi mch iu khin thit k
Cc tnh ton c th nh sau:

1.Khi to xung.
S dng IC chuyn dng SG3526 to ra 2 knh xung theo yu
cu. Vi rng ti a l 41%, m bo trnh trng dn cho hai van IGBT
mch lc.
rng xung c th thay i khi thay i in p t hay khi tn
hiu phn hi c a v t Shunt in tr u ra.
S khu to xung s dng IC SG3526:
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Hnh2.21 : S khu to xung s dng IC SG3526

***Tnh ton v la chn linh kin to tn s 25Khz bng IC
SG 3526
Hnh 2.22: th quan h RT, CT trong khu to xung tn s cao

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th trn th hin mi quan h gia C T, RT vi chu k T ca mch

to dao ng. Vi tn s lm vic ca my l 25Khz tng ng chu k l :
T=
1
f
1
25000
=0.04(ms)
(2.6)
Theo th trn ta chon t CT = 0.01uF

tng ng RT= 7 K .
* Tnh ton ngun cp cho IC SG3526:
Phm vi in p cung cp cho IC t 8V-35V. Theo Datasheet ca
linh kin in p nh sn xut khuyn s dng 15V. Vi in p ny ta d
dng to ra bng IC n p. Chn mc in p ra cho knh Av knh B l
15V. Nh vy vi ngun cp 15V cho IC va to in p nui IC v to
in p ra cho hai knh xung. Do hai chn 14 v 17 cng ni ln ngun
15V.
trnh nhiu cho IC do s dng ngun mt chiu t bn ngoi,
gia in p cp v t c ni qua t lc gm 3 t 47nf mc song song
nh hnh v:
Hnh2.23: T chng nhiu cho xung ra IC SG3526

in p chun 5V chn 18 c ni vi t qua t ho 10uF, ngoi
ra gia chn 4 v t c mc qua t khng phn cc 22nF.
Trong IC c chn Shutdown chn 8 vi chc nng ngt xung khi
a mc in p thp vo. V khng s dng chc nng ca chn ny ta
treo chn 8 ln mc cao 5v ca in p chun ( chn 18) qua tr 20K.
c th to ra xung trn hai chn 13 v 16 ta cn tnh ton sao
cho in p chn 3 nm trong khong 0.3V3.6V . Vi p vo cc chn
1 v 2 v u ra chn 3 l u ra ca b khuch i vi sai. to thnh b
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khuch i vi sai ta mc thm gi tr tr vo chn 1 v chn 2. Phn tnh

ton phn hi s tnh c th cc gi tr in tr ny.
2.Khu phn hi.
Hnh2.24: S Khu phn hi

*Tnh ton linh kin mch phn hi.
Trc ht ta s tnh t khu bo ho
Theo Datasheet ca IC SG3526
Uk =0.3V
D =0%
(2.7)
Uk=3.6V
D =50%
V vy D =40% th Uk = 2.64V.
Trong mch bo ho ta thit k sao cho in p bo ho Ubh =2.64V.
Vi in p vo Uvo l in p phn hi sau khi khuch i v in
p t.
Trong khong 0Ung in p vo ra quan h tuyn tnh.
Vi Uvo > Ung th Uk=2.64V= constant.
Cc tnh ton trn thng qua mch to in p iu khin sau:
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Hnh2.26: S khi chc nng bn trong hai u vo E+ v E- ca

SG3526 vi th ghim p iu khin.
Trong s trn khi D1 cha dn mch c tc dng nh khi
khuch i o v in p ra Ur
U
Uph
dat
Ur = R0 ( R R )
(2.8)
2
1
Anod ca D1 c ni vi b chia p khng ch khong m ca
D1. Catod ca D1 ni vi VM- v VM+ = VM- = 0V. Khi in p ra nh
hn mt gi tr, in p trn anod m hn trn catod D1 phn cc ngc
khng dn. Khi in p ra tng ti mt gi tr D1 phn cc thun D1 dn
v in p ti im phn p bng VM- = 0V v in p ra gi mc bng
in p c chnh qua phn p .
Chn in p Ut = 5V
Chn in p Un = 5V
Chn R1 = R2 = R0 .
Chn khuch i thut ton TL084 vi cc thng s:
in p ngun nui : Vcc = 18V chn Vcc = 12 V
Hiu in th gia hai u vo : 30 V
Nhit lm vic : T = -25 C 85 C
Cng sut tiu th : P = 680 mW = 0,68 W
Tng tr u vo : Rin= 106 M
Dng in u ra : Ira = 30 pA.
Tc bin thin in p cho php: du/dt = 13 V/s.
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U
12
V
Chn R1= R2 > 2, 64 6, 25103.37, 76 I = 3 =12 ( K ).
10
V
Trong nu ngun nui cung cp 12V, in p Uv 12V dng in
vo hn ch 1mA.
Do chn R1 =R2 = R0 =15 (k)
Bin tr dng phn p c phi c gi tr nh.Nu bin tr ny c
gi tr ln khi D1 dn khng ni tt c R 0. Khi gi tr ca Ur ngoi
in p phn p cn c in p khuch i.
Chn diode D1 l 1N4002.
Khi chn R1 =R2 = R0 =15 (k). Quan h gia in p ra U r v
cc in p vo( gm Ut v Uph) c xc nh:
Ur = Ut Uph
(2.9)
Vi in p Ut = 5V
Ur =2.64V
Uph = Ut Ur =5 - 2.64 = 2.36V (2.10)
Ly tn hiu phn hi dng t in tr Shunt vi gi tr
300A/75mV
do my lm vic 250A in p t Shunt a v :
Us = 62.5 mV
Ta thit k khu khuch i khng o vi h s khuch i l:
Uph
2.36
KK=
=
= 37.76
(2.11)
Us 0.0625
Do tn hiu a v t shunt khng c dng mt chiu tuyt i ngoi
thnh phn mt chiu cn c cc xung nhn ta dng t lc u vo vi gi
tr t lc C = 0.1nF.
Trong s trn tn hiu t shunt a vo chn tr v tn hiu
ra c tnh theo cng thc
R4
R R
* 1 2
Uph = Us.
(2.12)
R3 R4
R1
R4
R R
* 1 2 = 37.76 (2.13)
V h s khuch i KK=
R3 R4
R1
Ta chn R3=R4, khi
R1 R2
=75.52
R1
(2.14)
Vy R2= 74.52.R1
(2.15)
K
Nu chn R1=2
. th:
R2= 149.04 K chn theo chun R2 = 150 K .
Chn R3= R4= 15 K .
Vy s phn hi c thit k nh hnh v. Vi gi tr linh kin
nh sau:
R3= 15 K
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R4= 15 K
R1= 2 K
R2= 150 K
R5=15 K
R6= 15 K
R0= 15 K
C = 0.1nF
(2.16)
Khi tnh ton phn phn hi ta tnh ton my lm vic vi dng hn

khc nhau. thay i dng hn ta thay i in p t phm vi lm vic
vi my t 25A 250A v vy Ut thay i trong phm vi Umin Umax, vi
Umax =5V ta tip tc tnh Umin.
Ut min tng ng dng hn 25A v rng xung D =4%
3.6 0.3
*4 = 0.264V
Uk =
(2.17)
50
75
Uph= 25
= 6.25mV
(2.18)
300
Ut min = 2,64 6, 25103.37,76 = 0,5V
Vy Ut thay i trong khong 0.5V 5V tng ng dng hn thay
i t 25A 250A.
3. Khu khuych i v truyn xung iu khin.
S nguyn l mch li iu khin IGBT:
Hnh2.27: S nguyn l khu li IGBT s dng IC IR2110
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Hnh 2.28: S cc khi chc nng bn trong IC IR2110

to in p dng xung u ra chn HO v LO c tn hiu logic
u vo chn Hin v Lin mc cao. Chn Hin ni chn OUT A v chn
Lin ni chn OUT B ca IC to xung SG3526. Do mc in p ra ca
SG3526 l 15V vy chn Vdd phi c cp bi in p 15V lm mc
in p logic. Gia chn Vdd v chn Vss c mc bi t 100nF.
Hai t C1 v C2 l hai t boostrap. Khi Vs c ko xung t t
C1 c np qua Diod to in p Vbs
Chn C1=C2= 470Nf.
(2.19)
in tr mc thm vo cc G l Rg. in tr Rg cng nh hng
n tn hao cng sut iu khin ,in tr Rg nh gim thi gian xc lp
tn hiu iu khin, gim nh hng ca dU CE/dt, gim tn tht nng lng
trong qu trnh iu khin, nhng li lm mch iu khin nhy cm hn
vi in cm k sinh trong mch iu khin.
Chn Rg=22.
(2.20)
4. Mch iu khin cao p.
Mch iu khin cao p c tc dng ng ct mch cao p ng thi
im trong ch hn TIG.
Ti thi im ban u, u m hn t gn vt hn lc cha c h
quang, mch iu khin cao p a ra tn hiu ng cun cao p lm cho
in p gia hai in cc c p cao v tn s cao d sinh h quang. Khi h
quang pht sinh mch iu khin phi cp tn hiu ct cao p, in p
gia in cc l in p h quang Uhq.
Da vo yu cu trn iu khin mch cao p ta ly tn hiu in
p t hai in cc, khi cha c h quang in p gia hai in cc ln a
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ra tn hiu ng cao p. Khi h quang pht sinh in p gim v ti ngng

nht nh ct cao p.
Trong mch iu khin cao p ta s dng khu so snh nhm tc
dng so snh in p hai in cc vi in p chun, khi in p nh hn
p chun ngt cao p v khi p ln ng cao p
S khu iu khin cao p c ch ra di y:
Hnh2.28: S mch iu khin cao p.

Trong s trn bin tr 100K dng chnh nh in p ngt v in tr
10K dng lm phn p cho u vo V+ ca khuych i thut ton, khi
in p :
10.Vh
V+ =
(2.21)
Rbt 10
Vh l in p dng hn, m hn ni chung t ca mch iu khin.
Mun ct cao p in p hn Vh= 30V ta chnh bin tr gi tr
RVR >50 K tng ng V+ < 5V. Tc in p u ra b so snh.
Ti thi im ban u Vh > 30V, V+ gi mc in p bng in p n
p 6.2V. V in p V- gi in p 5V nn V+ > V- u ra ca b so snh
c in p ngng dng, do transitor thng v relay kch hot cao p
tc ng.
Phn nng lng tch trong cun dy relay c x qua mt diode
mc song song hai u cun dy.
S iu khin tng th c ch ra di y:
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Hnh : S tng qut mch iu khin

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n tt nghip

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

CNG NGH HN IN.

II. Phn loi cc qu trnh hn in nng chy.

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

Theo c trng ngn nhit hn, c th chia hn in nng chy thnh

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

Cc loi dng in hn c s dng l dng mt chiu cc thun

Hnh 1.2: c tuyn ca ngun hn nng chy

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

Ngun in hn c c tuyn ng tt s cho h quang rt n nh,

HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

ta c th s dng cc t b hoc ni t in c in dung cao vo mch s

VI. Cc phng php hn in v c im ca chng.

Hnh 1. 3 S nguyn l hn h quang tay.

HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

qu trnh hn din ra bnh thng dng in v in p hn phi

Hnh 1.4: ng c tnh tnh ca h quang (l1 > l2 : chiu di h quang)

HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

Hnh 1. 5: ng cong in p v dng in theo thi gian.

HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

li nung chy thuc hn to thnh lp x v kh bo v h quang v kim

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

h quang (chiu di h quang) khng i mc c th c. Khi in p

Hnh 1.6: Nguyn l iu chnh ch lm vic ca h quang.

HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

Hn h quang bng in cc li bt l mt qu trnh hn tng i

HD: TS.Trn Vn Thnh

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

Khi thay i cng dng in hn in p u ra ca ngun in

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

Th hn phi c hiu bit su v qu trnh hn ny.

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

6. Hn h quang trong mi trng kh bo v.

Hnh 1.8: Nguyn l hn h quang bng in cc khng nng chy.

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng

My hn TIG s dng cng ngh bin tn

C th t c mi hn c cng tnh cht ho l luyn kim nh kim

Hnh 1.9: S lch vt catod u in cc.

Sv: Nguyn Vit Tng