-

1567201200046

:

,

.



.
DNA
, . ,


.
,


. ,


.
.

,

,


. ,

, ,
.. .
,

(, 1931 ,2013).
,


(,
1931 ,2013).
,

.


. ,
, ,

(, 1931 ,2013).
,

(, 1931 ,2013).


Hermann Ebbinghaus(1885/1964),

. Ebbinghaus



(Gilbert, Schacter, Wegner,2012).


,
(Gilbert, Schacter, Wegner,2012).

Ebbinghaus

,
.
,

(Goodman et al., 1999).
Shepherd (1993)
45
. ,

65% 11
10%(Goodman et al., 1999).


.
,(Goodman, Bottoms, et al., 1991Scrivner & Safer, 1988
Goodman et al., 1999)
,
.

. , Warren & Lane
(1995)

. ,

.

,


, . ,


.
(Goodman et
al.,1999).
(Christianson &
Loftus,1991 Goodman et al.,1999)
,

.
,
.
( Clifford & Skott,1978 Goodman et al., 1999)

.




.

(P

ickel,2007)

(Loftus, Loftus & Messo, 1987

Pickel, 2007)

.
,
.
,
(photo
lineup) .
,

. ,


.

, (Loftus, Loftus & Messo,

1987)

.


,
, .
(M.Johnson,Hastroudi & Lindsay,1993 Goodman et al., 1999).

(Lindsay & Johnson,1999
Carter & Seifert, 2012).

Donald Thompson,
.
Thomspon, ,

.

(Powell & Frankelton,2008 Carter & Seifert,2012).

( Harrower, 2012).
,
.

, Crombag et al. (1996)

Boing 747
Amsterdam 60%
(Carter & Seifert,2012).

...

( Jullie Harrower, 2012).
,


, John Doe 1 John Doe 2. O John Doe 1
Timothy Mc Veigh . O
John Doe 2
Tom Kessinger, Elliots Body Shop
Timothy Mc Veigh
. ,
Elliotss Body Shop Kessinger
Timothy Mc Veigh
John Doe 2. O Tom Kessinger

(Schacter, Wegner & Gilbert, 2012).

10

R.Brown Kulik (1977)

Kennedy
Challenger(Goodman et al.,
1999).

,
, ... ( Bohannon &
Symons,1993 Goodman et al., 1999).
Brown Kulik (1977)
, !,

(Goodman et al.,1999).



(Bohannon,1988 Sternberg,2012). ,
,

-(Conway, 1995 Sternberg,
2012).
,

11

(Sternberg,2012).
,
(Bohannon, 1998 Sternberg, 2012).
,

(Christianson,1989McGaugh,1995 Goodman et al.,1999)

(Christianson,1989,1992McCloskey, Wible & Cohen,1988Neisser &
Harsch,1993 Goodman et al.,1999). , Neisser

(, 2011).


,
. ,
,
,

(Goodman et al.,1999).
Loftus & Ketcham ( Harrower,2012)
.
, ,

(Loftus & Ketcham, 1983, .168).

12

(Loftus,Miller,& Burns, 1978 Carter & Seifert, 2012)

. ,

. ,


. ,
,
;.
.
,, .
(Loftus,Miller,& Burns, 1978
Carter & Seifert, 2012)


.


, 75%
. ,
,
41%.

13

, ,
,

.
( Loftus & Palmer,1974 Harrower, 2012)

. ,
( )

;
;
. ,
( Loftus & Palmer,1974 Goodman et al., 1999)

.
,
,

.
,
.

; ;

14

(Loftus &
Zanni,1975 Goodman et al., 1999).

,

(Harrower,2012).



... . ,
,
, . ,
(Malpass, Tredoux
& McQuiston-Surret,2007).
Harrower(2012),
. ,



. ,

.
,
,

15

. ,
. ,

.
,


.
, Thomson (
Harrower,2012)

.

(Duncan, 1976 Harrower,2012) (Chance
Goldstein, 1996 Harrower,2012)


.
, Duncan (1976)
.

,
. ,

16

.

,
,
.
70%
13%
.
, Goldstein & Chance (1976)


.

.

17

,


.
,

. ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
.


. ,


.

18

.-. (2012). . : .
Carter, K. & Seifert, C. (2012). Learn Psychology. Burlington: Jones &
Barlett Learning.
Goodman, G. S. et al. (1999). Evaluating Eyewitness Testimony in Adults
and Children. I.
B. Weiner & A. K. Hess (E. .), The handbook of forensic
psychology New York:
John Wiley & Sons.
K, . & , . (2013). . :
.
Malpass R. S., Tredoux C. G., McQuiston-Surrett D. (2007).Lineup
Construction and Lineup
Fairness. R. C. L. Lindsay & D. F. Ross & J. D. Read & M. P. Toglia
(. .), he

19

handbook of eyewitness psychology: Memory for People (. 339356). New Jersey:

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
, . (2011). : . :
Gutenberg.
Pickel K. (2007). Remembering and Identifying Menacing Perpetrators:
Exposure to Violence
and the Weapon Focus Effect. R. C. L. Lindsay & D. F. Ross & J.
D. Read & M. P.
Toglia (. .), he handbook of eyewitness psychology:
Memory for People (.
155-177). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., Wegner, D. M. (2012). . :
Gutenberg
Sternberg R. J. (2011). . : .